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History:
§ Antoine Lavoiser
§ Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
§ Leopold Gmelin
§ Jean-Baptiste Dumas
§ August Kekulé
§ John Newlands
§ Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev & Julius Lothar
Meyer
§ Henry Mosely

1 2

PERIODIC TABLE
also known as the periodic table of
PCQA elements, is a tabular display of the
chemical elements, which ARE
ARRANGED by atomic number, electron
configuration, and recurring chemical
properties. The structure of the table
shows periodic trends.

3 4

Antoine Lavoiser Leopold Gmelin

§ Father of Modern Chemistry § Gmelin System - he had identified ten triads,
§ List 33 chemical elements (Oxygen, Sulfur three groups of four, and one group of five.
and Hydrogen) Jean-Baptiste Dumas
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner § describing relationships between various
§ Law of Triads (Dobereiner’s triad) – related groups of metals.
properties

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August Kekule GROUPS

§ Ability of Carbon to bond other 4 elements. (Concept PERIODS -same valence
-# of shells -same properties
of Benzene)
§ Founder of theory of chemical structure
John Newlands
§ Law of Octaves
§ Arrange the elements according to atomic number but
slightly differ from modern P.T.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Julius Lothar
Meyer
§ Published periodic table based on increasing atomic
mass
Henry Mosley (Modern Periodic table)
10

7 8

Periods & Groups Group 1A Alkali Metals

§ The periodic table has a total of 7 Group IB Coinage Metals
periods and 18 groups. Group IIA Alkaline Earth Metals
Groups A are referred to as
representative elements (s and p
Group IIB Zinc Group Metals
block) Group IIIA Boron Family
Groups B are transition elements Group IIIB Scandium Subgroup
(d and p block) Group IV-A Carbon Family
Inner transition elements include
Actinides and lanthanides series ( f Group IV-B Titanium Subgroup
block)
13

9 10

Group V-A Nitrogen Family

Group V-B Vanadium Subgroup
Group VIA Oxygen Family
Group VIB Chromium Subgroup
Group VIIA Halogen Family
Group VIIB Manganese Subgroup
Group VIII Iron Triad (Fe, Co, Ni)
◾ Palladium Family (Ru, Rh, Pd)
◾ Platinum Family (Os, Ir, Pt)
Group VIIIA Inert Gases
14

11 12

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§ Valence (+1)
§ Most reactive elements
Activity 𝖸 with atomic number
PCQA Alkalinity 𝖸 with atomic number
Degree of solvation 𝗍 with
atomic number
§ Do not occur free in nature
Ø Stored in kerosene coated and
paraffin
§ Salts are soluble 19

13 14

§ Element with no therapeutic uses

§ Lightest element
§ Cation: monovalent or hydronium; Anion:
hydride Henry Cavendish
§ Preparation: LANE PROCESS &
MESSERSCHMIDT PROCESS: 99%
PURE HYDROGEN
§ Essential constituent of all acids
§ Powerful reducing agent
20 21

15 16

Heavy water
§ Protium - most abundant

§ Deuterium - Heavy water

- manufacture of batteries

§ Tritium - radioactive isotope

22 23

17 18

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H+ -monovalent cation Uses:

- “hydronium ion”
§ Air in Balloons
H- - Lighter than air
- “hydrides anion”

Uses:
§ production of margarine § Zeppelins
§ Air in balloons

24 25

19 20

Flame test: Carmine red

Greek origin: lithos (“stone”) Li2Co3
Lightest metal ▪ Quilonium-R®
▪ Lithane®
Uses: Heat exchanger in air condition ▪ Eskalith®
Antidepressant
Diuretic ▪ Indication: Bipolar disorder
LiBr - antidepressant (DOC)
LiD (Deuterium) – used in Hydrogen bombs § Component of Lithia
water
26

21 22

Flame test: Golden yellow

COMPOUND IMPORTANT NOTES § Natrium (Latin name)
Lithium Oxide Flux in ceramic glazes § 4th most abundant element in
Lithium Fluoride Manufacture of ceramics Earth
Lithium stearate Cosmetics, in plastics, and as a § predominant extracellular fluid
lubricant in powder metallurgy cation
Lithium Chloride Manufacture of mineral water, esp. § produce osmotic effect in the body.
Lithiawater
Lithium Aluminum Reducing agent, esp. In Pharmacology:
Hydroxide pharmaceutical and perfume
manufacturing
-fluid retention
Lithium Hydroxide Absorb carbon dioxide, esp. In
-respiratory edema
spacesuits formation
Lithium Citrate Bicarbonated drinks
29

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4th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust

Tests:
§ Zinc uranyl acetate
Mineral sources: (ZnUO2(CH3COO)4)
- Halite § Mg uranyl acetate
- Trona (MgUO2(CH3COO)4)
§ Cobalt uranyl acetate
30 31

25 26

ü Also known as ____________

Acetado
Ø Also known as Sal de Vichy
eSo_sa
d __
systemic / absorbable antacid
§ Added in food as a
carbonating agent
v Medical use:
§ Diuretic A/E: -rebound hyperacidity
§ Urinary and systemic alkalinizer -systemic alkalosis
§ Antacid -edema formation
effervescence- CO2 release
v Industrial use: CO2 - enhance palatability
§ Alkalinizing agent in Benedict’s solution - mask bitter taste
To test reducing sugar32 33

27 28

Na2CO3 “Soda” “Soda ash”

§ primary standard for acid-base titrations Ø AKA. Monobasic sodium phosphate,
§ manufacture of “soda lime glass” Sodium dihydrogenphosphate
Preparation: SOLVAY PROCESS
Ø Source of Phosphate
§ Na2CO3 - anhydrous “Soda Ash” rectal administration
§ Na2CO3 * H2O
§ Na2CO3 * 2H2O -Trona, urao Uses:
§ Na2CO3 * 7H2O
§ Na2CO3 * 10H2O -soda crystals cathartic / laxative
-washing soda treatment of Cystitis (in combination
-sal soda with )
urinary acidifier
Ø Efflorescence: loss of water of crystallization
34 35

29 30

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§ “table salt”, “solar salt”,

“rock salt”, § electrolyte replenisher:
§ NSS
v In solid state it is called: § Lactated Ringer’s- , ,
• Halite
• Fossil salt § adjust tonicity
§ preservative, condiment
• Sal gemmae

ü Antidote to
38 39

31 32

NaF - FIRST fluoride compound used in

water fluoridation
“Sodium citrate” - anti cariogenic at 2% (4
application)
- Stimulator of bone formation
§ Alkalinizer, buffer
§ Diuretic, Expectorant NaOH -“caustic soda”, “sosa”,
§ Shortens coagulation of blood in vitro “lye”
(ANTICOAGULANT OF CHOICE for most - saponifying agent
(hard soap)
routine coagulation studies ) Component of soda lime (Ca(OH)2; NaOH,
v Pro-coagulant in vivo KOH) à CO2 absorber
§ Denige’s test- specific test for citrate Very deliquescent substance
§ Positive result:
Readily attack/damage glass
Carmine red solution 40 41

33 34

§ “Dakin’s solution” - Chlorox (5% NaClO) § Expectorant

§ Bleaching agent § Treatment for
§ Disinfectant, Oxidizing agent § Antifungal
§ Solubilizer of I2
Labarraque’s Solution
Bleaching agent, disinfectant Na Lactate (NaC3H5O3)
§ Treatment for arrhythmia caused by
Diluted NaOCl NF overdosing anti-arrhythmic drugs
(modified dakin’s solution) § Diuretic
Antiseptic § Antacid
Irrigating solution (wash) 42 43

35 36

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§ “chile salt peter”, “Peru salt peter”

§ Salitre (in Philippine market) § Preservati ve, fertilizer (believed to be the
§ Antidote for CN- poisoning oldest known inorganic fertilizer), manuf
§ Vasodilator of explosiv e (+) blue color at
§ Now antidote: hydroxocobalamin § Detection test: Lunge Test interface of 2 liquids
Giess-Ilosvay- (+) red color
NaNO2 is highly correlated to brain tumors, Na2SO4
and digestive tract cancer (Pszezola, 1998) “glauber’s salt”, “ Sal mirabilis ”
due to nitrosamine production “Miraculous salt”
§ Cathartic/laxative
§ Production of detergents and paper
pulping
44 45

37 38

OTHER SODIUM
OTHERS DERIVATIVES
SODUIM § Sodium starch glycolate
DERIVATIVES § Saccharin sodium
§ Sodium cyclamate
§ Ion exchangers
§ SLS
▪ Cellulose sodium
§ Sodium stearate
phosphate: binds with
calcium § Sodium alginate
§ MSG
▪ Sodium polystyrene
sulfonate: tx of § Sodium nitroprusside(infuse
hyperkalemia due to slowly)
acute kidney infection
39 40

POTASSIUM (K)

Flame Test: violet

- predominant intracellular Glass modification:
fluid cation
- 8th most abundant in Earth’s • Potassium gives glass brown
and light resistant
crust
• MnO 2: masks blue-green color
• Boron/ Borates: decreases the
Mineral source: coefficient of expansion
Deficiency: Hypokalemia
Sylvite à cause muscular paralysis • Pb: increase refractive index
Carnalite Excess: Hyperkalemia
Alunite à Leads to cardiac arrest Pharmacologic action:

• Diuretic; muscle contraction

49

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K2HPO4 DARROW’S SOLUTION

§ Contains:
à cathartic
▪ Oral glucose
KCl
Source of potassium ▪ KCl
Excess: Hyperkalemia ▪ NaCl
Brand: Kalium durules® ▪ Na lactate
▪ Water for injection
Electrolyte replenisher (slow IV
drip)
IMPORTANT NOTE: Never give K Citrate
by rapid IV push • Expectorant
• Diaphoretic
ANTIDOTE: Insulin, NaHCO3 51 • Diuretic 52

43 44

KOH
“caustic potash”, “lye potash” KI
Saponifying agent à saponification value • Same as NaI
Hard soap was made using soda; soft soap • Used as Expectorant, solubilizer in I2
with potash.
Component of many reagents
ü WAGNER’S = Iodine- Potassium
KBr (“Potassium bromide”) Iodide
Depressant ü MAYER’S /VALSER’S REAGENT =
Potassium Mercuric Iodide
Additives in bread
ü DRAGENDORFF’S/ KRAUTS RGT =
Potassium Iodide + Bismuth Nitrate
53 54

45 46

KClO3
component of toothpaste,
gargles, and mouth washes
(K2Sx.K2S2O3) due to its oxidizing, cleaning,
mixture of K polysulfides and K2S2O3 deodorant action.
use in preparation of white lotion is used in match heads and
treatment of parasitic infection fireworks
Treatment of acne & psoriasis
KNO3
White Lotion “salitre”, “salt peter” “sal prunelle”
with ZnSO4 and ZnS Diuretic
Meat Preservative
55 56

47 48

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KMnO4 KHC4H4O6
“mineral chameleon” “cream of tartar”, “creamor”
Oxidizing agent Ø The only insoluble potassium salt
Antiseptic (1:5000), Wet Dressings (1:10,000) Use: laxative/cathartic
Volumetric solution in permanganometry
§ Acts as its own indicator in titration KCH3COO¯
Colors: Concentrated- , Diluted- “Potassium acetate”
Use:
KHCO3
KNaC4H4O6 “Potassium bicarbonate”
“rochelle’s salt”, “sal seignette”
sequesting agent, cathartic Use:
Used in the process of silvering mirrors. K2CO3 (“Potassium carbonate”)
KSCN- hypotensive agent Aka: potash
57 58

49 50

NH4⁺ “Sal Volatile”

hypothetical alkali metal “Salt of Hartshorn”
“Baker’s ammonia”
Pharmacology: “Preston salt”
Diuretics Preparation of aromatic NH3 spirit
Buffer Respiratory stimulant
Expectorant Antacid (carbonate)
Anticariogenic Expectorant (ammonium)

Haber’s Process- method of preparation of

Household NH3, NH3 H2O, dil. NH3 sol’n (10%) Aromatic NH3- “Spirit of Hartshorn”
React with Acetic acid (6%) to form Ammonium acetate
59 60

51 52

“Muriate of Hartshorn”, “Sal Ammoniac”

“Salmiac”
Urinary acidifier, diuretic, expectorant 16 DEGREES AMMONIA
§ Degree Baume
Ammoniated Mercury (HgNH2Cl) § 10% NH3

“White Precipitate”
Topical anti-infective
NH4I

NH4CH3COO
spirit of minderesus
Styptic 61 62

53 54

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catalyst in polymerization of resin forming

materials.
Due to its instability and rarity, there are
Means “Sky blue”
Main ore source: “Pollucite” no commercial applications for francium.

Aka:
used in the manufacture of vacuum tubes
and cathode ray tubes (CRTs), and is used
in some atomic clocks.
Produces reddish-violet color à for fireworks

63 64

55 56

Readily form complexes / chelates. Cu⁺ (brown)

Cuprum
Occur in free metal state Cu⁺2 (blue)
Very malleable
Easy to recover from ore only reddish color metal
3r most malleable metal
d
2nd best conductor of electricity
Use: Employed for ornamental and coinage
purposes Component of HEMOCYANIN (respiratory
pigment) and cytochrome oxidase

65 66

57 58

2 Important alloys of copper:

Brass – Cu + Zn CuSO4.5H2O (Cupric sulfate)
Bronze – Cu + Sn “blue stone”, “blue vitriol”,
“Roman vitriol”, “Salzburg vitriol”
Uses:
Pharmacologic action: § In preparation of Benedict’s, Fehling’s, Barfoed’s
protein precipitant (astringent, antiseptic) solution (solvent for testing for reducing sugar)
enhance absorption / utilization of iron (+) result: brick red precipitate
§ Local emetic
Excess: Wilson’s disease § Hematinic (combined with iron)
(Antidote: penicillamine) § Antidote for phosphorus poisoning
67 68

59 60

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phosphorus poisoning
Symptoms:
luminous vomiting
“Argentum”, “shining”, “bright”
garlic odor breath only metal with oligodynamic action
COPPER
protein precipitant
• Cu3(AsO3)2.Cu(C2H3O)2
ACETO-
• “Paris Green” (Insecticide) 2nd most malleable metal
ARESENATE
Best conductor of electricity
CUPROUS • “Hatchett’s brown”
CITRATE • Antringent (8%)

CUPRIC
HYDROGEN • “Scheele’s green”
ARSENITE 69 70

61 62

Silver nitrate (AgNO3)

“Lapiz Infernularis”
“Lunar Caustic”
“Indelible Ink”
“Caustic Pencil”

Excess: Uses:
Argyria- symptom: darkening of skin treatment of warts ophthalmia neonatorum
antiseptic for the eye of a baby with
Antidote: NaCl (NSS) gonorrhoeal mother
Wet dressing for 3rd degree burn at 0.5%
71 72

63 64

Ag(NH3)2NO3 SILVER PROTEINATES

“Howe’s Solution” Mild Silver Proteinate Agyrol Eye antiseptic, for vaginitis
Use: (19-25% antiseptic)

§ Dental protective and desensitizing agent Strong Silver Proteinate Protargol Germicide for ear and
(7.5-8.5% germicidal) throat

Colloidal Silver Proteinate Collargol General germicide

(18-22% gen. germicidal)
Tollen’s Reagent ingredient
(+) silver mirror Colloidal Silver Chloride Lunosol *silver protein stabilizer:
Disodium EDTA

73

65 66

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“Aurum”, “Shining dawn”

KING OF ALL METALS CHRYSOTHERAPY/ AUROTHERAPY
Most malleable & ductile
Aurothioglucose Solganal® -Treatment of gout and
3rd best conductor of electricity (IM) R.A
-Felty syndrome (RA,
Dissolved by: neutropenia,
splenomegaly)
§ Aqua regia (Royal Water)
Gold Na Myochrysine® Treatment of gout and
§ Selenic acid (H2SeO4) à the only thiomalate (IM) R.A
SINGLE acid that can dissolve gold
Auranofin Ridaura® Given orally for RA
75

67 68

Lightest of all structurally important metals

Berylium SOURCES:
Extremely toxic metal Silicates -talc, asbestos

Use in fluorescent lightning industry Carbonates –magnesite, dolomite

Can cause lung carcinoma, chronic Sulfates- Keiserite

granuloma
77 78

69 70

2nd most abundant intracellular cation Pharmacology:

Laxative
Metal present in chlorophyll Depressant
Natural Ca++ channel
Grignard’s Reagent (RMgX) blocker

Ca Gluconate
Antidote for Magnesium
poisoning

79 80

71 72

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MgSO4 MgCO3
“ ” “ ”

USES: USES:
Laxative Antacid
Antiphlogistic Carbonating agent
Eclampsia Laxative
Anti-convulsant
Antidote for Ba2+ and Barbiturate
poisoning
81 82

73 74

Mg(OH)2 MgO
“ ” “Calcined Magnesia”
“Magnesia Magma” Component of universal antidote

USES: Mg Trisilicate
Antacid Advantage:
Laxative Protectant
Use:
Protective coating

83 84

75 76

Hydrated Mg silicate Mg Citrate

“ ” “Lemonada Purgante”
“Soap Stone”
“French Chalk” cathartic
softest mineral known
filtering aid
clarifying agent
dusting powder to gloves

85 86

77 78

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2nd most abundant extracellular

Vitamin D
Flame Test: brick red “Sunshine vitamin”
Absorption of calcium
SOURCES: -
- Forms:
-gypsum D2-
-phosphate rock D3-
-apatite
Major component of bones & teeth DEFICIENCY:
Muscles contraction
Blood coagulation Osteomalacia
Neurotransmission Rickets
87 88

79 80

CaBr2 Calcium Hydroxide

sedative “Slaked Lime”
“Milk of Lime”
CaCO3
“Precipitated chalk” Calcium Gluconate
“Prepared chalk” Antidote in Magnesium Poisoning
Ingredients for dentrifice & toothpaste Ca++ supplement
CaCl2
Calcium Lactate
“Muriate of lime” Ca++ supplement
89 90

81 82

CaO CaOCl
“Quick Lime” “Chlorinated lime”
“Chloride of lime”
“Calx” Bleaching agent
preparations of various insecticides Disinfectant
Ingredient of
CaSO4 . ½H2O
CaHPO4 “Plaster of Paris”
Ca ++ supplement “Gypsum”
CaSO4. 2 H2O
Ca3(PO4) Terra alba
“Bone ash”
USE: preparations of dental
Antacid impressions and surgical cast
91 92

83 84

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SrCl2
Flame Test: Crimson Red Temperature desensitizing agent
Use in production of red pyrotechnics Active ingredients in Sensodyne@

93 94

85 86

◾ “Heavy” BaSO4
Flame Test: yellow green Radiopaque medium for GIT
Use in green Pyrotechnics imaging

Toxicity:
BARITOSIS
Ba(OH)2
Antidote:MgSO4 CO2 absorber

95 96

87 88

Discovered by Marie Curie Zinc

Cancer chemotherapy Cadmium

Diagnostic purposes Mercury

◾ Becquerel (SI unit)

97 98

89 90

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Container for batteries & dry cell Deficiency:

Coating for galvanized iron Anemia and hypogonadism in male
Metal in insulin Stunted growth

Constituent of carbonic anhydrase Parakeratosis

enzyme Thickened inflammed skin

Pharmacology: Antidote: NaHCO3

-astringent, antiseptic, protectant,
antiperspirant
99 100

91 92

ZnCl2 ZnO
Burnet’s disinfecting fluid, Butter of Zinc “Zinc White”
“Flowers of Zinc”
Escharrotic Component of Lassar’s paste
§ ZnO + Salicylic acid
Antiseptic in mouthwashes
Component of Calamine lotion
Dentin desensitizer
USE: Antiseptic, protective, astringent
Use as corrosive
101 102

93 94

ZnSO4 Hydrated Zn Silicate

“White Vitriol” “Natural Calamine”
Uses: Emetic (internal), Astringent ZnSiO4.1 H20
Pharmaceutical necessity for white lotion protectant

ZnS Caladryl
“White Sulfide” ◾ ZnO+Fe2O3
Component white lotion
Zn Eugenol Cement
Dental protectant
103 104

95 96

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LITHOPONE Manufacture of stink bomb

A mixture containing 30% ZnS and 70% Astringent
BaS. Cadmium induces the synthesis of
metallothionein, a protein with a high
binding affinity for cadmium.
§ Metallothionein acts to protect certain
organs such as testes.
Itai-itai poisoning
ANTIDOTE: BAL (Brittish Anti-Lewisite)

105 106

97 98

CdCl2
Anti-infective “Quick Silver”, Liquid Silver, Liquid Metal,
Emetic Noble Metal
Treatment of tinea infection ◾ “Messenger of Gods”
CdS
“Yellow Sulfide” SOURCE:
Component of Capsebonâ Cinnabar/Aethrop’s mineral(HgS)
Antiseborrheic Hg+1
Hg+2 - toxic
CdSO4
Ophthalmic antiseptic Use: Manufacture of Thermometer
107 108

99 100

AMALGAM- Hg2Cl2
alloys of Hg
◾ “Calomel”
Pasta
Cathartic
Pharmacology: -diuretic Local antiseptic
-antiseptic
-antisyphilitic
-cathartic
-parasitacidal & fungicidal HgCl2
-dental permanent cement Corrosive sublimate
Poisoning: Minamata disease Disinfectant
Antidote: EDTA
Na formaldehyde sulfoxynate (Hydrargism)
Albumin – emergency antidote
109 111

101 102

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HgI Ammoniated Mercury

◾ Anti-syphilis “White Precipitate”
Topical anti-infective
HgI2
Stimulant for indolent ulcers HgO
“Yellow Precipitate”
K2HgI4 Ophthalmic antibacterial
Mayer’s reagent
§ Test for alkaloids

112 113

103 104

Boron Hardness of Crytalline Boron

Non-metal § Valuable substitute for diamond in
◾ Component of glass glass cutting and gem polishing.
Flame Test: green bordered flame

SOURCES:
Tincal – Na3BO3
Borax
Kernite
H3BO3
114 115

105 106

BORATES H3BO3
Turmeric paper “Boric acid”, “boracic acid”, “sal sedativum”
§ Acidic solutionà brownish red Toxic by ingestion
§ Alkaline medium à greenish black
Absorbed in broken skin
Buffer in ophthalmic preparation
Use in vulcanizing rubber Tonicity adjusting agent
◾ E-VALUE=0.52
Antiseptic
Eyewash: 2.45% - 2.5% boric acid
Boroglyceringlyceride – suppository base
116 117

107 108

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Most abundant metal

Na2B4O7 3rd abundant element in earth’s crust
§ Borax Thenard’s blue test – Uses ”Aluminon” to
§ Sodium tetraborate detect aluminum
§ Dobell’s Solution Abrasive in industries
§ Eye wash
SOURCES:
§ Component of cold cream and in ◾ Cryolite
the preparation of sodium borate -(Na3AlF6, sodium hexafluoroaluminate)
preparation. Chief Source: Bauxite ore
118 119

109 110

Pharmaceutical Uses of Aluminum: Aluminum Foil

§ Deodorant Treatment of Burns

§ Protectant Adverse Effects:

§ Constipation
Antiseptic
Toxicity:
Antiperspirant Shavers disease
§ Also known as Bauxite pneumoconiosis,
Bauxite lung
120 121

111 112

AlCl3
astringent, antiseptic, component of AlPO4
deodorant “Phosphagel”
Antacid
Al(OH)3 Astringent
Amphojel
Cremalin gel
Al2(CO3)3
Adverse Events: Treatment of phosphatic calculi
Constipation
PO4 deficiency
122 123

113 114

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Alum Aluminum Acetate

Al K(SO4)2.12H2O Al(CH3COO-)3
Deodorant Burrow’s solution,
“Tawas” Domeboro’s used for itchy flare
solnà
Al2O3 Astringent
Alumina Dihydroxyaluminum amino
Treatment of silicosis acetate
§ Gastric antacid
124 125
§ Magma and tablet
115 116

Al Silicates
KAOLIN
-”native hydrated aluminum silicate”,
“china clay” PUMICE
-adsorbent & demulcent in diarrhea
-”Na, K, Al silicates”
-volcanic origin
◾ BENTONITE
-dental abrasive, dentrifice
-“native hydrated colloidal Al silicates
-”mineral soap”, “soap clay”
- suspending agent

126 127

117 118

Gallium
Substitute for Hg in manufacture of arc
lamps. q Scandium à also known as: ekaboron
Treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia. q Yttrium
q Lanthanum
Thallium Ø Lanthanides (atomic # 57-71)
◾“Thalos” q Actinium
“Green twig” Ø Actinides (atomic # 89-103)
2nd most toxic metal

128 129

119 120

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2 Allotropes of Carbon
Carbon Crystalline
Non-metal § Diamond, graphite
Basic building unit of organic compounds
Fundamental constituent of all animals Amorphous
and Vegetable tissues § Coal, anthracite
Can form bonds with itself (Catenation)
Occurs free in nature Allotropy
C + O2 = CO2 § Property to exist in more than 1 form with
C + H4 = CH4 same physical state

130 131

121 122

Activated Charcoal CO2

◾ “Carbonic acid gas”
Component of universal antidote Respiratory stimulant (CO poisoning)
Treatment of persistent hiccups
Adsorbent Used in the manufacturing of soda,
carbonated water
Used in Diarrhea and in poisoning
*Dry ice
§ Refrigerants
§ Solid CO2
§ Used for Acne, corns, calluses, moles,
warts and eczema
132 133

123 124

Carbon Monoxide 2 most abundant element

Cherry red color of blood nd
210X affinity to hemoglobin SiO2
Automobile exhaust § Silicon dioxide
§ Silica
ANTIDOTE:
oxygen(100%) à He- %, O2- % § Abundant in nature
artificial air
hyperbaric O2 Poisoning: Silicosis (hemoptysis)
O2-CO2 mixture
ANTIDOTE: Alumina (Al2O3)
134 135

125 126

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Formed by fusion of Silicon with base Type I

agents used to modify glass. (Na2CO3 § Borosilicate glass à example: Duran & Pyrex
with pure silica) Type II
§ Treated soda lime glassà For products with
Modified by: pH of less than 7
1. B-↓coefficient of expansion Type III
2. Pb- ↓refractive index § Soda limeà for products insensitive to alkali
3. K-amber color, light resistant properly Type IV
4. MnO2-mask color of Fe2O3 § General soda lime glass, NP à Container for
tablets and capsules
136 137

127 128

Purified Silicaceous Earth Attapulgite(Polymagmaâ, Quintessâ)

§ Magnesium Aluminium Phyllosilicate
SiO2 § (Mg,Al)2Si4O 10(OH)·4(H 2O)
§ Anti-diarrheal agent
“KIESELGUHR silica”
Natural Calamine
Adsorbent § Zn silicate

Filtering aid Simethicone

§ Antiflatulent
Clarifying agent
138 139

129 130

SnF2
Sn+2 Anti-cariogenic
Sn+3 8%à 1 application

USES: SnO2
Manufacture of cans Germicidal aganist Staphylococcus
Household utensils aureus.

Gun Metal
10% tin and 90% copper

140 141

131 132

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PLUMBISM
Pb+2 Lead Encepalopathy
Pb+4 “Colica pictonum”, “Saturnism”
Characterized by memory loss, irritability,
projectile vomiting
USES:
Astringent
Protein precipitant ANTIDOTE:
EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid)
Calcium Sodium Versenate

142 143

133 134

Pb(CH3COO-)2
Sources of Lead: “Sugar of Lead”
Lead pipe ◾ “Salt of Saturn”
Cocktail glass Astringent
Canned food Pharmaceutical necessity for preparation
Automobile exhaust of Lead Subacetate solution
Paints
Earthen utensils Pb2O(CH3COO)2
Cable wires Solution of lead acetate and lead oxide
“Goulard’s Extract”
Astringent, antiseptic
144 145

135 136

PbO
“Litharge” Pewter Metal
Preparation for Lead Subacetate 80% tin and 20% lead
Rose Metal
25% tin, 25% lead, and 50% bismuth
Solder Metal
50% tin and 50% lead
Plumbers Alloy
(33% lead and 66% tin),
Type Metal
(75% lead, 5% tin, and 20% antimony),
146 147

137 138

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TiO2
Titanium Solar ray protectant
“Titans-Sons of Earth” Lotions & sunblocking creams
Opacifying agent
§ Substances that reduce the clear or
Powerful reducing agent
transparent appearance of cosmetic products.
MOA: reflects UV rays

Protective – PABA
MOA: absorbs UV rays

148 149

139 140

Used as deodorant & antiperspirant

Causes pulmonary granuloma formation

Can lead to cancer

150

141

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