Isabella Morgan, Swera Patel, Douglas Jenson, Vivian Wang

Date: 11/1/23 (Nov. 1st)

Block: 2
Urinalysis Pre-Lab

Purpose: Urine is the waste excreted by the kidney's filtration of the blood. Urine contains
substances like urea, creatine, and sodium which can all be measured to determine bodily health.
However other substances like drugs and foods that sneak into the kidney also affect urine in
color and pH. Citrus fruits, vegetables, and dairy products increase urine pH while a diet high in
meat products or cranberries can decrease the pH. Another important factor in analyzing urine
are the glucose levels. They can indicate uncontrolled diabetes or even kidney damage, which is
why they are a common procedure in medical testing. During this lab, our group will observe the
color of the urine and concentration as well as test for pH, glucose, and proteins using various
chemicals. Then health recommendations based on the test results and observations will be given
that involve regulating glucose intake, diet changes to resolve elevated or absent proteins or
unhealthy pH levels, and proper urine concentration to ensure proper hydration.

Materials List:

● (5) samples of urine ● plastic pipettes

● pH strips ● 600-mL beaker
● pH probes ● hot plate
● (10) test tubes ● hot hands / beaker tongs
● test tube rack ● ~5 mL Benedict’s solution
● test tube tongs ● stir rod
● 5-mL graduated cylinder

Behavioral Safety:
● Students should conduct themselves in a responsible manner at all times.
● All directions, written and verbal, should be followed carefully and questions should be
asked for clarification.
● When first entering the laboratory, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other
materials until instructed to do so.
● Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory. Do not use laboratory
glassware as containers for food or beverages.
● Never do anything in the laboratory that is not called for in the laboratory procedures or
by your instructor.
● Never fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are dangerous
and prohibited.
● Know the locations and operating process procedures of all safety equipment including
the first aid kit, eye wash station, safety shower, fire extinguisher, and fire blanket. Know
where the fire alarm and the exits are located.
● Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory. Notify the instructor
immediately of any unsafe conditions you observe.
● Keep hands away from face, eyes, mouth and body while using chemicals. Wash your
hands with soap and water after performing all experiments.
● Clean all work surfaces and apparatus at the end of the experiment. Return all equipment
clean and in working order to the proper storage area.
● Experiments must be personally monitored at all times. Do not wander around the room,
distract other students, or interfere with the laboratory experiments of others.
● Students are never permitted in the science storage rooms or preparation areas unless
given specific permission by their instructor.
● Know what to do if there's a fire drill during a laboratory period; containers must be
closed, gas valves turned off, fume hoods turned off, and any electrical equipment turned
off.
● Anytime chemicals, heat, or glassware are used, students will wear laboratory goggles.
● Dress properly during a laboratory activity. Long hair, dangling jewelry, and loose or
baggy clothing or hazard in the laboratory. Shoes must cover the foot; no sandals
allowed.
● Lab aprons should be worn during laboratory activities.
● Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the instructor
immediately, no matter how trivial it may appear.
● If a chemical splashes in your eyes or on your skin, immediately flush with running water
from the eye wash station or safety shower for at least 20 minutes. Notify the instructor
immediately.
● All chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous. Do not touch, taste, or
smell any chemicals unless specifically instructed to do so.
● Never use mouth suction to fill a pipet. Use a rubber bulb or pipet pump.
● When transferring reagents from one container to another, hold the containers away from
your body.
● Handle flammable hazardous liquids over a pan to contain spills. Never dispense
flammable liquids anywhere near an open flame or source of heat.
● Never remove chemicals or other materials from the laboratory area.
● Never leave a lit burner unattended. Never leave anything that is being heated or is
visibly reacting unattended. Always turn the burner or hot plate off when not in use.
● If your clothing catches on fire, walk to the emergency lab shower and use it to put out
the fire.
Equipment Safety:
● Carry glassware carefully to avoid breakage.
● Never carry a flask by the neck.
● Notify Mr. Jones if any glass breaks.
● Rinse glassware with distilled water before use.
● Examine glassware before each use. Never use chipped, cracked, or dirty glassware.
● Turn off and unplug balance when finished using.
● When measuring on a balance make sure to zero out the weight for measuring in a
container.
● When removing the electrical plug from its socket, grasp the plug, not the electrical cord.
● Hands must be completely dry before touching an electrical switch, plug, or outlet.
● Report damaged electrical equipment immediately. Look for things such as frayed cords,
exposed wires, and loose connections. Do not use damaged electrical equipment.
● If you do not understand how to use a piece of equipment, ask the instructor for help.
● Return all equipment clean and in working order to the proper storage area.

Equip. substance no. 2) (hot plate)

● Turn off hot plates when not in use
● Avoid leaving hot plate unattended
● Do not use if the plug or cord is worn, frayed, or damaged, if the grounding pin
has been removed, or if a spark is observed.
● Ensure that the hotplate’s electrical cords and, if using, the pH probe wires, do not
come in contact with the hot plate surface

Chemical Safety:
General:
● Do not put substances in one’s mouth, or ingest them in any way.
● Do not smell substances directly, instead, waft the smell with your hand.
● Handle all substances with extreme caution and care.
● Do not mix substances without permission from Mr. Jones
● Keep flammable materials away from any flames or sources of ignition.
● Once chemical substances are removed from their original container, they are
considered contaminated and should be disposed of in proper containers.
● While transporting dangerous chemicals, such as acids, hold away from oneself.
● Be sure to check labels twice before using chemicals.
● Under no circumstances should chemicals be taken away from the lab station.
● If substances are inhaled, remove to fresh air and get medical attention.
● If substances are ingested, get medical attention immediately.
● If substances contact the eye, wash in the eye wash station using plenty of water.
● Carcinogenic substances should not be inhaled under any circumstances.
 Chemical substance no. 1) (Urine)
● pH: 4.5 – 8 (WebMD) reconstituted with H2O
● Ingestion: If swallowed, obtain immediate medical attention. Keep at rest. Do
NOT induce vomiting.
● Inhalation: Remove to fresh air, keep the patient warm and at rest. If breathing is
irregular or stopped, give artificial respiration. If unconscious, place in the
recovery position and obtain immediate medical attention. Give nothing by
mouth.
● Wash contaminated surfaces with disinfectant solution.

Chemical substance no. 2) (Benedict’s solution)

● Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause liver effects, kidney effects, and
allergic reactions.
● Conditions to Avoid: Excessive heat, incompatible materials
● Incompatible Materials: Oxidizers, metals, strong acids, strong bases
● Possibility of Hazardous Reactions: May react vigorously or violently with the
incompatible materials listed above. Excessive thermal conditions may yield
hazardous decomposition products listed above .

Procedure:
1. Put on goggles and an apron, clean all glassware.
2. Record careful observations of each sample like color, transparency, etc.
3. Determine pH of each sample using pH probe, universal indicator and pH strips(three
separate pH measurements). Dip probe and strip into each sample, the strip should be
immersed for 30 seconds before reading, the probe should be immersed until the reading
becomes steady. Record data.
4. Determine if the samples contain protein by taking 2 volumes of a sample into 2 separate
test tubes. One test tube will be heated in a hot water bath on the hotplate. The other
volume will remain at room temperature for comparison. If the heated sample becomes
cloudy after heating for several minutes, it contains protein. Record data.
5. Determine if a reducing sugar like glucose is present in the sample by using Benedict’s
test. Add 1 mL of Benedict’s solution to a few mL of each sample in a test tube. Mix then
heat in a hot water bath for 5 minutes. Record Data.
6. Clean up all equipment and lab table.
 Data Table:
Pre-testing Observations:
Sample 1: Pale yellow, relatively transparent, bubbly, small white dust-like particles floating
Sample 2: Pale yellow color (similar to sample 1), no observable bubbles, less transparent
Sample 3: Extremely pale, transparent, no observable bubbles, no visible debris - or floating
particles
Sample 4: Relatively pale yellow, moderately transparent, bubbly/frothy, small white specs
(likely dust)
Sample 5: Extremely pale, transparent, bubbly, no visible specs

Sample pH probe Universal indicator pH strips Observations

Sample no. 1 5.20 5.60 5.20 Orange, red top coat - bubbly

Sample no. 2 4.90 5.20 4.95 Red - clearish - no particles

Sample no. 3 4.50 6.20 6.10 Yellow, multi-colored, orange at the top - gradient

Sample no. 4 5.10 6.30 6.02 Chunky, yellow - orange top color

Sample no. 5 5.20 5.50 6.20 Chunky, reddish-orange, transparent

Sample Sample no. 1 Sample no. 2 Sample no. 3 Sample no. 4 Sample no. 5

Protein Results Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive

Observations Cloudy, yellow tint Clear - same Clear - same Clear - same Cloudy, yellow tint

Sample Sample no. 1 Sample no. 2 Sample no. 3 Sample no. 4 Sample no. 5

Reducing Sugars Positive Moderate (Pos.) Moderate (Pos.) Negative Positive

Observations Yellow, red Orangey-brown Greenish-brown Blue-green Yellow, red

color (strong) color (moderate) color (moderate) (strong) gradient (strong)
 Results Table:

Sample Sample no. 1 Sample no. 2 Sample no. 3 Sample no. 4 Sample no. 5

Anomalies that are Cloudy sample, Reducing Reducing No reducing sugars Cloudy sample,
present in each urine contains sugars present sugars present. present inside urine, urine contains
sample protein no protein present in protein
urine.

Causes of Kidney disease, Early sign of Early sign of No severe anomalies. Kidney disease,
Anomalies UTIs diabetes, diabetes, UTIs
Kidney Kidney
complications complications

Questions you Have you been What does What does How have you been Have you been
would ask each drinking water your diet your diet feeling? Anything drinking water
patient regularly? consist of? consist of? unusual? regularly?
How frequent Have you Have you been How frequent
has your been consuming has your
urination been? consuming large amounts urination been?
large amounts of sodium or
of sodium or sugar?
sugar?

Recommendations Drink at least 8 Lower sodium Lower sodium Everything looks Drink at least 8
glasses of water, and sugar and sugar good, just remember glasses of water,
urinate intake. intake. Choose to drink water and urinate
frequently, and Choose healthier keep up a healthy diet. frequently, and
take probiotics. healthier options. take probiotics.
options.

Urine pH Graph Values:

Urine sample 1

Urine Sample 2
Urine sample 3

Urine sample 4
Urine sample 5