Scripps Institution of Oceanography

UC San Diego

Title:
The Horizontal Electric Dipole in a Conducting Half-Space
Author:
Banos, Alfredo Jr.
Wesley, James Paul
Publication Date:
09-01-1953
Series:
SIO Reference
Publication Info:
SIO Reference, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego
Permalink:
http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5d5419sv
Additional Info:
SIO Reference 53-33
Abstract:
This report gives a thorough and complete account of the mathematical problems involved in the
determination of the electromagnetic field components generated by a horizontal electric dipole
embedded in a conducting half-space whose plane boundary is also horizontal. The problem
is formulated by introducing the Hertzian vectors or polarization potentials and employing the
technique of triple Fourier transforms in Cartesian coordinates, in configuration space as well
as in transform space. Suitable integral representations are obtained for the components of the
Hertzian vectors.
It is shown that this formulation is fundamental in the sense that it contains 'per se’ all other
known formulations of the problem. Thus, by suitable transformations of the variable or variables
of integration one readily obtains the formulations of Sommerfeld (1909), Weyl (1919) , Ott (1942) ,
etc. Further, by correctly specifying the original path of integration in Sommerfeld’s formulation of
the problem and by carefully analyzing the class of permissible deformations of the original path,
the whole moot question of poles and residues is clarified in a straightforward manner.
The report also presents the complete independent solution of the static problem and it is shown
that all solutions for the alternating case converge uniformly to the static solutions as the frequency
is made to vanish. Further, the static solution is applied to an extended source pointing out the
way for a similar extension of the alternating dipolar solution.
The Cartesian components of the Hertzian vectors and the cylindrical components of the field
vectors (E and H) are given, for both media, in terms of four fundamental integrals, which are

eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing

services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic
research platform to scholars worldwide.
expanded in asymptotic series by saddle point methods, two of these integrals belonging to the
conducting medium and the other two to the free space above. It is shown, in the treatment of each
of the four integrals mentioned, that there are two distinct asymptotic contributions arising from
two saddle points and the notable feature of the results is that one of the saddle points yields a
solution which is not exponentially attenuated in the horizontal direction in accordance with known
experimental results. Thus, the possibility of large ranges of the field in the horizontal direction at
depths which are not too great is clearly established.

eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing

services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic
research platform to scholars worldwide.
 Universi.ty
----- of California

Marine Physical Laboratory of the

Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography

THE HORIZONTAL
- - ELECTRIC DIPOLE
---- IN A
------- CONDUCTmTG---HALF-SPACE

by
Alfredo ~an"os,J r o and James Paul Wesley

Physics Department, Los Angeles, and Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n

of Oceanography, La J o l l a

Sponsored by

Bureau of Ships

Contract NObsr - 143356

NE - 120221-5
SIO Reference 53-33

September, 1953

Approved f o r distribution:
 Tuis r e p o r t gives a -bhoroug;i and colilplete accomL of tile ~ ~ % t l ~ e i ~ w i ; i c a l
problenis involved i n t h e d e - ~ e r m i n a t i o nof %he electroulag~leLicf i e l d cori~ponents
generated by a h o r i z o n t a l e l e c t r i c d i p o l e einbedded i n a conducting half-spa00
whose plane boundary is a l s o horizon-bal. The problenz i s f o r i i a t e d by
i n t r o d u c i n g t h e Hertzian vec-Lors o r p o l a r i z a t i o n p o t e n t i a l s and enplojring tiie
technique of t r i p l e F o u r i e r trarisfolms i n C a r t e s i a n coordinates, i n configura-
t i o i l space as w e l l as i n transforiii space. Sui-tabie i n t e g r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s
a r e obtained Tor t i e coiilpoaents of ti-e Y-ieptzian v e c t o r s .

It i s slLowrl t1ia-L 'chis f oi:iimla-Lion i s fundai,leiltal i n t h e sense t h a t it

con-tailis ' p e r s c t a l l o t h e r !r~or~,m f oy inla-Lions o i t:ie problem. Tiius, by
s u i t a b l e 'cransforrations of t h e v a r i a b l e o r v a r i a b l e s of i n t e g r a t i o n one
r e a d i l y o b t a i n s the formulations of Sonnuerfeld (1509), Xeyl (1919) O t t (19L2) , ,
e t c . F u r t h e r , by c o r r e c t l y s p e c i f y i n g t h e o r i g i n a l p a t h of i n t e g r a t i o n in
Soinmerfeldls formulation of t h e problem and by c a r e f u l l y analyzing t h e c l a s s
of p e r m i s s i b l e deformations of t n e o r i g i n a l path, t h e whole moot q u e s t i o n of
poles and residues i s c l a r i f i e d i n a s t r a i g i l t f oiward inarmel-.

The r e p o r t a l s o presents -&e conlple-te independent s o l u t i o n of tile s t a t i c

problem and i t i s silown t i n t a l l s o l u t l o i l s f oi- t h e alte~na-Ling:case coilverge
- ~ i i f o r ~ ~ itlo- yt h e s t a t i c solu-tioiis as tile frequency i s made t o vanish. Furbher,
t h e s t a t i c s o l u t i o n is a p p l i e d t o an extencied source poiii'cing o u t 'cne way f o r a
sir,ilar ex-bensioii of t h e a l t e ~ n a t i n gd i p o l a r solutioil.
-,
The Car-Lesian c oi11ponents of .tile iier-tziail vec-Lars xici $lie c y l i i l d r i c a l
coii+oi>en-ts of t h e Z i e l d v e c t o r s (E and ~j are gi-ven, f o r both i ~ ~ e d i ai ,n %el-ns
of f o u r fwrdctrilen'cal integr.als, t:hici; are exisar~ded i n a s > - i i ~ - L o tsie~r i a s by
saddle pain-L .,ie-Lilods, -tt;.o of kliese i n - t e g r a l s 'beloi~gkng-to 'i;.;e conciucting
i,;ediui,, z i d .gle o.Ll;el- two t o -bile f r e e s i ~ a c eabove. It i s sizowi~, i n -t'-,e re-t- A a
i::cr~-L c2 e~"cl:oi' .t:le 2ou.r iiiCegrals ilientioned, tilere a r e -two d i s t i n c t
as;:-i-;~:tc.Licco;iti;iLutiorls arlsli-ig . . Zr.oj.1 two sac;dle :>oii~'csand t2.e n o t a b l e f e a t u r e
of tile i-esults i s t h a t one of t h e s a d d l e p o i n t s y i e l d s a soluLion which i s
-
n o t e x p o n e n t i a l l y a t t e n u a t e d i n -t;~ehopizonl;al d i r e c t i o n i l l accordance w i t h
known e ~ p e ~ i n ~ e nresul-Ls tal . Tilu-s, tile p o s s i b a i - b y - of l a r g e YarLges of -the f i e l d
i n -the h o r i z o i ~ t a lciirec-tioil a-L lie~j-Lhsv ~ h i c : ~ n o t -Loo z;.ect i s cleal:l;.
cs.tabl.is:~ed.

iii
 The problem o r i g i m l l y proposed t o us has t o do with the complete deter-
mjnstion of the eleckro~llagneticf i e l d generated by a horiaantal a n t e m embedded
i n a conducting W-sparre, the antenna consisting of an insulatead wlre +am&-
nated by bare electrodes (Fig. 2). We were asked t o determine t h e near f i e l d ,
t h e far f i e l d , the current d i s t r i b u t i o n d o n g the antenna wire and the input
i m p d a m e of such a device submerged i n a erondueting W - s p w and looated
close t o t h e horisontal boundary. It soon becram c l e a r t o us t h a t the problen
of determining t h e input impedance and t h e eurrent d i s t r i b u t i o n along the w i r e
was i n essenoe t i e d up wfth the solution of an extremely diffim3.t antenna
problem and we abandoned all e f f o r t s to answer these two questions.
There mmafned f o r us the a l t e r n a t i v e of considering the current d b -
t r i b u t i o n along the w i r e as prescribed; and, granting t h a t the Qreents function
f o r an elenentaqy, horizontaZ e l e c t r i a dipole, embedded in the conducting W-
space, had been obtained, %he problem of t h e extended source with prescribed
current d i s t r i b u t i o n could then be solved by i n t e g r a t i n g over the SQUI:B~ using

Green's theorem* Thus, it looked t o us t h a t a necessary step towards the

complete solution of t h i s complicated antenna problenr was the determination of
the electromagnetic f i e l d of a horizontal e l e c t r i c dipole i n a conducting half-
space (Fig* l ) , which i s precisely the problem t h a t we have undertaken in a
lengthy investigation covering nearly two years and culminating i n the present
r e p o r t which covers the most e s s e n t i a l d e t a i l s of our calculations*

A s i s well known, the problem i n question was f i r s t discussed i n a b r i l -

l i a n t memoir by Arnold ~ommerfeld* i n 1909 and since then a considerable number
or" papers have appeared on various aspects of the problem a s studied by several

authorse I n attadking t h i s problem we have been l e d t o examine some of the

p e ~ t i n e n treferences and, thus, t h i s report contains a l s o a comprehensive
review of" such papers. I n t h i s Tntroduction we wish t o s t r e s s those r e s u l t s
of ours which a r e new o r which go beyond the work of all our predecessors,.
In Chapter I1 we undertake the complete formulation of t h e two-medium
ppoblem f o r a dipolar source by employing the technique of Fourier i n t e g r a l
representations using Cartesian coordinates in both transform and configura-

t i o n spaces; and, by introducing s u i t a b l e transformations of t h e variables of

int-egration we obtain the known formulations of Sommerfeld ( 1 9 0 9 ) ~Weyl ( ~ 9 1 9 ) ~
O t t (19h2) , and others. We examine i n p a r t i c u l a r the Cartesian components of
the Hertaian vectors o r polarization potentials and we e x h i b i t them i n terms
of f o u r fundamental i n t e g r a l s , two of which correspond t o points of observa-

t i o n in a i r and the other two t o points of observation i n t h e conducting

medium* Because of t h e magnitude of the present project t h i s report i s con-
cerned mainly with the evaluation of the i n t e g r a l s f o r points of observation
fn the conducting medium, and we reserve the evaluation of the i n t e g r a l s f o r
points of observation i n a i r t o a f u t u r e publication. None of t h e r e s u l t s
presented i n Chapter I1 a r e e s s e n t i a l l y new, except our complete treatment

* See Bibliography a t t h e end of t h i s report.

04: the t r i p l e Fourier h k g r a i . r e p ~ e s e n t a t i o n s and our discussion of the regions
of a n a l i t i c i t y f o r the transform variqbles which bas an important bearing on the
whole question of poles and residues. I n addition, we give a d e t a i l e d descrip-
t i o n of t h e Rfemann surface of f o u r sheets En the A-plane (Somme~feld¶splane of
i n t e g r a u o n ) showing how $0 draw bhe branch c u t s and indicating c l e a r l y how to
determine t h e nature of the poles of. the .inlegrand, whether real o r v i r t u a l , on
t h e various sheets of the,Riomann supfasee

In Chaptar 111 we .deduce the.eXeotrie and magnetic f i e l d components %n

cylindrical. coordinatesg expres.sing o m resuLts i n terms of the Cartesian ,

vectors which in ~tm

csmponenLs of %he He~%ziean are given 3a temns of t h e

f~mdamen.tali n t e g r a l s and t h e i r der&vatives as mentioned i n the preceding pma-

grapho . Making use o f c e r t a i n differential. equa.bions which connect the various
fundamenttal, i,nt;egrals among thempelves, we a m able t o exhibi% %he c y l i x d ~ f -
e d components of the f i e l d vectors Ln various forms more sui4abJ.ca f o r compce-
t a t l o n a l purposes* For example, t h e Cartesian components of the H@rtl;fanvector
and %he c y l i n d r i o a l oompon~ntsof t h e f i e l d v e c % o ~for
s points of observation
i n the eonduc-t;%ng medium aan W . b s expressed in tern of a single fmdanten%al

Bntegkal auld lets derivatives, and similarly f o r points of observa%ion $n airo

Chaptier LV eonta,inq t h e s o l u t i o n of %he two-medium dSpolar problem in

t h e s t a t i c khi% ( w - ) 0) 0 We f b d 'that a l l of our htegm.3. repmsen%a.P;%onr%

converge uniformly Lo the static su%u%%on
(as obhEned independently by e b -

mentary- me W s ) f o r ck3 --,0, which a.f'f"ords an Emport.ank palt.%fal check on

OUT t'ormulat;ion of t h e problem* Thm, we present the independent s o l u t i ~ nf o r
the e1.qct;;si.e fi$d basad on tpe met;hoCE 02 images which in turn U o w s the:
everywheree From a knowledge o f
determination of t h e current dis-f,~ibu.t;ion
this current d i s t r i b u t i o n we; then determine the comp2e"ee magnetic f i e l d auld
we discover -that the major @on%ribu%fore
(%s the magnetic f i e l d ) comes from
the surface layer discontinuity i n v x J which exists a t the i n b r f s c e
separating the two media* We believe t h a t the independent solution f o r the
magnetic f i e l d is being presented here f o r the f i r s t time*
I n Chapter V we undertake a general discussion of the saddle paint method
of integration which we apply i n t h i s report t o the asymptotic evaluation of
the fundamental integrals and t h e i r derivatives. F i r s t , we consider the saddle
point method f o r a single integral and we disouss the necessary and sufficient
conditions f o r the application of Watson's lemma* It is clearly pointed out
that the @asymptoticconvergence@of the resulting s e r i e s irs governed by the
radius of convergence of the p m r series expansion of the integrand about the
origfn i n the complex plane of integration, which is the distance from the
origin t o the nearest singularity. And we discovered that, when the nearest
singularity i s a simple pole (or a pole of any order), the n a s p p t o t i c con-
vergence" of the series could be greatly enhanced by the removal of the pole
from the Fntegrand, a process which was discovered independently by van der
Waerden, but which we f e e l we have developed i n the simplest possible fashion*
We wish t o c a l l attention t o t h i s mhievement, f o r we f e e l t h a t it constitutes
one of our major original contributions.
In addition, we have developed the saddle point method f o r a double
integral which arose when we replaced the Hankel function appearing i n the
integrand by a suitable integral representation (thus leading t o a double
integral), in turn t o be treated by the saddle point method of integration*
We believe t h a t i t was this extension of the method t o a double integral t h a t
allowed us t o determine the asymptotic expansions of the fundamental integral&
and t h e i r derivatives t o three terms, which had never been attained by any of
the previous authors and which proved absolute* n e c e s s w i n order t o clearly
delimit the range of applicability of various approximations undertaken later.
 I n Chapter V I we present the e'~~alua.%ion
of the fundamental i n t e g r a l s W1

and Vl and t h e i r derivatives for points of obsewakirsn in &he eonductfng

medium. As shown i n Chapter 11, each "ty-pieaL i n t e g r a l can be ~ e s s l v e dbPbo

the sum of .t;vo integrals, 6 = Xab + %9 by a suitabbe defozmat%on of %borfg-
inal path of integrationo Enteg3pa.l~ of &he % y - p Ibl,a r e ma.1.uated asppto$i-
caLLy by the saddle point metihod f o r single fn%egm%ionarid, because they are?
shown Later t o be of negligible magnitude Fn cornparbon d t h the contributions
of the integrals of type , we presean$ only the beading tm of the &$pip-

t o t i e expansions f o r the funidmen.kha3 b%eggr+&Ise & %& other hand, i n $ e g r i k

of the type I2 ;and t h e i r derivatives w e evduated by the saddle poEn%

method f o r a double integral employing %he t e a m q u e of %he removal o f th
pole from thrs FEltegrd whenever neeesswy. The reason f o r the Mependen%
is elear:: ~ y n p t o $ % series
evaluation of the higher order der~ivat~vels o can

not in gellsral. be differentiated lam by %em%o yield $he asynpto%f~s e r i e s

of the derivative -m aonffsmed by a o t u a l eompwisom Thw, we fel"dsLl
along that it was no% sufficient %o undertake %he asymp%otb m%bbuation,of
the Carteafan componen%sof the H e r b a h veokps, fromwhiah the f i e l d eom-
ponents can be obtaLned by apply-ing dfffemn$fa%s p r a - t a o ~ abu%
~ %ha% %aob-
t a i n m c u ~ a t eresul%s it was n e c e s s q mpranzsion
exmine t b asy-mptof;i~

of each dersivativeo W@ feel, %ha%i n %his respect we have agafr gcne beyomi
a l l of our predecessors, f o r in the papera that we *have studitad $he

authors c o n b n t themselves w%Gh the asymptotic evd,ua%ionof" the %undmen-P,al

integrdls, which they then proceed t o dUferen%iaLe '
a o b ~ sometimes
, %za

emor, the e l e c t r i ~and magne.t;i,e f i e l d c?omponen%so

Chapter V I I contains the ~ s s u l t sf o r %he eonduc$ing medium and mpm-

sents the o-%ion of the?present reseasah pro3ec-b. t &L19 we
F i , ~ s of

under%&$; %his: Chapter t o give a alew-@u%and unmbiguow defi,nition 02

t h e various ranges in which it i s possible t o obtain much simpler forrmilasthan

the ones presented i n Chapter VI. We consider the asymptotic range / -+oo

and we present t h e Cartesian components of t h e Hertzian vector and the cylin-

d r i c a l components of the e l e c t r i c and magnetic f i e l d vectors in this lMtr
We recognize t h a t t h i s r m g e is of no p r a c t i c a l value a t low frequencies, b u t
the r e s u l t s given, which a r e new, a r e used here t o describe completely the

nature of the electromagnetic f i e l d as P +a, . Next, we take up the range

of parameters f o r which t h e h o r i ~ o n t a lrange i s i n comparison with a
wavelength in a i r b u t f o r which, a t t h e same time, we have the condition that
Sommerfeldts numerical distance i s very small i n comparison with unity. This

range is of i n t e r e s t because it applies t o the well-known Sommerf eld - van d e r

Pol Uattenuation formulas" with which we have compared our asymptotic r e s u l t s
with complete agreement. And, f i n a l l y , we consider the range o r parameters

which i s of p r a c t i c a l value in t h e low frequency case; namely, when the hori-

zontal range is small i n comparison with one wavelength in afr b u t l a r g e in
comparison with one wavelength in t h e conducting medium. For t h i s important

range of parameters we present again the simpler forms assumed by the eompo-
nents of the Hertzian vector and by the e l e c t r i c and magnetic f i e l d components.
Next, we take up t h e study of the l i m i t i n g forms of our r e s u l t s when t h e
source dipole and the point of observation both lie on t h e surface separating
the two media. I n t h i s manner we a r e able t o compare d i r e c t l y our results
with those of Sommerf e l d and van d e r Pol. Furthermore, we undertake a
thorough review of the various papers published on Sommerfeld's electro-
magnetic surface wave and by a c r i t i c a l analysis of t h e e r r o r s c d t t e d
by s e v e r a l authors we a r e able, we trust, t o r e i n s t a t e t h e work of Sommrfeld
t o t h e esteem and respect which it deserves. We p o b t out that- the Zenneck
type surface wave first encountered by Sommerfeld in his 1909 solution of
t h e problem i s a legitimate pwG of the solution i n the range of parameters f o r
which it i s v a l i d , but t h a t the contribution of t h i s surface wave i s of negli-
g i b l e e t u d e i n a l l cases of p r a c t i c a l i n t e r e s t , eag*, the low frequency
case
Next, we discuss t h e lirnithg form.of our r e s u l t s when we assume that;
the wavelength i n a i r i s i n f i n i t e . This case was t r e a t e d by Lien and we
examine i n d e t a i l Lien's approximation with the conclusion t h a t it consti-
t u t e s an excellent approximation i n the low frequency case. In f a c t , we a r e
a b l e t o j u s t i f y Lien's approximation, which he f a i l e d t o do, and in so doing
we a r e able t o show the exact nature of t h e approximation and the magnitude
of t h e e r r o r s incurred.
Finally, we take up a nwnericd example t o i l l u s t r a t e the application
of our formulas i n t h e low frequency case* Considering r e a l i s t i c d a t a we
o b t a i n approximate expressions f o r t h e e l e c t r i c and magnetic f i e l d compo-
nents which a r e v a l i d , a t a frequency of 900 c.p.s., f o r horizontal ranges
between 50 and 5000 meters. It i s shown t h a t the f i e l d vectors vary an; t h e
inverse cube of the horizontal range and a r e exponentially attenuated with

t h e aggregate depth of source and point of observation.

 Scripps Institution of Oceanography
UC San Diego

Title:
The Horizontal Electric Dipole in a Conducting Half-Space, II
Author:
Banos, Alfredo Jr.
Wesley, James Paul
Publication Date:
08-01-1954
Series:
SIO Reference
Publication Info:
SIO Reference, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego
Permalink:
http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2rg5b301
Additional Info:
SIO Reference 54-31
Abstract:
This report, Part II, constitutes the culmination of a research study which was described initially
in a paper of the same Title, Part I, that appeared as SIO Reference 53-33, September 1953,
and provides a further account of the mathematical theory involved in the determination of
the electromagnetic field components generated by a horizontal electric dipole embedded in a
conducting half-space separated from the non-conducting medium above by a horizontal plane. In
particular, a detailed account is given of the computations involved for points of observation in the
non-conducting medium when the depth of the source and the height of the point of observation
are small in comparison with the horizontal range.
The first part of this report is concerned mainly with the general evaluation of the fundamental
integrals for both media by the double saddle point method of integration developed earlier, and
the salient feature of the present analysis is the fact that the new asymptotic expansions are term-
wise differentiable to any order with respect to three essential parameters: horizontal range, depth
(or height) of dipole source, and height (or depth) of the point of observation. It is shown that this
important achievement is a consequence of applying the saddle point method of integration to a
more judicious choice of exponent with the result that the asymptotic expansions presented here
are much simpler than those reported in Part I.
The remainder of the report is concerned with the application of the new asymptotic expansions
to the evaluation of the Cartesian components of the Hertzian vector and of the cylindrical
components of the electromagnetic field vectors for points of observation in the non-conducting

eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing

services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic
research platform to scholars worldwide.
medium. Simplified approximations in which numerical substitutions can be readily made are
presented for three distinct ranges corresponding to the asymptotic, the intermediate, and the
near field; and, in each case, a detailed account is given of the power flow in the field. In addition,
there is presented for the first time, for points of observation In the non-conducting medium, an
approximation valid down to zero horizontal range, which is attained by equating to zero the
propagation constant in the non-conducting medium. Numerical results are given in a manner
similar to the numerical example presented in Part I.

eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing

services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic
research platform to scholars worldwide.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Marine P h y a i c a l Laboratory of t h e
Scripps I n e t i t u t i o n of Oceanography
and
I n s t i t u t e of Geopwsics

THE HORIZONTAJ ELECTRIC DIPOLE I N A CONDUCTING HALF-SPACE, I1

A l f r e d o ~ a z o s ,Jr, and James Paul Wesley

P h y s i c s Department and I n s t i t u t e o f Geophysics, Lo8 Angeles,
S c r i p 9 8 I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography, L a J o l l a

Sponsored by
Bureau of Ships
Contract NObas-43356
m-12022L-5
SIO R e f e r e a c e 54-31

Approved f o r d i s t r i b u t ionz
 T h i s r e p o r e , P a r t TI, c d n s t f t u t e s t h e c u l m i n a t i o n of a
r e s e a r c h s t u d y which w a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t i a l l y i n a paper o f t h e
same T i t l e , P a r t _I, t h a t a,ppeared as S90 R e f e s e n w 53-33,
September 1953, and p r o v i d e s a f u r t h e r account of t h e mathemat-
s c a l t h e o r y involved i n t h e d e t e r m l n a t i o n of t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
f i e l d components g e n e r a t e d by a h o r i z o n t a l e l e ~ t ~ r di icp o l e em-
bedded i n a conductbng kfalf-space s e p a r a t e d from t h e non-
conducting medium above by a h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e , Zn particular,
a d e t a i l e d account i s gsven of t h e computations i n v o l v e d f o ~
p o i n t s of o b s e r v a t i o n i n t h e non-conducting medium when t h e
d e p t h of t h e s o u r c e and t h e h e i g h t s f t h e p o i n t of o b s e r v a t i o n
a r e s m a l l i n cornparsson w i t h t h e h o r i z o n t a l r a n g e ,
The f a r s t p a r t of t h i s r e p o r t i s concerned mainly w i t h
t h e g e n e r a l evaluation of t h e fundamental ~ n t e g r a l sf o r b o t h
medla by t h e double s a d d l e p o i n t method of i n t e g r a t i o n developed
e a r l l e r , and t h e s a l i e n t f e a t u r e of t h e p r e s e n t a n a l y s i s 1s t h e
f a c t t h a t t h e new a s y m p t o t i c expansions a r e term-wf s e d i f f e r -
e n t i a b l e t o any o r d e r w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h r e e e s s e n t i a l p a r a m e t e r s ,
h o r i z ~ n t a lr a n g e , d e p t h ( o r h e i g h t ) of d i p o l e s o u r c e , and h e i g h t
( o r d e p t h ) of t h e p o i n t of o b s e r v a t i o n , It i s shown t h a t t h l s
i m p o r t a n t achievement f s a consequence of appbylng t h e s a d d l e
p o i n t method of i n t e g r a t i o n t o a more judicious c h o i c e of
exponent w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e a s y m p t o t i c expansaons p r e -
sen%ed h e r e a r e much s i m p l e r t h a n t h o s e r e p o r t e d ~ n --- P a r t I,
The remainder of t h e r e p o r t i s c ~ n c e r n e dw i t h t h e ap-
p l i c a t i o n s f t h e new a s y m p t o t i c expansions ;t;o t h e evabuataon
o f t h e C a r t e s a a n components of t h e K e r t z i a n weetor and a% t h e
c y l a n d r l c a l components of t h e e l e o t r o m a g n e t i s f i e l d v e c t ~ r s
%or p o u t s of o b s e r v a t i o n i n t h e non-conducting medium,
Szmplaffed approximations i n which numerical s u h s t i t u t ~ o n scan
be r e a d i l y made a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r t h r e e d i s t i n c t r a n g e s COP-
responding t o t h e a s y m p t o t a s , t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e , and t h e n e a r
f i e l d ; a n d , I n each c a s e , a d e t a l l e d account i s g i v e n o f t h e
power f l o w an %he f i e l d , I n a d d f t a o n , t h e r e i s p r e s e n t e d f o r
t h e f l r s t % m e , f o r p o i n t s of o b s e r v a t i o n I n t h e non-conducting
medlum, an approximation v a l i d down t o z e r o h o r i z o n t a l r a n g e ,
which i s a t t a i n e d by e q u a t l n g t o z e r o t h e p r o p a g a t i o n c o n s t a n t
i n t h e non-conducting medium, Numerical r e s u l t s a r e g l v e n In
a manner similar t o t h e numerical example p r e s e n t e d i n P a r t I , -=

iii
 PREFACE

This report is the announced sequel to our original

@ommunication: OsThe Horizontal Electrf @ Dipole in a C~nduct
ing
Half-Spa~e,!~
which appeared as SIO Reference 53-33, September
1953, henceforth referred to as Part I e It provides a further
account of the mathematical theory involved in the determina-
tion of the electromagnetic field components generated by a
horizontal electric dipole embedded in a conductang half-space
separated from the non-conducting medlaun above (Fig, l] by a
hori zontal ~nterf
ace In particular, we complete the results
of Part I, whf @h were confined to poinhs of observation in the
conducting medlum, by giving a detailed account of the computa-
tions inv~lvedfor poznts of observation In the non-conductang
medium when the depth of the source and the height of the point
of observation are small In comparison with the horizontal yangr
This report; consists essentially of two additional Chapters
which deal, respectively, with an improved method of obtaan~ng
the asymptotic expansions for the fundamenta1 integrals, and
with the application of the theory for points of observati~n
in the non-conducting medium
 Thus, i n C h a p t e r V I I I we g i v e a d e t a i l e d e x p o s i t i o n of o u r
new a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n s f o r t h e fundament a1 i n t e g r a l s which
proved t o be much s i m p l e r t h a n t h o s e deduced i n P a r t I. The new
method of a t t a c k came a b o u t as a r e s u l t of a c a r e f u l r e - a p p r a i s a l
of t h e methods a l r e a d y employed, f o r i t soon became c l e a r t h a t , due
t o t h e g r e a t e r c o m p l e x i t y of t h e e x p o n e n t i a l b e h a v i o r e x h i b i t e d by
t h e i n t e g r a n d s of t h e f u n d a m e n t a l i n t e g r a l s f o r t h e non-conduct i n g
medium, t h e f o r m u l a s and r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d i n C h a p t e r s V I and V I I
f o r t h e c o n d u c t i n g medium, which i n t h e i r most g e n e r a l f o r m proved
t o be s o cumbersome, would become e v e n more u n w i e l d y when a p p l i e d
t o t h e non-conducting medium.
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e c o m p l e x i t y of o u r e a r l i e r e x p a n s i o n s
we had t o contend w i t h t h e u n p l e a s a n t f a c t t h a t o u r a s y m p t o t i c
s e r i e s were n o t term-wise d i f f e r e n t i a b l e ; t h a t i s , c o u l d n o t b e
d i f f e r e n t i a t e d t e r m by t e r m t o y i e l d c o r r e c t l y t h e a s y m p t o t i c
e x p a n s i o n of t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e r i v a t i v e . A s a c o n s e q u e n c e , we

had t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e o r i g i n a l i n t e g r a l u n d e r t h e s i g n of i n t e -
g r a t i o n and t h e n a p p l y anew t h e d o u b l e s a d d l e p o i n t method of
i n t e g r a t i o n t o t h e new i n t e g r a n d t o o b t a i n t h e a s y m p t o t i c expan-
s i o n of t h e d e r i v a t i v e , b u t o n l y at t h e expense of c o n s i d e r a b l e
additional labor.
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h i s c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s of o u r e a r l i e r methods
d i s c l o s e d t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c o m p l e x i t y of t h e r e s u l t i n g e x p a n s i o n s
and t h e i r l a c k of d i f f e r e n t i a b i l i t y c o u l d b e t r a c e d d i r e c t l y t o
t h e c o m p l e x i t y i t s e l f of t h e exponent t o which we were a p p l y i n g
t h e d o u b l e s a d d l e p o i n t method of i n t e g r a t i o n . And we s o o n
r e a l i z e d t h a t t h i s c o m p l e x i t y w a s m e r e l y a consequence of t h e f a c t
t h a t we had r e t a i n e d i n t h e exponent t h e t o t a l i t y of t h e expo-
n e n t f a l b e h a v i o r c o n t a i n e d i n t h e i n t e g r a n d , a l t h o u g h we r e c o g -
n i z e d t h a t t h e s a d d l e p o i n t method of i n t e g r a t i o n d o e s n o t
r e q u i r e t h a t t h e complete e x p o n e n t i a l b e h a v i o r be r e t a i n e d f o r
t h e p u r p o s e of d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p a t h of s t e e p e s t d e s c e n t s , s o
l o n g as t h e convergence of t h e i n t e g r a l i s g u a r a n t e e d b e f o r e h a n d ,
Thus, t o improve on o u r e a r l i e r e x p a n s i o n s , we made a
more j u d i c i o u s c h o i c e of exponent i n a p p l y i n g t h e method of
s t e e p e s t d e s c e n t s , w i t h t h e g r a t i f y i n g r e s u l t t h a t o u r new
a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n s proved t o be much s i m p l e r a n d , most
i m p o r t a n t of a l l , term-wise d i f f e r e n t i a b l e t o any o r d e r w i t h
respect t o a l l p e r t i n e n t parameters, F u r t h e r m o r e , p a r t l y as a
consequence of t h e g r e a t e r s i m p l i c i t y of t h e a s y m p t o t i c s e r i e s
and p a r t l y b e c a u s e we approached more d i r e ~ t l yt h e problem of
o b t a f n i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s of t h e d o u b l e power s e r i e s e x p a n s i o n
of t h e a m p l i t u d e f u n c t i o n i n o u r d o u b l e i n t e g r a l s , we were able
t o compute i n d e t a i l one more t e r m of t h e a s y m p t o t i c s e r i e s
t h a n had b e e n p o s s i b l e i n t h e p a s t ; a n d , what i s more i m p o r t a n t ,
we were a b l e t o e s t i m a t e c o r r e c t l y t h e o r d e r of magnitude and
t h e b e h a v i o r of a l l h i g h e r o r d e r t e r m s .
I n t h i s manner we e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t h i g h e r o r d e p t e r m s
of o u r a s y m p t o t i c s e r i e s , o l d and new, behave l i k e (ik2p)c-"
rather than (iklP)-n, as we had e r r o n e o u s l y claimed i n P a r t
and we were l e d t o re-examine t h e e s t i m a t e of t h e e r r o r i n o u r
a s y m p t o t i c s e r i e s as deduced f r o m Watson" lemma ( s e e Correc-
t i o n s t o Part I ) . T h i s a n a l y s i s , S e c t i o n s 8 , 4 b , 8 , 4 d , and
8 , 4 e , shows how t o o b t a i n t h e c o r r e c t e s t i m a t e of t h e e r r o r f o r
a l : f A b e e n t l y l a r g e number of t e r m s , but g i v e s no c l u e as t o t h e be-
i.&a%lor
of t h e f i r s t few terms. However, we found t h a t t h e f i r s t
??'N % e m s sf o u r new a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n s , l i k e t h o s e i n - -9
P a r H
~ a rb e w r i t t e n as r e c i p r o c a l powers of iklp and, i n f a c t , admit
v,.,ntr,l.ng k p = 0 o u t r i g h t , a l l of which s i g n i f i e s t h a t we have
z:,r,h-ieved r e s u l t s which prove u s e f u l i n p r a c t i c e n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g
t Yis a p p a ~ e n tl i n l t a t i o n s imposed by Watsonvs leuma,
As a f i n a l remark on Chapter V I I I we wish t o p o i n t out t h a t
t h e p r e s e n t method of a t t a c k i s q u i t e g e n e r a l and y i e l d s a t once
A
L.ne
7
e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e fundamental i n t e g r a l s o v e r t h e contour C2
a!-c-*r:d t h e branch cut f o r ( ~ i g .1 0 ) f o r b o t h media, t h u s
y2
a f f c r d i n g a v a l u a b l e zheck on t h e expansions of P a s t I. I n add6-
tlon, ~t i s c l e a r t h a t , except f o r obvious m o d i f i c a t i o n s , t h e
present method o f a t t a c k can be a p p l i e d e q u a l l y as w e l l t o t h e
valuation of t h e contour i n t e g r a l s around t h e branch cut f o r
yl:
at?? an f a c t , by a d i f f e r e n t choice of exponent and hence of branck:
cu:*s, i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t t h i s method can be a p p l i e d t o o t h e r r a n g e s

o f parameters b e s i d e s p o i n t s of o b s e r v a t i o n c l o s e t o t h e i n t e r f a c e

s ~ p a r a t i n gt h e two media, Thus we f e e l t h a t , i n Chapter VII1, we

y v ~ s e n tg e n e r a l methods of wider a p p l i c a b i l i t y t h a n i s a p p a r e n t
f r c ~t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s r e p o r t .
In Chapter TX we c o n s i d e r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e g e n e r a l
r c s . i l t s of Chapter V I I I t o p o i n t s i n t h e non-conducting medium f o r -

w 3 l r h the h e i g h t of t h e p o i n t of o b s e r v a t i o n and t h e d e p t h of t h e

a c u r c e a r e much s m a l l e r t h a n t h e h o r i z o n t a l r a n g e , We c o ~ p u t e
T PF C a r t e s i a n coixponent s of t h e H e r t z i a n v e c t o r , t h e c y l i n d r i c a l
com;~anents of t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d v e c t o r s E and H, and
t h e components of t h e time average Poynting" sector,
-&R~<EE(H*)
L
, which y i e l d s t h e power f l o w , f o r t h r e e d i s t i n c ~
r a n g e s of p a r a m e t e r s ,
F i r s t , we c o n s i d e r i n S e c t i o n 9,2 t h e a s y m p t o t i c r e s u l t s
for p +m or ln2k2pl >, 1. This means t h a t t h e h o r i z o n t a l
range i s s o l a r g e t h a t Sommerf e l d s vvnumerfc a l d i s t a n c e f P
a l s o l a r g e and, i n f a c t , l a r g e r t h a n u n i t y Although t h i s range
practical interest t h e p r e s e n t low f r e q u e n c y s t u d y ,
i t s examination shows t h a t , f o r p o i n t s of o b s e r v a t i o n i n t h e
non-conducting medium c l o s e t o t h e i n t e r f a c e s e p a r a t i n g t h e two
media ( ~ i g .l ) , we observe e s s e n t i a l l y a s u r f a c e wave whose
equiphase p l a n e s a r e t i l t e d forward ( t o w a r d s i n c r e a s i n g p)

by a v e r y s m a l l a n g l e , while i t s equiamplitude p l a n e s a r e h o r i -
z o n t a l ( p a r a l l e l t o t h e i n t e r f a c e ) w i t h downward e x p o n e n t i a l
attenuation, The r e s u l t s of t h i s s e c t i o n a r e compared w i t h t h e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e s u l t s f o r t h e conducting medium and t h e boundary
c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e f i e l d components and f o r t h e power f l o w a r e
verified.
I n S e c t i o n 9 , 3 we c o n s i d e r t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e r a n g e ,
)n2k2pi <1 ( Jk2PE9 f o r which t h e h o r i z o n t a l range of t h e
p o i n t of o b s e r v a t i o n i s l a r g e when measured i n t e r m s of t h e
wavelength i n t h e non-conducting medium, but f o r which Sommer-
r 2
fe l d * s n u m e r i c a l d i s t a n c e , approximately 1 n k2p 1
1
, remains
l e s s than unity. T h i s range a g a i n i s of no p r a c t i c a l impos-
t a n c e i n t h e low f r e q u e n c y c a s e , b u t we c o n s i d e r l t h e r e i n
d e t a i l f o r completeness sake and f o r i t s h i s t o r i c a l i m p o r t a n c e ,
f o r i t i s i n t h i s range t h a t t h e c e l e b r a t e d Sommerfeld
aLTenuatlsn formrxla applies n h l f - h p:-o*i?c%~d,I:: TY~,:' pa:r + > c ~ :

~ ~ e r ~ concerning
t:r, va'c-id-1t;li and the ex3stt'n:~"
~ t s (,t ;1l>iiirntq!3:4ia 5

e l e c t r o m a g n e t a s s u r f a c e y ~ a v c , Sect ": 3
~ g n :F r r l r ~ ?a,;< 4 r:i tua+ r731*--

responding a n a l y s i s f o r t h e conduct lng -r?rl:l~% vrii- c - L ~ 3 . ic *Jnf"2

:.(-rl

e x c l u s i v e l y t o t h e f i ~ n d a n ~ e n t avie c t *>a s , St?:t I O * i I r *.we Y L ~ L

computed, f o r t h e non-ca:actuzt,;ng m ~ d a u m ,t b ~H ~ r t z 7 a t i s e c r c , ~ !h-

f i e l d components, and "&hepower f l o w Tkle sa)! c r ; t " ~ : < + , i ~ re 3 9~-

p r e s e n t r e s u l t s 1s t h a t t h e components sf $he pc;w~z- f i::w >n :r19

r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l d i r e e t ons
~ kellaue e s s e r ; t iall,y as 1 'L*%

would be t h e case f o r t h e radiation f a e l d o f a d i p o 9 r :?akedded i n

an unbounded n o n - d ~ s s f p a t ~ i v niedlum
e rPLi%s r e s u l t ; a t-) k c 2 os .
t r a s t e d with t h e asymptioti c [p -A a"~3 i POV;?T. I'lsiw vbhL~*r:-
! 'I a?,:
t h r e e components behave as i/cb

Nextl, we t a k e lap i n Se::flsri 9 4 ti-~r- so (a:2 - i : c2.a~" G.:

range, k2P \ A ' 'k,p

-C
f o r % whaeh the h o r a z ~ n t ts rargi 1;t' ti-,+

p a i n t o f o b s e r v a t i o n i s large I n t,ei3~n:: o f w a v r " l ~ i r & gk;: ~ 2 1 1 + ! l ~ cr;c-

drnctluig medaeirn, but small s n ferns of tva: el rtL z n i- u2sh r l r l f , -

rcn3-uetang mnd lurn, 1% I s bLere 7ah.er~i;. i,.,si; f ' [ ~ ,; f ' oli r. asyDl.s;i-
. , . .,!i : ,.,:

% o t j . f 2expansions i s most c l . e a r l y b r ~ i l g h l c:;i" * '.--,

<\',!) $>y!+;:
,, . ,G , , i;

f a c t t h a t ncw k2p 1.; o o t ; t r a r j r t , o ?;he .fjr-!.~t,..!,~.-!.:. C. ,

;

the magnitude a f -7he remainder' GI" 2111 d ~ y m p t i t 3 c - - 3 ' - . -.-

'

r @ Watson s lemnia i S e ~ t i ~ br ; 4 d 1, xe s + - i ~ -okl ? & ~d+<-- i a: ,rl

p r a c t i c a l r e s u l t s f o r t h e cC!~prir;?ntsof t r , e hi;-;+: :3: L l . - * ~ - (-f

tnc e l e c t r o m a g n e t ~ cfield ~ e c t o x t s , and o f 1 t? ~ii:vzr f l i J w ; -r

s h o u l d b e emphasized a t th;e ;ixr;ctuse that ; ~ t j ~ . i b c /Ci:iT>ek;t-erl

-
-
~ m p o s s l h l eto o b t a ~accdrate
~ rsstxlts 1x.t %?&IS A ~ , - $ F i f R - -SO,

retained as many as t h r e e terms zt?,the aa;?nlpr,;t- c n L : - * &-- ,a:! f hi

fundamental a n t e g r a l s , which t o o u r h o w l e d g e had n e v e r been
o b t a i n e d by o u r p r e d e c e s s o r s - Thus, we f e e l t h a t our f o r m u l a s
f o r t h i s range and f o r p o i n t s of o b s e r v a t i o n i n t h e non-
conductzng medium c o n s t i t u t e s i g n i f f cant r e s u l t s which we
b e l a e v e a r e b e i n g p r e s e n t e d h e r e f o t~h e f i r s t t i m e , Further-
more, o u r f o r m u l a s f o r b o t h media a r e emanently p r a c t i c a l i n
t h e sen.se t h a t numerical s u b s t i t u t i o n s can be r e a d i l y made,
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e i s presented f o r t h e f i r s t time f n
S e c t i o n 9 0 5 f~o r p o i n t s of o b s e r v a t i o n i n t h e non-conducting
medium, a n approximation v a l i d down t o z e r o h o r i z o n t a l r a n g e ,
which i s a t t a i n e d by e q u a t i n g t o z e r o t h e p r o p a g a t i o n constan%;
k2 i n t h e non-conducting medium, The r e s u l t s f o r t h i s r a n g e ,
0 (-k 2 p -a, 1 c o n s t i t u t e an e x t e n s i o n of t h e Lien approxi-
mation which we r e p o r t e d i n S e c t i o n 7 , 4 f o r t h e conducting
medium, and t o g e t h e r with t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e t h r e e d i s t i n c t
r a n g e s r e p o r t e d h e r e , g i v e u s a complete p i c t u r e of t h e be-
h a v i o r of t h e f i e l d components as t h e h o r i z o n t a l range v a r i e s
from z e r o t o i n f i n i t y
P f n a l l y , we t a k e up a n u m e r i c a l example w i t h t h e same
d a t a used i n P a r t I , S e c t l o n L 5 , f o r t h e purpose of i l l u s -
t r a t i n g t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of our f o r m u l a s t o t h e computation o f
t h e f l e l d components i n t h e non-canductlng medium f o r t h e low
frequency case. It i s shown t h a t , I n t h e p r a c t i c a l r a n g e , t h e
h o r i z o n t a l f i e l d components vary i n v e r s e l y as t h e cube of t h e
h o r i z o n t a l range of t h e p o i n t of o b s e r v a t i o n , t h e z component
of t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d v a r i e s l n w e r s e l y as t h e square o f t h e
h o r i z o n t a l r a n g e , and t h e a component of magnetic i n t e n s i t y
js ne b~ 1 7 3 . :bj;;.
t : u
i:~;a:]I, ~ a ~ : ; ( . ~ ,i: y!~~p,yse:!-v
.ig us "\ , i t : >.I:.-.,,t,;c.,
,. yC,
: c;f' .rj-:,~:

I . 1 ~ r l z o n t a l sang?; and, f-:yi,aafy, a

]:!. f i e l d !:onipoY~;-Y1-l,:-,er-t- .*x$:i~:'!~;:-

% l a l a g at? e n u , a t e d w i t h the d e p t h of t h e sowrce