a ang Social Organ and Social Organization Committee, i} n smart abOVe- goo elted to which ofthe following? eqs sex. formation. $yreaty terminations. * isheres 20M. jp selene seledefence, nv 05 the POM in 1933 desided hat tet sl vers Easter Green Land Case. 0 ee «vn is abolished and its practic is punishable acoding 1 i wane 2 p cording to the following Article of the 2) Amie 15. 1) Article 15 (4). c) Article 16. ) Article 17, 4, What do you mean by bilateral treaty ? between a limited number of stat Answer : Bilateral treaties by contract are ne otiated commonly, only two establishing legal ri is and obligations between those (wo states only, away the valuables from the : hats lay 2 ih ena open saith oes ofan Answer : Robbery on High Sea or 01 ven sea with the object of takin passengers. 3, What is s Pi wrvanda > Answer Coe oa fore is binding the parties to it, and must be srformed by them 3, What is a land-locked state ? ‘Answer : A state which nase sea : gr recognised by te Law of Sea Convention, 1982? res commun 38. 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Author — Prof. Prakash K, 5 bn, he basic freedoms guaranteed by the Const he has become a prisoner. Deprived of ce Citizen does not cease to be a Rights in ICCPR, CO Case Law. izen just bec {) Define “Law of the Sea”. Explain briefly “The Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea, 19gy- Answer e Sea were evolved during the time of Grotius and they were observed by the ses» ‘mational Law. SS sembly of United Nations on February 21, 1957 adopted a resolution for conv Conference on Law of the Sea, In 1958, 2 conference was held in Geneva to consider a ny Ghafis prepared by the LLC. The Geneva Conference adopted 4 Conventions. Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, Convention on the High Seas... The mx (11) ‘April, 2010 (24.04.10)] With Solutions Q. 1: Answer in not more than Two sentences : a) What do you mean by ‘De Facto Recognition’ ? ‘Answer : When an existing state considers that the new state has not acquired sufficient stzbilin.¢ may grant recognition to the latter provisionally which is termed ‘de facto recognition”. b) What do you mean by ‘Rebus Sic Stantibus’ ? Answer : The maxim rebus sic stantibus asserts that a treaty may be terminated if there oocus? fundamental change in the circumstances under which it was concluded. ©) What do you mean by ‘Agenda — 21” ? i Answer : It is the most exclusive document of the Rio Summit. This Commission was set poal© February. 1993. It was set up on the principle of “equitable geographical distribution” 10 e+ balance between the developed and the developing wor d) Write any three Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Answer : According to International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.1966. Right to work [Article 6.2) Right to Social Security [Arvcle 9}: and 3) Right to Physical asl Health [Article 12] are the economic, social and cultural rights. °) pee do you mean by U.N. Commissioner for Human Rights ? 3 uae ee ey Assembly created the post of the U.N. High a econ ie and prote ctive enjov1 a . police social and elu a ct the effective enjoyment of all civil 1) Define International Law. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner217. Author - Prof. Prakash K. Mokal, : jternational Law regulates the relations of st - ; : lates with o1 . wolf nations or intemationg is the name for the eee Oppenheim's definition ally bin i F tomar i ing by civilised states in their intercourse eae are consideres in Article 16 (1) of the Indian Constitution. » Article 16 ‘of the Constitution of India deals wi f - ls with “Equality of tunity i joyment = ‘Article 16 (1) states that - “There shall be equality of Saint ate a loyment or appointment to any office under the State” Principle of Sovereign Equality ? ‘a 1 of the UN Charter mentions about f the world have equal status irrespective of their size. and my relating to €! you mean by Article 2, par all the countries o! ‘Sovereign equality of all its members’ yy What do resources, answer ‘hich meams itution of India, if a child below 14 years jer hazardous employment, it will be considered f the Constitution. \vhat do you mean Dy child labour 2 Vrower : Under Article 24 of the Const evork in any factory or mine or engaged in any oth child labour and itis prohibited under Article 24 0 What the three main objects of CEDAW ‘Answer: 1) To promote various rights social_ life, 2) To eliminate_discri imination_as ) Q.2: Answe! a) Explain the b) Continental Shelf. ) UNICEF. ersal Declarat tion of Human Rights cof Human Rights- d) Indian and Univ' ection ro Court in pI (NHRO)- ©) Role of Supreme ) National jets Commission pended for being inv olved in yy was found hanging 1 the a) A head constabli the custody death toilet. Court comes to the notice of the C ii) What action can : There is. rit jurisdiction deat treatment which was international. adi explain. 5 of the Universal Article on Civil and b) A prisoner was i i) Is any human rig Yes, it amo Political Rights. thet i) Write relevant case 31 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner218. Author — Prof. Prakash ASK Mota Supreme Cout eld thatthe prisoner an fundamental gh to ve with dir stean ing a French flag and a Turkish Vessel collided in the high seas, The Turkis ° vata of shee illed, The French steamer proceeded in its voyage and entered Tash waters. Here, the Captain was arrested. He was tried and punished. The French Governmen challenged the jurisdiction of Turkey in punishing the Captai he case was decided. i) What do you mean by ‘High Sea’ ? i Answer : High Sea ~ Parts of the sea which are not included in the territorial waters. {See Geneve Convention on High Sea, 1958, Article 1 ii) What is the name of the Case and which court decided the Case ? Answer : S. S. Lotus Case (1927) PCJ Series A. No. 10, Permanent Court of. International Justice, Human Rights. Answer : D. K. Basu v/s, State of West Bengal — given any inhuman treatment as it is viol Shah vs. State of Bihar, AIR 1983 SC, 1086. Q.4: Solve Any Fou = 48, a) What are the salient features of CEDAW ? Explain in detai b) State and explain what are Human Rights, Critically examine the rights of Conviets and Prisoners. ©) Discuss briefly the various peacefull means of settlement of disputes. 4) Explain in detail the main objects, significance and importance of ICCRR in Indi ©) Define ‘treaty’ and explain kinds of treaties in detail. Explain who can be parties to a treaty. 1) Explain in detail the terms : of the High Seas. ii) Exch ~ i) Freedom of the High Seas. ii) Limitation on the Freedom ive Economic Zone (EEZ). [12] [November, 2010 (23.11.10 ] a) What do you mean by ‘Fictional Theory’ ? Answer : The theory that is based on the fiction that duties and rights of th states are only the duties and rights of men who compose them (i.e. states/nations), and therefore it is ultimately individuals who are the subjects of International Law. b) What do you mean by ‘Innocent Passage? ? Answer : It is the right of foreign mercha waters of a state, int vessels to have innocent passage through the tert ©) What do you mean by UNICEF ? Answer : It means United Nations C} General Assembly on December, assistance to children and mother, Idten’s Fund. UNICEF was established by the Untied Nations 1946. It provides long term humanitarian and development @) What do you mean by ‘Agenda 21° ? Answer + Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action which lays down future edurse of action i relation to environment and development made by General Assembly of the United Nations. The ~~ ff @ scanned with OKEN Scanner219, Author - Prof. Prakash K. Mokal. je taaman Right rights are the tights w AL SN be_cannot live fe any three objectives of UDHR, 1) Prohibition against torture, inhuman ir | Ponhrbitton agains or degrading treatment; 2) Ris wis; 3) Right to social security. —— » Writ Annet VOUS What do you mean by ECOSOC ? Exonomis, Social and Cultural rights. angwer : Ktmeans ) What do you mean by European ‘Social Charter’ ? Anger: The European Social Charter is a multilateral treaty signed at Turin on October 18, 1961 ce into force on February 26, 1965. It is with view to develop and protect _social and economic to achieve greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and realizing inciples which are their common heritage. sand i) What is the meaning of Right to Development ? Right_to_Development_is_the_term stating that _the development _encompasses_the social, cultural and political process. for the development of personalit Answer? evelopment of economic, ity of nan beings. 23 of the Indian Constitution. beings and forced labour (Article 23 ) {other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and "offence punishable in accordance with law: g_ compulsory service for_public grounds only j) Explain Article Answer : Prohibition of traffic in human ) Traffic in human beings and besears an any contravention of this provision shall be an (2) Nothing in this Article shall_prevent the State_from_imposini and imposing such service, the State shall not make any discrimination on caste or class of any of them. uses of religion, race, Q.2: Answer Any 4 out of 6 short e a) Explain the Theories of Recognition. b) Rights of Coastal States. 9 ILO. 4) Commission on Human Rights, ¢) Right to Information. Minority Commission. Two problems out of three (6 marks cae 2 ode, two British warships passing throusl it 2 gonial waters with the resul that HLMS, Sarman Jamaged. The Channel was swept By the British Navy on November 12" o sent of the Albanian authorities: A nevly laid field of anchored 1 Albania was responsible for the presence of the reat Britain alleged th which court decided the Case ? @ scanned with OKEN ScannerHuman Rights. 220. b) Qi Author — Prof. Prakash K. Moy Answer : Corfir Channel Case, the Intern: ii) What was the decision ? Answer : The International Court of. states may pass tl of causing loss to the Bi United Kingdom did not violate the soverei British Navy in Albanian waters. Albania was held Kingdom, Mr, *X? was an accused person who is too poor to afford a lawyer and who would, therefore, have to go through the trial without legal assistance. i) Which constitutional right of Mr. ‘X’ has been vio! Answer : Article 21, Protection of life and personal libert 1, during peace time the Warships of the other ¢ state, The Court held that, Albania. Was guilty ‘m_and laying mines in that part of Sea, The of the Peoples Republic of Albania by acts of the iable to pay pounds 8,43,947 to the United iolated ? and Article 39A — Equal justice ang ii) Write relevant Case and explain the decision of the court. ‘Answer + Hussainara v/s. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, AIR 1979 SC 1369 : (1980) 1 SCC 98, Mr Ram was deprived of his right to go abroad without a law by the state prescribing the procedure for so. i) Is it violation of Human Right: been violated. 7 ; | Answer : Yes, it is the violation of Human Rights according to Article 21. Protection of life and 5? Explain which Article of the Indian Constitution has Case. Answer : Satwant Singh Swaney v/s. D. Ramrathnam, ATR 1967, SC 1836 : (1967) 3 SCR 525 1968) 70 Bom. LR 1. Solve Any Four out of six (12 marks each) : = 48. 1a) Discuss briefly the various peaceful means of settlement of disputes. b) Explain in detail : i) Freedom of the High Seas. ii) Exclusive Economic Zone ©) What are the salient features of the Convention on Rights of Child 1989 2 4) Discuss how an individual is the subject of International Law. ©) Write an essay on “Human Rights and Women”, f) Define Treaties and its kinds. Explain the term ‘reservation’ in Treaties. [13] [April, 2011 (26.04.11)] With Solutions : Answer in not more than 2 sentences (2 marks each) : nu to establish justice and respect rogress and better Standard of life, ete. (any 2) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner221, Author — Prof. Prakash K. Mokal, in article 47 of the Indian Constitution, plait" of the State to raise the level of nutrit el ition and the stand: ir ‘The State shall res ad the raising of the level of nut erate ane iving of em Sree as among its primary duties Be on ee prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal Sa | to health, | endeavour to dof drugs which are injurious al ing drinks an y what do you mean by UNEP ? UNEP is the product of Stockholm Conference of - | i 1972. It we tN of, iis jusilibe programme, a subsidiary organ ofthe Genel ae ae | mean by ‘Mediation’ ? he disputed states, and also 4 What do you A Answer t ‘When the third party participates in the discussion along with t ving the dispute is known as mediation. mean by ‘Good Offices’ ? vrranges a menting ofthe disputed parties s that they may settle the led good offices. What do you . The act is ca ‘Answer ‘When the third party ations or wherein. ‘ cludes water. ait .d human beings. e term ‘Environment’. Section 2 (a) of the Environmental Protection Act, 1986 — “Environment in water, air and land, an¢ er-relationshij 4) Define th Answer $ and and its int @ scanned with OKEN Scanner g) Define “{nternational Law’. ‘Answer : Most of the Class h) What do you me ‘Answer _: ‘The termAuthor — Prof. Prakash Human Rights. Itconsists 30 Articles ~ Crucial Preamble. Article 1 = spirit of brotherhood. Court in protection of Human Rights in India, ¢) Explain in detail the role of the Supreme Answer ; i i ligation results in the protection © Failure of the Governments in discharging their_ol it of hy rights by the Judiciary. In the Indian context, since independence, significant effors Reet Hs have beep i cl institutional framework to the legal system, Constitutional an rote ‘Asa custodian . fo . Various human rights are developed by invoking a broad_and_purposive interpretation o¢ fundamental rights © Various Articles of Indian Constitution. © Case Law. 4) Write an essay on any three “NGO's in In Answer + Any three NGO's in India, like PUCL, PUDR, etc. * Functions ~ Role and constitution of NGO's. ©) What do you mean by ‘Recognition’ ? Explain in detail theories and forms of recognition, Answer : © When a state is acknowledged by other existing states, is known as ‘recognition’ of state © Theories ~ Constitutive and Declaratory theory. © Forms — state may be recognised in two ways, they are Express recognition and recognition. 1) How does the Constitution of India safeguard interest and rights of women ? Answer Preamble - The Preamble is the key to the Constitution. It does not discriminate man and woman but it treats them alike Fundamental rights — Articte 15, 16. A\ Directive principles of state policy — A\ the welfare and development of women. Reservations. Fundamental dut Case Law. le 38, 39 (a), (d) and (¢). Article 42, 44 and 45 deal with [14] [November, 2011 (29.11.11)] With Solutions Q. 1: Answer in not more than 2 sentences (2 marks each) : ait. a) What do you mean by ‘Ozone Depletion’ ? @ scanned with OKEN Scanner225. Author ~ Prof. Prakash K. Mokal. tis " ‘ , ozone Depletion means “Destruction of the upper v2 9908 oe formed from breakdown of gzone ; atmospheric layer o depleting substance” ozone gas caused by is you mean by ‘General Assembly’ of United Nations ? + General Assembly i r is one of the organs of United Nations, has been empowered to di z owered to discharge sve any three functions of UNEP, » a oa gnswer 3 i) 10 keep under review the world environmental i sos envionment situation, ii) to provide general pol 1o receive and review the 4 Explain Article 39 (d) of the Indian Constitution. ‘angwer :“Equal pay for equal work”, ) What do you mean by ‘Land-Locked States’ ? state, whose boundaries are entirely surrounded by land is called the Law of Sea, 1982 Article 124 (1) (a) states “state which has no se: ‘Answer: A Convention on. ) What do you mean by ‘Suo Moto’ ? ‘Answer : Suo mofo means, “on its own’ news or any letter. .”_ Suo moto action can be initiated by the Court upon receiving ¢) What are the three main objects of UDHR ? ‘angwer +i) protection of human rights, i) establish a global society with social justice, iii) promote iv) better standards of life, etc. (state am three) Angwer © ILO was founded in 1919. First UN's social justice, etc. known as recognition of state or i) What do you mean by Answer : When one stat government. 2 i) What do you mean by ‘non-intervention’ Answer : Every state has @ right to manage its affairs according toils ot ranted on the basis of state sovereignt ,_ No state has ri “ht fo interfere in the ‘Recognition’ ? te is acknowledged bi other existing states. 1S jshes. This right has been affairs of other state. this efinitional or Analytical (5 marks each) : =20. in the New York city: Provides long-term hum: ap and dever countries, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner226. Author ~ Prof. Prakash k, yy, Human Rights. b) Rights of Aliens. Answer : They possess all those procedut ©) Minority Commission. Answer : = The National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. = Objects ~ Articles 29, 30 of the Const = The composition of the Commission — the Commission com = Functions ~ Section 9. = Powers of the Commission. sists of ..... @) Amnesty International. Answer : Tis a non-governmental organisation (NGO) that promotes human rights. Founded in the U.K. in 1961. Amnesty Intemational draws attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with international standards. It works to mobilise public opinion in the belief that it is this which has the power to exert pressure on those who perpetrate abuses. Specific Aims — = Abolish the death penalty. End extra-judicial executions and disay Ensure prison conditions meet intemational human rights standards. etc. €) Modes of Recognition. Answer : Recognition may be of two kinds : 1) De facto Recognition; and 2) De jure Recognition. Differences between the both. Case Law. 1) Human Rights and Environment. Answe = Right to clean and pollution free environment is greatest human right, Today of Article 21 of the Constitution of India. ~ Various constitutional provisions ~ 42! Amendment, Articles 47, 48-A, 51-A Articles 21, 32 and 226, = Conferences like Stockholm Conference, etc. - Case Law. Q. 3: Solve any 2 problems out of 3 (6 marks each) : =12 a) The Pequette Habana Fishing boat and another fishing boat Lola flying the Spanish flag and belonging to Spanish subjects were captured by a United States Warship in the Blockade of tHe North Coast of Cuba. They were brought before the Court of condemnation. i) Whether, under Customary International Law, fishing boats were exempted from captu'® 2 Give reasons. Yes, fishing boats were free from capture. fi) What is the name of the ease and which court has jurisdiction ? @ scanned with OKEN ScannerS 227. yy 1 Pequete. Habana and Lola has the jurisdiction to try the a 1900 Author — thor — Prof. Prakash K. Mokal. constable and constable w ere suspended for being involved in the in the death of an accused whi 0 py Aner el dy i was in the oon “ be ee station. The accused wie undamental Human Right? Wdeapand ee » Yes, there is violati seine a ion of the fundamental right to tie ealnees i rsonal liberty guaranteed answer under ‘Article 21 of the Constitution of India. nthe NHRC help the fami ti family of the deceased to NHRC can make Inquiry/Investigation, can A ae: Te 226 and 32 of the Constitution of Indi oach to the H.C. and the S.C. Answer. under Art he Air-India author jce attaining the age of 35 years or on marriage wit serever occurred earlier. In this case, a pettoner ground of her first pregnancy. She challenged the rules an before the Supreme Court. it i i rity makes a regulation and provides that, an Air-hostess would retire from the thin 4 yeas of service or on first pregnancy, ‘Air-hostess terminated from her job on the id regulations of Air-India authority 9 Th servi help of a case law. your answer with the aranteed under Articla 14 j) Is ita violation of Human Rights ? Expl Answer : Yes, there is a violation of fundamental right to equality g and 15 of the Constitution of India — Air India v/s, Nargesh Mirza. ii) Explain in detail the constitutional provisions for protection of. ‘Air-hostess rights. ‘Answer: Article 14 — Equality before the Jaw and equal protection of law: — Article 15 = “No person. shall be discriminated only on the ground of caste, ‘creed, religion, place of birth and sex” = 48. ‘our out of six (12 ful means of settler ment of disputes. Discuss briefly the various peace Answer: Answer parter of the United Nations bas f the Charter. nt and ) What are the salient featur Answer series of treaties adopte: ICCPR represents “First Gene and Political rights: rotocols. Most important Part [1] of the Constitut @ scanned with OKEN ScannerHuman Rights. 28, Author — Prof Prakash K Hoty, 4) Explain steps which are generally adopted in concluding a treaty. Answer : = Accrediting of persons by the contre ng state Adoption of the Text, = Consent by the states. = Consent by signature, exchange of instruments. = Consent by ratification, Entry into force. ~ Registration and publication, = Pacta Sunta Servanda, ©) Discuss the role of NHRC in the protection of Human Rights. Answer : NHRC was established under PHRA, 1993. = Main objects of the NHRC. = Constitution/composition of the NHRC. = Powers and functions of the NHRC. f) Discuss the law relating to— i) Territorial Sea. ii) EEZ Answer: i) Territorial Sea : = Sovereignty of the state is confined not only to the waters and land lying within its boundaries. ~Marginal Zone : = May be defined as that part of the sea which is adjacent to the coast and over which Internationa] Law permits the Coastal states to exercise sovereignty, subject only to a general right of innocent ‘The concept of EEZ was initiated by Kenya in 1972. The EEZ is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea extending upto 200 nautical miles seaward from the coast baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. - Rights of the coastal states over BEZ. - Duties of the coastal states. Rights of other states. [May, 2012 (11.05.12)] With Solutions Q. 1: Answer in 2-3 sentences each of the following : =i a) What are the sources of International Law ? Answer : The sources of International Law are — 1) Custom; 2) Custom and Usage: 3) Treaties 9) International Text Papers other than Treaties. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerHuman Rights. is 229. Author — Prof. Prakash K. Mokal. b) What is innocent passage 2 Answer : Itis the r (passage (safe way for navigation) ° @) Explain the concept of Treaty, term s_or International on between themselves operating within the sphere of ©) Explain CESCR. Answer Covenant ) What is Amnesty International ? Answer : Amnesty_Interational is_an Intemational Non-Governmental Or ani aoe spec tights all_over the world, Peter Benenson, a London lawyer weet India, in 1961 for ‘Prisoners of conscience”. ion (NGO) that ished _Amnest g) Explain the term EEZ, Answer: The term means Exclusive Economic Zone. It is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea extending upto 200 nautical miles seaward from the coastal baselines from which the breath of the territorial sea is measured, h) Write down the main object of Stockholm Conference, 1972. Answer _: The main object of Stockholm Conference, 1972 was to solve the global problem of protection and improvement of the human environment by international conference on universal level Explain the Directive Principles relating to Rights of Workers. Answer : The Directive Principles related to right of workers is provided under Article 43 of the Constitution of India which provides living wages, etc. for workers. wages, etc, (Article 43) : The state shall endeavour to secur economic organization or by any other way, to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wages, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and ‘and_cultural opportunities and, in particular, the state shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas. J) Explain ‘Rebus sic stantibus’. a, Answer: Rebus sie stantibus asserts that a treaty may be terminated if there ocours a fundamental it was concluded. change in the circumstances under whi Q.2: Write short notes on Any Four of the followin a) UNESCO. ‘ b) Peaceful Settlement of Disputes. ¢) European Convention on Human d) Directive Principles and Human €) Theories of Recognition. f) Human Rights and Women. Rights. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerBuman. . 231. Author ~ Prof. Prakash K. Mokal. With Solutions ntences : Q. 1: Answer in One or Tyy 20. a) Define International Law. Answer : Body of legal_rul i 7 al_rules governing int = Seared interaction between sovereign sta ave) and th right luties of the citizens of sovereign st: ae eee oes = gn states (Private Intemational tas n_states towards the citizens of other According to Bentham’s classi iti 0 ical_defini i i Secreta ition, international law is_a collection of rules governing b) What is CEDAW ? Answer : Convention on Elimination of Discrimination of any Form Against Women, c) What is Continental Shelf ? Answer A submerged border of a continent that slopes gradually and extends to_a point of steeper to the ocean bottom. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the name continental shelf was given a legal definition as the stretch of the sea-bed adjacent to the shores of 3 particular country to which it belongs. d) Write two functions of the Human Rights Commission. Answer : To inquire swo moto or on a petition presented to it by victim or any person on his behalf a) violation of human rights or abetment thereof or b) negligence in the ¢) It may intervene in any proceeding involving anv before a Court with the approval of such Court. d) It shail visit any jail or any other institution under the control of the State Government. ¢) Review the safeguards. f) Shall review factors, including acts of terrorism and_the_safesuards and make appropriate recommendations, g) Shall study the treaties and other international instruments on human Fahts and make recommendations for their effective implementation.) undertake and promote in th field of human rights. (state any two) into_complaints of prevention of such violation by a public servant. allegation of violation of human rights pending e) What is the object of UNICEF ? ‘Answer : a) To provide a clinical service assessing and treating children with diseases through its country programmes. b) To promote equal rights of children, girls and women. c) Support their full participation in the political, social_and economic ‘development of their communities. d) Support children who are in need by providing them food and education. . ‘Another important objective of UNICEF is to ensure countries abide by the Convention on the Rights mobilizing political_will_and_material_resources to help developing of the Child. This includes countries improve their ability to provide services for children. ‘and their families. (state any 0vo). | its of Women. ‘an, 2) Nargesh Mirza v/s. Air India, dgements on Right 1) Give two landmark jus R fs, State of Rajasth: ‘Answer : 1) Vishakha v/ ) What in non-intervention ? 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