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Pmfias Ca 2023 11 01
Pmfias Ca 2023 11 01
Pmfias Ca 2023 11 01
Table of Contents
Context (IE): 31st October 2023 was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s 148th birth anniversary.
Statue of Unity
• It is an 182-metre statue of Sardar Patel at Kevadia (Ekta Nagar).
• It is located on the Narmada River facing the Sardar Sarovar Dam.
Context (TH): The Agartala-Akhaura rail link project has been inaugurated.
• It is a 12.24 rail link between Agartala in Tripura and Akhaura in Bangladesh.
• It will connect Tripura to Kolkata through Bangladesh.
• In 2010, Bangladesh and India signed an MoU to start the first Indo-Bangla railway project.
Akhaura used to be the railway link for Agartala during the colonial era.
Context (TH): India will choose between Bangladesh and Nepal candidates for the WHO’s Regional
Director post. The vote will occur at the WHO’s Regional Committee for South-East Asia in Delhi.
• The WHO is a specialised agency of the UN responsible for international public health.
• It was established on 7 April 1948.
• It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The World Health Report (WHR) is a series of annual reports produced by the WHO.
• Currently, it has 194 members: all UN member states except for Liechtenstein (192 countries), plus
Cook Island and Niue.
Director-General
• The director-general is WHO’s chief technical and administrative officer.
• A Director-General is elected by the World Health Assembly by a secret ballot.
• The director-general holds the office for five years and can be re-appointed once.
Executive Board
• It is composed of 34 technically qualified members elected for three-year terms.
• The main function of the Board is to implement the decisions and policies of the Health Assembly.
Regional offices
• WHO Member States are grouped into six regions. These are:
1. WHO Africa Region
2. WHO Americas Region
3. WHO Europe Region
4. WHO Western Pacific Region
5. WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
6. WHO South-East Asia Region
• Each region has a regional office and regional committee.
Context (IE): The defence minister referred to the concept of “Prisoner’s Dilemma” to underscore
the need for countries to collaborate with each other instead of working at cross purposes.
• Prisoner's Dilemma is a famous concept in Game Theory.
Game Theory is a branch of science that helps understand how people/entities behave under
different circumstances.
• The prisoner's dilemma is a paradox in decision analysis in which two individuals acting in their
own self-interests do not produce the optimal outcome.
• The prisoner’s dilemma presents a situation where two parties, separated and unable to communicate,
must each choose between cooperating with the other or not.
• The highest reward for each party occurs when both parties choose to cooperate.
• The prisoner's dilemmas occur in many aspects of the economy and international relations.
MATSYA 6000
• MATSYA 6000 is an indigenously built manned submersible under the Samudrayaan Mission.
• Developed by NIOT, it is designed to carry three humans to a depth of 6000 m.
• Aim: To comprehensively study deep-sea resources and marine biodiversity assessment.
• With its launch, it will make India the sixth country (after the US, Russia, Japan, France, and China)
to have a manned under-sea expedition beyond 5,000 m.
National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai, is an autonomous institute under MoES.
A submarine is a self-propelled underwater vessel capable of independent operation for an extended
period of time.
A submersible is an underwater vehicle that needs to be transported and supported by a larger
watercraft or platform. They are smaller and less capable than submarines but can be more versatile
and specialised.
Natural Farming
• Natural Farming is a chemical-free traditional sustainable farming method.
• It largely avoids the use of manufactured inputs and equipment.
• Masanobu Fukuoka established this ecological farming approach in his 1975 book ‘The One-Straw
Revolution’. It was referred to as the Fukuoka Method or do-nothing farming.
Context (TH | IE | TH | IE): Apple alerted opposition leaders of a "potential state-sponsored spy-
ware attack" on their iPhones.
• Spyware is malicious software (malware) designed to gather information about a person or organi-
sation without their knowledge or consent.
Authority: CERTin
• CERT-In is the national nodal agency to deal with cyber security threats like hacking and phishing.
• It is an office within the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• It was formed in 2004 under the Information Technology Act, 2000.
Context (TH): Xerography revolutionised how we copy, print, and distribute textual material.
Copyright
• Copyright is a legal concept that protects creators' rights to their literary and artistic works.
• It covers various works, including books, music, art, films, computer programs, databases, ads,
maps, and technical drawings.
• Copyrights in India are governed by “The Copyright Act, 1957”.
Right to Reproduction
• The Copyright Act, 1957 grants copyright owners exclusive reproduction rights. Therefore, making
photocopies amounts to a violation of the right to reproduction.
Context (TH): Carbon nanoflorets made by IIT Bombay by heating a special form of silicon dust are
significantly energy efficient.
• Carbon nanoflorets, which resemble tiny marigold flowers, are a material made only of carbon.