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Set Theory PPT 211014031034
Set Theory PPT 211014031034
SET THEORY
A ‘Set’ is any well defined collection of objects
SET the elements or members of the set.
called
Singleton set:
A set having exactly one element
is called singleton set. 2
For example, 5
{2}, {0}, {5} are singleton sets.
A={x:x is a solution of the equation 2x-5=0}
Finite set:
A set consisting of a finite number of elements is called a
finite set.
Eg:
•{1, 2, 4, 6} is a finite set because it has four elements.
•The set of months is a finite set because it has 12 elements.
Infinite set:
A set which is not a finite set, i.e., a set consisting of
infinite number of elements is called an infinite set.
Eg:
(i) The set of all straight line in a given plane.
(ii) The set of all natural numbers.
(iii) The set of real numbers between ‘1’ and ‘2’.
CARDINAL NUMBER OF A
SET The number of elements in a finite set is called
cardinal number or order of the set. It is referred as the
cardinality of the set A and is denoted by n(A),ǀAǀ or #(A).
For example, if
A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 n A 5 or o A 5.
If S = {3,3,3,3,3}, |S| = 1
If S = then |S| = 0.
Set of sets:
A set S having all its elements as sets is called set
of sets.
Eg:
S = { {1, 2}, {2, 4}, {3, 5, 9} }
3 S
Equal sets:
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every
element of A is a member of B, and every element of B is a
member of A.
For example:
A = {4, 5, 6} and
B = {a, b, c} are equivalent ie. A Ξ B
but
A = {4, 5, 6} and
C = {6, 5, 4} are equal, ie. A = C.
Subsets:
A set A is said to be a subset of a set B, written as
A B, if each element of A is also an element of B.
A B , if x A x B
Eg:
Subsets
A Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8},
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12},
then A B.
B A: B is a superset of A
B contains A
Proper subset: A set A is said to be a proper subset of
a set B if every element of A is an element of B and B
has at least one element which is not an element of A.
A B means “A is a proper subset of B.”
A B, and A B.
i.e. P A S|S A S P A S A
A B
SET OPERATIONS
Union of sets:
The union of A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set of all things
which are members of either A or B.
A B x:x A or x B.
Clearly, if xA B x A or x B
Generalised definition
If A1, A 2 , ...An is a finite family of sets, then their union is
n
A1 A2 A3 ...U A n or An.
i1
Intersection of sets:
The intersection of A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is
the set of all things which are members of both A and B.
A B x : x A and x B
Clearly, if x A B x A and x B
and x A B x A or x B.
A B
•If A = {Charlie, Lucy, Linus}, and
A B
B = {Lucy, Desi}, then
A B = {Lucy}
Generalised definition A B
The intersection of sets A1, A 2 , ...An is the set of all the elements
x B A x : x B and x A nor B A
When neither A B
(c) A B
Eg:
If A={1,2,3,4} and B={3,4,5,6}
A B
then A-B={1,2}
B-A
B-A={5,6}
Disjoint sets:
Sets whose intersection is empty are called disjoint sets
A B
Eg:
Let A={a,b,c,d,e} and B= {x,y,z}
A B
Then, clearly A B A B
or A x : x U and x A
AA’=U-A=
c
A´
x A x A A
Eg:
•{1, 2} × {red, white} = {(1, red), (1, white), (2, red), (2, white)}.
•{1, 2} × {a, b} = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)}.
BINARY AND UNARY
OPERATION
A unary operation is an operation with only one operand, i.e. a single
input. Specifically, it is a function f :A→ A where A is a set .
In this case f is called a unary operation on A.
Common notations are
prefix (e.g. +, −, not), postfix (e.g. n!), functional notation (e.g. sin
x or sin (x)), and superscripts (e.g. complement A, transpose AT).
It is clear that
A B A B and B A.
i.e. A B x A x B.
ALGEBRA OF SETS
Idempotent laws For any set A, we have
(i) A A A
(ii) A A A
(iv) Φ’ = U
Commutative laws
For any two sets A and B, we have
(i) A BB A
A BB A
(ii)
i.e. union and intersection are commutative.
Proof: As we know that two sets X and Y are equal if
X Y and Y X.
(i) Let x be any arbitrary element of A B.
x A B x A or x B
x B or x A
x B A A BB A ...(i)
(ii) Similarly, let y be any arbitrary element of B A
y B A y B or y A
y A or y B
yA B B A A B …(ii)...(i)
A B C A B C Pr oved.
Distributive laws
If A, B and C are any three sets, then
(i) A B C A B A C
A B C A B A C
(ii)
ie, union and intersection are distributive over intersection and union respectively.
Proof:
(i) Let x be any arbitrary element of A B .
C
xA B C x A or x B C
x A or x B and x C
x A or x B and x A or x C
[ ‘or’ is distributive over ‘and’]
x A B and x A C
x A B A C
A B C A B A C ...(i)
(ii) Similarly, let y be any arbitrary element of A B A C .
y A B A C y A B and y A C
y A or y B and y A or y C
y A or y B and y C
y A or y B C
yA B C
A B A C A B C ...(ii)
(ii) A B A B
Proof:
(i) Let x be an arbitrary element of the set A B .
x A B x A B
x A and x B
x A and x B
x A B A B A B ...(i)
A B A B
Q: For any two sets A and B, prove that
A BA B A B.
First, let A = B.
Then A B A and A BA
A BA B
A B A B A B ...(i)
Conversely, let A BA B.
xA xA B
x A B
x B
Now let
x A and x B A B ...(ii)
y B yA B
y A B
yA
y A and y B BA ...(iii)
From (ii) and (iii), we get A = B
Thus, A B A B A B ...(iv)
From (i) and (iv), A BA B A B
Q: If a N such that aN ax: x N,
describe the set 3N 7N.
CB C A Pr oved.
PROBLEMS
Q.1. A survey was conducted, it was found that the number of
people who prefer only Burger, only Pizza, both Burger and
Pizza and neither of them are 40, 45, 18 & 22 respectively. Find
the number of people surveyed.
A. 69
B. 79
C. 82
D. 89
Q.2.There are 300 students in a class 10th. Among them,
80 students are learning both History & Geography. A
total of 180 students are learning History. If every
student is learning at least one of these two subjects, how
many students are learning Geography in total.
Q.3. In class 12th, 70% of the students study Accountancy
and 40% of the students study Business Studies. If 15%
of the total students study both Accountancy and Business
Studies, what % of the students do not study either of the
two subjects?
Q.4. Among a group of students, 50 played cricket, 50
played hockey and 40 played volley ball. 15 played both
cricket and hockey, 20 played both hockey and volley
ball, 15 played cricket and volley ball and 10 played all
three. If every student played at least one game, find the
number of students and how many played only cricket,
only hockey and only volley ball?