KINEMATICS IN 1 D

Displacement, Velocity, and

Acceleration
Motion & Rest
• If a body changes its position with time, it is said
to be moving otherwise it is at rest, relative to
the observer.
• We need a reference frame.
• Reference frame is chosen according to problem.
• If only one coordinate changes with time, motion
is one dimensional (1 - D) or straight line motion.
• If only two coordinates change with time, motion
is two dimensional (2 - D) or motion in a plane.
Reference Frame

The Ground Any other

(m. common) body

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Distance & Displacement
• Distance is the total length of path covered by
the particle.
• The length of path ACB is called the distance.
• Body is displaced from A to B.
• #####⃗
𝐴𝐵 is the displacement.
• Unit: meter (m)
• Distance is a scalar and displacement is a vector.
Displacement = Final Position – Initial Position
• Distance depends on path.
• Displacement is independent of path but depends
only on final and initial positions.

Speed & Velocity

Speed
• Distance covered with respect to time is called
speed.
• It is a scalar quantity.
• Unit: m/s (S.I.)
!"#$%&'(
Uniform Speed = )"*(
)+$%, ."#$%&'( $/%0(,,(. 2#
Average Speed = )"*( $%1(&
i.e., vav = 2$

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E.g., If a body travels with v1 for half the distance
and v2 for the other half.
0! 3 0" )+$%, 5
Ans. Avg speed will NOT be It will be
4
. )+$%, )
and Total T will be calculated from the equations of
motion using s and v.
Velocity
• Rate of change of position i.e. rate of
displacement with time is called velocity.
.6
Velocity = .$ = Differentiation of x with respect to
time
E.g., If x = t2
.6
Then v = .$
= 2t
• “At rest” ⇒ v = 0

Acceleration
• Rate of change of velocity of an object is called
acceleration of the object.
• It is a vector quantity.
• Direction is same as that of change in velocity.
• Unit: m/s2 (S.I.)
.0
a= = Differentiation of velocity with respect to
.$

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time
• Integration of acceleration gives velocity.
• Integration of velocity gives displacement.

Equations of Motion
Equation of motion are valid when acceleration is
constant.
• v = u + at
7
• s = ut + 4 at2
• v2 – u2 = 2as
7
• sn th = u + a(2n – 1)
4
(930)
• s = vavt = + t
4
7
• s = vt - 4 at2
where,
a = acceleration
u = Initial velocity
v = Final velocity
s = Displacement
snth = Displacement in the nth second
• If a body is starting from rest, v = 0
Q. How to approach a Q. of equation of motion.

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Ans.
1. Write the list of variables, v, u, a, t, s.
2. Fill the values of all the variables given in the
question and mark the variables ‘x’ whose value
needs to be found.
3. Apply the appropriate formula consisting of both
the given value and the marked value ‘x’.
• E.g., If v, u and a are given and ‘s’ needs to be
found, the formula to be applied is v2 – u2 = 2as

Relative Velocity
When two objects are in motion and the question is
asked when will they meet/overtake, the concept of
relative velocity need to be applied.
E.g., Here, let’s take the frame of reference as the
bus instead of the ground.
Here, relative v = v of obj. – v of frame of ref.
= v - 10
t = 100s
s = 1000m
s = vt
7;;;
1000 = (v-10)(100) → = v – 10 → 10 = v – 10
7;;
v = 20

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Graphs
Position – Time Velocity – Time Acceleration –
Graph Graph Time Graph
Slope of this Slope of this Area of a-t
graph represents graph graph = change
instantaneous represents in velocity
velocity. acceleration.
Area of x-t graph Area of v-t
= no physical graph =
significance displacement

uniformly
increasing
acceleration

velocity = 0 acceleration = 0 uniform or

i.e., body is at i.e., velocity = constant
rest constant or acceleration
uniform motion

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velocity = acceleration =
constant constant
i.e., body is in i.e., uniformly
uniform motion accelerated
motion

velocity is acceleration is
decreasing with decreasing with
time time
i.e., non-uniform
motion

velocity is acceleration is
increasing with increasing with
time time

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i.e., non-uniform
motion

velocity = -ve but constant or

constant uniform
i.e., uniform retardation
motion

How to analyse graphs ⟶ take any 2 points of the

graph and analyse the slope.
E.g.,
1. Slope is same; thus, velocity is constant.

2. Slope is getting more vertical; hence, velocity is

increasing.

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Case – 1

In practice, at any instant body can not have two

velocities or displacements or accelerations
simultaneously.

Case – 2

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Speed or distance can never be negative.

Case – 3

It is not possible to change any quantity without

consuming time i.e., time can’t be constant.

Motion under Gravity (Free Fall)

• Acceleration produced in a body by the force of
gravity, is called acceleration due to gravity.
• Symbol: g
• Value of g = 9.8 m/s2
If a Body is Projected Vertically Upward

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At the peak, v = 0

Equations of motion:
• a = -g
• v = u – gt
7
• h = ut + 4 gt2
• v2 – u2 = 2gh
7
• hn th = u + g(2n – 1)
4
For maximum height v = 0
So, from above equation u = gt
It is called time of ascent (t1) = u/g
In case of motion under gravity, time taken to go up
is equal to the time taken to fall down through the
same distance.
Time of descent (t2) = Time of ascent (t1) = u/g
49
Total time of flight T = t1 + t2 =
<

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 9"
and u2 = 2gH ⇒ H =
4<

and u = (2𝑔𝐻
In questions, it is assumed that only one force → of
gravitational is acting on the body.
If a Body is Projected Vertically Downward
1. Initial Velocity from Some Height

• v = u + gt
7
• h = ut + 4 gt2
• v2 = u2 + 2gh
7
• hnth = u + 4 g(2n – 1)
2. Initial Velocity Zero

• u = 0 [As body starts from rest]

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 • a =+g [As acceleration is in the direction of
motion]
• v = gt
7
• h = 4 gt2
Graph of displacement, velocity and acceleration with
respect to time:
(For a body projected vertically upward)

Graph of distance, velocity and acceleration with

respect to time:
(For a body dropped from some height)

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