HPGE - November 2021

Problems 0.477𝑄𝑁
𝑝=
1. A cubic meter of water is subjected to a pressure increase of 𝑧2
20 MPa. If the bulk modulus of elasticity of the water is 2200 where
MPa, evaluate the change in volume (m³). 1
A. 0.0136 C. 0.00909 𝑁= 2.5
𝑟 2
B. 0.0178 D. 0.0146 [1 + ( ) ]
𝑧
2. A manometer is attached to a conduit as shown in the figure. r = horizontal distance of the point from the vertical line
Calculate the pressure (kPa) at A given the following: of application of the load.
Specific gravity of Liquid B = 13.6. z = depth of point below ground surface .
h = 125 mm A. 13 C. 15
d = 375 mm B. 14 D. 16
water
7. An unconfined compression test was conducted on a sample
of clay having a diameter of 50 mm. The failure load was
A recorded at 250 N. The cohesion strength (kPa) of the clay is
h
nearest to:
A. 63.7 C. 127.0
d B. 45.0 D. 101.0
liquid B
8. If the ground water table in a soil formation rises as a
resulting of flooding, the bearing capacity of the soil
A. 38.5 C. 18.6 A. increases C. decreases
B. 45.1 D. 29.5 B. unaffected D. depends of the footing load

9. One of the following foundation conditions does not affect

3. The velocity head of the flow at one section of a pipeline is 5 the bearing capacity of the supporting soil.
m. Evaluate the velocity head (m) at the next section if the A. Unit weight of the soil
velocity of flow increase by one-half that of the previous B. Depth of founding of footings
section. C. Load imposed onto the soil
A. 20.0 C. 11.3 D. Position of ground water table
B. 15.0 D. 7.50
10. A pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is
4. A right cylindrical container of diameter D (m) and H (m) forced to stop or change direction suddenly (momentum
high is filled with water z (m) deep. A piece of timber, having change) is referred to in hydraulics as:
a cross-sectional dimension b × t (mm) and L (m) long is A. water hammer C. hydraulic jump
freely allowed to submerge and float in a vertical position B. potential head D. hydrodynamics
inside the container. The portion of the wood above the
water surface is observed to be 2/3 the length of the timber. 11. A line joining the points of highest elevation of water in a
Given: series of vertical open pipes rising from a pipeline in which
D = 1 m; H = 5 m; z = 3 m water flows under pressure is referred to as:
b × t = 250 mm × 250 mm A. hydraulic head C. hydraulic gradient
L=3m B. hydraulic loss D. hydraulic jump
Evaluate the specific weight (kN/m³) of the timber.
A. 3.44 C. 3.35 Situation 1 – A triangular plate of height h = 1.20 m and base b =
B. 3.72 D. 3.27 2 m is submerged vertically in water with its base at the
liquid surface and parallel to it.
5. Evaluate the dry unit weight (kN/m³) of a soil mass having a 12. Evaluate the total force (kN) acting on one side of the plate.
void ratio of 0.50 with specific gravity of 2.5 for its solid A. 4.71 C. 4.21
grains. B. 4.08 D. 4.32
A. 14.9 C. 14.6 13. Obtain the location (mm) of the force from the center of
B. 16.4 D. 17.3 gravity of the plate.
A. 200 C. 210
6. An underground tunnel is to be constructed at a depth of 10 B. 180 D. 190
meters below ground surface for a subway in Metro Cebu 14. Obtain the location (mm) of the force from the liquid surface.
and radially located from the line of the tunnel is a vertical A. 600 C. 610
load of 10 MN. Design specifications require that the vertical B. 580 D. 590
stress due to the load at the level of the tunnel should not
exceed 5% the vertical stress at the same depth directly Situation 2 – A certain elevation above sea level, a mercury
below the load. barometer reads 700 mm.
15. What would be the corresponding reading (mm) of water
Obtain the minimum distance (m) at which the alignment of barometer?
the tunnel be located from the line of application of the load. A. 9520 C. 8240
B. 6700 D. 7650
Hint: According to the Boussinesq theory, the vertical stress 16. Evaluate the atmospheric pressure (kPa) at that level.
at a point below the surface of a semi-infinite, homogeneous, A. 90.5 C. 87.6
isotropic soil mass due to a point load Q applied at the B. 88.8 D. 93.4
ground surface is given by the equation
1
Prepared by:
Engr. Jobert S. De La Cruz
HPGE - November 2021
17. What is the approximate elevation (m) above sea level, Situation 7 – A single pipeline A joins pipelines 1, 2, and 3 at
assuming normal atmospheric conditions? Neglect vapor junction J1 and merges again at junction J2 from a single
pressure. Air weighs 12 N/m³. pipeline B as shown in the figure. Pipeline 1, 2, and 3 are
A. 7840 C. 6850 parallel to each other. The pressure heads and J1 and J2 are
B. 8210 D. 7780 70 m and 46 m, respectively. Using Hazen William’s formula
with C = 120 for all pipes, obtain the;
Situation 3 – The discharge pipeline of water system of a 5500 30. rate of flow (m³/s) in pipeline 1.
m of 300 mm-pipe joined by 3660 m of 450-mm pipe that A. 0.0923 C. 0.3010
connects to the base of a huge water reservoir. The B. 0.1030 D. 0.2150
difference in elevation between the water surface in the 31. rate of flow (m³/s) in pipeline 2.
reservoir and the center of the 300-mm pipe at the end of the A. 0.0320 C. 0.0620
line is 45.7 m. Neglecting velocity head and other losses in B. 0.0560 D. 0.0450
head due to entrances, and using coefficient of friction of 32. rate of flow (m³/s) in pipeline 3.
0.02 for both pipes, A. 0.06 C. 0.08
18. Obtain the velocity (m/s) of the water in the bigger pipeline. B. 0.05 D. 0.07
A. 0.443 C. 0.728
B. 0.500 D. 0.665
19. Obtain the velocity (m/s) of the water in the smaller
pipeline.
A. 1.68 C. 1.50 J1 J2
B. 1.75 D. 1.40
20. Evaluate the rate of flow (m³/s).
A. 0.150 C. 0.132
B. 0.106 D. 0.095

Situation 4 – Water flows to an almost level rectangular channel

3 m wide at 12 m³/s. The depth of the channel gradually
increases from 1.0 m to 1.1 m for a length of 5 m.
21. What is the head loss (m)?
A. 0.024 C. 0.035 Situation 8 – A 1.50-meter main carrying 2.55 m³/s branches at
B. 0.042 D. 0.053 a point J1 two pipelines, one 300 m long 1.20 m in diameter
22. What is the slope of the energy gradient? and one 1220 m long 0.60 m in diameter. Both pipes come
A. 0.0056 C. 0.0083 together at a point J2 and continue as a single 1.50-m pipe as
B. 0.0038 D. 0.0065 shown in the figure. Given that the friction factor is 0.020,
23. Obtain the value of the roughness coefficient. 0.022, and 0.024 respectively for the 1.50-m, 1.20-m, and
A. 0.05 C. 0.03 0.60-m pipes, compute the rate of flow (m³/s) in
B. 0.01 D. 0.02 33. the 1.20-m diameter pipeline;
A. 4.72 C. 3.35
Situation 5 – A wooden buoy of specific gravity of 0.75 floats in B. 2.35 D. 1.27
a liquid having a specific gravity of 0.85. 34. the 0.60-m diameter pipeline.
24. Evaluate the percentage of the volume of the buoy above the A. 0.181 C. 0.197
liquid surface to the total volume of the bouy. B. 0.351 D. 0.232
A. 10.4 C. 11.8 35. Determine the velocity (m/s) of water in the 0.60-m
B. 12.6 D. 13.1 diameter pipeline.
25. If the volume above the liquid is 0.045 m³, estimate the A. 0.082 C. 0.091
weight (kN) of the buoy. B. 0.075 D. 0.697
A. 3.24 C. 2.81
B. 4.11 D. 1.98
26. What vertical force (kN) applied to the buoy to fully
submerge it?
A. 0.272 C. 0.425 J1 J2
B. 0.375 D. 0.275

Situation 6 – In order to determine the volume and the specific

gravity of a stone that weighs 45 kg in air, the Engineer
observed that when submerged in fresh water the stone
weighs 30 kg.
27. Evaluate the buoyant force (N) acting on the stone.
A. 154.17 C. 177.12
B. 174.15 D. 147.15
28. Obtain the volume (m³) of the stone. Situation 9 – A soil in its natural state has a moisture content of
A. 0.015 C. 0.023 30% and a unit weight of 16 kN/m³. The specific gravity of
B. 0.051 D. 0.032 the soil particles is 2.50.
29. Evaluate the specific gravity of the stone. 36. Evaluate the void ratio of the soil sample.
A. 2 C. 4 A. 0.973 C. 0.677
B. 3 D. 5 B. 0.875 D. 0.993
37. Obtain the dry unit weight (kN/m³).
A. 12.1 C. 12.3
B. 10.8 D. 13.6
2
Prepared by:
Engr. Jobert S. De La Cruz
HPGE - November 2021
38. Evaluate the degree of saturation in percent.
A. 78.6 C. 75.6 Situation 13 – The results of a consolidated drained triaxial
B. 90.2 D. 62.3 shear test conducted on a consolidated clay are as follows:
Chamber confining pressure = 240 kPa
Situation 10 – A layer of soil has the following properties from Deviator stress at failure = 450 kPa
the top to bottom: 48. Evaluate the angle of friction of the soil sample.
Layer k (cm/s) Thickness (m) A. 16.8° C. 27.4°
1 2×10-4 4 B. 22.4° D. 28.9°
2 3.2×10-2 3 49. Evaluate the shear stress (kPa) on the failure plane.
3 4.1×10-5 6 A. 345 C. 242
39. Obtain the equivalent horizontal coefficient of permeability B. 197 D. 195
(cm/s). 50. Evaluate the normal stress (kPa) on the plane maximum
A. 0.00689 C. 0.00809 shear.
B. 0.00734 D. 0.00747 A. 398 C. 465
40. Obtain the equivalent vertical coefficient of permeability B. 550 D. 345
(cm/s).
A. 0.0000709 C. 0.0000689
B. 0.0000534 D. 0.0000805
41. Obtain the rate of flow (Liters/hour) in the vertical direction
per square meter of layer if the hydraulic gradient is 0.50.
A. 4.65 C. 1.45
B. 3.24 D. 2.85

Situation 11 – The coefficient of permeability below a dam is 4

m/day. The water on the upstream side is 30 meter higher
than on the downstream side. To estimate the seepage below
the dam, a flow net was graphically drawn such that the
number of potential drops, Nd = 10 and the number of flow
channels Nf = 4. The base of the dam is founded 1 m below
the ground. Between the heel and the toe of the dam, a
distance of 30 meters, there are 8 potential drops.
42. Evaluate the seepage flow (Li/min) per meter width of dam.
A. 18.6 C. 20.6
B. 33.3 D. 32.5
43. Determine the uplift pressure (kPa) at the heel of the dam.
A. 114 C. 198
B. 265 D. 181
44. Determine the uplift force in kN per meter, per meter length
of dam.
A. 11.4 C. 14.7
B. 17.6 D. 4415

Situation 12 – In accordance with the Bousinesq theory, the

vertical stress at a point below the center of a flexible
circular are in a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic soil
mass due to a uniform load is given by the expression
1
𝑝 = 𝑞 (1 − )
𝑁
where
𝑟 2 1.5
𝑁 = [1 + ( ) ]
𝑧
q= uniform load per unit area at the base of the footing.
r = radius of point of the circular area.
z = depth of point below the center of the circular loaded
area.
45. Evaluate the bearing pressure (kPa) exerted by the footing
onto the supporting soil by a 4-m diameter circular footing
that is transmitting a column load of 1500 kN.
A. 77.9 C. 110.0
B. 119.0 D. 99.5
46. Evaluate the stress (kPa) at a depth 6 meters below the
center of the footing.
A. 25.5 C. 17.5
B. 22.6 D. 19.6
47. How deep (m) below the footing would the pressure be
reduced to 1/10 of the pressure at the base of the footing?
A. 8.41 C. 9.01
B. 6.95 D. 7.42
3
Prepared by:
Engr. Jobert S. De La Cruz