Day 22 With Math

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Day 22: Modern Physics
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© Abdullah Al Sakib
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From Previous Class
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• Nuclear Fission, Nuclear Fusion
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• Radioactive decay Law
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• Nuclear Reactor
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11/8/2023 ©Abdullah Al Sakib 2
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PART TWO:
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Nuclear Physics (3)
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11/8/2023 © Abdullah Al Sakib 3
Einstein's mass-energy equivalent law
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In 1905 famous scientist Albert Einstein showed that matter
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and energy were actually identical. Matter can be transformed
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into energy. If a substance of mass m is completely
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transformed into energy, the amount of energy obtained is,
E=mc2
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here c is the speed of light = 3 x 108 ms-1.
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This is called the Einstein's mass-energy equivalent law.
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11/8/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 4
Einstein's mass-energy equivalent law(2)
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Suppose the mass of a substance is 1 kg. If this substance can be
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converted into energy. then the available energy will be,
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E = 1 x (3x108)2 = 9 x 1016 J. Because of this intrinsic proportionality
between mass and energy, mass and energy of matter are equivalent
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and they are two different forms of the same material.
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By disintegrating a nucleus or by combining two light nuclei into one
enormous energy is available. So, the name of this energy is nuclear
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energy. But apparently it is called atomic energy. Energy can be
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produced from atom by two processes which are (1) Nuclear fusion (2)
Nuclear fission and described previously.
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Mass-Defect
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The mass of an atom's nucleus is usually less than the sum of
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the individual masses of the constituent protons and neutrons
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when separated. During the splitting of the nucleus, some of
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the mass of the nucleus (i.e. some nucleons) gets converted
into huge amounts of energy (according to Einstein's equation
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E=mc2) and thus this mass is removed from the total mass of
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the original particles, and the mass is missing in the resulting
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nucleus. This missing mass is known as the mass defect.
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Mass-Defect
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Suppose, the actual mass of a nucleus of atomic number A is
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M, number of protons = Z and number of neutrons = (A-Z). If
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the masses of each proton and neutron are respectively mp
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and mn , then the mass defect
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ΔM = [Z mp + (A-Z) mn ] – M
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Binding Energy
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We know, every nucleus, except hydrogen is composed of one
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or more protons and neutrons. These protons and neutrons are
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called nucleons or nuclear elements. Combining nucleons or
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nuclear elements to form a permanent nucleus some amount
of energy is emitted. This energy is equal to the equivalent
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energy of mass-defect. Again, to break a nucleus into its
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separate nucleons, some energy from outside is needed to
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supply. This energy is called binding energy or nuclear binding
energy
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Binding Energy (2)
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From the previous discussion we can define the binding energy in the
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following way,
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(a) The energy that keeps protons and neutrons confined in the nucleus
is called nuclear binding energy.
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(b) Amount of energy released in order to form a permanent nucleus by
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combining the necessary number of nucleons is called binding
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energy. It is expressed as B. E.
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(c) The amount of energy supplied to the nucleus to separate the
constituent nucleons which become free from their mutual influence
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is called the binding energy.
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Binding Energy (3)
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Suppose mass defect of the nucleus = Δm and velocity of light is c. So
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from Einstein's theory of relativity we get,
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Binding energy, B.E. = Δ mc2 = mass defect x (velocity of light)2
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or, B.E. = [Z mp + (A-Z) mn – M]c2
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This is the equation for the nuclear binding energy.
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11/8/2023
Binding Energy Curve
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Binding Energy Curve (2)
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From the figure it is seen that with the increase of mass number A, binding energy per nucleon,
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BE/A initially increases rapidly. In some nuclei like He4, C¹² and O16 this value is comparatively
large. So, these nuclei are relatively more stable than surrounding nuclei. Elements in the middle
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of the periodic table nuclei (50<A<80) are more stable. This is because that much more energy is
needed to dislodge a single nucleon from the nucleus. From the graph it is seen that binding
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energy per nucleon in this region is about 8.5 MeV. For Fe56 this value is 8.8 MeV which is
maximum. So, it can be said that iron is one of the most stable nuclei.
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In case of extremely light (A < 20) and heavy (A> 100) nuclei value of BE/A is less. So, heavy
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nuclei (A > 200) are disintegrated and light nuclei are fused and tend to become stable nuclei. For
this reason it is comparatively easier to disintegrate 92U235 and to fuse H² nuclei.
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Mathematical Problem
Find (i) the mass defect, (ii) the binding energy and (iii) the binding energy per nucleon
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for a helium (₂He4) nucleus. Express mass defect in amu unit and binding energy in
MeV, eV and Joule units. [Mass of a proton = 1.00728 amu., mass of a neutron =
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1.00876 amu. and 1 amu. = 931 MeV].
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1.00876 amu. and 1 amu. = 931 MeV].
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14
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1.00876 amu. and 1 amu. = 931 MeV].
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15
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1.00876 amu. and 1 amu. = 931 MeV].
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1.00876 amu. and 1 amu. = 931 MeV].
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HW
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How 931 MeV replaced c2 ?
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1.00876 amu. and 1 amu. = 931 MeV].
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