FACULTY OF ELETRONIC AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND

ENGINEERING (FTKEK)

BENG4711

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY 5

LAB 1: TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING FUNCTIONS AND

STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM

4 BERG S2

NAME NO. MATRIC

DHAMIRAH BINTI RASHDAN B022010124
NADHIRAH BINTI JAMALUDDIN B022010111
NURRATNASARI BINTI BAHAR B022010097
1.0 OBJECTIVE

a. Analyses switching functions

b. Analyses local handling
c. Explain basic State Transition Diagram

2.0 RESULTS

a. Line Scan Assignment

Practical 1: Switch Hook
1. Can you detect a difference in speed of response to the Switch Hook when the telephone
is starting a call (Call Detect), or answering in the silent period, or when it is ringing
(Answer Detect)?
 Due to certain delay.
 Speed for each line different bit, L1 fast, L2 medium, L3 slow.
2. Why is there a difference?
 Detection occurs after recognize DC signal.
3. Consider a call that has been established from Line L3 to Line L4
 Bit 3 changes from 1 to 0 and shows the action call connection retained by the
control.
Practical 2: DTMF Receivers

Figure 1: DTMF valid status of telephone lines.

1. Under what condition should the microprocessor control use the DTMF code for any
particular line?
 DTMF valid detection occurs after recognizing output from keypad.
2. Why does the Line Scan occur every 20ms?
 Control processor obtains all information from lines and repeat because any input
cannot be missed.
3. How does the control determine whether a keypad button has been pressed more than
once?
 Whenever the button is pressed, DTMF valid is changed from 0 to 1, which is a
positive change only when control response.
4. What advantage is there in keeping the DTMF receivers connected continuously?
 DTMF receivers connected continuously in telecommunication system.
b. Line Maps Assignment
Practical 1: Location Maps

Figure2: Location Map.

1. If Life L1 goes Off Hook, and there is no entry in the Location Map for that Line, what
state has the call reached? What changes should be made in the Call Record?
 If L1 goes off the hook it reaches to busy tone and shows a wait state and call later
message. The mapping will change and will not be the same.
2. If Line L2 goes Off Hook, and there is an entry in the Location Map for that Line, what
state has the Call reached? What changes should be made in the Call Record?
 Yes. there is an entry in the location map and it is in dial state or in idle state
3. If a Line goes On Hook, must the Control find an entry in the Location Map?
 No record required.
Practical 2: Condition Maps

Figure 3: Condition Maps for the Busy Line Map.

1. What condition of the Lines is defined by each of the 2 Condition Maps?
 By referring to the figure 9 above show the 2 condition Maps which is BLM and
ROM.
2. If a Line goes Off Hook, but is found to be in the Busy Line Map, what action is
required by the Control system?
 By referring to the figure 10 above show that the action output line is busy.

3. What is the advantage of the form of the Ring Output Map?

 Data flows in one direction which reduces the chance of delay.
c. Call Progress Assignment
Practical 1: Call Supervision

Figure 4: The Call Supervision.

1. Explain the operation of each of the 3 Release Conventions

 Calling Party: The original caller clears his line his line by putting the telephone on
hook.
 Either Party: The call by going on hook.
  Either Party without delay: If the caller goes on the hook, the call is released
immediately.
2. Consider a system with only 2 telephones. There is no need for dialing, so as soon as
one telephone is lifted, the other one rings. What would be an appropriate convention
for releasing Calls?
 The appropriate convention for releasing Calls is either party.
3. What would be an appropriate scanning rate for the Supervision phase?
 Supportive supervision has the potential to improve the quality of health care and
management, enhance the skills of health workers, and improve performance.
Practical 2: Call Release

Figure 5: The Call Release.

1. If a call is terminated at State S2, which control phase takes over?
 If a call is terminated at State S2, the control phase takes over is S5.
2. What possible State can a Call have before it is passed to the Supervision phase?
 The possible State can a Call have before it is passed to the Supervision phase is
S3.
3. What scan rate is required for the Set-Up functions?
  The scan rate is required for the Set-Up functions is S7.
d. Call Record Assignment
Practical 1: Call State

Figure 6: The Call State.

1. Establish a call step by step between two telephones. Record the sequence of States
used, including the name and code for each State.
 Idle - call request – dialing - find line – ringing – connect.
2. What circumstances cause the system to reach States S5 or S6?
 S5 is in a line busy state while S6 is not and is connected.
3. This small system can only provide 2 connections at one time. Why are 4 Call Records
provided?
 To tracking active call
4. Does a large public telephone network need a Call Record for every telephone
connected?
 Yes, for database, switch information and to keep track of telephone numbers.
5. What are the advantages of the Call State Diagram?
 For optimizing and maintaining system.

Practical 2: Line Identities

Figure 7: Condition Maps for the Busy Line Map.

1. When is a new Call Record started?
 When telephone off, hook it started.
2. When is a Call Record cleared?
 When telephone on, the hook it removed.
3. If a Call is made form Line L1 to Line L2, at what stage of the Call is the Required
Line Identify entered into the Call Record? What is the Call State when it appears? (If
you are not sure, change to the Call State Practical)
 When dialed number and is not busy
4. Consider a Call at State S4 with CL1=L2 and RL1=L3. What is happening?
Now consider the following signal:
i. Line L3 goes Off Hook
 No call disconnects.
ii. Line L1 goes Off Hook
 Call disconnects.
iii. Line L2 goes On Hook
 Record clear.
iv. For each case what Switching is required?
 S1, S2, S0
 v. For each case what changes are made to the Call Record?
 CL1 is entered in L1 for case 1 and 2 and there is no changes in CL1 for case
3.
5. What is the essential information required in the Call Record for the control of a call?
 Call state, identify of a calling line, duration of call, identify the required line,
and timing of ring count.

Practical 3: Call duration

Figure 8: The Call Duration.

1. Why is the duration of a call measured?
 For billing purpose.
2. Why is the setup time measured?
 To allocate a register.
3. Would a telephone company welcome automatic attempts to make a connection to a
busy line?
 No
4. Does your local telephone company disconnect calls if dialing is not completed? How
long do they wait?
 After a certain period of time, it disconnects the call.
e. State Transition Diagram
Practical 1: Inputs

Figure 9: The State Transition for Inputs .

1. What is the Input Data for the first Transition for a call from Line L3?
 Input data is valid.
2. What is the Input that this produces?
 Call request.
3. If a call in States S2, what are valid Inputs?
 Line free.
4. A call from CL1 L3 to RL1 L2 is in States S4. What Input is recognized from the
following signals? What is the next State in each case?
i. The Switch Hook of Line L2 goes Off Hook.
 The line connected
ii. A DTMF tone for digit 5 is received from Line L3.
 The system from L2 respond.
 iii. The Switch Hook of Line L3 goes On Hook.
 The termination of connection.
5. What defines a ‘Release’ Input for a Call in State S6?
 No line
6. What defines the Input ‘Line Free’?
 The telephone line is not currently use or is available for making a new call.
Practical 2: Outputs
1. A call from Line L4 to L3 is in State S4. What Outputs are required if the following
signals are received?
i. Released

ii. Answer

2. Where can Outputs be sent in the Local Switching Centre?

Practical 3: Tasks
1. If a call has reached State S4, what Tasks are required if a ‘Release’ Input is received?

2. What different actions are required if the Call had reached State S7?

3. Where are Tasks performed?

3.0 ANALYSIS / DISCUSSION

The experiment aimed to analyze switching functions, local call handling, and state transition
diagrams. The switching function is crucial for data networks and telecommunications systems,
establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections. Local control, such as switches or routers,
controls network traffic and routing. The State Transition Diagram illustrates states and transitions
during call setup, routing, and teardown within the telecommunications switching function
framework. It involved five tasks: line scan, line Mapps, call progress, call record, and state
transition diagram.

A line scan task in telecommunications designates a specific channel for a user or device,
ensuring efficient network resource allocation and communication channels. It consists of a DTMF
receiver and switch hook, with a call detect circuit evaluating switch hook states to identify phone
usage or connection. Keypad output is recognized by the receiver.

Line Maps are a system used by the switch control to simplify and speed up operation. The
location map and the condition map are the two components that make up this section. A signal
that could be received from a certain line is used for the position map. A condition map shows the
current state of many network components.

Call progress refers to the examination of various phases and signals during a phone call's start,
middle, and end. It includes release convention and call supervised, which focus on real-time
monitoring of ongoing calls, whether they are terminated or completed.

The important data for every call is stored in a memory region called call records. Call state,
line identities, and call duration are the three parts of this section. Call status describes how a phone
call is right now. line identities and phone line numbers that match. The duration is measured in
seconds upon record opening.

The input, output, and task parts make up the three components of the State transition diagram.
inputs: the many types of input events and the circumstances surrounding them. The purpose of
output is to create a certain result, such as a released response. Tasks are the actions or duties
carried out in every condition.
4.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, "State Transition Diagrams" and "Telecommunication Switching Functions" are

examples of human growth and intellect. Long-distance communication is made possible by this
idea, guaranteeing the efficient, safe, and reliable flow of information. Create a positive future in
the ways people interact and communicate, communication is important. Each of the five tasks in
this lab evaluation has been completed, and by doing so, all the experiment's difficulties may be
resolved.