Aula1 Turb in Fluids Governing Equations

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TURBULENCE IN FLUIDS
MSc in Mechanical/Aerospace/… Engineering
Novembro 2021
Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

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EQUATIONS OF FLUID MECHANICS

Dilatation stretching
Viscous
shear
baroclinic
diffusion gravity
February 2023
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SUMMARY
• The Knudsen number

• The convective derivative
• Mass conservation
• The Navier-Stokes equations
• Relation between velocity and pressure
• Dissipation of kinetic energy in a viscous fluid
• Boussinesq approximation
• Problems

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The continuum assumption
• Distribution of molecular velocity (pure gas)
𝑓(𝑣)
⃗ = 𝑣! , 𝑣" , 𝑣#
• Molecular number density (number of molecules/volume)
&%
( 𝑓 𝑣⃗ 𝑑𝑣! 𝑑𝑣" 𝑑𝑣# = 𝑛
$%
• Mean molecular velocity = average gas velocity

% !/"
1 8𝑘( 𝑇
𝑣̅ = - ∫ 𝑣𝑓 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 =
𝑛 ' 𝜋𝑚
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The continuum assumption
• Mean free path (average distance between collisions)

1
𝑙=
2𝑛𝜋𝑑̅ "
• Knudsen number
𝑙
𝐾𝑛 =
𝐿
• Continuum assumption valid if
𝐾𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑙 ≈ 60𝑛𝑚
Air (room temp.)
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Conventions
• Notation 𝑖 = 1,2,3
𝑥⃗ = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑣⃗ = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤
𝑥* 𝑢*
• Einstein convention
𝑢* 𝑢* = 𝑢! 𝑢! + 𝑢" 𝑢" + 𝑢# 𝑢# = 𝑢" + 𝑣 " + 𝑤 "
(2 x kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid)

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THE MATERIAL OR CONVECTIVE DERIVATIVE:
(a)
Generic property
t + δt
𝜃 = 𝜃(𝑥) 𝛽 = 𝛽(𝑥, 𝑦) u
u𝑣𝛿𝑡
yδt
t
Variation at a fixed point uxδt

𝑢𝛿𝑡
𝑑𝜃 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
(b)
Variation in time ‘felt’ by a fluid element travelingê in a n
velocity field V((SS))

V
Figure 2
êt
𝐷 S fluid elem
field. (b)
𝐷𝑡 Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva
(2.12) to
fluid lum
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THE MATERIAL OR CONVECTIVE DERIVATIVE:
(a)
Generic property
t + δt
u
𝜃 = 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) u𝑣𝛿𝑡
yδt
t
Infinitesimal variation uxδt

𝑢𝛿𝑡
+, +, +, +,
𝛿𝜃 = 𝛿𝑡 + 𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑦 + 𝛿𝑧
+- +. +/ +0
thus, (because we want
1, +, +- +, +. +, +/ +, +0 variation caused
1-
= +- +-
+ +. +-
+ +/ +-
+ (b) =
+0 +- by the velocity
1, +, +, +, +, field): ê n
= + 𝑢 + +/ 𝑣 + +0 𝑤 = 𝛿𝑥 ((SS)V
1- +- +. =êtu
Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da SSilva 𝛿𝑡
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THE MATERIAL OR CONVECTIVE DERIVATIVE
(a)
In the limit,
t + δt
u
𝛿𝑡 → 0 u𝑣𝛿𝑡
yδt
t
1, +, +, +, +,
1-
= +-
+ +.
𝑢 + +/ 𝑣 + +0 𝑤 uxδt
𝑢𝛿𝑡
Becomes,
1, 2, 2, 2, 2,
1-
= 2-
+ 2.
𝑢 + 2/ 𝑣 + 20 𝑤 =
(b)
1, 2, 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕ên
1-
= 2-
+ 𝑣.
⃗ ∇ 𝜃 ∇= , , V((SS)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Total, Local and Convective variations êt
Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da SSilva
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THE MATERIAL OR CONVECTIVE DERIVATIVE
Convective variation, (fluid trajectory

inside the heater)
𝑣.
⃗ ∇ 𝜃
𝜹𝜽
𝛿𝜃 = 𝛿𝑥
𝜹𝒙
𝛿𝜃 𝜹𝜽 𝛿𝑥
=
𝛿𝑡 𝜹𝒙 𝛿𝑡
𝛿𝜃 𝜹𝜽
= 𝑢
𝛿𝑡 𝜹𝒙
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1ST PRINCIPLES
• Mass conservation
• Newton’s second law of motion
• (Newtonian relation between viscous stresses and

velocity field)
• Energy conservation

fx = (δτzx )δA = ∂τzx ∂z dz
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Mass conservation: u
δV
Figure 2.
velocity u
For a fluid element, Incompressible flow,

the navier–
𝐷(𝜌𝛿𝑉) 1 𝐷𝜌 1 𝐷(𝛿𝑉)
=0 = =0
𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝐷𝑡 𝛿𝑉 𝐷𝑡
𝐷(𝛿𝑉) 𝐷𝜌
𝜌 + 𝛿𝑉 =0
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡
(conservation of volume
1 𝐷(𝛿𝑉) 1 𝐷𝜌 per unit volume)
=−
𝛿𝑉 𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝐷𝑡

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Mass conservation: incompressible flow
• Incompressible condition
𝜕𝑢) 𝜕𝑢*
∇. 𝑣⃗ = 0 = =0
𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑥*
1 1 𝐷(𝛿𝑉)
∇. 𝑣⃗ = lim ∬ 𝑣.
⃗ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = =0
%&→( 𝛿𝑉 𝛿𝑉 𝐷𝑡

#$ %
y/d fx = (δτzx )δA = ∂τzx ∂z
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Newton’s 2nd law: u
δV
Figu
• Momentum variation veloc
𝑚𝑎⃗ = 𝐹⃗
the navie
𝐷𝑣⃗
𝜌𝛿𝑉 = 𝐹⃗+, + 𝐹⃗-). + 𝐹⃗/
𝐷𝑡
𝐹⃗+, = −∬ 𝑝. 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = −∭ ∇𝑝𝑑𝑉 = −∇𝑝(𝛿𝑉)

(Gauss theorem) (limit when 𝛿𝑉 → 0 )
𝐹⃗-). = −∬ 𝝉. 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = −∭ ∇𝝉𝑑𝑉 = −∇𝝉(𝛿𝑉)
#$ %
y/d fx = (δτzx )δA = ∂τzx ∂z
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x/d
Newton’s 2nd law: u
δV
Figu
Adding up, veloc
𝑚𝑎⃗ = 𝐹⃗
the navie
𝐷𝑣⃗
𝜌𝛿𝑉 = −∇𝑝 𝛿𝑉 + −∇𝝉 𝛿𝑉 + 𝜌𝛿𝑉 𝑔⃗
𝐷𝑡
In the limit when 𝛿𝑉 → 0
𝐷𝑣⃗
𝜌 = −∇𝑝 + −∇𝝉 + 𝜌𝑔⃗
𝐷𝑡

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(b)
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x/d (ux + дux δy) δt
дy
Newtonian fluid
δγ1
δγ2
δy дuy
ux δt uy δt (uy + δx) δt
Constitutive relation (for a дx
δx
Newtonian incompressible fluid)
𝜏)0 = 2𝜇𝑆)0 = 2𝜌𝜈𝑆)0 x
Figure 2.3 (a) Distortion of an element in a parallel shear flow. (b) Distortion of a fluid e
in two dimensions. 𝜕𝑢
𝑆11 =
• Strain-rate tensor 𝜕𝑥 (elongation/compression in x)
1 𝜕𝑢) 𝜕𝑢0 1 𝜕𝑢 the𝜕𝑣navier–stokes equation
𝑆)0 = + 𝑆12 = +
2 𝜕𝑥0 𝜕𝑥) 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 (distortion in x,y)
(measure of angular distortion of fluid elements)

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0
For incompressible, constant properties
20 40 60
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80 100 120
Newtonian fluid:
Newton’s 2nd law + constitutive relation (Newtonian fluid) =

Navier-Stokes equations
𝐷𝑣⃗
𝜌 = −∇𝑝 + −∇𝝉 + 𝜌𝑔⃗
𝐷𝑡
𝜏)0 = 2𝜇𝑆)0 = 2𝜌𝜈𝑆)0
𝜕𝑣⃗ 1 𝜇 2
+ 𝑣⃗ . ∇ 𝑣⃗ = − ∇𝑝 + ∇ 𝑣⃗ + 𝑔⃗
𝜕𝑡 𝜌 𝜌

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Neglect of gravity in constant density flows:

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When velocity is zero:

𝜕𝑣⃗
𝜌 + 𝑣⃗ . ∇ 𝑣⃗ = −∇𝑝 + 𝜌𝑔⃗ + 𝜇∇2 𝑣⃗ 0 = −∇𝑝. + ρ. 𝑔⃗
𝜕𝑡
𝑝3 = 𝑝 − 𝑝. 𝜌3 = 𝜌 − 𝜌.
𝜕𝑣⃗
𝜌 + 𝑣⃗ . ∇ 𝑣⃗ = −∇𝑝3 + 𝜌′𝑔⃗ + 𝜇∇2 𝑣⃗
𝜕𝑡
For a constant density fluid: 𝜌3 = 0
𝜕𝑣⃗
𝜌 + 𝑣⃗ . ∇ 𝑣⃗ = −∇𝑝3 + 𝜇∇2 𝑣⃗
𝜕𝑡
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The Boussinesq approximation:

x/d
Neglect density changes except when associated to gravity:

For atmosphere and ocean (low speed flows)
Not applicable for high speed gas flows
Not applicable for very large vertical scales 𝐿 ≪ 𝑐 2 /𝑔
1 D𝜌
∇. 𝑣⃗ = 0 =0
𝜌 𝐷𝑡
𝜕𝑣⃗
𝜌 + 𝑣⃗ . ∇ 𝑣⃗ = −∇𝑝3 + 𝜌′𝑔⃗ + 𝜇∇2 𝑣⃗
𝜕𝑡
Dividing by: 𝜌.
𝜌 𝜕𝑣⃗ 1 3 𝜌3 𝜇 2
+ 𝑣⃗ . ∇ 𝑣⃗ = − ∇𝑝 + 𝑔⃗ + ∇ 𝑣⃗
𝜌. 𝜕𝑡 𝜌. 𝜌. 𝜌.
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Boussinesq approximation:
x/d
𝜌 𝜕𝑣⃗ 1 3 𝜌3 𝜇 2
+ 𝑣⃗ . ∇ 𝑣⃗ = − ∇𝑝 + 𝑔⃗ + ∇ 𝑣⃗
𝜌. 𝜕𝑡 𝜌. 𝜌. 𝜌.
For small density fluctuations,
𝜌 𝜇
≅1 ≅𝜈
𝜌. 𝜌.
𝜕𝑣⃗ 1 𝜌 3
+ 𝑣⃗ . ∇ 𝑣⃗ = − ∇𝑝3 + 𝑔⃗ + 𝜈∇2 𝑣⃗
𝜕𝑡 𝜌( 𝜌(
With, 𝜌( = 𝜌.

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Internal waves in a stratified fluid:

x/d
Boussinesq equations neglecting convective and viscous terms

𝐷𝜌 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
=0 + + =0
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜌𝑔
=− =− =− −
𝜕𝑡 𝜌( 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜌( 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜌( 𝜕𝑧 𝜌(
(5 equations, 5 unknowns)
Define 𝜌(𝑧)
̅ and
1 𝜕𝑝̅ 𝜌𝑔̅
0=− −
𝜌( 𝜕𝑧 𝜌(
So that, 𝜌 = 𝜌̅ 𝑧 + 𝜌′ 𝑝 = 𝑝̅ 𝑧 + 𝑝′
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x/d
Density equation becomes, 𝐷𝜌 = 0

𝐷𝑡
𝜕 3
𝜕 3
𝜕
𝜌̅ 𝑧 + 𝜌 + 𝑢 𝜌̅ 𝑧 + 𝜌 + 𝑣 𝜌̅ 𝑧 + 𝜌3 +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕
𝑤 𝜌̅ 𝑧 + 𝜌3 = 0
𝜕𝑧
because,
𝜕𝜌̅ 𝜕𝜌̅ 𝜕𝜌̅
= = =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜌3 𝜕𝜌3 𝜕𝜌3
and non-linear terms negligible, 𝑢 ≈𝑣 ≈𝑤 ≈0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜌3 𝜕𝜌̅ 𝑧
+𝑤 =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧
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x/d
Density perturbation at one point depends on vertical velocity

and background density,
𝜕𝜌3 𝜕𝜌̅ 𝑧
+𝑤 =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑝′ 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑝′ 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑝′ 𝜌′𝑔
=− =− =− −
𝜕𝑡 𝜌( 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜌 ( 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜌( 𝜕𝑧 𝜌(
Introducing the Brunt-Vaisala frequency,
2
𝑔 𝜕𝑝̅
𝑁 =−
𝜌( 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜌3 𝑁 2 𝜌(
− 𝑤=0 (base density may be function of
𝜕𝑡 𝑔 temperature or concentration)
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Internal22 waves in a stratified fluid:

x/d
1. INTRODUCTION
Isentropic
Position + perturbation,
ρb < ρc
𝑧 = 𝑧( + 𝜁
ρ (zo + ζ ) z = zo + ζ • • •
b c d
ρd > ρc
Particle heavier or lighter Unstable
Stable
than surrounding fluid
zo
3
𝜕𝜌 𝑁 𝜌( 2 ρ (zo ) o•
− 𝑤=0
𝜕𝑡 𝑔 ρ
FIGURE 1.9 Isentropic expansion of a fluid particle displaced upward in a compressible medium. In
pressure field, if the fluid particle rises adiabatically from height zo without friction it likely encounters
pressure and expands along the solid curve to reach a lower density rc. When the density profile is stable (lef
𝑔 𝜕𝑝̅ 2
𝑁 >0 𝑁 =0 𝑁 <0 2 2
2 local density (rb) and the particle falls back toward zo. When the density profile is
line), rc is greater than the
𝑁 =−
(right dashed line), rc is less than the local density (rd) and the particle continues to rise away from zo.
𝜌( 𝜕𝑧 Stable Neutral Unstable
(Brunt-Vaisala frequency)
Prof. Carlos Bettencourt
of any one thermodynamic da Silva
variable allows the profiles of the others to be determined. I
tion, our experience suggests that the fluid medium will be stable if r(z) decrease
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Internal waves in a stratified fluid:Isentropic

x/d
𝑧>0
ρb < ρc
Position + small perturbation,
ρ (zo + ζ ) z = zo + ζ • • •
b c d
𝑧 = 𝑧( + 𝜁 ρd > ρc
Unstable
Stable
𝑚𝑎⃗4 = 𝐹⃗4
zo
ρ (zo ) o•
5!6
[𝜌( 𝛿𝑉]57 ! = −𝑔 𝜌 𝑧( − 𝜌 𝑧( + 𝜁 𝛿𝑉 ρ
𝑑2 𝜁
FIGURE 1.9
𝜕𝜌
Isentropic expansion of a fluid particle displaced upward in a compressible medium.
pressure field, if the fluid particle rises adiabatically from height z without friction it likely encounte
o
𝜌( 2 = −𝑔 𝜌 𝑧( − 𝜌 𝑧( line),+ r𝜁is greater=than−𝑔 𝜁

pressure and expands along the solid curve to reach a lower density r . When the density profile is stable (l
c
𝑑𝑡 (right dashed line), r is less 𝜕𝑧

the local density (r ) and the particle falls back toward z . When the density profile
c
c
b
d
o
than the local density (r ) and the particle continues to rise away from z . o
𝜕2𝜁 2 ) 8! 7
of any one thermodynamic variable allows the profiles of the others to be determined.
2
+𝑁 𝜁 =0 𝜁(𝑡) tion,
= 𝑧our( 𝑒experience suggests that the fluid medium will be stable if r(z) decrea
𝜕𝑡 increasing z. Interestingly, the rate at which the density decreases also plays a ro
2
𝑔
stability of the 𝜕
fluid 𝑝 ̅
medium
𝑁 2 the fluid𝑁
when
> 0 2 =0 𝑁
is compressible, 2 a<
as in
0 in F
planetary atmo
𝑁 which
=−
To assess the stability of a static fluid medium, consider the situation depicted
𝜌(and𝜕𝑧 Stable Neutral
the right). If aUnstable
shows sample density profiles that are stable (dashed curve on the left), is
(Brunt-Vaisala frequency)
(solid curve), unstable (dashed curve on
in an atmosphere (or ocean) at equilibrium at height z (point o) is displaced up
fluid particle with dens
distance z via a frictionless adiabatic
o
process to reach point c and then released fr
its subsequent motion is determined by the stability of the vertical density profile
y/d
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Relating pressure and velocity: x/d
𝜕𝑢)
Poisson equation for pressure: incompressible flow, =0
2
𝜕𝑥)
𝐷𝑢) 𝜕𝑢) 𝜕(𝑢) 𝑢0 ) 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝑢)
= + =− +𝜈
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥0 𝜌 𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑥0 𝜕𝑥0
𝜕 𝜕𝑢) 𝜕 𝑢) 𝑢0 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝑢)
+ =− +𝜈
𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥0 𝜌 𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑥0 𝜕𝑥0
𝜕 𝜕 𝑢) 𝑢0 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑝
=−
𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑥0 𝜌 𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑥)
𝜕2𝑝 𝜕 𝜕 𝑢) 𝑢0
= −𝜌 ∇2 𝑝 = −𝜌∇. (𝑣.
⃗ ∇𝑣)
⃗
𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑥0

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Relating pressure and velocity: x/d
Poisson equation for pressure:

∇2 𝑝 = −𝜌∇. (𝑣.
⃗ ∇𝑣)
⃗
For an infinite domain,
𝜌 [∇. (𝑣.
⃗ ∇𝑣′
⃗ )]
𝑝(𝑥)
⃗ = [ 𝑑𝑥′
⃗
4𝜋 3
|𝑥⃗ − 𝑥 |
(pressure at a point involves the velocity from all flow points)

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0 20 40 60 80 100 120
(Total) Kinetic energy (per unit mass):
x/d
1
𝑢) 𝑢)
2
Start with the Momentum equations ...
𝐷𝑢) 1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝜏)0
=− +
𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝜕𝑥) 𝜌 𝜕𝑥0
𝐷𝑢) 1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝜏)0
𝑢) × = −𝑢) × + 𝑢) ×
𝑫𝒖𝒊 𝐷 1 1 𝐷𝑢) 𝐷𝑢)
𝒖𝒊 × = 𝑢) 𝑢) = 𝑢) + 𝑢)
𝑫𝒕 𝐷𝑡 2 2 𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡
𝟏 𝝏𝒑 1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕(𝑢) 𝑝) 𝜕𝑢) 1 𝜕(𝑢0 𝑝)
𝒖𝒊 × = 𝑢) = −𝑝 =
𝝆 𝝏𝒙𝒊 𝜌 𝜕𝑥) 𝜌 𝜕𝑥) 𝜕𝑥) 𝜌 𝜕𝑥0
y/d
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
(Total) Kinetic energy (per unit mass): x/d
1
𝑢) 𝑢)
2
Start with the Momentum equations ...
𝐷𝑢) 1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝜏)0
=− +
𝐷𝑢) 1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝜏)0
𝑢) × = −𝑢) × + 𝑢) ×
𝝏𝝉𝒊𝒋 𝜕(𝜏)0 𝑢) ) 𝜕𝑢) 𝜕(𝜏)0 𝑢) ) 1 𝜕𝑢) 𝜕𝑢0

𝒖𝒊 × = − 𝜏)0 = − [𝜏)0 + 𝜏0) ]=
𝝏𝒙𝒋 𝜕𝑥0 𝜕𝑥0 𝜕𝑥0 2 𝜕𝑥0 𝜕𝑥)
𝜕(𝜏)0 𝑢) )
= − 𝜏)0 𝑆)0
𝜕𝑥0
y/d
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
x/d
1
𝑢) 𝑢)
2
Adding up...
𝐷𝑢) 1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝜏)0
𝑢) × = −𝑢) × + 𝑢) ×
𝐷 1 1 𝜕 𝑢0 𝑝 1 𝜕(𝜏)0 𝑢) )
𝑢) 𝑢) = − + − 𝜏)0 𝑆)0
𝐷𝑡 2 𝜌 𝜕𝑥0 𝜌 𝜕𝑥0
For a Newtonian fluid,
1
𝜏)0 = 2𝜌𝜈𝑆)0 thus, − 𝜏)0 𝑆)0 = −2𝜈𝑆)0 𝑆)0
𝜌

y/d
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
x/d
1
𝑢) 𝑢)
2
and we arrive at the equation governing the (total) kinetic
energy (per unit mass)
𝐷 1 1 𝜕 𝑢0 𝑝 1 𝜕(𝜏)0 𝑢) )
𝑢) 𝑢) = − + − 2𝜈𝑆)0 𝑆)0
𝐷𝑡 2 𝜌 𝜕𝑥0 𝜌 𝜕𝑥0
Diffusion terms e.g.,

𝜕(𝜏)0 𝑢) )
∭ 𝑑𝑉 = ∬ (𝜏)0 𝑢) ). 𝑛0 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑥0
𝜀 = 2𝜈𝑆)0 𝑆)0 Rate of kinetic energy dissipation (per

unit mass, per unit time)
y/d
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
x/d
1
𝑢) 𝑢)
2
Integrating in a finite (volume) domain,
𝜕 1 𝑣⃗ 2 1
∭ 𝑢) 𝑢) 𝑑𝑉 = −∭ ∇. 𝑣⃗ 𝑑𝑉 − ∭ ∇. 𝑝𝑣⃗ 𝑑𝑉 +
𝜕𝑡 2 2 𝜌
1
+ ∭ ∇. 𝜏 . 𝑣⃗ 𝑑𝑉 − ∭ 𝜀𝑑𝑉
𝜌
Gauss theorem e.g.,
𝜕 1 𝑣⃗ 2 1
∭ 𝑢) 𝑢) 𝑑𝑉 = −∬ 𝑣⃗ 𝑑𝑆 − ∬ 𝑝𝑣⃗ 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑡 2 2 𝜌
1
+ ∬ 𝜏 . 𝑣⃗ 𝑑𝑆 − ∭ 𝜀𝑑𝑉
𝜌

y/d
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
x/d
1
𝑢) 𝑢)
2
Integrating in a very large (volume) domain,
𝜕 1 𝑣⃗ 2 1
∭ 𝑢) 𝑢) 𝑑𝑉 = −∬ 𝑣⃗ 𝑑𝑆 − ∬ 𝑝𝑣⃗ 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑡 2 2 𝜌
1
+ ∬ 𝜏 . 𝑣⃗ 𝑑𝑆 − ∭ 𝜀𝑑𝑉
𝜌
𝜕 1
∭ 𝑢) 𝑢) 𝑑𝑉 = −∭ 𝜀𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡 2
𝜀 = 2𝜈𝑆)0 𝑆)0 Rate of kinetic energy dissipation (per

unit mass, per unit time)
y/d
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
x/d
INTRODUCTION: what is turbulence?
• Continuous (viscous) dissipation of kinetic energy

y/d
PROBLEM:
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
x/d
• Use the velocity signal in the website of this course

(below are the first 1000 samples only – it has near 2 million)
and compute the mean value and mean kinetic energy per
unit mass
1875000 ---> maxdata: number of samples
1.48D-5 ---> nu: fluid kinematic viscosity
(m^2/s)
62.5 ---> aquisition frequency (kHz)

y/d
PROBLEM:
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
x/d
• Use the velocity signal in the website of this course

(below are the first 1000 samples only – it has near 2 million)
and compute the mean value and mean kinetic energy per
unit mass
1875000 ---> maxdata: number of samples
1.48D-5 ---> nu: fluid kinematic viscosity
(m^2/s)
62.5 ---> aquisition frequency (kHz)
$
1
𝑢! = & 𝑢 𝑡 = 22,83 (m/s)
𝑁
!"#

y/d
0
IN TODAY’s LECTURE
20 40 60
x/d
80 100 120
• Review of the equations of fluid mechanics

• Kinetic energy dissipation in a fluid
• Boussinesq approximation
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
- F. Nieuwstadt, Turbulence: Chapter 2
- P. Davidson, Turbulence: 2.1-2.2

Aula1 Turb in Fluids Governing Equations

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y/d

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

EQUATIONS OF FLUID MECHANICS

• The Knudsen number

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

The continuum assumption

• Distribution of molecular velocity (pure gas)

• Mean molecular velocity = average gas velocity

The continuum assumption

• Mean free path (average distance between collisions)

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

Variation at a fixed point uxδt

velocity field V((SS))

Infinitesimal variation uxδt

Convective variation, (fluid trajectory

• Newton’s second law of motion

• (Newtonian relation between viscous stresses and

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

For a fluid element, Incompressible flow,

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

Mass conservation: incompressible flow

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

Newton’s 2nd law: u

𝐹⃗+, = −∬ 𝑝. 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = −∭ ∇𝑝𝑑𝑉 = −∇𝑝(𝛿𝑉)

Newton’s 2nd law: u

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

Newton’s 2nd law + constitutive relation (Newtonian fluid) =

𝜏)0 = 2𝜇𝑆)0 = 2𝜌𝜈𝑆)0

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

Neglect of gravity in constant density flows:

When velocity is zero:

The Boussinesq approximation:

Neglect density changes except when associated to gravity:

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

Internal waves in a stratified fluid:

Boussinesq equations neglecting convective and viscous terms

Internal waves in a stratified fluid:

Density equation becomes, 𝐷𝜌 = 0

Internal waves in a stratified fluid:

Density perturbation at one point depends on vertical velocity

Internal22 waves in a stratified fluid:

0 20 40 22 60 80 1. INTRODUCTION 100 120

Internal waves in a stratified fluid:Isentropic

𝜌( 2 = −𝑔 𝜌 𝑧( − 𝜌 𝑧( line),+ r𝜁is greater=than−𝑔 𝜁

𝑑𝑡 (right dashed line), r is less 𝜕𝑧

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

Poisson equation for pressure:

For an infinite domain,

(pressure at a point involves the velocity from all flow points)

𝝏𝝉𝒊𝒋 𝜕(𝜏)0 𝑢) ) 𝜕𝑢) 𝜕(𝜏)0 𝑢) ) 1 𝜕𝑢) 𝜕𝑢0

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

Diffusion terms e.g.,

𝜀 = 2𝜈𝑆)0 𝑆)0 Rate of kinetic energy dissipation (per

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

𝜀 = 2𝜈𝑆)0 𝑆)0 Rate of kinetic energy dissipation (per

• Continuous (viscous) dissipation of kinetic energy

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

• Use the velocity signal in the website of this course

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva

• Use the velocity signal in the website of this course

Prof. Carlos Bettencourt da Silva