BCA-AIDA Semester-1

LNCT UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL (BCA-AI&DA)

BAI-102, COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND ORGANIZATION

UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION
Computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes the input as per
user instructions and provides output in desired format.
Program:
A computer Program is a set of related instructions written in the language of the computer & is
used to make the computer perform a specific task (or, to direct the computer on what to do).

A set of related instructions which specify how the data is to be processed.

A set of instructions used to guide a computer through a process.

Data: Is a collection of raw facts, figures or instructions that do not have much meaning to the
user. Data may be in form of numbers, alphabets/letters or symbols, and can be processed to
produce information.

Input-Process-Output Model
Computer input is called data and the output obtained after processing it, based on user’s
instructions is called information. Raw facts and figures which can be processed using
arithmetic and logical operations to obtain information are called data.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

The processes that can be applied to data are of two types −

Arithmetic operations − Examples include calculations like addition, subtraction, differentials,

square root, etc.

Logical operations − Examples include comparison operations like greater than, less than,
equal to, opposite, etc.

Characteristics Of Computer

• Speed − Typically, a computer can carry out 3-4 million instructions per second.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

• Accuracy − Computers exhibit a very high degree of accuracy. Errors that may
occur are usually due to inaccurate data, wrong instructions or bug in chips – all
human errors.
• Reliability − Computers can carry out same type of work repeatedly without
throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom, which are very common among
humans.
• Versatility − Computers can carry out a wide range of work from data entry and
ticket booking to complex mathematical calculations and continuous astronomical
observations. If you can input the necessary data with correct instructions,
computer will do the processing.
• Storage Capacity − Computers can store a very large amount of data at a fraction
of cost of traditional storage of files. Also, data is safe from normal wear and tear
associated with paper.
• Automation
Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks without manual
intervention.

Limitations of Computer

No I.Q.
• A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to
perform any task.
• Each instruction has to be given to the computer.
A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
Dependency
• It functions as per the user’s instruction, thus it is fully dependent on humans.
Environment
• The operating environment of the computer should be dust free and suitable.
No Feeling
• Computers have no feelings or emotions.
• It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge unlike
humans.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Evolution Of Computer

• Computer evolution starts in 1946 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present
day - and beyond - with A.I.
• There are five generations in computer history.

First Generation (1946-1954)

VACUUM TUBES
THE FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS USED
• Vacuum tubes for circuitry.
• Magnetic drums for memory.
• Very large in size, often taking up entire room.
• They were very expensive to operate.
• Using a great deal of electricity.
• Input was based on punched card and paper tape.
• Some examples of the first-generation computers are IBM 700 series- IBM
701, IBM 704, IBM 709, EDVAC and UNIVAC.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Second Generation (1955-1964)

Transistor

THE SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS USED

• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation computers.
• Still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage.
• Transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more
reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
• Magnetic drum to magnetic core technology for memory.
• IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, UNIVAC 1108 are second generation
computers.

Third Generation (1965-1974)

Integrated Circuit

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

THE THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS USED

• Transistors were placed on IC(Integrated ), a silicon chips(semiconductors) which

drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
• Instead of punched cards and printouts, keyboards and monitors was introduced.
• Smaller and Cheaper than their predecessors.
• Use high level programming languages.
• Magnetic core and solid states as main storage.
• IBM 370, PDP-11, IBM System/360, UNIVAC 1108, Honeywell-6000, DEC series, and
ICL 2900.

Fourth Generation (1975-1990)

Microprocessor

THE FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS USED

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation computers as thousand of integrated

circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
• Computers could be linked together to form networks which eventually led to the
development of the internet.
• Many high level languages were developed in the fourth generation such as COBOL,
FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL and C language.
• Very small size, now fit in the palm of the hand.
• IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000 and PUP 11.

Fifth Generation (1991-Continued)

THE FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS USED

• Fifth generation computer based on A.I. are still in development.

• Voice recognition.
• They will be able to recognize image and graphs.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

• Use of parallel processing.

• Quantum Computation and molecular and nanotechnology.
• The goal of fifth generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning & self-organization.

• Examples of 5th Generation Computers are Desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Block Diagram of Computer with Description

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Block diagram of a computer gives you the pictorial representation of a computer that
how it works inside. Or you can say that, in computer's block diagram, we will see how

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

computer works from feeding the data to getting the result.

Here is the block diagram of a computer system:
In the above diagram, both control (control unit or CU) and arithmetic & logic unit (ALU)
combinely called as Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Let's describe about all the parts as included in the above diagram one by one.

The Processor Unit (CPU)

It is the brain of a computer system.

All major calculation and comparisons are made inside the CPU and it is also responsible for
activation and controlling the operation of other unit.

This unit consists of two major components, that are arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit
(CU).

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Here arithmetic logic unit performs all arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. It also uses logic operation for comparison.

Control Unit (CU)

And the control unit of a CPU controls the entire operation of a computer. It also controls all
devices such as memory, input/output devices connected to the CPU.

CU fetches instructions from memory, decodes the instruction, interprets the instruction to know
what the task are to be performed and sends suitable control signals to the other components to
perform for the necessary steps to executes the instruction.

Input/Output Unit
The input/output unit consists of devices used to transmit information between the external world
and computer memory.

The information fed through the input unit is stored in computer's memory for processing and the
final result stored in memory can be recorded or display on the output medium.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Memory Unit

Memory unit is an essential component of a digital computer. It is where all data intermediate
and final results are stored.
The data read from the main storage or an input unit are transferred to the computer's memory
where they are available for processing.

This memory unit is used to hold the instructions to be executed and data to be processed.

Disk Storage Unit

Data and instruction enters into a computer system through input device have to stored inside the
computer before actual processing start.

Two types of storage unit are primary and secondary storage unit.

Primary Storage Unit: Primary memory has direct link with input unit and output unit. It stores
the input data, calculation result.

Secondary Storage Unit: The primary storage is not able to store data permanently for future
use. So some other types of storage technology is required to store the data permanently for
long time, it is called secondary or auxiliary storage.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

BCA-AIDA Semester-1

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Classification of computer:

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Types of Computer
We can categorize computer in two ways: on the basis of data handling capabilities and size.
On the basis of data handling capabilities, the computer is of three types:

 Analog Computer
 Digital Computer
 Hybrid Computer
1) Analog Computer
Analogue computers are designed to process analogue data. Analogue data is continuous data that
changes continuously and cannot have discrete values. We can say that analogue computers are
used where we don't need exact values always such as speed, temperature, pressure and current.

Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device without first converting it
into numbers and codes. They measure the continuous changes in physical quantity and generally
render output as a reading on a dial or scale. Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples
of analogue computers.

Advantages of using analogue computers:

o It allows real-time operations and computation at the same time and continuous
representation of all data within the rage of the analogue machine.
o In some applications, it allows performing calculations without taking the help of
transducers for converting the inputs or outputs to digital electronic form and vice versa.
o The programmer can scale the problem for the dynamic range of the analogue computer. It
provides insight into the problem and helps understand the errors and their effects.

Types of analog computers:

o Slide Rules: It is one of the simplest types of mechanical analogue computers. It was
developed to perform basic mathematical calculations. It is made of two rods. To perform
the calculation, the hashed rod is slid to line up with the markings on another rod.
o Differential Analysers: It was developed to perform differential calculations. It performs
integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms to solve differential calculations.
o Castle Clock: It was invented by Al-Jarazi. It was able to save programming instructions.
Its height was around 11 feet and it was provided with the display of time, the zodiac, and

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

the solar and lunar orbits. This device also could allow users to set the length of the day as
per the current season.
o Electronic Analogue Computer: In this type of analogue computer, electrical signals flow
through capacitors and resistors to simulate physical phenomena. Here, the mechanical
interaction of components does not take place. The voltage of the electrical signal generates
the appropriate displays.

2) Digital Computer
Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at high speed. It accepts
the raw data as input in the form of digits or binary numbers (0 and 1) and processes it with programs
stored in its memory to produce the output. All modern computers like laptops, desktops including
smartphones that we use at home or office are digital computers.

Advantages of digital computers:

o It allows you to store a large amount of information and to retrieve it easily whenever you
need it. o You can easily add new features to digital systems more easily.
o Different applications can be used in digital systems just by changing the program
without making any changes in hardware o The cost of hardware is less due to the
advancement in the IC technology.
o It offers high speed as the data is processed digitally.
o It is highly reliable as it uses error correction codes.
Reproducibility of results is higher as the output is not affected by noise, temperature,
humidity, and other properties of its components.

3.Hybrid Computer
Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital computer. It is fast like an analogue
computer
and has memory and accuracy like digital computers. It can process both continuous and
discrete data.
It
accepts analogue signals and convert them into digital form before processing. So, it is widely
used in specialized applications where both analogue and digital data is processed. For
example, a processor is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel flow into
quantity and price. Similarly, they are used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific applications.
Advantages of using hybrid computers
 Hybrid computer is mixer of both analog and digital computer.
 It takes the accuracy of analog but speed of digital computer.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

 It produces the quick and precise result.

 It helps to solve big equations in real-time.
 On-Line Data Processing

On the basis of size, the computer can be of five types:

1) Supercomputer
Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers. They are designed to process huge amount
of data. A supercomputer can process trillions of instructions in a second. It has thousands of
interconnected processors.

Supercomputers are particularly used in scientific and engineering applications such as weather
forecasting, scientific simulations and nuclear energy research. The first supercomputer was
developed by Roger Cray in 1976.

Characteristics or applications of supercomputers:

o It is used for virtual testing of nuclear weapons and critical medical tests.

o It can study and understand climate patterns and forecast weather conditions. It can run in
NOAA's system (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) that can execute any
type of simple and logical data.
o It helps in designing the flight simulators for pilots at the beginner level for their training.
o It helps in extracting useful information from data storage centres or cloud system. For
example, in insurance companies.
o It has played a vital role in managing the online currency world such as stock market and
bitcoin.
o It helps in the diagnosis of various critical diseases and in producing accurate results in
brain injuries, strokes, etc.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

o It helps in scientific research areas by accurately analysing data obtained from exploring the
solar system, satellites, and movement of Earth.
o It also used in a smog control system where it predicts the level of fog and other pollutants
in the atmosphere.

2) Mainframe computer
Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. They
can support multiple programs at the same time. It means they can execute different processes
simultaneously. These features of mainframe computers make them ideal for big organizations like
banking and telecom sectors, which need to manage and process high volume of data.

Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

They can support multiple programs at the same time. It means they can execute different
processes

simultaneously. These features of mainframe computers make them ideal for big organizations like
banking and telecom sectors, which need to manage and process a high volume of data that requires
integer operations such as indexing, comparisons, etc.

Characteristics of Mainframe Computers:

o It can process huge amount of data, e.g. millions of transactions in a second in the banking
sector. o It has a very long life. It can run smoothly for up to 50 years after proper
installation.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

o It gives excellent performance with large scale memory management.

o It has the ability to share or distribute its workload among other processors and input/output
terminals.
o There are fewer chances of error or bugs during processing in mainframe computers. If any
error occurs it can fix it quickly without affecting the performance.
o It has the ability to protect the stored data and other ongoing exchange of information and data.

Applications of mainframe computers:

o In health care, it enabled hospitals to maintain a record of their millions of patients in order
to contact them for treatment or related to their appointment, medicine updates or disease
updates.
o In the field of defence, it allows the defence departments to share a large amount of
sensitive information with other branches of defence.
o In the field of education, it helps big universities to store, manage and retrieve data related
to their courses, admissions, students, teachers, employees and affiliated schools and
colleges.
o In the retail sector, the retail companies that have a huge customer base and branches use
mainframe computers to handle and execute information related to their inventory
management, customer management, and huge transactions in a short duration.

3) Miniframe or Minicomputer

It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users simultaneously.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

BCA-AIDA Semester-1

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Applications of minicomputers:

A minicomputer is mainly used to perform three primary functions, which are as follows:

o Process control: It was used for process control in manufacturing. It mainly performs two
primary functions that are collecting data and feedback. If any abnormality occurs in the
process, it is detected by the minicomputer and necessary adjustments are made accordingly.
o Data management: It is an excellent device for small organizations to collect, store and share
data. Local hospitals and hotels can use it to maintain the records of their patients and
customers respectively.
o Communications Portal: It can also play the role of a communication device in larger systems
by serving as a portal between a human operator and a central processor or computer.
The minicomputer has the following characteristics:
 It is smaller in size than a mainframe computer. ...
 It is less expensive than a super and mainframe computer. ...
 It is not much more powerful than the mainframe and supercomputer, but powerful than
microcomputers. ...
 It supports multiprocessing and multi-tasking.

4) Workstation
Workstation is a single user computer that is designed for technical or scientific applications. It
has a faster microprocessor, a large amount of RAM and high speed graphic adapters. It
generally performs a specific job with great expertise; accordingly, they are of different types
such as graphics workstation, music workstation and engineering design workstation.

Characteristics of workstation computer:

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

o It is a high-performance computer system designed for a single user for business or

professional use. o It has larger storage capacity, better graphics, and more powerful
CPU than a personal computer. o It can handle animation, data analysis, CAD, audio
and video creation and editing.

Any computer that has the following five features, can be termed as a workstation or can be used
as a workstation.

o Multiple Processor Cores: It has more processor cores than simple laptops or computers.
o ECC RAM: It is provided with Error-correcting code memory that can fix memory errors
before they affect the system's performance.
o RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks): It refers to multiple internal hard drives to
store or process data. RAID can be of different types, for example, there can be multiple
drives to process data or mirrored drives where if one drive does not work than other starts
functioning.
o SSD: It is better than conventional hard-disk drives. It does not have moving parts, so the
chances of physical failure are very less. o Optimized, Higher end GPU: It reduces the
load on CPU. E.g., CPU has to do less work while processing the screen output.

5) Microcomputer
Microcomputer is also known as a personal computer. It is a general-purpose computer that is
designed for individual use. It has a microprocessor as a central processing unit, memory, storage
area, input unit and output unit. Laptops and desktop computers are examples of microcomputers.
They are suitable for personal work that may be making an assignment, watching a movie, or at
office for office work.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Characteristics of a microcomputer:
 It is the smallest in size a
 A limited number of software can be used.

It is designed for personal work and applications. Only one user can work at a time.
 It is less expansive and easy to use.
 It does not require the user to have special skills or training to use it.
Generally, comes with single semiconductor chip.
 It is capable of multitasking such as printing, scanning, browsing,
watching videos, etc.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Basic Applications of Computer

Computer is a device through which you can perform a variety of jobs. You can use your
computer system for different applications by changing the software packages. Here are the list
of uses or applications of computer:
• Scientific research
• Business application
• Education
• Entertainment
• Banks
• Communication
• Engineering
• Medicine
• Book Publishing
• Games
• Personal
• Accounting

Let's briefly describe about all the above 12 basic Applications of Computer one by one.

For Scientific Research

Scientific research was the first application of computer, as computer was first used to perform
this job, that is scientific research. At that time to now, the speed and accuracy of computer
enabled scientific analysis carried out too fast.

Computer controlled robots must be used in all those areas where there is danger to human being
such as in nuclear research and deep sea investigation etc.

For Business Application

Computer can also be used for the purpose of business.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Through computer, companies can grow their business as fast as possible through quick analysis
of their previous project on the computer screen (according to the data feeded inside) and
deciding what to do next without any delay.

As from individual to multinational companies, all are using computer for business purpose like
keeping account information, stocks, prices, items etc.

For Education

You can also use your computer system to educate yourself through audio, videos or images etc.

Now-a-days, there are thousands of websites available over Internet that are ready to deliver
education for free in almost every subjects.

You can choose whether you want to learn online or offline. In online learning, you can open any
website to read your desired topic while in offline learning you can learn through videos, PDFs
photos etc., all these documents can be downloaded through internet.
For Entertainment
Most of the persons are using computer for entertainment purposes such as:
• watching movies
• watching videos
• listening songs
• photos
• animations etc.

Computer can be used to create these things in an attractive manner so that user loves to enjoy the
things.

In Banks

Banks are the place where there is continuous uses of computer or we can says that banks are the
major users of computers. For example, ATM (Automated teller machine) is used where we are
free to either deposit or withdraw our cash in/from our Bank.

In banks, all information such as account holders detail, deposits, withdrawal, interest, etc. are
managed by computers.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Banks are also using computer network to interconnect all of its branches so that their users feel
always free to deposit his or her money in any branch of the same bank. For Communication
Using your computer system for the purpose of communication gives you a lot of benefits. For
example, if you will use email to send message or anything to your friends or any of your
contacts, then you don't have to use pen and paper to write and take that paper to post office and
then postman will deliver that later after some or few days that will not good if you want to send
any urgent information to the same person.

Therefore, using email, you can also saves your time and cost to deliver any information very fast.
You only need a computer and internet connectivity.

Now-a-days, peoples are using chat message, email, voice-mail etc. for communication purpose.

You can also use computer to communicate through direct video conference with your
contacts/friends present at any place without any cost except internet connectivity.

Now you have got enough idea about communication through computer. It's time to move on
another application of computer which is engineering.

For Engineering Purposes

Computer are also using for the purpose of Engineering, that is, to design any machine without
actually making it through CAD (Computer aided design) softwares and once the design is
accepted, and then using CAM (Computer aided manufacturing) process company can produce a
large number of such products at very fast speed.

Architects are also using computers to draw and design individual houses to big buildings like
Apartments. There are a lot more uses of computer for engineering purposes.

For Medicines Related

Computer plays an important role in medical field also. For example in ICU (Intensive Care Unit)
chamber in hospital, computer keeps track of each and everything going inside the patient's body
such as blood pressure and Heartbeat etc.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Keeping record of patients and medicines are also becomes easy through the use of Computer.
Computer also plays an important role to perform CT (Computed tomography) scan and X-Ray of
patients to give the scanned object of specified area of patient's body in the form of graphics like
images.

For Book Publishing

Book publishing becomes an easy task with the use of computer.

Book publishers are now using DTP (Desktop publishing) software like MS-Word to publish their
books.

For Games

Now-a-days, peoples are using computers most of the time to play games.

For online games to play, you must have the internet connectivity whereas for offline games, you
can start without any internet connectivity.

There are a variety of games available in computer world. Here are some of the category available
in the game field:

• action
• racing
• adventurous
• puzzle simulations
• combat etc.

Peoples are playing (mostly today's or new generation childs) games on computer for few to many
hours.

Some popular games are listed here:

• Minecraft

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

• Counter Strike
• PubG
• WoW
• Grand Theft Auto
• Skyrim
• Angry Bird
• Call of Duty
• Halo
• Pokemon
• Super Mario Bros etc.

For Personal Use

Computer can also be used for personal purposes.
One can use computer system to keep all the day-to-day details that are essential to keep
anywhere.
You can use it for personal things such as investments, incomes, expenditures, savings etc.

For Accounting Purposes

Computers are highly used for accounting purposes to handle company financial accounts and
inventory management using some accounting software like Tally.

With the use of computer the task of maintaining accounts become very easy. Later you can also
retrieve the data on the basis of various pattern or requirement very easily.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

 A general-purpose computer is made up of a central processing unit,

memory, input/output devices and a bus connecting these components.

 Desktop computers and laptops are examples of general purpose

computers.

 The first general purpose computer was ENIAC(Electronic Numerical

Integrator and computer) in 1940’s.

 General purpose comuters are designed, developed and manufactured

for day to day tasks and operations.

 Great speed, accuracy and extraordinary storage capacity.

 Easily available in market.

 Inexpensive compare to special purpose computers.

 They are specially designed to work with documents, spreadsheets and

accounting purposes.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

 Special-purpose computers are designed for one specific task or class of

tasks and wouldn't be able to perform general computing tasks.

 For example, a router is a special-purpose computer designed to move

data around a network, while a general-purpose computer can be used for
this task, as well as many others.

 The first special-purpose electronic computer may actually have been

invented by John Vincent Atanasoff, a physicist and mathematician at Iowa
State College (now Iowa State University), during 1937–42.

 They are pretty expensive compared to general purpose computers.

 Their maintenance costs are very much.

 They are huge.

 Special purpose computers are designed and developed for particular

purposes and projects.

 Examples of special purpose computers are ATM, Washing machines,

Traffic-light control etc.

 Special purpose computers are used in Scientific Research, Military

Research and development, predicting earthquakes & volcano eruption.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Bus Structure in Computer Architecture

A bus is a set of wires or connections that connect the different components together and
through which signals travel.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

TYPES OF BUSES

Address Bus:- UNIDIRECTIONAL

 Group of wires which carries address information bits from processors to

peripherals.
 Address bus width determines the maximum memory capacity.
 Its is used to identify particular location in main memory where data is stored.
Control Bus:- BIDIRECTIONAL
 Group of wires which carries control signals from processors to peripherals and
vice-versa.
 Control the access to and the use of address lines and data lines.
 Control signals are like memory read/write, I/O read write, etc.
Data Bus:- BIDIRECTIONAL
 Group of wires which carries data information bit from processors to peripherals
and vice-versa.
 Move data/instructions between cpu & peripherals.
 Data bus width determines the system performance (word length of computer).

SINGLE- BUS STRUCTURE

The simplest way to interconnect functional units is to use the single bus.
 Common bus used to communicate between peripherals and microprocessor
 Single bus does one transfer at a time so only 2 units can actively use the bus t a
given time. Bus control lines are used to arbitrate multiple requests for use of one
bus.
Main Advantage:-
 Simple & low cost.
 Very flexible for attaching peripheral devices.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Drawback:-
Speed issue- Devices connected to the bus vary widely in their speed of operation.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

 BCA-AIDA Semester-1

Multiple Bus Structure

 A multiple-bus multiprocessor system (MMS) is a tightly coupled
architecture that utilizes several parallel buses to interconnect multiple
processors, shared memory, and shared I/O.
 In a multiple bus structure, one bus is used to fetch instructions while
other is used to fetch data, required for execution.
 It is to overcome the bottleneck of a single bus structure. The same
bus is shared by three units (Memory, Processor, and I/O units).
 The two independent buses link various units together.

By: Prof. Neha Gour

BCA-AIDA Semester-1

By: Prof. Neha Gour