Chapter 3 - PE

VIETNAM OIL AND GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER 3
Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering
Lecturer : Dr. Nguyen Van Hung

E-mail : hungnv@pvu.edu.vn
Content
1. Who are we ?
2. How to write a professional email ?
3. Reservoir - Drilling – Production engineering
© 2014 – Petrovietnam University (PVU)
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 2

Content
CHAPTER 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering
3.1. Fundamental of Reservoir Engineering

3.2. Fundamental of Drilling Engineering
3.3. Well completion
3.4. Petroleum Production methods
3.5. Petroleum transport

References
[1] Conaway, Charles F., 1999, Petroleum Industry – a nontechnical guide, Tulsa,
Okla: PennWell Pub. Co.
[2] Training course: module 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9. 2016, Oil and gas industry
overview. IHRDC
[3] IFP School, 2016. MOOC Oil & Gas: from exploration to distribution. Total.
[4] Lê Phước Hảo, Cơ sở khoan và khai thác dầu khí, NXB Quốc Gia Tp. Hồ Chí
Minh, 2011.

Purpose of chapter 3
v When you complete this chapter, you should be able

to:
• Understand the reservoir engineering, drilling
engineering, production engineering and
petroleum transport
• Drilling and production methods
• Functions of drilling fluids
• Well completion methods

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Reservoir charaterization
Petroleum Drilling, completion technology
Petroleum Production Technology

Petroleum transport

3.1. FUNDAMENTAL OF
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

1. FUNDAMENTAL OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Fundamental of reservoir engineering
3.1.3 Reservoir simulation

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Fig 1.1 Life cycle of an hydrocarbon field (IHRDC, 2018)

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.Starts during the exploration phase

(appraisal or delineation phase)
2.Development and the production phase
(Input data)
3. Throughout the life cycle (Geology,
Geophysics, Drilling and Production
Fig 1.2 Integrated discipline (IHRDC, 2018)

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
(IHRDC, 2018)

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Task 1: Define the internal

and external reservoir

architecture (Geoscientists):
Identifying flows and barrier
Fig 1.3 Field desciption

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Task 2: Defining fluid

composition and type of fluid

in reservoir conditions (oil,
water, gas)
Fig 1.4 Field desciption (IHRDC, 2018)

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Answering an oil or a gas ?
Task 3: A proper
characterization of the
behavior of the fluid will be
obtained as a function of
pressure and temperature

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Rock characterization (f, k) Task 4: Rock characterization

that are important to the
dynamic behavior of the
reservoir, such as porosity and
permeability

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Original Hydrocarbon in Place
Fig 1.7 Field desciption
Task 5: Evaluate the Original

Hydrocarbon in Place (OHIP)

which is a key value in order
to continue with the studies or
not as it shall give us an idea
of the size of the fluids in
place. (IHRDC, 2018)

3.1.2 FUNDAMENTAL OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
Zoom into the porous system: rock/fluids present

Fig 1.8 Rock and fluids present

Regarding fluid characterization: a small section in our reservoir and zoom in we
are able to look into the porous system in detail in terms of rock and fluids present
(IHRDC, 2018)

Reservoir fluids
Fig 1.9 Reservoir fluids

1. Organic elements as hydrocarbons containing only carbon and

hydrogen
2. Also contain impurities such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and heavy
metals. Some gas may also be present, containing (hydrogen sulfide)
H2S and (carbon dioxide) CO2.
(IHRDC, 2018)

Also find water in the reservoir, better known as brine, which is essentially salty
water. Quality checked samples for: exploration and appraisal wells (Composition,
Saturation, Phase diagram: viscosity, density, specific gravity)
Specific tests
Samples
Fig 1.10 Sample and laboratory (IHRDC, 2018)

Phase diagram
à is defined through a pressure versus temperature plot, better known as the phase
envelope: behaviour of the fluid at different reservoir pressure and temperature
conditions:
• Bubble point pressure (Pb) which is the pressure at which the first bubble
of gas appears in the liquid phase
Fig 1.11 Phase diagram (IHRDC, 2018)

Phase diagram
conditions:
• The critical point is the critical pressure and temperature at which liquid
and vapour co- exist and is particular to each component of the fluid

Phase diagram
conditions:
• Dew point curve defines the dew point pressure (Pd) which is the pressure
at which the first droplet of liquid appears in the vapour phase, below this
pressure, higher values of liquid will be present in the fluid

Non-volatile oil: At reservoir conditions is only oil but, once at surface, a few
droplets of gas may appear and therefore be produced together with the oil

Volatile oil: the volume of gas produced at the surface is much higher than in the
previous case but the fluid at reservoir conditions is still monophasic (liquid only)

Gas condensate reservoir: presence of only gas at reservoir conditions and the
production of gas and oil at the surface is one of its main characteristics

Wet gas reservoir: The characteristic of having gas only at reservoir conditions
and a quantity of produced oil at the surface considerable less than in gas
condensate reservoirs production strategy at the surface therefore needs to be
different

Dry gas reservoir: The characteristic of producing only gas at the surface and
having also gas only at reservoir conditions

Black oil model: The fluid is assumed to be composed of two pseudo components -
oil and gas having a constant composition with a constant temperature.
Fig 1.19 Black oil model (IHRDC, 2018)

Three pseudo components: Oil, gas and water as water is always present in the
reservoir and therefore will be produced together with the other fluids

Oil formation volume factor Bo: is the relationship between the volume of oil in
reservoir and in surface conditions, being Bg the gas formation volume factor using
a similar relationship

Solution gas oil ration: defines the quantity of gas in solution in the oil in stock
tank conditions.

To summarize, a smaller volume of oil compared from,

reservoir to surface, may be produced due to the gas present in
the solution of oil and more has may be also produced due to
the expansion of gas from reservoir to surface conditions.

Characterize the reservoir rock: Porosity

• Amount of void in a medium such as hole volumes in a piece of
cheese.
• Rock’s ability to store fluids and will be an important parameter
in hydrocarbon accumulations and ultimately in hydrocarbon
production if these voids are in fact connected.
Fig 1.23 Porosity (IHRDC, 2018)

Characterize the reservoir rock: Permeability

• Reflects the ability of a material to allow fluids to displace through it.
• Represents the way pores and/ or open fracture networks are
connected.
• The more the compaction of the rock the less the porosity and
permeability of it.
Fig 1.24 Permeability

(IHRDC, 2018)

Characterize the reservoir rock: Permeability

• Pores are not connected the fluids contained on these unconnected
pores cannot be produced
• The higher the permeability, the lower the pressure differential in the
porous media. This is represented in the figure by the thickness of the
arrow K
Fig 1.25 Permeability

(IHRDC, 2018)

Behavior of the fluid flow in theflow

Fluid porous
inmedia
porous media
• Initial conditions of pressure and saturation at any point in the reservoir and the
mobility of the fluids in the reservoir, and hance their displacement
• Saturation of water (Sw): related to the quality of water present in the voids
Fig 1.26 Fuid saturation
(IHRDC, 2018)

Behavior of the fluid flow in theflow

Fluid porous
inmedia
porous media
• Saturation of water (So): the volume of Oil ( or in general hydrocarbon)
• Highlight the sum of Sw and So to 1 or 100%, percentage and is dimensionaless
Fig 1.27 Fuid saturation
(IHRDC, 2018)

Different forces that will determine the displacement of fluids in the reservoir
• Viscous forces: the viscosity is an important parameter
• Gravity forces: dipping of the reservoir is very important
• Capillary forces: determined by the capillary pressure and the wettability
Fig 1.28 Capilary pressure (IHRDC, 2018)

Different forces that will determine the displacement of fluids in the reservoir
• Rock is Water wet: Oil phase displacement will be easier, and the oil recovery will
be higher
• Rock is oil wet: Oil will staty encroached to the rock and the recovery will be lower

Three zones are identified

• Aquifer or water zone: 100% of water (water saturation is 1)
• Oil leg or oil column: water in place is the irreducible water saturation, connate
water saturation Swc
• Transition zone: water saturation evolves from 1 to connate water saturation Swc

Three zones are identified

• Capillary pressure: Difference between the il and the water pressure
• Water saturation: help calculate the original hydrocarbons in place

3.1.3 RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Definition
• Is the process of inferring the behavior of fluid flow in a petroleum reservoir system
• a powerful toll for guiding reservoir management decisions
Fig 1.32 Reservoir simulation (IHRDC, 2018)

Main objectives
• Appraisal phase: To identify uncertainties and define the needs of data
• Development phase: To identify production mechanisms, define the number,
location and type of wells, predict production profiles and assess the risks associated
to the project
Tank model
Fig 1.33 Reservoir simulation (IHRDC, 2018)

Up-scaled reservoir model

• Reservoir is represented by a grid (space is discretized in 3 dimensions)
• To reduce the number of blocks in order to simplify the resolution
• Generic block: Exchanging oil, gas and water with its neighboring blocks. Solving
the material balance equations -> pressures and saturations for oil, gas, water
Fig 1.34 Upscaled 3D model (IHRDC, 2018)

Case study
• Injector wll I1, two producer wells (P1, P2)
• Oil saturation distribution: Observe the water front advancing from the the injector
well to the producer wells à Channel path or fluvial depositional environment
• Uncertainties: risk of the project; might be reduced by carrying out seismic surveys,
drilling appraisal wells, conducting well tests
Fig 1.35 Case study (IHRDC, 2018)

Case study
• Uncertainties: risk of the project; might be reduced by carrying out seismic surveys,
drilling appraisal wells, conducting well tests
Fig 1.36 Uncertainties (IHRDC, 2018)

CONCLUSIONS FOR RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
1. Role of reservoir engineering

2. Fluid description
3. Rock characterization
4. Fluid flow behavior
Note
• Describe the field and understand the field behavior
• Formulated, based on a series of reservoir simulation studies (production profiles,
number of wells, their location and type)
• Make a decision based on the evaluation of production profiles, economic

performance and risk

VIDEO 1

CHAPTER 3

Content
3.1 Fundamental of Reservoir Engineering

3.2 Fundamental of Drilling Engineering
3.3 Well completion
3.4 Petroleum Production methods
3.5 Petroleum transport

3.2. FUNDAMENTAL OF
DRILLING ENGINEERING

3.2. Fundamentals of Drilling Eng.
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Drilling methods
3.2.3 Drilling processes
3.2.4 Drilling fluids and cementing
3.2.5 Drilling equipment

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
• In engineering, a well will be drilled connecting the

energy source to the surface.
• The planning and execution is the job of drilling
engineers.
Oil & gas well drilling consist of two such forms are:
ü Engineering
ü Technology

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
Engineering:
ü Engineering is the science of machines. It is primarily
connected with analysis of mechanisms involved, design,
construction, operation and maintenance of the machines.
ü So Drilling Engineering is the science of machines which

are involved in drilling a petroleum well or simply a well.

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
Technology:
ü It is basically the science of Methods . When methods are
standardized we call them Techniques. When techniques
are used for commercial purpose, we call them
Technologies.
ü So Drilling Technology is the science of standard methods

or techniques which are used / employed for drilling an oil
or gas well(commercial purpose).

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
v A true milestone for the drilling industry occurred

in 1859, in Titusville, Pennsylvania, USA. This is
the first well which planned for oil in the United
States.
v Even though there are archaeological records of

the Egyptians using rotary drilling mechanisms as
early as 3000 B.C., the process was little used in
the early days of the industry because of its
complexity compared to percussion drilling.

3.2.2 DRILLING METHODS
1 Rotary- Washing pros
2 Rotary- Reverse washing
3 Rotary with gas
4 Hammer Drilling

1
Rotary- Washing pros
Drilling fluids carried to surface via

annular (between drill pipe and
wellbore)
Fig 2.1 Rotary drilling (IHRDC, 2018)

2
Rotary- Reverse Washing
• Mud pumps: Depend on well

conditions (diameter, depth). 1- inlet
2- outlet
• Drilling muds: Surface à Annula
à Drill-pipe à Surface

2
Rotary- Reverse Washing
Applications: Hole diameter 350-400mm


3
Rotary with gas
1. Closing well: After stopping operation

2. Preventting gas in-out
3. Maximum 250°C

3
Rotary with gas
Applications:
1. Soft/dry formation,
2. Mining: Coal

3
Rotary with gas
- Less impact on environment

- High rate of penetration
- Increasing life time of usage for drillbit
- Drilling cutting can be used for analysing formation ty[e
- High cost for initial invest

- High cost of maintenance

4
Hammer Drilling
► Hammer-up: Giving a potential energy for hammer
► Hammer-down: Releasing the energy and help break

formation
Fig 2.6 Hammer drilling (IHRDC, 2018)

4
Hammer Drilling
► Remove cuttings:
- Stop or continue break formation, drilling fluids
circulate to remove cuttings from bottom to surface
- Continue drilling until target depth
Fig 2.7 Hammer drilling (IHRDC, 2018)

4
Hammer Drilling
Suitable to hard formation
• Wellbore instability problems

• Waste time because of stopping drilling for muds circulate
• Do not suitetable to high depth

3.2.3 DRILLING PROCESSES
Fig 2.8 Drilling operation (Bourgoyne et al, 1986)

Fig 2.9 Drilling operation
Typical Sequence of Operations :
• Rig up
Depth reference
below derrick floor
roller kelly bushing
Main deck
Cellar deck
depth reference Sea level Conductor

(Bourgoyne et al, 1986)

• Rig up
• Drill surface holes
Main deck
Cellar deck
Sea level Conductor


• Rig up
• Run and set surface casing


• Rig up
• Cement casing


• Rig up
• Cement casing
• Drill intermediate holes


• Rig up
• Cement casing
• Run and set intermediate casing


• Rig up
• Cement casing
• Cement casing


• Rig up
• Cement casing
• Cement casing
• Drill production holes


• Rig up
• Cement casing
• Cement casing
• Log production holes


• Rig up
• Cement casing
• Cement casing
• Run and set production casing


• Rig up
• Cement casing
• Cement casing

• Cement casing


• Rig up
• Cement casing
• Cement casing

• Cement casing


• Rig up
• Cement casing
• Cement casing

• Cement casing


• Rig up
• Cement casing
• Cement casing

• Cement casing
• Run and set liner

• Rig up
• Cement casing
• Cement casing

• Cement casing
• Run and set liner
• Cement liner (Bourgoyne et al, 1986)
3.2.4. DRILLING FLUIDS AND CEMENTING
8 Main functions of a drilling fluid are:
1. Cuttings transport
2. Physicochemical functions
3. Cooling and lubricating the rotating bit and drill string
4. Fluid-loss control
5. Control subsurface pressure
6. Support part of the drillstring and casing weight
7. Ensure maximum logging information
8. Transmit hydraulic horsepower to the rotating bit

LIQUIDS GAS
GAS-LIQUID MIXTURES
AERATED WATER FOAM

NATURAL
WATER_BASE OIL_BASE AIR GAS
MUD MUD
Fig 2.24 Drilling fluids (Bourgoyne et al, 1986)

Fig 2.25 Cuttings transport

Ø The drilling fluid should be able to remove cuttings,

transport them to the surface using solids-control
equipment.
Ø The density and viscosity of the drilling fluid are the
properties that control the process of lifting particles that
fall down through the flowing fluid by the effect of
gravity.
Ø The fluid must also have the ability to form a gel-like
structure to hold cuttings and weighting materials when
circulation is interrupted.

1. Composition of Portland Cement.

2. Cement Testing.
3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling Cements.
4. Cement Additives.
5. Cement Placement Techniques.
6. Well Parameters Affecting Cement Design and
Operations.

Ø Portland cement is the main ingredient in almost all

drilling cements.
Ø It is made by burning a blend of limestone and clay.
Ø A slurry of Portland cement in water is ideal for use
in wells because it can be pumped easily and
hardens readily in an underwater environment.

Fig 2.26 Cement casing

vFirst, the drillstring is tripped out of the hole, and the casing string
is made up and run into the hole.
vNext, the cementing head is installed. A cementing head is
designed to attach to the top joint of well casing.
vBefore the cement is pumped, a spacer may be pumped into the
casing. It can also enhance the removal of gelled drilling fluid,
allowing a better cement bond.

3.2.5. DRILLING EQUIPMENTS
Fig 2.27 Rotary rig classification (Bourgoyne et al, 1986)

0-5 m 20-120 m 60-800 m 30-2800 m

Giàn bán tiềm thủy
Giàn khoan đất liền Xà lan khoan Giàn tự nâng Giàn khoan với tàu Tàu khoan
Land Rigs Barges tiếp liệu (Nửa nổi nửa chìm) Drillship
Jack-up
Tender Assisted Semi-submersible
Fig 2.28 Select offshore drilling vessels

(IHRDC, 2018)
Fig 2.29 Select offshore drilling vessels

(IHRDC, 2018)
Rig Power System:
ü Internal combustion engine or a

turbine that is the source of
power for driving equipment on
the Rig.
ü A drilling rig in which the source

of power is one or more internal-
combustion engine and in which
power is distributed to rig
components through devices such
as chains, sprockets, clutches and

shaft is said to be a Mechanical
Rig.
Fig 2.30 Rig power system
Hoisting System:
The principal items in the hoisting system are as follows:
· Drawworks
· Block and tackle
· Derrick and substructure
· Ancillary equipment such as elevators, hooks, and bails
+ Drawworks :The drawworks is the

equipment that uses the energy from the
power system to apply a force to the cable.
ü The hoisting mechanism on a drilling
rig.
ü It is essentially a large winch that

spools off or takes in the drilling line
and thus raises or lowers the drill stem
and bit.
Fig 2.31 Hoisting system (Bourgoyne et al, 1986)

Circulating System:
The fluid-circulating system

provides hydraulic power to the
drilling fluid so that it can be
pumped from surface into the
drillstring, travel all the way down
the bottom of the hole, and then
return to surface through the
annulus, carrying the rock cuttings
produced by the action of the bit
against the rock.
Fig 2.32 Circulating system

Circulating System:
+Mud pits:
A series of open tanks, usually made

of steel plates, through which the drilling
mud is cycled to allow sand and
sediments to settle out. Additives are
mixed with the mud in the pit, and the
fluid is temporarily stored there before
being pumped back into the well. Mud
pit compartments are also called shaker
pits, settling pits, and suction pits,
depending on their main purpose.
Fig 2.33 Circulating system

Circulating System:
+ Mud Return Line :
A trough or pipe, placed between the surface connections at the
well bore and the shale shaker. Drilling mud flows through it upon
its return to the surface from the hole.
Fig 2.34 Mud return line

Modern rigs use a topdrive to replace the

kelly, kelly bushings, and rotary table.
Drillstring rotation is achieved through
hydraulic or electric motors. One type of
topdrive is shown in Fig. 1.29.

Fig 2.35 Rotary system
The Well-Control System

Surface/Land BOP Stack Subsea BOP Stack

Fig 2.36 BOP system (Bourgoyne et al, 1986)
QUIZZ

Quizz 1
Name of drilling rigs ?

Quizz 1
Giàn khoan đất liền
Land Rigs Xà lan khoan Giàn khoan với tàu tiếp liệu
Barges Tender Assisted
Giàn tự nâng Nửa nổi nửa chìm Tàu khoan

Jack-up Semi-submersible Drillship

VIDEO 2

CHAPTER 3

Content

3.3 Well completion

3.3. WELL COMPLETION

3.3. WELL COMPLETION
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Well completion methods
3.3.3 Well stimulation

3.3.1. INTRODUCTION
End of the drilling process, the mud is replaced by a completion

fluid, most often salt water, and the BOP is removed. The completion
process can begin.
Objective of this job is to prepare the well, already drilled, for
production.
Connect the reservoir to the well, and how to transport the fluid up to
the well head
Performance of a well, including its ability of being eruptive or not

3.3.1. INTRODUCTION
The completion program defines the equipment to be installed in the well
at the end of the last drilling phase.
- Well-reservoir interface: determine the kind of connection to be used
between the reservoir and the well
- Equipment installed: to lift the fluid produced from the bottom of the
well up to the surface (depend on the kind of fluid produced, the
reservoir characteristics, the desired production, the future
maintenance of the well, etc.)
(IHRDC, 2018)

3.3.2. WELL COMPLETION METHODS
1. Open-hole completion:
- No casing installed at the end of the
last drilling phase
- Well remains directly in contact with
the reservoir
Fig 3.1 Well completion type

(IHRDC, 2018)

2. Cased-hole completion
- Installation of a liner at the level of
the reservoir to be produced
- Reservoir is isolated from the well
at the end of the drilling phase
Fig 3.2 Cased-hole completion

(IHRDC, 2018)

2. Cased-hole completion
In order to open the connection for the production, a perforation job is
necessary
- Perforating the casing, the cement and the rock using a gun suspended on
cable at the reservoir level
- Efficient management of the well's stability
- Adapted in the case of a well connected to more than one production zone
Fig 3.3 Casing gun (IHRDC, 2018)

Lift the produced fluid to the surface
- A tubing ensures the connection between the bottom of the well and the
well head: simple conventional completion
- Produce directly through the casing: this is what we call tubingless
completion
Fig 3.4 Tubing configurations (IHRDC, 2018)

Surface completion (at the well head)
- Christmas tree: includes a choke, regulating the production rate of the well,
and valves, useful for well interventions
- A safety valve is added to this completion, in order to close the well in case
of emergency
Fig 3.5 Chrismas tree (IHRDC, 2018)

3.3.3. WELL STIMULATION

Fig 3.6 Formation damage (IHRDC, 2018)

Fig 3.7 Acidizing and fracturing (IHRDC, 2018)


Fig 3.8 Fracture step (IHRDC, 2018)



VIDEO 3
(IHRDC, 2018)

CHAPTER 3

Content
3.1, Fundamental of Reservoir Engineering

3.2. Fundamental of Drilling Engineering
3.3. Well completion
3.4. Petroleum Production methods
3.5. Petroleum transport

3. 4. PETROLEUM PRODUCTION
METHODS

CONTENT
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Natural flowing production
3.4.3 Mechanical methods
3.4.4 Difficulties in petroleum production

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION
1. Recovery Factor (RF):

- Percentage of the volume of oil effectively produced (or recovered) from a reservoir,
as measured at the surface to the volume of original oil in place calculated in the same
surface conditions
- Compare the effectiveness of the different recovery methods within a given field and
between fields
- Depends on: Field rock and fluid characteristics, Production mechanisms (natural
energy only or supplemented by external energy)
- Number, type and location of wells, producers and injectors

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION
1. Oil reservoir: Can reach a few kilometers, Has a length and width of several
kilometers and a thickness of 10s to 100s of meters
2. Primary recovery: Corresponds to production mechanisms which only use
the natural energy present in the reservoir (Natural Drainage)
Fig 4.1 Primary recovery (IHRDC, 2018)

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION
1. Solution gas: Below a certian pressure, solution gas will be released from
the oil and, due to its high compressibility will provide additional energy by
expansion

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION
1. Gas cap: Provide additional energy and displace the oil as it expands
downwards due to the high compressibility and lo density of the gas. This
primary mechanism is called gas cap drive

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION
1. Presence of an acquifer connected: to the oil reservoir will provide energy
and reduce the pressure drop as water replaces the produced oil (Water drive).
Can be located at the bottom of the oil reservoir or at the edge
2. An qcquifer is said to be active if to provides enough energy to efficiently
replace the produced oil volume

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION
Secondary Recovery methods as they take place following Primary Recovery,
objectives:
1. Maintaining the reservoir pressure (or at least limiting its decline)
2. Sweeping the oil towards the producers.
Waterflooding: waterflood is initiated, water can be injected to supplement an existing
aquifer at the periphery of the oil reservoir, this is called peripheral injection
Infill injection: water can be injected into the oil zone either at the start or progressively
following peripheral injection
Fig 4.5 Secondary recovery (IHRDC, 2018)

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION
On average only 60% to 70% of the oil can be mobilized and displaced, the remaining
30 to 40% is definitively lost for waterflood recovery.
Fig 4.6 Enhanced oil recovery (IHRDC, 2018)

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION
Fig 4.7 Production mechanisms (IHRDC, 2018)

3.4.2 NATURALLY FLOWING PRODUCTION
1. Separator
2. Surface choke
3. Wellhead
4. Safety valve
5. Well completion
facilities
6. Bottom-hole
pressure
7. Near wellbore
pressure
8. Reservoir pressure
1A. GasPipelines
1B. Oil storage
Fig 4.8 Production system (IHRDC, 2018)

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION
1. Oil is lighter than water
2. Pressure of the oil column is less than the reservoir pore pressure
3. Excess pressure at the wellhead allows the oil to flow naturally
Fig 4.9 Production mechanism (IHRDC, 2018)

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION
1. Pressure drawdown: difference between the pressure at the bottom of the
well and the reservoir pressure futher from the well
2. Production rate: a function of the pressure drawdown

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION
1. Recovery: Oil quality that can be produced from a reservoir
2. External energy: If natural energy is not sufficient to yield an economical
combination of rate and recovery

3.4.3. MECHANICAL METHODS
1 Sucker rod pumping
Sucker rod pumping, also
referred to as “beam
pumping,” provides
mechanical energy to lift oil
from bottom-hole to surface. It
is efficient, simple, and easy
for field people to operate, and
can be used to pump a well at
very low bottom-hole
pressure to maximize oil
production rates
Fig 4.12 Rod pump (IHRDC, 2018)

2 Progressive cavity
pumping
A progressive cavity pump is a

type of positive displacement
pump and is also known as
a progressing cavity
pump, progg cavity
pump, eccentric screw
pump or cavity pump. It
transfers fluid by means of the
progress, through the pump, of
a sequence of small, fixed
shape, discrete cavities, as

its rotor is turned
Fig 4.13 Progressive cavity pumping (IHRDC, 2018)

3 Hydraulic piston pumping
An axial piston pump is a positive displacement pump

that has a number of pistons in a circular array within
a cylinder block. It can be used as a stand-alone
pump, a hydraulic motor or an automotive air

conditioning compressor.
Fig 4.14 Hydraulic piston pumping (IHRDC, 2018)

4 Plunger lift
A plunger lift is an artificial lift method
of deliquifying a natural gas well.
A plunger is used to remove contaminants
from productive natural gas wells, such as
water (in liquid, mist, or ice forms), sand,
oil and wax.
Fig 4.15 Plunger lift (IHRDC, 2018)

5 Electric
submersible pump
The electrical submersible pump,

typically called an ESP, is an efficient and
reliable artificial-lift method for lifting
moderate to high volumes of fluids from

wellbores. These volumes range from a
low of 150 B/D to as much as 150,000
B/D (24 to 24,600 m3/d).
Fig 4.16 ESp (IHRDC, 2018)

6. Gaslift
There are two basic

types of gas lift in
use today—
continuous and
intermittent flow.
This page briefly
describes each
method and its
advantages and
disadvantages.
Fig 4.17 Gaslift (IHRDC, 2018)

6. Gaslift
Christmas tree
Unloading Valve
Gas Lift Mandrel
Tubing
Operating Valve
Packer
Fig 4.18 Gaslift (IHRDC, 2018)

3.4.4 DIFFICULTIES IN PETROLEUM PRODUCTION

Fig 4.20 Injector well (IHRDC, 2018)

Fig 4215 Primary recovery (IHRDC, 2018)

Fig 4.22 Gas injector (IHRDC, 2018)

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VIDEO 4

CHAPTER 3

Content

3.3 Well completion

3. 5. PETROLEUM TRANSPORT

CONTENT
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 Methods
3.5.3 Flow assurance

3.5.1. INTRODUCTION
1. Dynamic behaviour of the fluid to be transported in the flowlines including the
description of the flow and the slugging phenomenon.
2. Risks of deposits in the pipes, and their possible solutions.
3. Fluid is composed of 2 phases, liquid and gas. The liquid phase includes a
Severe
mixture of oil slugging
and water.
Fig 5.1 Liquid

phase
(IHRDC, 2018)

3.5.1. INTRODUCTION
1. Different behaviors of the fluid can be
observed, depending on both the gas velocity
and the liquid velocity.
2. Velocity of the liquid is low, both liquid and
gas are separated. The flow is segregated. It is
a stratified flow.
3. With a higher liquid velocity, the gas is
partially mixed with the liquid. The flow is
alternately a slug of liquid, a big bubble of gas
in the liquid and small bubbles of gas in the
liquid. The flow is intermittent.
Fig 5.2 Fluid flow in production system (IHRDC, 2018)

It is a stratified flow.
With a higher liquid velocity, the gas is partially mixed with the liquid. The flow is alternately
3.5.1. INTRODUCTION
a slug of liquid, a big bubble of gas in the liquid and small bubbles of gas in the liquid. The
flow is intermittent.
In the case of high liquid velocity, the flow is dispersed: small bubbles of gas are mixed in the
1. With a higher liquid velocity, the gas is partially mixed with the liquid. The flow is
liquid phase.
alternately a slug of liquid, a big bubble of gas in the liquid and small bubbles of gas
in the
Finally, liquid.
a high gasThe flow generates
velocity is intermittent.
an annular flow. The phases are segregated, and the
2. Inflows
liquid the case of the
around highgas.
liquid velocity, the flow is dispersed: small bubbles of gas are
mixed
The fluid in the liquid
behaviour phase.
depends on many parameters describing the fluid and its properties, the
geometry of the pipe, ….
For example, the previous cartography is very different when plotted for a vertical pipe.
The description of the flow is important for a good understanding of the dynamic behaviour
of the effluent in the flowlines, and consequently, of the production rate.
W3V15 - Flow assurance– p. 2
Fig 5.3 Fluid flow model (IHRDC, 2018)
Dr.©Nguyen Van Hung

IFPEN - IFP School 2015 / © TOTAL SA 2015 / © IFP TrainingChapter
2015 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 7
3.5.2. METHODS
Petroleum distribution: domestic needs (to drive a car or to heat a building)
Deliver the right product: at the right time, to the right location and at the best price,
and also under optimum safety and security conditions, to protect the environment
Fig 5.4
Petroleum distribution
(IHRDC, 2018)

3.5.2. METHODS
Petroleum distribution: domestic needs (to drive a car or to heat a building)
Deliver the right product: at the right time, to the right location and at the best price,
and also under optimum safety and security conditions, to protect the environment
Fig 5.5
Deliver petroleum product
(IHRDC, 2018)

3.5.2. METHODS
Crude oil is mainly transported via pipelines or in tankers by sea to the refineries or
storage facilities. The use of railways and roads for crude oil is much less common.
Fig 5.6 Oil transportation (IHRDC, 2018)

3.5.2. METHODS
Tankers are widely used for the transport of crude oil. The most
frequented routes for crude oil start from the Middle East
Fig 5.7 Tanker (IHRDC, 2018)

3.5.2. METHODS
Tankers are defined by their size: For example, the Suez-max tankers are the largest
ships able to navigate along the Suez Canal; and the Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC)
are ships larger than four hundred meters.
Fig 5.8 Tanker classification

(IHRDC, 2018)

3.5.2. METHODS
Transport by pipelines
• Sometimes oil has to travel over land, for example to landlocked countrie
• Easier and less costly to use a pipeline than to transport the oil by road or train.
• Countries with a huge land mass such as Russia, pipelines are useful to deliver oil to
ports for exporting by ship
Fig 5.9 Pipeline (IHRDC, 2018)

3.5.2. METHODS
Transport by road
• Trucks can hold 10 to 30 tons of liquid
• Tanker trucks bring fuel from regional storage facilities to the local service station,
where the fuel is delivered into the appropriate underground storage tank. Tanker
trucks have segmented compartments, so that different types of fuels can be delivered
in a single trip, saving on transportation costs.
Fig 5.10 Truck (IHRDC, 2018)

3.5.2. METHODS
Transport by rail
• Allows frequent rotations and a minimum storage capacity is needed.
• Running costs are lower than the running costs of trucks but it requires large
infrastructures such as railway lines and large loading bays
Fig 5.11 Rail tankers

(IHRDC, 2018)

3.5.2. METHODS
How to choose
• Depend on the available infrastructures, the volumes, the distances, and finally it will
depend on the costs.
• For example, in terms of volume, 24 hours of running a pipeline amounts to 1 large
ship. It is also equal to 2 trains with twenty two tank-wagons of eighty cubic meters.
It is the same as one hundred trucks of thirty five cubic meters.
Fig 5.12 Method selection (IHRDC, 2018)

3.5.3. FLOW ASSURANCE
1. Fluid can be unstable, and generate big slugs. The slugging

phenomenon: the behavior of the fluid in the flowline changes from
time to time, due to the periodic accumulation of liquid at the down
point. It is a non-stationary flow.
2. A phenomenon is detrimental for production because of the high
variations of pressure it generates.

Deposit risk
1. Depends on temperature and pressure
conditions of flow, and can generate
plugs in the pipe or deposits along the
walls of the well. It includes hydrates,
wax, asphaltene, or emulsions.
2. Surface available for the fluid to flow
is drastically reduced. In extreme
cases, the flow can be stopped.
3. Phenomena can occur all along the
route of the fluid, from the reservoir to
the separator.
Fig 5.13 Deposit risk (IHRDC, 2018)

Avoid deposits
1. Managing both fluid temperature and pressure
2. Insulate or heat the line to maintain the temperature sufficiently high, and control
the pressure in the line.
3. Flow assurance issues are highly critical in the case of offshore fields
Fig 5.14 Deposits

(IHRDC, 2018)

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VIETNAM OIL AND GAS GROUP

Lecturer : Dr. Nguyen Van Hung

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 2

CHAPTER 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering

3.1. Fundamental of Reservoir Engineering

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 3

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 4

v When you complete this chapter, you should be able

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 5

Petroleum Drilling, completion technology

Petroleum Production Technology

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 6

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 7

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 8

Fig 1.1 Life cycle of an hydrocarbon field (IHRDC, 2018)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 9

1.Starts during the exploration phase

Fig 1.2 Integrated discipline (IHRDC, 2018)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 10

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 11

Task 1: Define the internal

and external reservoir

Fig 1.3 Field desciption

Task 2: Defining fluid

composition and type of fluid

Fig 1.4 Field desciption (IHRDC, 2018)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 13

Answering an oil or a gas ?

Fig 1.5 Field desciption (IHRDC, 2018)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 14

Rock characterization (f, k) Task 4: Rock characterization

Fig 1.6 Field desciption (IHRDC, 2018)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 15

Original Hydrocarbon in Place

Fig 1.7 Field desciption

Task 5: Evaluate the Original

Hydrocarbon in Place (OHIP)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 16

Zoom into the porous system: rock/fluids present

Fig 1.8 Rock and fluids present

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 17

Fig 1.9 Reservoir fluids

1. Organic elements as hydrocarbons containing only carbon and

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 18

Fig 1.10 Sample and laboratory (IHRDC, 2018)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 19

Fig 1.11 Phase diagram (IHRDC, 2018)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 20

Fig 1.12 Phase diagram (IHRDC, 2018)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 21

Fig 1.13 Phase diagram (IHRDC, 2018)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 22

Fig 1.14 Phase diagram (IHRDC, 2018)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 23

Fig 1.15 Phase diagram (IHRDC, 2018)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 3 – Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering 24

Fig 1.16 Phase diagram (IHRDC, 2018)