Matter waves

After the discovery of planck's quantum theory of radiation, it became an established fact that radiation has dual nature, behaving either as
wave or as particles under suitable circumstances
Towards the middle of nineteenth century it became clear to the physicists that the physical universe is made up of two great entities the
energy and matter. The dual nature of radiation stimulated the scientists as to why other physical entity (matters) must also not possess the
dual nature like the radiation ?
Louis de broglie, a French physicist put forward a daring suggestion in 1924 that just like radiation, matter also shows dual nature. His
duality hypothesis was based on the following observations -
The whole energy in this universe is in the form of electro-magnetic radiation and matter.
· As nature loves symmetry, hence matter and energy must be mutually symmetrical. If radiation energy has dual character, matter must also
possess the dual nature.
* The waves which were presumed to be associated with matter on the basis of de-broglie hypothesis are known as matter waves or de-Broglie
waves, the principle of complimentarlity is also applicable here. This implies that in no experiment, matter is found to exist both as a particle
and as a wave simultaneously. These two aspects of wave and particle are always complimentary to each-other

De- Broglie wavelength

According of Einstein's
h5 E
B
=

ar
According to Planck’s theory of radiation energy of photon of frequency 2v is E =
.

mass -
Energy equation E = MC =s E
=

P .
C

E
=

2 = x =
q =

-
this equation provides a connection between a wave-like property of radiation, the wavelength ( - ) and a particle like property the linear
momentum (P).
De-Broglie suggested that this same relationship connect the particle like and wave-like properties of matter, that is there is a wave
having a wavelength associated with a free particle moving with linear momentum (p).
 all
# For particle of mass m
moving with speed "
For proton For deutron
A
a , v =

x
=
L Here m is relativistic mass.
my x = 02 A
for -particle
Rest mass
s
mo more =
->
m

#E
=

For neutral particles energy is provided in form of thermal energy

Boltzmann constant
veo &
=
c
Matter waves are
For neutron =

34TK-
associated with moving
V- 0 / 0 =
Must
=

particles only. mast

/ De-Broglie wavelength of a moving particle is independent of

charge or nature of a particle.
- The matter waves are not EMW-waves.
- the matter waves are associated with moving particles irrespective
of whether the particles are charged or not, EM waves are
produced only by accelerated charged particle.
- The velocity of matter waves depends upon the velocity of material For relativistic particles

=
particles, however velocity of EM waves is constant in a given
medium.

De-Broglie wavelength associated with various this from relativistic

total energy of particle
-

if E
particles is
,

relation E P+ Mo
energy-momentum
=

b m k Kinetic energy
-
1 =
=

Moc
=
=

mk more E K +
=

pc :

Jer
.

tomost Damoch
For charsed particle K 9 4V = ↳
mini
=
=
.

↑
=
-

P
LIV - Accelerating potential difference
Volt
Stere av must be in
For Electron 1 = A
:
 (a) Davisson and Germer experiment showing the wave nature of electrons :
The experimental curves obtained by Davisson and Germer are as shown in
figure.

From these experimental curves, the following inferences can be drawn :

-
(i) The intensity of scattered electrons depends upon the angle of scattering

I
(the angle between incident electron beam and deflected beam).
(ii) Always a 'bump' or a kink occurs in curve at = 50°, the angle which the
scattered beam makes with the incident beam.
- (iii)The size of the bump goes on increasing as the accelerating voltage is
increased.
(iv) The size of the bump becomes maximum, when accelerating voltage is 54
volt.
(v) The size of the bump starts decreasing with further increase in the
accelerating voltage.
However, according to classical physics, there should be very little variation in
20 4 1800
=

the intensity of electron beam with the angle of scattering voltages. The
appearance of bump in a particular direction is due to constructive
0 =

(d) interference of electrons scattered from different layers of regularly spaced

atoms of the crystal. This establishes the wave nature of light.
2
 in
Bragg’s equation
↑-
&
a
-
On
-

S
.. ..
-

⑧ ...
↳ -

a
-got -
. .
-

=26 since
path difference
coscan)=
Ai
For constructive interference
D
-

Zedfend= us
&
d =

0 .
91A , O = 150
2

0
=

65 Ao
Consider a beam of electrons incident normally upon
for :

1
the surface ss' of nickel crystal. The crystal contains
& =

2x0 .
91 y Sin (65 % regular array of atoms as shown in figure. Several sets
of parallel planes passing through the positions of atoms can be
1 =
1 .
65 A
*
drawn through the crystal. If the electrons incident on the
crystal makes an angle I with the normal to these planes -
equations for Nickel
BY DP-Broglie's 4x = 2 .

6 Sin
.

O
D =
2 .
15 No

=
n
1 67 xx D-find = d
-

x
=
=

41 = 2 .

(D Gin1) Sin
·

As both results are in remarkable (2 -

15 A) Sin
(50)) =
X
agreement, the experiment establishes the 4x 2 D
Sint-cog4 D
Sin4
=
. =
. .

de Broglie relation. ↓ =
1 65-
Ao
Explanation of bohr quantisation condition
According to De broglie electron revolve round the nucleus in the form of stationary waves in the similar
fashion as stationary waves in a vibrating string. Electron revolve in those circular orbits whose circumference is an integral
multiple of de- Broglie wavelength associated with the electron,

n
245 =

n /

ith
"%....... I
-

!)
i

i 4
n
=

"

.........
mV /

mrr=