1.

From the abstract and methodology sections, we can identify the following
hypotheses and research questions:
Hypothesis 1: The article supports the hypothesis of significant causality
between socioeconomic factors and crime. This suggests that there is a
belief or assumption that there is a causal relationship between various
socioeconomic factors and crime rates in Romanian contemporary society.
Hypothesis 2: An increase in income inequality has a strong and robust effect
on crime rates rising. This is a specific hypothesis related to the impact of
income inequality on crime.
Hypothesis 3: The place of residence, particularly urban agglomeration, is an
essential factor that contributes to crime. This implies a hypothesis that
urban areas may have higher crime rates.

the research seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the appropriate explanations for acts of deviant behavior, mental
illness, and violent reactions in contemporary Romanian society, which is
facing a crisis of values and character?
2. What is the relationship between crime and socioeconomic factors in
Romania over the period 1990–2014?
3. How do various socioeconomic factors, including income, unemployment,
inflation, inequality, development, education, and population density, influence
crime rates?
4. Are there specific regional and typological variations in crime data, and if
so, how do these variations relate to socioeconomic factors?

2. The provided text from the "Discussion and conclusions" section does not
explicitly state whether the research questions were directly verified or
falsified, but it does offer some insights into the findings and implications of
the study. Here are some key points from the discussion and conclusions:

Unidirectional Causality: The text suggests that there is a unidirectional

causality between economic crime and the inflation rate, indicating that
economic criminality is a determining factor in Romania's measure of
inflation. This conclusion seems to address the relationship between
economic factors and crime rates.
 Evolution of the Regulatory Framework: The text mentions the evolution of
the regulatory framework for criminal law and how it has led to a high legal
structure for fighting economic crimes. This indicates that changes in legal
and regulatory approaches are considered when addressing economic
crimes.
Chronic Unemployment: The text discusses the potential risks associated
with chronic unemployment in Romania and suggests that national strategies
should aim at reducing these risks. This addresses the social and economic
factors related to crime.
Importance of Income Inequality: The text highlights the importance of
tackling income inequality to complement efforts to reduce rising crime rates.
This seems to relate to the hypothesis regarding the impact of income
inequality on crime.
International Trafficking Networks: The text discusses Romania's
geographical position as a potential gateway for international trafficking
networks and suggests targeting control actions, especially within customs
and port infrastructure. This relates to issues of transnational crime and
control measures.
International Cooperation: The text emphasizes the need for international
cooperation with Romania in addressing crime, indicating the importance of a
broader European-focused effort and the involvement of internal structures.

The text primarily provides insights and conclusions drawn from the research,
indicating how various factors, including economic, legal, and international
considerations, relate to crime in Romania. It does not explicitly state whether the
hypotheses were verified or falsified but rather offers a discussion of the findings
and their implications. These conclusions appear to be drawn through a combination
of induction (observing trends and relationships in the data) and deduction (drawing
implications based on the findings)

3. The study represents the real-world phenomena of crime and its determinants
using a variety of economic and demographic variables. The primary goal is to
investigate the relationships between these variables and crime rates in
Romania over a specific time period (1990–2014). Here's how the study
models and represents the real-world phenomena:

Dependent Variables: The dependent variable in the study is crime, which is

represented by various crime categories, such as total offenses investigated
 by the police, economic and judiciary types of crime. These crime categories
are denoted by variables like ΔLCRTOT, ΔLCRECO, ΔLCRJUD, ΔLCRURB,
ΔLCRRUR, ΔLCRYGN, and ΔLCRUEMP. The use of different crime categories
allows for a more detailed analysis.
Independent Variables: The study considers several independent variables
that are potential determinants of crime. These variables include:
● Income (ΔLAVSAL)
● Inflation rate (ΔLINF)
● Unemployment rate (ΔUNEMP)
● Economic growth level (ΔGDP)
● Population density (ΔLPOP)
● Enrolment rate in Romanian universities (ΔENROL)
● Gini coefficient (ΔGINI)
Time Period and Data Transformation: The study focuses on the time period
from 1990 to 2014. In the initial analysis, the differences (Δ) of variables are
taken to make the data stationary, which is a common practice in time series
analysis. Additionally, the study mentions the use of logarithms of variables to
reduce differences between the values of different series.
Cointegration Analysis: The study employs cointegration analysis, specifically
the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, to investigate the long-
term relationships between variables. The presence of cointegration suggests
a long-term relationship between variables.
Granger Causality Tests: To explore causal relationships between the
variables, the study uses Granger causality tests. These tests examine
whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables and in
which direction (i.e., which variable Granger-causes another).

4. The conclusion section of the study acknowledges several limitations and

suggests potential areas for further research. Here's a summary of these
points:
Omitted Variables: The study acknowledges the possibility of omitted
variables that were not considered in the analysis but could be significant
determinants of crime. Examples mentioned include the level of democracy
and immigration. This limitation suggests that future research should
consider a broader set of determinants to provide a more comprehensive
understanding of crime dynamics.
Economic Crime: The study highlights the unidirectional causality between
economic crime and the inflation rate, emphasizing the role of economic
criminality in influencing Romania's inflation. It also discusses the evolving
regulatory framework for combating economic crimes and the need to
address different types of criminal manifestations, including corruption.
Further research in this area could delve deeper into the factors driving
economic crime and its implications.
Organized Crime and Transnational Crime: The study suggests that
benchmarks related to organized crime and the level of damage caused by
various types of crime could be used to assess transnational organized crime.
It emphasizes the importance of national and European legislation in ensuring
citizen safety, especially considering Romania's geographical position. Future
research could explore the mechanisms and trends related to organized and
transnational crime in Romania and their impact on the region.
Chronic Unemployment: The study points out the potential risks associated
with chronic unemployment, both at the individual and societal levels. It
suggests that national strategies should focus on reducing these risks,
including addressing skills development, social conflicts, and the marginal
utility of unlawful income. Further research might delve into the drivers and
consequences of chronic unemployment in Romania and explore effective
policy measures to mitigate its negative effects.
Tackling Income Inequality: The study highlights the importance of
addressing income inequality to complement efforts aimed at reducing rising
crime rates. Future research could explore the relationship between income
inequality and various types of crime in Romania, as well as the effectiveness
of policies aimed at reducing inequality.
International Cooperation: Given Romania's position as a potential gateway
for international trafficking networks, the study suggests the need for
European-focused efforts to enhance international cooperation. It emphasizes
the role of internal structures in developing and implementing EU policies
related to crime. Further research could explore the challenges and
opportunities associated with international cooperation in combating
transnational crime in Romania.