WEEK 1 Definition of ART
art.
Art. According to Webster, art is “human
ingenuity in adapting natural things to
man’s use”
The etymology of the term “art” came
from the Latin word “ars” which means
art, skill or craft.
Philosophy of Art
Art as Representation or Mimesis
Plato first developed the idea of art as
“mimesis,” which, in Greek, means
copying or imitation.
Art as Expression of Emotional
Content
Became important during the Romantic
Movement with artwork expressing a
definite feeling, as in the sublime or
dramatic.
Art as Form
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) was one of
the most influential of the early theorists
toward the end of the 18th century. He
believed that art should not have a
concept but should be judged only on its
formal qualities because the content of a
work of art is not of aesthetic interest.
WEEK 2 Assumptions about ART
Assumptions are claims that are
accepted as true or certain, even
without proof or no adequate evidence
exists to support such statements. Art
has many assumptions or conjectures.
Some common assumptions about art
are given below.
 Art is not nature, nature is not
 Art is not just a recording of
human experience, but it is an
involvement of human
experience.
 Art isn’t creativity and creativity is
not art.
 Art is good because it is
universal.
 Art is good because it is popular.
 Art is good because it is
expensive.
 Art is timeless.
 Art is transient.
 It takes talent to make art.
 In art, beauty is relative and is in
the eye of the beholder.
 Art is a product of the
imagination.
 Art is experience and it means
nothing without experience.
 Art imitates life and life imitates
art.
 Some works of art are better
than others.
Art is Universal
Art has always been timeless and
universal; spanning generations and
continent through and through, In every
country and in every generation there is
art.
Art is not Nature
Paul Cezanne, a French painter, painted
a scene from reality entitled well and
Grinding Wheel in the Forest of the
Chateau Noir.
Art involves Experience
For most people, art does not require a
full definition. Art is just experience. By
experience, we mean the “actual doing
of something”. When one says that he
has an experience of something, he
mean often means that he knows what
that something is all about.
The Creation of Arts
The word “art” is from a Latin arti, which
means craftsmanship, inventiveness,
mastery of form, skill. It includes
literature, music, paintings,
photography, sculpture, etc.
The word artist comes from the French
word artiste and the Spanish artista,
which means “performer.”
Artist is most often refers to those who
create within a context of the fine arts
such as acting, dancing, drawing,
filmmaking, painting, sculpture, writing,
photography, and music.
The Creations of ideas
Artists are usually impressionable
persons. They used their experiences
as their basis in the making of dance,
picture, a poem, or a play or a song.
The Creations of the Materials
The artist uses different materials or
mediums to give form to an idea. For
example, a painter uses pigments; a
sculptor uses wood, metal or stone; an
author uses words; and a composer
who uses musical sounds to determine
the notes.
The Creations of Forms
There are diverse forms used by the
artists in expressing their ideas. It is a
medium of artistic expression
recognized as fine art.
Purpose of Art
1. Create Beauty- Art is an
expression of our thoughts,
emotions, and intuitions.
2. Provide Decoration- Artworks
are used to create a pleasing
environment.
3. Reveal Truth- Artwork helped to
pursue truth and attempted to
reveal about how the world
works.
4. Express Values- Arts can
illuminate our inner lives and
enrich our emotional world.
5. Commemorate Experience- Art
serves to convey the personal
experiences of an artist and
record his impression in his work.
6. Create Harmony- An artist
makes use of the composition to
put an order in the diverse
content of his work.
Classifications of Art
1. Visual Arts- These arts are
those forms that create works
which are primarily visual (forms
perceived by the eyes). Example:
a. Painting- This form of visual art aims
to evoke an emotion from the viewers. It
is practice by applying colors or other
media to a surface with a brush or other
objects.
b. Sculpture- This form of visual arts
characterized as the art of representing
an imagined or observed objects in hard
materials such as glass, metals, or
wood in three dimensions.
c. Architecture-This form of art
provides us the physical structure we
lived.
c. Dance- This form of art is expressed
through body movement which entails
social interaction, or presented in a
spiritual or performance setting.
d. Film- This form of art allows us to
explore the complexities of the human
situation.
e. Installation Art- The fundamental
nature of this form of art is the
participation of the spectators.
f. Opera- This form of art helps to tell
stories through music.

d. Drawing- This form of art enhances g. Stagecraft- This form of art is a

the way we see the world around and technical aspect of theatrical production.
conditions us to capture its details in a 3. Literary Arts- These arts centered on
two-dimensional medium. creative writing and other composition
e. Photography- This form of art is a processes which intended to read.
process of creating portraits by The Value of Arts in the Educational
recording radiation on a radiation- System
sensitive medium, such as electronic
image sensors or Photographic films. 1. Arts are worth studying
2. Arts are always used
2. Performing Arts- These arts are 3. Arts are integral to every person’s
those forms in which the artists used daily life
his/her own body, face, and presence as 4. Arts are refreshing
a medium. Examples: 5. Arts develop students attitudes
a. Theatre (Drama) - This form of art The Standards of Art
uses performers to present the
experience of a real or imagined event 1. Artistry
before a live audience in a specific place 2. Intellectual Value
and time. 3. Suggestiveness
4. Spiritual Value
b. Music- This form of art helps to 5. Timelessness
express our mood and feel the way 6. Universality
through our emotions and ideas. 7. Style
8. Form
WEEK 4 Artist and Artisan
ART vs CRAFT
• Art and Craft have always been closely
linked and entwined
• Both art and craft are forms of visual
creativity; however, art is different from
craft for several reasons
ART- is an expression and application
of imagination and creative skill.
CRAFT- is an activity involving skill in
making things by hand.
Artist/Artisan
Artist- engages in an activity related to
the creation, practice, or demonstration
of art. The term art basically refers to
the making of tangible or intangible
products as an expression of creativity
and imagination for purely aesthetic
reasons.
Artisan- though stimulated by the same
impulses in creating tangible or
intangible products, produces crafts
which are meant for decoration and are
designed to be practical or useful.
WEEK 5 Subject and Content in Art
SUBJECT- refers to the objects
depicted by the artist.
SUBJECT MATTER DIFFERENT
LEVELS OF MEANING
a. FACTUAL MEANING- is the
literal statement or the narrative
content in the work which can be
directly apprehended because
the objects presented are easily
organized.
b. CONVENTIONAL MEANING-
refers to the special meaning that
a certain objects or color has for
a particular culture or group of
people.
c. SUBJECTIVE MEANING- any
personal meaning consciously or
unconsciously conveyed by the
artist using a private symbolism
which stems from his own
association of certain objects,
actions, colors with past
experiences.
CONTENT- refers to what the artist
expresses or communicates on the
whole in his work. Sometimes it is
spoken of the “meaning” of the work. It
reveals the artist’s attitude toward his
subject.
TYPES OF VISUAL ARTS
Representational or objective arts
(with subject)
Portraits such as the Mona Lisa are
good examples of what is called the
representational art.
Non-representational (non-objective
art)
Artworks have no resemblance to any
real subject. They do not represent
anything and they are what they are.
IDENTIFYING OTHER SUBJECT OF
ARTS (Sources of Art)
1. Figure- such as nude does not
simply represent the body, but
relates it by analogy to all
structures that become part of
man’s imaginative experience.
2. Portrait- The visual expression of
a patron’s self-perception or
aspirations within the society in
which he or she lives.
3. Religious- Serves as framework
based on theology.
4. Myths- -are narratives that
reinforce a society’s cultural
values.
5. Historcal Painting- -the highest
in the hierarchy of genres. It
includes contemporary events
often wars or battles, critical
moments in time.
6. Still life- -the lowest rated genre
of the academy, it can represent
domestic interiors with casually or
formally arranged objects often
on a table.
7. Landscape, Seascape,
Cityscape- -reflects our
relationship with the land, nature
and place.
8. Everyday Life- is depicted in
domestic settings or out amongst
the community, at markets or
festivals.
9. Animals- The grace and vigor of
animals in action have attracted
painters & sculptures and
inspired poets as well.
10. Dreams & Fantasies- -are
usually vague and illogical.
WEEK 6 Functions in the Art
According to Manaois there are 2
general dimensions of arts:
1. FINE ARTS or INDEPENDENT
ARTS – are made primarily for aesthetic
enjoyment through the senses,
especially visual and auditory. These
are: music, painting, sculpture,
architecture, literature dance and
drama.
2. PRACTICAL ARTS or USEFUL or
UTILITARIAN ARTS- are intended for
practical use. Is development of raw for
utilitarian purposes
According to Panizo & Rustia (1995)
Art is classified into 2 major divisions
1. According to purpose - 5
categories
PRACTICAL OR USEFUL ARTS- are
directed to produce artifacts and utensils
for the satisfaction of human needs.
Examples are handicrafts, embroidery,
ceramics, iron and metal crafts & tin can
manufacturing.
LIBERAL ARTS- are directed toward
intellectual growth, such as study of
philosophy, psychology, literature,
mathematics and sciences.
FINE ARTS- are focused towards
creative activity for the contemplation of
the mind and the upliftment of the spirit.
Like; painting, sculpture and
architecture.
 MAJOR ARTS– characterized by
actual and potential expressiveness
such as music, poetry, and sculpture.
MINOR ARTS- are concerned with
practical uses and purposes, such as
interior decoration and porcelain art.
2. According to media and forms
Classified into 5 types;
PLASTIC ARTS –are works which exist
in a physical space and perceived by
sense of sight. such arts include
sculpture & decorative materials.
PHONETIC ARTS - utilize sounds and
words as mediums of expressions.
Example music, drama, and literature.
KINETIC ARTS - involve the element of
rhythm.
PURE ARTS - take only one medium of
expression like sound of music and
color in painting.
MIXED ARTS - take more than one
medium such as the opera which
combines music, poetry, and drama.
The function of art usually fall into
three categories:
Personal or Individual Function
The personal functions of art are varied
and highly subjective. This means that
its functions depend on the artist. Artists
have their own personal reasons for
indulging in art
Social Function
Art is considered to have a social
function if and when it addresses a
particular collective interest as opposed
to a personal interest
Physical Function
Are the easiest to see and understand.
This can be found in artworks that are
crafted in order to serve some physical
purpose.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF ART
 Political Function
 Economic Function
 Historical Function
 Cultural Function
 Religious Function
 Aesthetic Function
WEEK 7 Medium and Technique in
Art
Medium are the materials which are
used by an artist to interpret feelings or
thoughts.
Technique is the manner in which the
artist controls medium to achieve the
desired effect.
 Visual arts
Are arts whose mediums are seen and
occupy space. It is grouped into two
classes: (a) dimensional or two-
dimensional arts which include painting,
drawing, print and photography, and (b)
three-dimensional arts which include
sculpture, architecture, landscape and
crafts.
  Auditory arts
Are arts whose mediums can be heard
and which are expressed in time.
Examples of these are music and
literature.
 Combined arts
Are arts whose mediums can be both
seen and heard and exist in both space
and time.
MEDIUM OF THE VISUAL ARTS
Painting – the art of creating
meaningful effects on a flat surface by
the use of pigments. The art of creating
meaningful effects on a flat surface by
the use of pigments.
 WATERCOLOR as a medium is
difficult to handle because it is
difficult to produce warm and rich
tones but it invites brilliance and
a variety of hues
 OIL Oil painting is done with the
use of ground pigments (from
minerals, coal tar, vegetable
matter, etc.) mixed with linseed
oil and turpentine or thinner.
Oil paints are applied in either of
two ways: Direct method and
Indirect method
 FRESCO Italian for fresh done
with the use of earth pigments
mixed with water and applied to
fresh plaster or glue which
attaches the color to the surface
like a wall.
 TEMPERA Done with the use of
ground pigments mixed with an
aluminous or colloidal vehicle
(egg yolk, gum, glue, or casein).
 PASTEL Done with the use of
pastel colors closely resembling
dry pigments bound to form
crayons, which are directly
applied to the surface, oftentimes
paper
 ACRYLIC Done with the use of
synthetic paints called acrylics
mixed with a vehicle capable of
being thinned with water
 ENCAUSTIC Done with the use
of hot wax as a vehicle to bind
pigments to a wooden panel or a
wall
Mosaic – the art of putting together
small pieces of colored stones or
glass called “tesserae” to create an
image.
Stained Glass – an artwork
common in Gothic cathedrals and
churches.
Drawing – usually done on paper
using pencil, pen and ink, or
charcoal. It is the most fundamental
of all skills necessary in arts.
 Pencil leads (graphite) are
graded in different degrees of
hardness or softness
 Ink is one of the oldest
mediums that is still being
used today
 Charcoal is a carbonaceous
material obtained by heating
wood or other organic
substances in the absence of
oxygen
  Bistre A brown pigment
extracted from the soot of wood
Often used in pen and wash
drawings
 Crayons Pigments bound by wax
and compressed into painted
sticks used for drawings
 Silverpoint Uses silver stylus to
produce a thin grayish line on
specially prepared paper
Sculpture – the most important thing to
consider in choosing a subject for
sculpture is the material.
 STONE Usually used for
gravestones in cemeteries
 JADE Fine stone, usually
colored green and used widely in
ancient China
 IVORY Comes from the main
parts of elephant tusks
 METALS metals used as
mediums for sculpture
 PLASTER Composed of lime,
sand and water
 CLAY Natural earthy material
that is plastic when wet
 GLASS A medium that is hard,
brittle, more or less transparent
substance
 WOOD Easy to carve because it
can be subjected into a variety of
treatment
Architecture – it is the art of designing
and supervising its construction.
Materials used in architecture are
classified into three:
 materials found in nature
 materials manufactured or made
by man
 indigenous materials
Materials in Nature – these are direct
products of nature
Materials manufactured by man –
majority of building materials; requires
man’s manipulation before use
Indigenous materials – found in the
locality
WEEK 8 Elements of Art and Its
Organization
Elements of the Visual Arts
Lines
A series of connected dots or a
prolongation of a point to show the
shape or form of any piece of art.
 Vertical lines
 Horizontal lines
 Diagonal lines
 Broken or jagged lines
 Straight lines
 Curved lines
 Repeating lines
 Contrasting lines
 Modified lines
Color
Most important and most noticeable of
all the elements of visual arts. Property
of an object that makes it appealing to
the visual sense
Among the persons who studied
colors were:
Munsell, who came up with five primary
colors (red, blue, yellow, green and
violet
Prang, who devised the color wheel
with 12 balance colors
Primary Colors – They are the first to
be produced and the rest of the colors
are produced as a result of their
combination.
Secondary Colors – They are
produced by combining two primary
colors
Intermediate (Tertiary) Colors – They
are produced by combining one primary
and one secondary color
Adjacent Colors – colors situated next
to each other in the color wheel
Analogous Colors – three or four
neighboring colors with one color in all
mixtures
Complementary Colors – colors
situated opposite each other in the color
wheel
Split Complementary Colors – any
three colors forming a Y in the color
wheel.
Rainbow or Prismatic Colors – colors
that form a raibow or prism. These are
ROYGBIV
Neutral Colors – those which serve to
balance colors
Texture
It is the element of the visual arts
associated with the sense of touch
Shape
The external appearance of clearly
defined area it contributes to the final
form of the artwork
Space
It is the area or surface occupied by the
artwork.
Volume
Is the amount of space occupied by an
object in three dimensions
Perspective
It is the point where the artist stands to
view his subject as he creates his
artwork Refers to the location and
distance
Form
Refers to overall composition of the
artwork it describes the entire shape or
organization of the thing or object
created
ORGANIZATION IN THE ARTS
Organization refers to the “order” in a
work of art. It refers to the ways
elements are arranged, combined, and
configured to make a whole.
WEEK 9 Principles of Art Design
CONCEPTS
Perception – of an art is governed by
different principles of art design.
Design – the overall organizational
visual structure of the formal elements
of a work of art
Harmony – the quality which produces
an impression of unity through the
arrangement of consistent objects or
ideas.
Balance – the quality of which gives a
feeling of rest, repose, equilibrium, or
stability
Proportion – quality of an art which
shows pleasing relationship between a
whole and its parts and among the parts
themselves
Rhythm – the regular, uniform, or
related movement made through the
repetition of a unit or a motif
Emphasis – quality of an art which
tends to carry the eyes from the center
of interest
The five principles of art are:
 Harmony- It is the most essential
factor in a composition. Also
called unity
Harmony has five aspects which are:
1.1 Harmony of lines and shapes
1.2 Harmony of size
1.3 Harmony of color
1.4 Harmony of texture
1.5 Harmony of idea
Harmony of lines and shapes:
1. TRANSITIONAL LINES - Softens
and modifies other lines. • It is a
usually curved, graceful line which
connects two or more opposing
lines.
2. OPPOSING LINES - - A straight
line which intersects each other and
form angles.
3. REPETITION - - If a small
rectangle is placed within another a
bigger triangle so their sides are
parallel. Repetition shows harmony.
Harmony of size - This refers to
good proportion.
Harmony of color - Means using
two or more colors in decorating an
article or object.
Harmony of texture - The character
of texture can be determined by
feeling the object with the fingertips
or by looking at it.
Harmony of idea - It is not enough
that shapes, sizes and textures have
something in common: There must
be harmony in the idea presented
together.
 Balance- also known as physical
equilibrium
It is classified into ‘formal’ and
‘informal’
Formal Balance – exists if the weights  By color contrast
at equal distance from the center are  By the use of plain background
equal. space.
 By the use of unusual lines,
Bilateral symmetry is present when the
shapes and sizes of color
left and the right sides appear the same
 By action or movement.
Radial symmetry exists when the same
Other Art Principles
measure occurs from the central point to
the end of every radius. NOVELTY OR NEWNESS- Novelty
provides the best opportunity for
Informal Balance - Informal balance is
developing one’s creative ability.
present when the left and the right sides
of the thing, though not identical in VARIETY OR VARIATION- A set of
appearance, still display an even furniture which is arranged in a certain
distribution of weight. way and remains as it is for long periods
of time appears to be monotonous.
 Rhythm- The continuous use of
a motif or repetitive pattern of a UTILITY, ADAPTABILITY OR
succession of similar or identical FUNCTION- A work of art must not only
items possess beauty but also utility. The
 Proportion- is the comparative object must be adaptable to the purpose
relationship of the different parts for which it is made
in relation to the whole.
CONTRAST- This art principle is
There are three aspects of synonymous to opposition or
proportion: contradiction.

(a) proportion in the grouping of objects,

(b) Proportion in space divisions,

(c) Proportion in scales.

 Emphasis- It is giving proper

importance on one or more parts
of the thing or the whole thing
itself

Methods of Emphasizing Objects

 By arrangement or grouping of
objects
 By decoration