Vol.3, No.

2 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERINGAND ENGINEERINGVIBRATION December, 2004

Article ID: 1671-3664(2004)02-0205-10

Shaking table test and dynamic response prediction

on an earthquake-damaged RC building

Ye Xianguo ( t l t ~ [ ~ ) It, Qian Jiaru (~.~;~)2, and Li Kangning ( ~ ) ~ ) 3 ~

1. Hefei University of Technology, HeJei 230009, China

2. Tsinghua University, Beij'ing 100084, China
3. CANNY Consultants Pie. Ltd., 261 Waterloo Street, Singapore 180261

Abstract: This paper presents the results from shaking table tests of a one-tenth-scale reinforced concrete (RC) building
model. The test model is a protype of a building that was seriously damaged during the 1985 Mexico earthquake. The
input ground excitation used during the test was from the records obtained near the site of the prototype building during
the 1985 and 1995 Mexico earthquakes. The tests showed that the damage pattern of the test model agreed well with that of
the prototype building. Analytical prediction of earthquake response has been conducted for the prototype building using a
sophisticated 3-D frame model. The input motion used for the dynamic analysis was the shaking table test measurementswith
similarity transformation.The comparison of the analytical results and the shaking table test results indicates that the response
of the RC building to minor and the moderate earthquakes can be predicated well. However, there is difference between the
predication and the actual response to the major earthquake.

Keywords: RC building; shaking table test; seismic response; inelastic dynamic analysis

1 Introduction the nonlinear dynamic response analysis needs to be

Both shaking table tests and nonlinear response
analysis are important approaches in earthquake
engineering research and design of building structures.
The results of shaking table tests are affected by the size
and the similarity design of the test model, the properties
of model materials, the input and control of vibration,
the data acquisition and treatment, and other similar
factors. Thus, it is difficult to evaluate the test results.
Nonlinear response analysis plays a very important
role in seismic design of building structures. The
newly issued "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings
(GB50011-2001)" (Chinese National Standard, 2001)
emphasizes the necessity of nonlinear response analysis
for high-rise buildings. As is well-known, the results
obtained from inelastic dynamic response analysis
are highly dependent on many factors, such as the
structural modeling, the evaluation of structural member
behaviors, the input of earthquake ground motions, the
numerical methods and so on. Hence, the reliability of
Correspondence to: Ye Xianguo, Hefei University of Tech-
nology, Hefei 230009, China
Tel: 0086-0551-3441036
E-mail: yexiang@mail.hf.ah.cn
*Professor; ~Doctor
Supported by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
Under Grant No.59978013
Received date: 2003-11-04; Accepted date: 2004-10-24
examined carefully, which can be done by comparing it to
the real structural seismic response or to the shaking table
test results from the model structure. The actual structural
seismic response under strong ground motion may not
be easy to obtain from instrumented buildings during the
actual earthquake; however, shaking table tests can be
used to provide valuable data for evaluation purposes.
This paper describes a shaking table test program
of a building model in reduced scale. The structural
prototype of the model was a 10-story reinforced
concrete (RC) building(Ye, 1996) made in one-tenth
scale. The test was carried out by using the three-
directional shaking table facility in the State Key
Laboratory for Disaster Reduction at Tongji University,
Shanghai, China, and a total of 11 runs of shaking table
tests were conducted.
For comparison purposes, an inelastic dynamic
response analysis of the prototype building structure by
using a 3-D model was performed. The acceleration time-
history records obtained on the shaking table surface
were used as the input to the numerical analysis.
2 O v e r v i e w of shaking table tests
Shaking table tests of a reduced-scale RC building
model were conducted under recorded three-directional
input seismic motions. The main objectives were to:
(1) simulate the seismic damage to a real RC building
to validate current shaking table test technology; (2)
206 EARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGAND ENGINEERINGVIBRATION Vol.3

comprehensively understand the nonlinear dynamic
performance of RC building structures under earthquakes
of different intensities; and (3) verify the reliability of
earthquake response predication by means of inelastic
dynamic response analysis.
2.1 Test m o d e l
The structure prototype of the test model is a 10-
story RC frame-wall official building in Mexico City,
constructed in 1970. It had a regular rectangular shape
consisting of five frames spanning 9.0 meters in the
longitudinal direction (X-direction), and four frames
with the bay of 6.0m in the transverse direction (Y-
direction). In the transverse direction, four shear-walls
were symmetrically placed in the two end-frames. The
total height of the building was 39.05m. The building
was designed for a base shear coefficient of 0.078 in
the longitudinal direction and 0.104 in the transverse
direction. The material strength was about 24 MPa for
concrete in cubic compression and 400 MPa for steel
bars in tension yielding respectively. The building was
damaged in the 1985 Mexico Michoacan earthquake.
The peak acceleration of the earthquake was only
0.171 g, but it lasted about 180s with peak velocity
of 61 cm/s, and its predominant vibration period was
2s. The fundamental period of the building was 1.2s in
the longitudinal X-direction. The performance of the
building in the 1985 Mexico earthquake is described in
Meli (1992). It was characterized by plastic hinging at
the ends of several longitudinal beams, from the first to
the sixth floors. The concrete was crushed at the top and
bottom of the section and the longitudinal reinforcement
buckled in several cases. Some diagonal cracking in
the columns from the third to the sixth floors and some
evidence of hinging at the column bases of the ground
floor were found in the longitudinal direction. No sign
of damage attributable to the shaking in the transverse
direction could be found.
Due to the limited capacity of the shaking table
facility, the specimen had to be designed at a reduced
1/10 scale and the maximum weight could not meet the
requirement of similarity of artificial mass. Therefore,
the test model was designed according to the general
similitude law (Zhang, 1997) that considers the effect
of the short of artificial mass. Table 1 lists the similarity
ratios based on the general similitude law. The specimen
weighed 5.8t, and the base plate was 2.8t. Iron pieces
were evenly distributed on each floor slab to serve
as additional artificial mass. The total weight of the
test model was 15t. Fig. l(a) shows the view of the
specimen on the table.
Figure l(b) shows the floor plan and the arrangement
of beam-column-shear wall members of the test model.

Table 1 Similarity ratios* of the test specimen

Dimension and Elastic modulus Equivalentdensity Timeand period Stress Acceleration Frequency
displacement Sl SF. Sj, S S S S
0.1 1.0 1.767 0.133 1.0 5.659 7.522
*The similarity ratio S = the test model value / prototype building value.

Fig. 1 Overview of the test model

No.2 Ye Xianguo et al.: Shakingtable test and dynamicresponse predictionon an earthquake-damagedRC building 207

The cross-section of columns was 50mmx80mm,
50mmx90mm, 50mmx70mm and 50mmx60mm, and
the cross-section of beams was 40mm• and
30mm• The thickness of the shear-walls was
altered from 40mm to 25mm. The floor slab was made
in thickness of 20mm instead of 10mm in the one-tenth
scale model. The unmatched slab thickness was for
the feasibility of reinforcement detailing and for the
capacity to support the artificial mass. The base plate of
the test model was attached firmly to the shaking table
surface with bolts.
The specimen was cast using fine gravel concrete
and galvanized steel wires. Generally, #8 steel wires
were used for columns, #10 for beams, #12 for walls,
#14 for floor slabs, and #16 used as hoops bars of beams
and columns. Samples of the concrete and steel wire
were retained during the construction of the specimen
and were tested to obtain their mechanical properties.
Table 2 lists the material properties of the concrete and
steel wire. The reinforcement details of the test model
were as similar as possible with the prototype building.
Construction of the test model was executed story by
story using the following procedures: (1) arranging the
reinforcement; (2) molding; (3) concrete casting filling
vertically; (4) natural curing for three days; and (5) de-
molding. The construction joint was on the top of each
of the floor slabs. The .galvanized steel wires in columns
were extended 120mm above the floor slab and banded
with the wires from the upper story columns for the next
story construction. The construction was completed
within one month. The test was carried out two months
later.
2.2 Excitation program
The three-directional acceleration records SCT85
and SCT95, obtained near the site of the prototype
building during the 1985 and 1995 Mexico earthquakes,
given in Table 3, were used as the input seismic motion.
The duration of SCT85 and SCT95 were compressed to
23.94s and 27.66s, respectively, to achieve the similarity
ratio S, for the shaking table test excitation. The SCT85
input was repeated, increasing the acceleration peak
value gradually. This was done to study the dynamic
response and performance of the model in a wide range
from elastic to elasto-plastic. The excitations in the series
are shown in Table 4. The major excitation direction was
in X direction to study the seismic performance of the
RC frames. Before and after each seismic excitation,
white noise waves at low peak acceleration were
inputted, to monitor the changes in the natural vibration
characteristics of the model.
2.3 Response measurement
The responses of the specimen during shaking were
measured using acceleration sensors and displacement
transducers. The points of the sensors/ transducers
installed are shown in Fig.1. There were a total of 33
measurement points including 31 for accelerations and
2 for displacements. Three sensors were placed on
the table surface and every two floor levels including
the roof to measure the acceleration response in the
X, Y and Z directions, respectively, and two sensors
were mounted on each level of the rest of the floors to
detect the acceleration in X and Y directions. The two
transducers were installed on the table surface and on
the roof to measure the displacements only when the X-
direction vibration tests were performed.

Table 2 Concrete and steel wire material properties of the test model
Concrete mixtures and material properties (concrete grade: C25)
Cement Gravel size Cube strength Prismstrength Young's
(Normal silicate) (ram) Sand type Mixture ratio (MPa) (MPa) modulus(MPa)
425# 3-10 Middle s a n d 1:2.85:1.52:0.52 26.5 20.4 2.89x l04
Steel wire and materialproperties
Wire name #8 #10 #12 #14 #16
Diameter (ram) 4.0 3.5 2.8 2.2 1.6
Maximumtensionstrength(MPa) 382.0 358.6 357.3 447.2 298.4

Table 3 Details of the input earthquake motions

Earthquake Record Record Record Record time Data

date, M~ symbol PGA (g) duration (s) interval (s) points
Sep.19, 1985 SCT85/X 0.17 I
MS.1 SCT85/Y 0.100 180 1/50 9000
SCT85/Z 0.037
Sep.14, 1995 SCT95/X 0.032
M7.3 SCT95/Y 0.024 208 1/250 52000
SCT95/Z 0.014
208 EARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGAND ENGINEERINGVIBRATION Vol.3

Table 4 Excitation program of the shaking table test

Direction of PGA on the table surface(g)

No. Run code
excitations Target Measured
l WN-I* X
2 WN-2 X/Y
3 WN-3 X/Y/Z
4 SCT85- l X 0.15 0.154
5 WN-4 X
6 SCT85-2 X/Y 0.15/0.088 0.170/0.146
7 SCT85-3 X/Y/Z 0.15/0.088/0.032 0.144/0.092/0.033
8 WN-5 X/Y/Z
9 SCT85-4 X/Y/Z 0.25/0.146/0.054 0.240/0.140/0.058
10 WN-6 X/Y/Z
11 SCT85-5 X 0.4 0.23
12 SCT85-6 X/Y/Z 0.4/0.234/0.086 0.413/0.196/0.090
13 WN-7 X/Y/Z
14 SCT85-7 X 0.6 0.625
15 SCT85-8 X/Y/Z 0.6/0.35/0.13 0.516/0.294/0.243
16 WN-8 X/Y/Z
17 SCT85-9 X/Y/Z 0.968/0.566/0.209 0.739/0.553/0.072
18 WN-9 X/Y/Z
19 SCT85-10 X/Y/Z 0.968/0.566/0.209 1.099/0.592/0.233
20 WN-10 X/Y/Z
21 SCT95-1 X/Y/Z 0.181/0.136/0.079 0.224/0.146/0.073
22 WN- 11 X/Y/Z
*WN indicatesthe white noise excitationwith low amplitude(0.07g).

3 Test results columns and some beam-column joints were observed.

3.1 C r a c k d e v e l o p m e n t and failure m o d e
As the peak acceleration of excitation increased from
0.15g to 0.4g (SCT85-1 to SCT85-6), very small cracks
appeared at the construction joints of the columns from
the first to fourth stories in the exterior line 44-frame,
as well as some cracks at the end of the X-directional
beams. During this stage, only a slight change in the
natural period was found. This indicated that the model
performed basically in the elastic state.
As the amplitude of the excitation was increased to
0.6g (SCT85-7 and SCT85-8) in the longitudinal frame
direction (X-direction), obvious cracks due to bending
and shear developed at the ends of many beams and
at the top of lower story columns, and diagonal cracks
appeared in most beam-column joints. Meanwhile,
small cracks extended into the connection area of the
floor slabs with the transverse beams and shear walls.
Furthermore, concrete crushes began at the base of the
first-story columns. Also, fine cracks were found at the
end of some coupling beams between the shear walls
The excitation was increased and reached the target
PGA at the run of SCT85-10 after two attempts using
SCT85-8 and SCT85-9 (see Table 4). At this stage, the
test model was subjected to severe damage in the X-
directional frames. Diagonal shear cracks on lower-story
Flexural yielding also occurred at X-directional beams in
all stories from the first to the sixth floor level. At the
base of the first-story columns, cover concrete spalled
off, core concrete crushed and steel wires buckled.
This also happened at the middle-height or top-end of
some middle-story columns where diagonal or incline
cracks appeared. As the cover concrete spalling off, the
damage to the beam-column joints increased.
In the final run of the excitation SCT95-11, almost
no further damage was found. This was attributed to the
relatively low intensity of the excitation.
The above damage pattern generally conformed to
the observed seismic damage to the prototype building
(Meli, 1992).
3.2 Natural frequency and vibration m o d e
Table 5 lists the natural frequencies of the model
measured during the test. The natural frequency
decreased with the development of damage to the
model. Under low excitation up to 0.4g (SCT85-1-
SCT85-6), the natural frequency only changed slightly.
Apparent changes in the natural frequency were
observed after the SCT85-8 and SCT85-9 excitations.
This confirmed the damage and the severe damage to
the test model, respectively. Figure 2 ( where f0 (i=1,
2, 3 and 4) denotes the initial natural frequency) shows
No.2 Ye Xianguo et al.: Shaking table test and dynamic response prediction on an earthquake-damagedRC building 209

Table 5 Natural frequencies during the test (Hz)

Run of Mode No. (Direction)

WN 1 (X) 2 (Y) 3 (XY-torsion) 4 (X) 5 (X) 6 (Z) 7 (Y)
WN- 1 6.24 22.03 39.65
WN-2 6.24 8.08 12.85 22.03 39.65
WN-3 5.87 7.71 12.85 21.66 38.92 42.22 43.69
WN-4 6.24 21.66 39.28
WN-5 5.87 7.71 12.85 21.66 38.92 39.65 43.69
WN-6 5.87 7.71 12.85 21.29 38.18 42.22 43.69
WN-7 5.14 7.34 12.12 18.72 35.61 37.45 41.85
WN-8 2.20 5.88 8.81 12.11 33.78 27.90 28.23
WN-9 1.84 4.77 9.55 32.31 27.90 23.86
WN-10 1.84 4.41 9.55 29.74 25.67 20.19
WN-11 1.84 4.41 9.55 29.74 25.67 20.19

Fig. 2 Natural frequency variations (g) Fig. 3 Change in the first mode shape

the changes in the first four natural frequencies with
increasing excitation intensity. The changes in the first
vibration mode shape of the test model (in X-direction)
is shown in Fig.3 for the cases after each excitation. The
mode shape also changed gradually as the excitation
intensity increased.
well with the observed damage. That is, in the severely
damaged X-direction, the ratio of PRA/PGA obviously
was reduced in the strong input SCT85-10, while in
the Y-direction, the response was almost elastic and the
PRA/PGA ratio remained unchanged.

3.3 Measured acceleration time histories 4 D y n a m i c r e s p o n s e o f the p r o t o t y p e b u i H i n g

The difference between the target input and the
measurement of the excitation PGAs was noticed, and
attributed to the limited precision of the shaking table
facility. The acceleration time history curves measured
on the roof and the 6th floor level can be observed from
Fig.4-Fig.7, which show the measured values divided by
the similarity factor Sa (for comparison to the analytical
simulation).
The ratio of peak response acceleration to the input
PGA at selected floor levels is shown in Fig. 8. The
change of the ratio (peak response acceleration/peak
ground acceleration, that is, PRA/PGA) corresponded
a n d c o m p a r i n g with the test results
To verify the reliability of earthquake response
prediction, a time history analysis of the prototype
building was performed. The predicted response
was compared with the shaking table test results.
For comparability, the earthquake response analysis
of the prototype building used the input of the test
measurements based on the similitude ratio. The analysis
was carried out by using the computer program CANNY,
which has been reliable in predicting the earthquake
response and damage of RC building structures (Li et
al., 1999). The program accepts input from multiple
210 EARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGAND ENGINEERINGVIBRATION
components of earthquake excitation in two horizontal
directions and in the vertical direction. It offers many
options in modeling structures for analysis; including
various types of structures using line elements (beam,
column, shear wall, cable, truss and spring element, as
well as special elements such as isolators and dampers),
and the interactions among multi-axial loads. A rich
collection of hysteresis models available in the program
makes it convenience to simulate the mechanical
properties of structural members of concrete and metal
materials in various loading conditions.
4.1 Analysis model
A 3-D frame structural model, which was based on
nonlinear moment-rotation relationships of individual
structural members, was adopted to carry out the
dynamic response prediction of the prototype building.
The structural members (beam, column and shear wall)
were idealized as line elements, and the floor slabs were
treated as a rigid diaphragm having three degrees of
freedom; that is, two horizontal translations and one
rotation in the slab horizontal plane. Beams and columns
were considered rigidly connected. Each structural node
was considered as having six displacement degrees of
freedom; that is, three translational displacements and
three rotations. The two lateral translations of nodes
were determined by the rigid movement of the floor slab
and the one rotation of nodes was determined by the
rotation in the slab plane. The mass was concentrated
at the structural nodes. The effect of the gravity load
on the lateral displacement (P-D effect) was taken into
account in the analysis. Fixed support was assumed at
the first-story column base, consistent with the boundary
condition of the shaking table test.
To account for the interactions between the
bidirectional bending and the axial load fluctuation in
exterior columns and shear walls, a multi-spring model
(MS model) was used to idealize columns and shear
walls. Every steel bar in columns and shear walls was
treated as a steel spring, and the concrete of the element
section was represented by a fairly large number of
concrete springs. The spring properties were based on
the material stress-strain relationships.
The beam element had uniaxial bending in the frame
plane and was idealized in a one-component rotational
spring model. The nonlinear hysteresis model of
moment-rotation relationships had the aspects of strength
deterioration, stiffness degradation and pinching effect, as
shown in Fig.9. The columns and the shear walls had the
flexural and axial deformation idealized by the MS model,
and were based on the material stress-strain relationships
of concrete and steel. The nonlinear shear behavior of all
elements was considered to be proportional to the flexural
stiffness degradation. By this simplification, the shear
deformation was assumed to be elastic. More information
on the details of the analysis models and assumptions can
be found from in Li et al. (1999).
Vol.3
4.2 Input for analysis
To ensure comparability, the input for the dynamic
analysis of the prototype building was the acceleration
time history recorded on the shaking table surface. The
acceleration values of the records were divided by the
similarity ratio 5.659 and the duration was timed by the
similarity ratio 7.522 (see Table 1). The observed results
from the 11 shaking table tests were combined to form
the input acceleration time history in a long duration
of 2048s (the acceleration X-component shown in Fig.
10). Therefore, the dynamic analysis could be carried
out once to cover all 11 shaking table tests. In this way,
the accumulation effect of nonlinear structural damage
was reproduced by the analysis. The input directions
were taken as the same as the shaking table test in three
components of two horizontal directions and vertical
direction. The input PGA for the analysis was 1.099 g /
5.659 or 0.194 g in the X-direction.
4.3 Numerical methods
In the dynamic analysis, step-by-step numerical
integration in the Newmark b-method was employed
to solve the equations of motion. The integration was
carried out at a time interval of 1/200s against the
fundamental period of 1.2s of the prototype building
in the X-direction. The mass and stiffness matrices
proportional damping assumed a damping constant of
5%.
4.4 Comparison of calculated and measured results
The acceleration response results measured from
the reduced-scale model and those from the calculated
responses of the prototype building were compared over
a corresponding vibration time period. The comparison
is shown in Fig.4-Fig.7 for the model building roof, and
the 6th floor level in the Xand Ydirections. The measured
results shown in the figures are the transformed results,
that is, they were divided by the similarity factor S. The
results are shown in different scales and with the peak
response acceleration (PRA) indicated in the figures for
easy comparison.
For input in relatively lower peak accelerations (up
to SCT85-6), the analytical simulation achieved results
similar to the actual tests. That is, the major response
was in the X-direction and minor in the Y-direction.
Moreover, the analysis indicated no cracks under the
lower input up to SCT85-3 excitation (PGA 0.025
g), which agreed with the test observation. The results
showed that the structure was basically in the elastic
stage, and the calculated acceleration responses were
close to the measured results both in the wave shape
and amplitude.
However, considerable differences could be seen
between the calculated and the measured results during
the strong SCT85-10 excitation (corresponding to
No.2 Ye Xianguo et al.: Shaking table test and dynamic response prediction on an earthquake-damaged RC building 211

Fig. 4 Comparison of analysis with test results on the roof in the X-~iirection

Fig. 5 Comparison of analysis with test results on the roof in the Y-direction

PGA 0.194g, the input in calculation). The test model
had higher acceleration responses than the prototype
building.
The difference between the calculated and the
measured results can be attributed to the similarity
between the reduced-scale model and the prototype
building in nonlinear status, and to the gap between the
analysis model and the real building. In the nonlinear
stage, the model and the prototype building had different
stiffness degradation and vibration properties. The floor
slabs with increased thickness in the test building model
had a greater effect on its stiffness than those in the
prototype building. In analysis, the effect of the slab
and slab bars to beam members were not included, and
assuming a rigid floor, did not reflect the effect of floor
slab deformation. Again, the reinforced concrete column
member bad evently distributed reinforcing bars around
the four sides, so it did not have a clear yielding point.
The method used to determine the yielding capacity and
post-yielding stiffness of the members influenced the
member behavior, especially at the yielding and post-
yielding stages. In the analysis model, the nonlinear
212 EARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGAND ENGINEERINGVIBRATION Vol.3

Fig. 6 Comparison of analysis with test results on the 6th floor level in the X-direction

Fig. 7 Comparison of analysis with test results on the 6th floor level in the Y-direction

shear deformation of beams, columns and beam- to consider concrete crush and spall off. These factors
column joints could not be taken into account, while may have reduced the calculated results when compared
the prototype building had diagonal cracks on these with the actual seismic response of the prototype
members. Additionally, the analysis model was not able building.
No.2 Ye Xianguo et al.: Shaking table test and dynamic response prediction on an earthquake-damaged RC building 213

Fig. 8 Comparison of distributions of the calculated with measured peak response accelerations (related to the input PGA)

Fig. 9 Moment-rotation relations for beam element

Fig. 10 Acceleration time history for analysis input

5 Conclusions research institutes in China, shaking table facilities

Shaking table test and nonlinear response analysis
are two important approaches used to understand the
seismic response and damage mechanism of structures
subjected to strong earthquakes. In universities and
have been established to perform experimental research.
Through evaluating the shaking table test results
presented in this paper and from some other research
reports, the following conclusions are obtained.
The shaking table test results are affected by the
214 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERINGAND ENGINEERING VIBRATION
specimen size, similitude design, input and excitation
control, and precision of the data acquisition system.
The test of a carefully designed and constructed one-
tenth-scale RC building specimen has shown that
the damage pattern of RC buildings observed in past
earthquakes can be reproduced to a certain degree of
reliability in the laboratory.
The studies also indicate the possibility of using
a sophisticated 3-D nonlinear numerical analysis to
simulate the dynamic response of RC frame buildings
for minor and moderate earthquakes, but matching the
response to a severe earthquake is difficult.
Further dynamic analysis of the test model should
be carried out in order to achieve a direct comparison
between the analysis and the test results. Meanwhile, as
the limited capability for simulation of reduced-scale
specimen, it is expected to conduct a full-scale structure
test in the near future.
Acknowledgments
The investigation presented in this paper was funded
by the State Key Laboratory at Tongji University,
Shanghai, and by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 59978013). The graduate
Vol.3
students Liu Tao, Ge Yingyu, Jiang Xin and Chong Xun
also participated in the research project and contributed
to the paper.
References
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Design of Buildings (GB50011-2001), Beijing, China.
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Performance of Buildings," Proceedings of the llth
Worm Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vol. IX,
Madrid, Spain, pp.5787-5796.
Ye Xianguo (1996), "Evaluation of Structural Damage
of Reinforced Concrete Building Subjected to
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Mexico, Mexico.
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