LAM NGQC THIEM

lAm NGOC THIN (Chu bien)

(Chu bien)

BUI DUY CAM

BUI DUY CAM

r.

DAI CUONG
OAI CUONG

{DANN
(DANH CHO
CHOSINH
SiNH VIEN KHONG THUOC
CHUYEN NGANHHOA)
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BAN OAI
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 LAM
LAM NGOC
NGQC THIEM
THI^M (Chu bien)
bien)—- BUI DUY CAM

HOA HOC DAI OUTING

HdA

Dinh
HOC DAI
•
Dknh cho sinh vien
vien kh8ng
•
khong thutic
CITDNG

chuyen nganh
thuoc chuyen nganh Hos)
H6a)

(In lan
lln thir
thiir 2)

XUAT BAN DAI

NHA XUA'l DAI HOC
HOC QUOC
QUdC GIA
GIA HA
HA NOI
N^l
 Lot
LOI NOt
NOI DAU
OAU

Gido trinh "Hoa

Giao irinh "H6a hoc Dai
Dgi cicong"
cumg" la mot trong s6
so cac m6n
mon hoc
hoc bat
batbuO'c
buoc danh
cho
cho sinh vien
vien nam
nam thd
thur nhat
nha't thuOc
thupc khoi
khoi khoa
khoa hoc to nhien
hoc tir nhien va k9
ky thuat,
thuat, &lac
dirpc vidt
viel
theo chur.^57trinh
theo chirr'"" trinhchuan
chuan do
do hoi
hai d6ng
(long nganh
nganh Hoa
H6a hoc - DHQG HA NO thOng
Ha Npi thong qua.

NO
Npi dung gido
giao trinh la
la nhang
nhffng bai
bai giang
giang cid duqccac
da dupe cac tac
tat gia giang
giang day tai
Truang
Truong Dai
Dai hoc
hoc Khoa
Khoahoc
hocTu
Tunhien
nhiennhieu
nhieunam,
nam,bao
baogOm
g6m nhdrig
nhirng kidn
kienthCrc ca ban
thirc co
ye hoa hoc dai ctrang
ve cuong duqc
dupe quy
quy to
tu trong
trong 22 phan:

PhAn I. Cau
Phan I. Cautaotao
nguyen
nguy^ntirtu- -Lien
Lienkdt
ket hoa
hoa hoc.

PhAn
Phan II. L9Lythuyeet
thuyel ve
ve cac
cac qua
qua trinh
trinh hoa
hoa hoc.

Toan ba
b6 nOi dm 22 phan
npi dung cua phan nay
nay deu la nhang
nhung kidn
kien thdc
thirc co ban,
ban, can
can thidt
thiet dd
dd'
chuan
chuan bi bi ca
co so
so cho
cho sinh
sinh vien
vien c6
co thd tip thu
the' tiep duqc cac
thu duoc cac mOn hoc khac
mon hoc khac b6 nhang
nhung nam
kd' tiep.
kd

Do dac
(lac thu
thit cua
cua m6n Hoa hoc
men Floa hoc Dai
Dai cuong
arcing lala su
sirtdng
tanghop kien thuc
Op kidn thdc Toan - Ly -
Hod,
Hoa, coc6 U'nh
tinh khai
khai quat
pat va
vakha
khatrim
trimtuqng
tupng nen
nen viec
viec giang
giang day m6n
m6n nay o 6 nam thd
thu
nhat
nha't thutrng
thubng gap mau thuan
thuln giira
giua yeu cau trang bi kien
kien thirc
thuc sau,
sau, Ong
rpng v6i
vdi skr
su han
che ye
the ve theri
thoi gian va
va mix
mire d6
d6chuAn
chuin hi
bi kien
ki^n thirc
thirc n^n
nen cua
cua Toan
Toan -- Ly.
Ly. De dung
dung hoa
hoa
diSu nay,
diet' nay, cluing
chung tai
tPi cho
chorang
rangnOi
npi dung
dung giao
giao trinh phai dir6c
dupe the hien dirai
duoi dang m6
ta bang
to bang bang
bang bidu,
bitm, d6 thi,
thi, hinh
hinh ye
ve truc
true giac
giac va
va cac
cac dang
dang bai
bai tap ap
dp dung,
dung, tranh
nhi'mg din giai ru6m
nhung din ruom ra
ra hoac
hoac sa
sa vao
vao cac
cac thuat
thuat town khong can
toan khdng can thiet
thidt ma
ma lam lu m6
mb di
nghia khoa hoc ciia
y nghla dm van
va'n de.
dp.

Cung nham
Cling nham gitip
giiip cho ngtr6i
ngubi doc nam chac
doc nam npi dung
chat nOi mon hoc,
dung mOn hoc, co
c6 cai nhin
nhin
tong quat nen truck
long quat truoc m6i chuang,
chuong, chang
chting toi vidt them
tOi viet them phan muc tieu cdn
can ndm cua
chuang, mot so
s6 tit
tif khoa quan trong va sau tong chuong
sau timg chuang co phan nhi?ng
nhung diem chinh
F eu torn tat nOt
yeu npi dung cO dong ciia
co dpng cua chuong.
chuang.

3
 Chung
Chung tOi by vong
t6i hy vong giao
giao trinh "116a hoc Dai
"H6a hoc Doi cttang"
cuang" se dap Ung duoc yeu
ung duac
du
c^ulalaxay
xSydung
dirngnhiing
nhQngkhai
khainiem
nifemcocosct
socho
chosinh
sinhvien
viennam
namdau
d^uCr
6 bac dai hoc.
hoc.

Xin chan thanh

Xin chftn thanh cam
cam on
cm cac
cac d6ng
long nghiep
nghi6p da Ong
d6ng vien
vifen khuyen
khuyen khIch
khi'ch chting
chung
tOi bien soan
t6i biftn soan giao
giao trinh
trinh nay
nay va
va ra't
rat mong
mong ban
ban doc
doc dong
d6ng gop
g6p xay dung
dirng cho tap
tap sach
ngay cang hoan thifen
thien hon.
Cac tac gia

4
 MUC
MUC LUC
LUC

Trang

1,61 notdau
Lai noi diu 3

Chuang 1.
1. 11116t
Mot sos6khai
khainiem
niemva
vadjnh
dinhluat
luatca
co ban
ban cua
ciia hoa
hoa hoc 9
9
1.1. Cac khai niem
niem met
mo dau 9
9
1.2.
1.2. Mot so dinh lust
Mot s6 luat co
co ban
ban 12
12
Ntifing
Nhffng diem
di^m chinh
chlnh ydu
yfeuchucrng
chuong 11 18
18
Cau
Cau hoi va bai tap 21
21

Chuang
Chuong 2. Hat nhan
nhan va
va 16p
lop vo nguyen tit
tur 23
23
2.1. Thanh phan cau trtic
true cua nguyen tit
tir 23
23
2.2. Thuy6t hang tit
Thuyet lirong tur Planck
Planck 29
29
2.3.
2.3. Dai
Dai cuong
cuing ve
ye co
co hoc ho, ng tit
hocluong 30
30
Nguyentut
2.4. Nguyen to hidro va nhitng
nhffng ion giong
gidng hidro
hidro 33
33
Bi^u dien
2.5. Bieu di6ncau
ca'utrtic
truelerp
lop vo nguyen tit
tu 43
43
Nhang diem chinh ydu
Nhirng yd'u chuang
chuong 2 48
48
Cau
Cau hoi va bai tap 53
53

Chuang
Chuong 3. HO thong tuln
He thong hoin cac nguyin
tufin hoan t6. Djnh
nguy^h to. Dinhluftt
luAttu^n
tun hoar'
hoan 58
58
3.1. He
Hd thong
thO'ng tuan hoan cac nguyen
nguydn t6
to' 58
58
Ca'u tao tarp
3.2. Cau lop vo
vo nguydn
nguydn tu
tit cac
cac nguydn
nguydn tO
t6 trong
trong bang
bang hd
he thOng
th6ng tuan 60
60
3.3. Su bid'n thidn tuan
bin thidn tuan hoan
hoan mat
mOt s6
sO tinh
tinh chat
chat cua
dm cac
cac nguydn
nguyen tO
t6 67
67
Nhang diem chinh
Nhirng di^m chinh yd'u
ydu chuong
chumg 3 74
74
Cau
Cau hoi va bai tap 76
76

Chuang 4. Cau
Ca'u troc
true phan
phan tu
to va lien kit
ket hoa
hoa hoc
hoc. 80
4.1. Khai
Khai quit
quatmar
mo dau 80

5
 4.2. Qua trinh hinh
4.2. Qua hinh thanh
thanh vava phat
phat tri6n
tri6n hoc
hoc thuyd't
thuyet ve
ye lien
lien ket.
kit.
Su phAn
phan loaf
loai lien
lien lc&
k6't 82
82
4.3. Mot
M6t s6 (lac trong cua
dac trimg ciia lien k^t
ket 87
87
4.4. Thuyet sure
Ric day
day giffa
girta cac
cac cap
cap electron
electron hoa
hod tri
tri va dang hinh hoc
ciia phan to
cua phan tif 90
90
4.5. Ddc diem chung ye
Dac di^m vi lien
lien 1c6t Ong hod
ke't cdng tri
hoa trj 94
94
Thuyet lai hod
4.6. Thuyfi't ye lien ket
hoa vi ke't 98
98
4.7. Su phan cue
Sir phan cut cua phan to
tuf 103
103
4.8. Lien ke't
ket ion trong
trong phan tu
to 105
105
4.9. Khai niem ye lien lc& trong phdc cha't
ket trong chat 109
109
Nhiing diem chmh
Nhihig die'm chinh ye'u
yeti chuong 4 114
114
Cau hOi va bai tap
hoi va 118
118

Chuang 5. Phuong
Chuong 5. Phuong phap
phip obitan phan tut (ly thuyet MO) 120
120
5.1. Cac luan diem co
co ban
ban cita
cua phucrng
phuong phdp
phap MO 120
5.2. Phudng phdp
phap t6
t6 hop tuy&i
tuyen tinh
tmh 121
121
5.3. Ap dung phucmg phap MO-LCAO
phuong phap MO-LCAO cho
cho ion phan tit
tir hidro 122
5.4. MO cho phan
phan tu
tit co
co hai
hai hat
hat nhan
nhan gidng
giong nhau dang A
A22 125
125
5.5. MO cho phan
5.5. MO phan tu
tit co
có hai
hai hat
hat nhan
nhan khac
khac nhau dang AB 130
130
5.6. MO cho phan tu
tit nhieu nguyen tit
tu 133
133
NhUng diem chmh
Nhung diem chinh yeti
ye'u chucmg
chuong 5 133
133
Cau hOi va bai
hoi va bai tap 136
136

Chuang
Chuong 6. Lien ket gi&a
gitla cac phan tit
tuf 138
138
6.1. Lien ke't Van der
ke't Van der Waals 138
138
6.2. Lien lc&
ke't hidro 141
141
Nhirng diem chinh
Nhung diem chinh ye'u
yeti chuong 6 144
144
Cau hOi va bai
hoi va bai tap 145
145

Chuang
Chuong 7.7. Djnh
Dinh luat
luat bao town, chuyen hoa
toan, chuyen hoi fling
nang Wang
luong va
va chieu
chieu twang
huong dien
diln
Win cua cac
bien cua cac qua
qui trinh h6a
hoa hoc 147
147
7.1. C.-4c khainiem
Cac khai niem mo
ma ddu
dSu 148
148
7.2. Nguyen
Nguyen 15
ly, thu
thi nhdt nhiet d6ng
nha't cua nhiet Ong luc
luc hoc
hoc va
va ap dung
dung cua
dm no 151
151

6
 7.3. Nhiet hod
7.3. hoa hoc 155
155
7.4. Ong
7.4. Uhg dung nguyen
nguyen ly
ly IIII dm
ciianhiet
nhietdOng
d6ng lirc
lire hoc
hoc vao hoa
hod hoc.
dien bien
Chieu dien biencUa
cua qud
qua trinh
trinh hod
hoa hoc 164
164
tir do
7.5. Entanpi to do va
va chieu
chieu dien
dien hien
bien cUa
cua cac
cac phan ung hod
phin (mg hoa hoc 172
172
Nhang diem chinh yeu
Nhumg yeu chtfong
chirong 7 177
177
Cdu hoi va
CSu hoi va bai
bai t$p
tap 182
182

Chuang
Chirong 8.
8. Can bang h6a
hoa hoc 186
186
8.1. Phan (mg thuan nghich
img thuhn nghjch 186
186
8.2. Phuong trinh
trinh clang
dang nhiet Van't
Van't Hoff. Hang so
Hoff. Hang so can
can bang Kr,
Kp 187
187
8.3. Cac hang
8.3. Cac hang so
so can
can bang
bang Kp, Kc, K,
K. Kc, 189
189
8.4. MOt so phuong phap xac dinh
M6t s6 dinh hang so can bang 192
192
8.5. Phuong trinh
trinh clang
dang nhiet Van't
Van't Hoff
Hoff va chieu
chieu didn
dien bi6n
bi£?n
cua phan ang
ung h6a
hoa hoc 195
195
8.6. Su chuyen dich can
Suchuyen can bang.
bang. Nguyen
Nguyen liii Le Chatelier 196
196
8.7.
8.7. Khai niem ye
ve can bang pha 199
199
Nhang
Nhung didm
diem chinh
cht'nh yeu chtrong
chuong 8 205
205
Cau hoi
Cau hoi va bai tap 207
207

Chuang T6c do
Chirong 9. Toe d6 phan
phin irng
ung 210
210
9.1.
9.1. Khdi niem chung
Khai niem 210
210
9.2. Anh ht.rOmg c6an6ng
huong cua nOng d6
dO len
len tOc dO phan
t6'c d6 phan ting
ung 211
211
huong cUa
9.3. Anh huang cua nhiet
nhiet dO
d6 216
216
9.4. Anh huang
huong cua chat xtic
oh chat xuc tai
tac 219
219
Nhtfng di^m chinh
Nhang diem cht'nh yeti
ye'u chtrong
chuong 9 221
221
Cau hei va bai tap
Cau hoi 223
223

Chuang
Chuong 10. Dung dich
djch 226
226
10.1. Tmh
Tinh chat chung cila
cua dung
dung dich 227
227
10.2. Can bang ion trong
trong dung dich 240
240
Nhang
Nhung diem
diem chinh
chfnhyeu
yeuchircrng
chuong 10 268
268
Cau
Cau hoi va bai tap 274
274

7
Chuang 11.
Chucmg 11, Phan 1mg
umg oxi hoi
hoa- -khir
khu va
va dong
dong dien
dien 279
279
11.1. Phan
11.1. Phan ting
dng oxi
oxi hoa
hori -- kha
khir 280
11.2. Pin
11.2. Pin Ganvani
Ganvani 283
11.3. Phtrong
11.3. Phuong trinh
trinh Nernst
Nemst 287
11.4. Quan
11.4. Quan hehfi giita
giirastic
suredien
di6ndOng
d6ng ciia
cua pin
pin va hang s6 cSn bang
s6' can bang K caa
cua phin
phan
ufng oxi hoa - khir xay ra trong
ting oxi hoa - kha xay ra trong pinpin 289
11.5. M6t
11.5. M6t s6
s6ngu6n
ngu6ndien
di6nhoa
hoa th6ng
thdng dung
dung 290
11.6. Su
11.6. Su dien
didn phan
phan 292
NhQng diem
Nhting dilm chinh
chmh you
yeu chuong
chuang 11
11 296
296
Cauheti
GU hoi va bai tap
tap 298
298

Chirong 12.
Chuang 12. Dai
Daicttctng
cuong y6
ve he phan
phan tan 301
301
12.1. Khai quat
12.1. quit chung 301
301
12.2. Su phan loai dung
plan loci dung dich
dich keo 302
302
Cac phucmg
12.3. Cac phucmg phap di^u
diet' ch6'
the dung dich keo 303
303
12.4. M6t s6
s6 tinh
tinh chit
cha'tquan
quan trong
trpng caa
ciia dung
dung dich keo 304
304
Ca'u true
12.5. C.au trtic cua
cua mixen
mixen 306
306
Wn yang
12.6. D6 ben vGng cUa
cua he
hft keo 307
307
vai ling
12.7. M6t vai umg dung
dung caa
cua dung
dung dich keo 308
308
Nhumg
Nhirng di&m
diem chmh y6'u chtrung
chinh yeu chuong 12 310
310
cau hoi va bai tap
Cat, 311
311

Phu luc.
Phu luc 313

Tai lieu tham

tham khao 331
331

8
 QhUifiig. 1
&utility 1

MOT SO KHAI
KHAI NIEM
NIEM
vA
VA DINH
DINH
• LUAT
LUAT
a CO BAN
CO BAN CUA
CUA HOA
HoA HOC
HOC
•

Muc tieu Cdn tap

Can tap trung vao cac
trung vcio cdc van de:
chtrcrng
chucmg 11 i Nhung
1. khai niem
Nhimg khai niem co
co ban:
ban: Nguyen
Nguyen tir.
tu. Phan tir. Nguyen
Phan tir. Nguyen tir
tu kh6i.
khoi.
Phan tir
tu khoi. Khoi
Khoi Wong
luong mol nguyen tu.
mol nguyen tir. Khoi
Kh6i luong
ltrong mol phan tir...
tu...
2. Don vi nguyen
2. nguyfin tir.
tir. Mol...
Mol...
3. MOt s6'
3. Mot s6 djnh
dinh lust
luat co
co ban.

Mot so' tti

Nguyen tu SO- Avogadro
So Avogadro Dinh ludi
Djnh ludt thanh phan phdn khong doi
to khod ta.
Phan tu Nguyentukhoi
Nguyen Dinh luat
khoi Dinh lust ty
tj, le bOi
bpi
Nguyen td'
Nguyen to Phan n' tu khoi Dinh ludt
Djnh luat bdo
bdo coontodn khOi
khoi Luang
luong
Don chat Khi
Khl llyy fuzing
tuong Dinh luat
Dinh ludt Avogadro
Hop chat DOng vi
Dong Dinh luat
Dinh lust Dalton
Mo!
Mol Don vi khefi Luangnguyen
khoi lupng nguyin tu
Phaangtrinh
Phuong trinhtrqng
(rangthai
Maikhl
khilytwang
tudng

1.1. Cac
Cackhai
khainie'm
niemmop
mn dau
dan

1.1.1.
1.1.1. Nguyen tir va
Nguyen tu va phSn
phan tir
tu

Cu6i
Cud'i the
the' ki
ki XVIII,
XVIII,dau dauthe"
the ki
ki XIX, tir cac ket
tir cac ket qua thuc
thkrc nghidm,
nghiem, cac
cac nha bac
hoc
hoc da.
da Lim
tim ra ra cac
cac dinh lustluat co
co ban
ban caa
ciia hoa
hoa hoc hoc (Dinh
(Dinh lust
luatbaobaotoast
loan kh6i
khdi Wong,
luqng,
Dinh
Djnh 1114
luat tytys6'
s6 khdng
khOngd6i, d6i,Dinh
Dinhluat
lusttyt'Yle leb6ibei...).
...).De
Degiai
giaithi'ch
thichcac
cac djnh
dinh luat
lust hoa
It&
hoc trdn, nam 1807
tren, nom 1807 Dalton
Dalton duadua rara gia
gia thuyet
thuyet ye ve nguyen
nguydn tir.
tir. Theo
Theo Dalton
Dalton nhirng
nhung
nguyen
nguyen t6td hem
hoa hoc kh6ngkh6ng thethephan
phan chia
chia den
de'n v6 v6 cling
cung tan,
tan,ma machr6c
duqc cau
ca'utao
taobCri
boi
nhirng
nhung hat nh6
nho nhat,
nha't, kitting
kh6ng thethe' phan
phan chia
chia nh6
nho hcrnhem nuaOa bang
bang plurcing
phuong phap hoa h6a h9c.
hoc.
Nhirng
NhOng hat nay dtr6cduqc goi
goi la
languyen
nguyentir.tir. Nhtr
Nhu vayvay theo
theo Dalton:

9
 Nguyen tie
Nguyen tti Id
la phdn
plan tci
tie nho nhcit ctia mot
nhdl cia mot nguyen
nguyen to
to hoa
hoa hoc
hoc con mang tinh
llnh
chd't hoa hoc ctia
chit cua nguyen to do.do
Ngay
Ngay nay ngucfi tata hieu
nay ngueri hieu nguydn
nguyen tir
tirnhir
nhulala m6t
mot hat
hat trung
trung hoa
hoa dien g6m mot
didn gom m6t
hat nhan
hat nhftn mang
mang didn
dien duong
throng va va m6t
mOts6
soelectron
electronmang
mangdiSn
didnam
amchuy^n
chuyend6ng
Ong quanh
nhan. M61 loai
nhan. M6i loai nguyfin
nguyen tir
tir(nguyfin
(nguyent6)t6)duqc
dtrocdac
dactrutig
ming bang
bang m6t
mat dien
didn tfch
tich hat nhan
xac Binh va co
djnh va c6 cau tao vo
vo nguyen
nguyfin tir
tir giang
gid'ng nhau,
nhau, do
dod6doc6
conhfrng
nhirngtit-1h chat hoa
tinh chat h6a hoc
gi6ng
gidng nhau.
aing
Cung tir
tir su
su phan
phan tich,
tfch, tong
t6ng hophop cac lc&
k^t qua thkrc
thuc nghidm,
nghifm, nam
nam 1911,
1911,
Avogadro la ngubi
ngtrOidiudautien
tiendua
dua ra
ra khai
kith nidm phan tir
tir va
va khi do dtroc hieu:
duoc hi^u:
Phcin tie
Phdn to la
la hat nho nholt ctia mot chcit
nhdl cua chat co c6 khd
kith ruing
ndng ton tai
tqi dOc
doc lOp
lap va con
mang tinh chcit
chat hoa hoc dac trung
tneng ctia
cua chcit do .
chd't do.
Den nay ngtrOi ta biet
ngircri ta bidt khoang
khoang tren
tren 16 tridu loai
16 trieu loai phan tir.
Don chat
Don chd't Om
g6m mot
mot hay
hay nhieu
nhieu nguyen
nguyen tit ding nguyen
tu cung nguyen t6.
to. Vi
Vi du:
du; hidro
hidro (H2),
(H2),
do
clo (C12)
(CI2) la hai dam
dcm chat. Trong mOt s6 trutmg
m6t so trircmg hop nguOri
ngudi tata lai
lai biet
bier tir
tir mot
mot nguyen
to c6
t6 co the
the tao ra duqc
duoc vat don chat
chat khac
khac nhau
nhau nhu
nhu ozon
ozon (O3) va oxi
(03) va oxi (O2). chung
(02), cluing
duqc
duqc goi
gqi la cac clang
dang thist hinh cua oxi;
thu hinh oxi; ba dang thu hinh chinh cita
dang thu cua cacbon la kim
kirn
cuong, than cht
chi va than v6
vo dinh hinh.
chd't g6m
Hop chcit gdm cac nguydn
nguydn tir cua nhidu
nhieu nguydn td
t6 khac nhau
nhau chAng
chang han nuoc
nude
(H2O) va
(H20) va mu6i an (NaCI)
mudi An (NaCl) la nhang
nhutig vi du ye vd hop chat.
chat. Trong khi do phai
phai hieu mot
mdt
h6n hop bao
h6n hop bao gdm
g6m nhieu loai phan tut, tinh chat
tir, tinh hdn hop
chit h.& hop phu
phu thuOc
thudc vao
vao su thay d6i
ddi
theo ty 16 cac thanh phan cau thanh.
phdn ca'u

1.1.2. Dun kh6i luvng

Don vi khd'i luqng nguyen tit

Ngay nay,
NO), nay, theo quy dinh qu6c
qud'c te, khoi luong
id, don vi khd'i luang nguyen
nguyin tti
tie (u - unit) bang
11 12 .-I
12
kh6i luqng
— khdi Wongciiacitanguyfin
nguyen tir tir(
6C (don dam vi nay con
vj nay con duqc
dtroc gqi
goi la
la dvC
dvC -- don vi
don vj
12
12 24
cacbon). VI kh6i luting
Vi khdi luqng cua mot nguyen tir 12C la 19,9260.10 24 g nen:
rndt nguydn
,. 11 19,9260.10-24 24
gg . -24
.tu
lu= — m 12„
MI2 c
=
= = 1, 6605.10 24 g
= 1,6605.10
12
12 c 12,0000
27
= 1,6605.10
1,6605.10 27 kg

1.1.3. S6
So Avogadro. Mol
,12 12
Sd nguydn
S6 C co
nguyen tir 12C 12 g 12C
có trong 12 C duqc gqi
goi la so Avogadro (N):
23
23
N = 6,023.10

10
 D6i vai cac hat vi
Doi vcli vi m6
m6 (nguyen
(nguyen tit,
tu, phan
phan tit,
tu, ion,...)
ion,...) ngueri
ngtfdi ta dung mot don vi
vj
luting chat thi'ch
lirong chat thich hop dO
do lala mol.
23
Mo/ la Luang
Mol chit chCra
luong chat 6,023.1023
chira 6,023.10 hat vi
vi mO.
mo.
Khi dung mol
mol phai
phai chi
chi r6
roIA
la mol nguyen tir, mol phan tir
tir, mol tit hay mol ion, v.v...
Vi du: 11 mol
Vidu: I-1=
mol H 6,023.1023 nguyen tit
= 6,023.1023 tir H.
11 mol 112 6,023.1023 phan tit
H2 = 6,023.1023 tir H2.
S6
So hat vi
vi mO
mo cua mot mol
mol cluqc goi la hdng sO.
dupe gpi Avogadro va cluoc
so Avogadro ki hieu la
dupe ki
23
23 11
NA: NA
Na: N a == 6,023.10
6,023.10 molmof ..

1.1.4.
1.1.4. Nguyen tir
tu kh6i,
khoi, phan
phan tir
tu khoi

Kh6i
Kh6'i Wong
luong nguyen tir
tu tuong
tuong d6i
dd'i hay nguyen tit
tu kh6i Ax
khoi A x cUa
cua mot nguyen to
to'
X
X cho
cho bier
biet kh6i
khoi Luang cua nguyen
luong cua nguyen tu
tit nay
nay gap
gip bao nhieu
nhieu Ian
lan dan
don vi
vi kh6i
khoi luting
luong
, ( 1
nguyen
nguydn tu — rnI2C
m i2r ) duoc
duqc chon lam dan
don vi so sanh.
12
V12 ^)

AT(X)
AT = ^L
(X) = MX
u
Nhu the khoi Luang
th6 kh6i lupng nguyen tu tuong
nguyen tir Wang ddi
d6i khdng
kh6ng co v6 mat
có thir nguyen song v6
vat 1lyy' phai hie'u rang: Nguyen tet
hieu rang; tu khoi la so do ctia
cua khoi luting
luong nguyen to tinh ra
tutinh ra clan
don
vi uu (dvC).
Vt du:
Vi 1,0079 ta
du: H = 1,0079 ta hi6u
hieu kh6i
khP'i luting
lupng cua mot
m6t nguyen tit
tu H la 1,0079
1,0079 u (hay
dvC); He == 4,0026
dvC); He 4,0026 u;
u; O
0 = 15,9994
15,9994 u,...
Phcin tu
Phan khoi (khOi
khoi Luang
(khoi luongphcin
phantittutuang
tuongcicii)
doi) bang
bang tong
long kV&
khoi lating
luong nguyen tu
facingdoi
tuong dalcua
ctiacac
cac nguyen
nguyen tu
to tao
tqo thanh
thanh phcin
phan tu:
Vt du:
Vi H2 = 2,1,00079
1-12 2.1,00079 = 2,0153
2.0153 (dvC);
(dvC);

02 = 31,9988 a 32 (dvC).

1.1.5. Khi Luang

1.1.5. Khoi lupng mol nguyen tur. Khoi luqng
tir. Kh6i lupng mol phan tu
tir

each t6ng
M6t cach tOng quat ta
ta not
noi rang
rang kh6i
khd'i luting
lupng mol Mx
Mx dm
cua mot
mot loai
loai hat
hat X nao
nao
tir, phan
do (nguyen tit, phan tit...)
tir...) bang
bang kh6i
khoi Ittong
lupng mx
mx (tinh
(ti'nh ra
ra gam)
gam) chia
chia cho
cho Wong
lupng chat
chit
my
Qx tinh
ti'nh ra mol):
mol): Mx
Mx = = ——Qx (g/mol).
(g/mol).
Qx
Khoi luong mol
Kh6i luting nguyen tit
mol nguyen tu ctia
cua mot
mot nguyen
nguyen to khoi luting
to la khoi lupng ctia
cua mot mol
mol
nguyen tt't nguyen to
tu nguyen to do.

11
11
 So tri
S6 tn cua
cua khOi
kh6'i luctng
lucmg mol nguy^n tu
mol nguyen tir d6ng
d6ng nha't voi nguydn
nhat yeti nguyen tu kh6'i cua
to kh6i cua
nguyen t6
to titcmg
tuong (mg.
ung.
tir kh6i
Vi du, nguyen tit khdi cua
cua H
H bang
bang 1,0079
1,0079 thi
thi kh6i
khd'i Wong
lircmg mol
mol nguyen
nguyen tit
tuHHIA
la
1,0079
1,0079 g/mol.
Khoi luong mol
Khoi luting mol phdn
phOn tu
to cua mol eh&
an' mot chat la
la khOi
khoi luting
lupng cua
cua mot
mot mol phdn to
mol phOn tu
chcit do.
chat do.
Mot cach
M6t each tucmg tu, s6 tri
tuong tu, tri cua
cua kh6i
khdi luctrig
luong mol phan
phan tit
tir cling
cung (long
d6ng nhat
nha't yeti
vdi
phan tir
tit khd'i
kh6i cua chat do.
Vi
VI du; co kh6i
du: H2 = 2,0153 c6 kh6i luting
luong mol
mol phan
phan tit
tir (M)
(M) IA
la 2,0153
2,0153 g/mol.
Mot
M6t phan tir
tit nude
nu6c g6m hai nguyen tit mat nguyen tir oxi c6
tir hidro va m6t co phan tir
kh6i la:
kh6'i IA:2.1,0079+1.15,999
2.1,0079+1.15,999=18,0153
=18,0153« 18,0.
18,0. Kh6i
Khdi lucrng
lutmg mol phan tir cua H2O IA
phan tit la
18,0
18,0 g/mol.
Tit thuc
ap dung 1.1: Tir
Bai tap tip thkrcnghiSm
nghiem ngucri
ngu6i ta
ta bi6't
biet rang 0,25 mol ructu
ruou etilic
nang
nang 11,5104
11,5104 g. Hay xac dinh
dinh kh6i
kh6'i luting
luong mol
mol phan
phan tit
tir va
va kh6i
khd'i luting
luong toeing d6i ciia
tuong doi cua
rucru?
ruou?
m
LLori Ap dung
Lbi giai: Ap dung M
M==—
— ==11,5104=
-= 46,0416
46,0416g/mol.
g/mol. Dieu
Dieu nay
nay co
co
n 0,25
nghia la
IAkhd'i
kh6iluong tuongd6i
him ming d6'icita
ciiaructu
ruouMIA°
khao sat la 46,0416.
Bai tap tip
Bai ap dung 1.2: Cho
Cho biet
bie't s6 mol phan tit
tir nu&
nude co
co trong
trong 3,603
3,603 gam
gamIA
la
bao nhieu?
Liri giai: Chung
L6i Chung ta biet
bift kh6i luong mol phan tit
khdi luting tir ciia
cua nu6c
nude IA
la 18,015
18,015 g/mol,
. # , , . . , — 1. rn 3, 603 g
3,603 ,
vay so
vay phan tit
s6 mol phan tuHoare
nuoc se 1A: nH o0 =
la; nu = =
g.mol r==:0,2
0-2mol.
mol.
2
2 Mh20
MH20 18,015
18,015 g.mol

1.2.
1.2. Mot
Mots6sodinh
dinh1u4t
luatcar
co ban

1.2.1. Binh
1.2.1. Dinh kW
luat Minh
thanhphan
phankhOng
khongdoi
d6i

Nha khoa
Nha khoa hoc
hoc Phap
Phap Joseph
Joseph Louis
Louis Proust
Proust phap
phap minh
minh ra
ra dinh
dinh 1114
luat nay
nay vao
vao
nam
nam 1801.
N6i dung
dung dinh
djnh lust la: "M61
luat la: hop chat
"Mot hap chat luon
luon luOn co themh
luon co phan xdc
thanh phdn xac dinh,
kh6ng
khdng ddi
dot cho du ducac di eu chebdng
dupe dieu chi' being each
cach new
ndo di cluing
chdng nita".
nua\
Nude co
Vi du: Nu6c co the
th^ dieu
dieu the
chebang
bangnhieu
nhieucach
eachkhac
khac nhau
nhau nhu
nhu d6t
d6't hidrocacbon
hidrocacbon
trong kh6ng khi, nu&
trong khdng nude thu
thu duerc
duoc tir phin ting
tir phan trung hoa,
umg trung hoa, song ket
ke't qua
qua thu
thu dir6c
duoc sau

12
khi phan
khi phan tich
tich thanh
thanh phan
phan ngutti
ngircri to
ta deu
deu nhan
nhan thay
tha'y ntrOc
nude bao
bao gib
gid cling
cung g6m
g6m hai
hai
nguyen to hidro va
nguyen tu mot nguyen
va mot nguyen tu
to oxi
oxi vdi
vai ty
tj, le kh6i
khdi luting
luong khOng
khong d6i
ddi myi
mH : m0 =1:8
mo =1:8
%mH =
tuc %m}1 = 11,1%,
11,1%, m0
mQ = 88,8%.
Tir nhung
Tu nhung dieu
diet, phan
phan tich vett
tren day cla chi ra
da chi ra ring;
rang: timg
tirng hop
hop cha't
chit deu
d6u ting
umg vai
vdi
met
mot cOng thtic xac dinh.
cong thuc djnh. Vi
Vi du
du phan
phan tit
tu nuerc
nude la H2O.
tip dung 1.3:
Bai tap ap 1.3: Crom
Crom oxit
oxit chda
chua 64,8%
64,8% Cr va 31,6% 0 ve
31,6% O \6 kh6i
kh6i luting.
luong.
Xac dinh cOng
cong thdc
thuc don
dan gian
gian cUa
cua crom oxit.
Lei
Loi giai:
Goi
Gpi cOng thtic don gian cUa
cong thirc crom oxit la: Crx0y
ciia crom CrxOy

Ta co: 52x
Taco: 52x :: 16y
16y = 68,4:
68,4 : 31,6
31,6
xx : y = 1,32 : 1,98 = 2:3
1,32:1,98 2:3
Nhan x, y nguyen
nguyen duong,
duong, nhO nhat x = 2, y = 3.
nho nha't
Vay c6ng thuc don gian cua crom oxit la Cr203.
cong thtic Q^C^.

Dinh lust
luat thanh
thanh phan 1g ddi
phln klieg-
khdng d6i ap
ap dung
dung dung cho chat kill
khi va
va chat
cha't lOng kh6i
long khdi
luting phan
luong phan tu
tit tha'p.
thap. D6'i
D6i vai
vdi mot
m6t s6
s6' chat
cha't ran,
rln, do
do nhang
nhfing khuy6t
khuyet tat cila
cua mang
mang tinh
tinh
phln cila
the, thanh phan cua hop
hopchat
cha'tthutrng
thudngkhOng
khdng ttrcmg
tuong ung
ting chmh vdi cong
chinh xac vai c6ng thtic
thirc h6a
hoc, vi
hoc, vi du tj, le
du ty Id s6
so nguyen
nguyen tit
tu O0 Ti
: Tidao
daoOng tirtir
d6ng 0,58
0,58cl6n
dd'n1,33
1,33thu
thudtroc
duoc trong
trong titan
titan
oxit diet'
dieu ch6
che bang
bang cac
cac phuong
phuong phap
phap khac nhau.

1.2.2.
1.2.2. Dinh lust
lult ty
ty le bai
boi

Djnh lust
Dinh luat ty
ty lele b6i
boidtroc
duoc nha
nha bac
bachoc
hocngtreti
ngudi Anh John Dalton
Dalton ph&
phat minh vao
nam 1803.
1803.
Nfti dung: "Neu hai
NOi hai nguyen kit hap vdi nhau
to kit
nguyen td' tao thanh
nhau tao mot so
thanh mdt s6 chat thi
fokgvai
ioig voicung
clingmdt
motkhdi
khdiluang
Iwng nguyen
nguyen idto nay,
nay, cac
cac khdi
kh6i luang
luting nguyen
nguyen id
t6 kia
kia ty
tj, le vOi
vdi
nhu nhting
nhau nhu nhung so
sd nguyen don
dan gidn".
gian".
Nita tac dung
Vi du: Nito dung veti
vdi oxi de
dd tao ra nam
nam oxit,
oxit, neu
neu ring
img vett mot don vi kh6i
vdi mdt khd'i
lacing nito thi kh6i
luong khdi luting
luong oxi trong cac
cac oxit
oxit do
do Ian
lln lucn
luot la:

N20
n2o NO
NO N203
N203 NO2
no2 N205
n2o5
4g 8g 12g 16g 20g
NInr vay
Nhu vay 44 :: 88 ;: 12
12 :: 16 :: 20 =
= 11 :: 2 :: 3 :: 4 :; 5
Bai tap ap dung 1.4: Dua
Bai Dtra vao
vao dinh
dinh luat khdng ddi
lust thanh phan khOng luat tjr
d6i va dinh lust ty
le bdi
bOi hay
hay cho bier
biet Luang 0 ket
luong O kdt hop
hop vOi
vdi SS trong
trong 22 hop cha't
chat SO2
S02 va SO3 theo
theo tyt'16nao?
nao?

13
13
 Loi giai:
Lin giai: Hai
Hai oxit
oxitSO2 thirang duoc
502 va SO3 thirOng duckdifiu
dieuchfi'
the nhu sau:
t°
S ++ O2
02 ---> ^ SO2
SO2
4. 1
hoac CUSO4 ——> CuO
CuSO4 CuO ++ SC^t
S02 1 + ^0
—022
2
".Xt
2SO2 + O2
2S02 + 02 > 2S03
2SO3
t
hoac Fe2(SO4)3 -->
Fe2(S04)3 —^—>Fe2O3
Fe203 +
+ 3503
3SO3
Tir cac
Tir cac phan
phan ung
dngdi6u
diet, ch6'
the nay
nay chiing
chting ta
ta nhan
nhantha'y
thSyrang
rangcac
caclirong
luongO0 ket hop
ding
cung vai
vdi mat
m6t luong
luong SS lap
lap thanh ty s6'
so 2 :: 3.

Djnh luat
1.2.3. Dinh luat bat)
bao toan
loan khOi
khoi luong

Dinh
Djnh luat
luat bao toan kh6i lacing
toan khdi duck nha
luong duoc nha bac
bac hoc
hoc Lomonosov phat minh vao
phat minh
nam
nam 1748 tai Nga. Dinh
Dinh luat
luat nay
nay ding
cung duac
duoc Lavoisier,
Lavoisier, mot
m6t cach
eachhoan
hoan toan
toan dOc
d6c lap,
phat hien tai
phat hien tai Phap
Phil) trong
trongkhoang
khoangcac
cac nam
nam 1772
1772 -- 1777.
Dinh
Dinh luat
luat phat Neu "Trong
phat bi6'u motphdn
'Trong mdt phanting
dnghoa
hoahoc
hoclong
tongkhoi
kh luong
luong cac
ede san
sdn
phd'm
phdm thu
thu duoc dung bang tang
(Nor dting tdng khdi
khoi Wong
lupng cac
ede eh&
chat ban
ban dciu
ddu ddda Mc
tdc dung".
dung"
Nhu chiing
chting ta
ta da
da biet,
bier, dinh
dinh luat
luat bao
bao toan
toan khbi hoan toan
kh6i luong chi hoan toan chInh
chinh xac
khi cac phan
phan (mg
irng h6a
hoa hoc
hoc khOng
khdng kern theo hi6u
kem theo hieu (mg
iimg nhiet.
nhidt.
Mat khac, tir cac s6
tir cac so lieu
li6u thuc
thuc nghiem
nghidmye hieu
hi6u(mg
irngnhiet
nhietcua
cuacac
cacphan
phan&rig
ung116a
hoa
» ' * 1 ' ' '
hoc
hoc chi
chi dao Ong khoang
dao d6ng khoang 102 10 kcal/mol,
kcal/mol, Ung
umg vdri su thay
vdi sir thayd6iddi khd'i
kh6i luong
luong khoing
khoang
0,465.10 I"I kg.
kg. Do
Dosu
suthay
thaydoi
d6ikhoi
khd'iluong
luongkh6ng
khdng clang
dang ke
k^ nay ma
ma phep
phep can
can do
chinh xac
xac hien
hidn thOi
thdi chua
chua dap
dip ling
umg ducrc nen trong
duoc ndn thtrc t^
trong thuc to dinh
dinh luat
luat bao
bao toan
toan kh6i
khd'i
luong van duoc
duck nghidm
nghiem dung.
BM tap ap
Bai tap áp dung 1.5:
1.5: Hai
Hoingtkri
ngudi ta c6
cd the
th^ dieu the
chd' duck
duoc bao
bao nhieu
nhidu kg
kg axit
axit
sunfuric
sunfuric nguyen
nguydn chit
chat net,
neu Wong
luong pirit
pirit nguyen
nguydn chit
chatban
ban dau
dSu IA 500 g.
la 500
Loi giai: Theo dinh luat bao toan khd'i
Ltri luong, trudc
kh6i Wong, trucktidn
tien ta
tavid't phan ang
via cac phan ung
xay ra trong qua
ra trong qua trinh
trinh didu
dieu chd
the H2SO4 nhu sau:
—
4FeS2 + 1102
1IO2 * 2Fe203 + 8SO2
8S02
2SO2 +
2S02 + O2
02 -> 2SO3
2S03 xx4
4
SO3
SO3 +
+ H2O
H2O —> H2SO4
H2SO4 xx88

4FeS2 ++15
15 O2
02 ++ 8H20
8H2O —›
—> 2Fe203
2Fe203 ++8H2SO4
8H2SO4

14
 Nhu vSy,
vay, tir phan
phan ung
ting cuoi
cu6i ciing
ding nay
nay dd
de dang
ding ta nhan thay
tha'y cu
cfr 11 phan
phan tir FeS2
ta thu
thu dirac
dupe 22 phan
plan tir
lir H2SO4. Do do each tinh
tmh se la:
FeS2
FeSj —> H2SO4
FFSOj
120
120gg 2x98
2x98gg
500g
500 g xg
x = 500
500x2.98
x ncrcb
x= 2.98 =
= 815 g hay
hay 0,815 kg
120
20

1.2.4. Dinh luat

1.2.4. Djnh (oat ty le the tich
ti'ch

Dinh
Djnh lust
luat duce
duoc phat
phat bieu
bieu nhu sau; "d
nhu sau: ""O cling dieu kien
cimg dieu kien nhiet de?, cipsud't,
dp, dp mat,the
thl
tich
lich cac
ede chat
chd't khi
kidsham
1 hamgia
giatrong
irongmatmotplain
phanerngung haa
hda hoc
hocding
alngnhu*
nhu sdn pha'm
phdm thu
dupe deu 6
daoz. ty le
le vii
vcri nhau nhu
nhu Wang
nhung seiso nguyin
n guy en don
dm gian". Nha khoa hoc Phap Gay
gidn". Nha
Lussac di phat minh dinh lust
Lussac da luat tjt
ty le the tich chat
the' ti'ch chit khi.
Vi du:
Vi du: H2 CU -4 2HC1
Ho ++ C12
Quan he giira cac the
the tich
ti'ch chit
chatkhi
khltham
tham gia
gia pham
pham (mg
img 1a
la nhu sau:
1V IV 2V

1.2.5. Dinh luat

1.2.5. Dinh lust Avogadro

Khi
Khi !chic) sat cac
khao sat cac cha't
chat khl,
khi, nha bac hoc ngtrai Y A.
ngubi Y A. Avogadro di
da dtra
dua ra
ra mt5t
m6t
gia thuyet (1881),
(1881), sau
sau do
do di
datray thanh dinh
tro thanh dinh luat
It* nhtr
nhu sau:
"a
"(7 cang
ciing dieu kien
kien nhiet
nhiet cla
do va
vd eip sudt, nhung
dp sud't. tuning the
the tich
rich bang
bang nhau
nhau cua
cua ede
cac
chat
chd't khi
khideu
deucha'a
chuacang
ciingm5t
motso"
so phcin
phan ta*"
tu "
Tit nisi dung
Tir noi dung dinh
dinh luat
lust ta
ta nhan illy trong
nhan tha'y trong cung diet' kien
cung dieu kien nhiet
nhiet d6,
d6, lip suit
ap sua't
nhu nhau
nhtr nhau mdt phan to
mot mol phan tu khi
khl bat
bat ki
ki nao
nao ding
cung chiem
chiem met
motthe
thetich
ti'chnhtr
nhunhau.
nhau.Tht,rc
Thuc
o
nghiem cho bier
biet ct diet' kien chudn
0 dieu chuan (0°C,
(0 C, 11 atm)
atm) m6i
met mol
mol khi
khi ba't
bat ki
ki deu
deu co
có the tich
ti'ch
Vo
V0 = 22,4 lit.

1.2.6.
1.2.6. Phuong trinh trang thai khi
khi IS
!y tuung
thing
Trong vat 1St
Trong ly hoc
hocngudi
ngtraitata quan
quan niem
niem khi
khi ly
1Ytudng
ttranglalakhi
khima
malire
lut tucmg
tu'ong tac
tic
giiia cac phan tir
giira tu duce
dugc coi
coi bang
bang khOng
khong (bi triet tieu).

Phttong tfinh trang thai

Phuong trinh thai cua
cua khi
khi15
ly, trang
tuong (phtrong
(phuong mirth
trinh Claperon-
Claperon-Mendeleyev)
Mendeleyev)
ducrc bidudien
duoc bieu dienbang
bangbieu
bieuthuc:
auk:

15
15
 m
PV
PV == — RT = nRT
M

trong dO n:
trong do n: s6
s6' mol khi
khf
s6 khf
R: hang so khi
P: ap sua't
P: ap suit
V: the tich
T: nhiet d6 tuyet d6i t0C + 273,16
dd'i T(K) = t°C
S6
S<5 tri R phu
phu thubc
thudc vao
vao cac
cac clan
don vi
vi do:
do: 0,082
0,082 L.at/mol.K;
L.at/mol.K; 1,987
1,987 cal/mol.K;
cal/mol.K;
8,314 J/mol.K
VI R la hlng
Vi R hang sd
s6 n6n
nen cung
ding mat
m6t kh6i
khdi khi
khl ting
ting v6i
vdi T, P, V khac nhau, tir
to phuang
phuong
trinh trang
trang thai
thai cua
cua khf
khi ly
1 tuang
tuong ta suy ra:
ra;
P2V
P2 V22 _ PjV,
= P1 V1
T2 T1
Bai tap ap dung 1.6: Ngtriti ta
1.6: Nguoi ta biet
bia rang khi
khf neon c6
co the tich
tfch la 105
105 L tai nhiet
0
d6 27
27°C vi ap suit
C va sua't 985
985 torr.
torr. H6i
Hoi the
th^ tich
tfch cua
cua khi
khf nay
nay la
la bao nhieu
nhifiu da dieu
difiu kien
kidn chudn?
chuan?
6
Lbi giai: d diet'
didu kien
kiSn chuan (0oC, 1
chucfn (0°C, atm; 1
1 atm; atm = 760
1 atm 760 torr = 760 mmHg)
0
Theo d^u
dim bai
bai V1
V, =105
=105 L; Pi
P, =
= 985 torr;
tom TjTi = 27 °C + 273
C+ 273 == 300
300 K
V2
V2 =? L; P22 = 760 torr; T
P T22 = 273 K
P.V, P,V,
Ap dung
dung hS di& PI – P2 V2 tata de
he thifc de- ding
dang suy
suy ra:
T1 T2
VI T2 = 985torrx105Lx273K
Pi1 ViTi 985 torr x 105 Lx273K
V222z = ' - = = 124
124 L
P2 T1
PjT, 760 torr x 300K
760torrx300K
PV
Cac truimg
trucfng hap
hop rieng:
riSng: tim PV = const ta co:
tCf -^-= c6:

a) Dinh luat
a) Djnh luit Boyle
Boyle - Mariotte: khi nhiet d0
d6 kh6ng d6i (T - const) thi
khdng ddi
PV
PV == const
const hay
hay Pi V I = P2V2
Pj Vj P2V2
b) Wit Gay - Lussac: khi the
b) Dinh luat th^ tich
tfch kh6ng d6i (V - const) thl
thi
P = const
— consthay T
P11 =
P,
Lhay — =—P2
P2
T Tj1 T2T2

luit Charles:
c) Dinh luat Charles: khi ap suit
sua't khong
khdng d6i
d6i (P
(P - const) thl
thi
v u v,1 T V
v22
— = const
m = consthayhay mTi= m^
^ —^
T T

16
16
 Dira vao cac Binh
Dua dinh lust
luSl chat
chat khi,
khi, ta
ta co
co the
the )(at:
xac dinh duoc
dugc kh6i
khd'i lacing
lugng phan tit
tu
M ciia
cUacaccac chat
chat khi cho cac truetng
tritang hop sau:
a) Khi bier
biet kh6i
khdi lacing cita khf
lugng m cua khi d6 mot
mot dieu
dieu kien
kien xac
xac djnh
dinh thi
thi M
M xac djnh
dinh theo:

M = mRT
pv
b)
b) Khi biet kh6i
khoi luting
lugng rieng D0 cita mot chat
ciia mdt chit khi
khi aa dieu
dieu kien'chuan
kidn'chuin thi M se la:
M 22,41),0
M = 22,4D
c) Khi
Khi bie't tj, kh6i
biet ty khoi hoi
hoi chit
chatkhi
khiAA(kh6i
(khdi luting
lugng phan
phan tit
tu can
c5n xac
xac dinh)
dinh) so
sovOi
voi
mot chit khi B
mot chat B da ro kh6i
khdi luong Mg thi MA
lugng MB A ding
cung duoc
dugc suy ra la:

mA = MA ''' = M
=> Ma m .d ri
d'A/B
rv I JJ =
A/B -jy*
Air mA '"RBB•"A/B
A/B
mg M
mB MB B

tap Ai)
Bai tap ap dung
dung 1.7:
1.7: Khi
Khi xac
xac dinh
dinh thanh
thanh phdn
phan axit axetic
axetic ngueri
nguch ta
ta tha'y co
thiy có
2,1 phdn
phan kh6i
khdi lacing
lugng cacbon,
cacbon, 0,35
0,35 phdn
phan kh6i
khdi lacing
luong 1-H,
1, 2,8
2,8 phan
phan khdi
kh6i lugng
luong O.
0. Kh6i
Khdi
lining phan tu
lugng phan to axit axetic bang 60.
60. Hay
Hay xac
xac dinh CTPT
(TPT axit axetic.
Uri
Ldi giii:
giai: CTPT:
CTPT: CxHyOz
CxHyOz
2,1 0,35 2,8
x:y:z=
x : y : z = — :: 1 : 16
: —=0,175:0,35:0,175=1:2:1
= 0,175 : 0,35 : 0,175 = 1:2:1
12
12 1 16
CT don
don gian
giin nhat:
nha't; CH20;
CH2O; CT
CT nguyen:
nguyen: (CH20)n
(CH20)n
Ta có M
Ta co M==30n
30n==6060=>nn==22hay
hay C2H402.
C2H4O2.
Bai tap
tapAi)
ap dung
dung1.8:
1.8:The
Thetich
tfchcita
cuamat
m6tchat
chatkill
khiduoi
dudiAL) suit 1,2
ap sua't atm la 12 L.
1,2 atm
HOithe
Hoi the tfch
tich cua
cita khdi
kh6i khf
!chinay
naylalabao
baonhidu
nhieukhi
khitip
apsuat
suit tang
tang len
len tdi
tai 2,4 atm?
Lai
Ldi gifii:
gial: Chting
Chung ta
ta bi6t
bidt rang
rang66nhidt
nhidt clO khOngddi,
d6 khdng doi,quan
quanh6
hligiua
gab T va P dugc
duoc
xac lap theo
theo dinh
dinh1114
luat Boyle P1 V1 == P2V,.
Boyle PjVj P2V2 Theo
Theo diu
diu bai,
bai, sau
sau khi
khi thay
thay s6
so vao
vao bieu
bieu
thtic nay ta
thuc nay ta dd
de dang
ding xac dinh
djnh duoc
dugc V2.
= P4V4 l,2atmxl2L /;nT
1,2atmx12L
Vt
v2= P2
—— = = o,U L
= 6,0
P2 2,4atm
2,4 atm

Bai
Bai tap fip
ap dung 1.9: 100oC khi nito chiem
1.9: Tai 100°C chiem mdt
mot the
the tfch
tich la 117 mL. Neu
Ndu
sudt qua trinh
trong su6t trinh thi
thi' nghidm
nghifim Ai)
ap sua't khong ddi
suit khOng doi thi
thi nhidt
nhidt dd
d6 bang
bang bao nhieu
nhidu khi
the tich la 234 mL?
thd tfch
Ldi giai:
Liri KhiPP--const
giii: Khi constchting
chungtataco
cothe
theAi)
ap dung
dung dinh
dinh luat
lust Charle
v v 1 V2T1
T = 234mLx 373K
Vi == V2
-4- 2 u t
T222 = V2 i = 234mLx373K =
hay T
hay _., K
= 746 ^
T1
^ T2 T2 V1
V! 117mL
0 0
hay °CC = 746 K — 273 = 47a
- 273 4739C -C

17
1.2.7. Win chit khi
H6n hap chat khi-- dinh
djnh luat
luat Dalton
Dalton

Trong cling
cung nhimg
nhfing dieu
di6u kien
kien vat
vat 1j
ly,,;ap
ap sua't
suit rieng phan ciia
cUamotmotchat
chit khi trong
mot
m6t tutin hap la
hdn hop la ap
Apsuat
suet do
do chat
chat khi
khi do
do tao nenn6n khi nono chiem
chiem the
the tich
tfch cua
cua toan
toan1)0
bo
h6n hap khi.
Vi du: Khi
Khi trOn
trdn 2 lit khi
khi oxi
oxi veil
vdi 33 lit
lit khi
khi nita
nitotco
cócung
dingap
apsua't
silk 11 atm dtroc
duoc 5 lit
116n hap,ap
hdn hop, Apsua't
suetrifing
rieng phdn
phan cua oxi vava cita
cua nita
nito trong
tronghon
h6nhop
hapse"
se la:
2 3
=—
Pq2 =
P02 — xl1 == 0,4
5 0,4 atm,
atm, PNPn22 =5x1 0,6 atm
= —xl=0,6atm
5 5
Dinh Wit Dalton: "Ap sudt
Djnh luat suat chung
chung cua
cua hon
hdn hop
hapcac
cdcchat
chatklzi
khi15, tudng bang
ly tuang
tong ap suat
tSng dp suet rieng phdn cua
cua cac
cdc khi
khi tao
tao nen hon
hdn hop
hap do".
P
chung = P
Pchung PAA + P
PB
B + Pc ...
Pc - (V, T - const)
(V,T-const)
Bai
Bai tap ap dung 1.10:
1.10: Khi trOn lit khi CO2 (960 mmHg)
tr6n 33 lit vdi 44 lit
mmHg) vai lit khi
khi O2
02
(1080 mmHg) va
(1080 mmHg) va 66 lit khi N2 (906 mmHg) ta
to duoc
duoc 10 lit hon
h6n hop
h(^) khi mai.
moi. HOi
Hoi ap
suit
sua't dm
cuaLion
h6n hap khi thu dtrac?
duac?
Ltd giii: Ap suit
L6i giai: sua't rieng
rieng phan
phan timg
tung khi
khi trong
trong h6n
h6n hop
hap se la:
3
PCO2
P 30 =
C02 == 960 xX 10 ^ 288 mmHg
oiroHg

1Po
302
"2 =1080
= 1080 x O= 432
x —=
jo 432 mmHg
mmHg

PN2
PN
N == 906 x 1—
906x—= 60 = 544
544 mmHg
mmHg
2 10
Vay Apsua't
vay dp suit chung cua h6n hap khi la:
P = 288 + 432 + 544 = 1264
1264 mmHg

Wilingcrane ' eltialt

QlhCincj itiem etimh ureic
tjexi ehUtfnq.
ehtitseng 1I

1. Cfic niOn ca
Cac khai niem co ban
to la phdn
Nguyen tit phdn tt
titnhO
nho nhat
nhd't ctia
cua mat
mot nguyen
n guy en to
to' hoa hoc con
cdn mang
mang tinh
chat h6ahoc
chat hoa hoccua
ctianguyen
nguyen do.
td'do.
Phan ti?
Phdn 16hat
tit Id hat nho
nho nhd't
'that cua m6t
rndt chdt
chat no
co khd
khd ncing ton tai
ndng ton tqi dOc
doc lap va
vd con
cdn
mang tinh chat hoa hoc
hoc dac
ddc trong
tntng cila
cua chat do.
do...

18
18
a) Don vi
a) Dffn vi khoi
khoi luqrng nguyin to
luting nguyen tu

guy dinh qu6c

Theo quy qud'c te,
tS, don
dan vi khoi luang
vi khoi luong nguy6n
nguyen tir
tit (u
(u -- unit)
unit) bang
bang 12
— kh6i
kh6i
112
Wong cua nguyfin
luqng cua nguyen tir
to 126 C (dvC
(dvC -- don
don vi
vi cacbon).

11 uu= 1,6605.10 27
= 1,6605.10 27 kg
b) Nguyen lit
b) Nguyen to khdi, ni kit&
khoi, phdn tu khoi
Kh6i
Kh6'i lacing nguyen tir
luong nguyfin tucrngd6'i
tu tuong dii hay
hay nguyfin
nguyentirtitkh6'i
166icua
caa m6t
mot nguyfin
nguyen td
t6 cho
biet kh6i
khoi luting
luong cua
cua nguyen
nguyfin tit
tirdo
do ggp
ga'p bao
bao nhieu
nhieu lan
lan dcrn
dan vi kh6i
khdi Wong
luang nguyen
nguyfin tit
tir
(1
—m
~ i2c jl .. Nhu the
m 12 the' kh6i
khdi luvng
luqng nguyen
nguySn totir tuong d6i kh6ng co ill('
thiir nguyen.
nguyen. Song
Song
12 c1
ye
vi mat vat
vat 15
ly, phai hieu rang: to khoi la so
rang; Nguyen tu 0 do
docaa
cuakhoi
khoiWong
luang nguyen
nguyen to tinh
tutinh
ra dan
dolt vi uu (dvC).
Phcin tu
Phdn tctkhoi
khoi (khdi
(kh6i luang
luting phdn
phcintu
to tuong
twangdot)
doi)bang
bangtSng
tongkhdi
Mai luang nguyin to
lacing nguyen tu
twang doi cua
tuang ddi caa cac
cdc nguyin
nguyentti'tao
tu tqothcinh
thanh phcin
phdn tu.

c) Sd Avogadro. Mo!
c) So Mol
* 12 12
S6 nguyen tir
So nguydn to 12C
C co trong 12
12 g 12C
C duqc goi la .0- Avogadro (N):
so Avogadro (N):
23
N = 6,023.1023.
23 •.
Moi la luting
Mol luqng chgt
chat chua 6,023.1023
6,023.10 hat vi m6 (nguydn
(nguyen tit,
tu, phan tir
tit hay ion...).
ion..).
S6 hat vi
vi m6 cua
dm met
m6t mol
mol duoc
duqc goi la hang 0- Avogadro va
hang sdAvogadro NIAduqc
dtpc14
ky hieu la N
NA:
A:

6,023.1023mor
NAA = 6,023.1023
N mol 1l..
d) Khdi luting
luang mol nguyin
nguyen td.
tvt.Khdi
Khdi !wing mol phdn to
luang mol tu
Khal lacing
Khdi mol nguyen
luang mol nguyin to tu ctia
cua mot
mot nguyin
nguyen to
to lci
Id khoi
khdi luting
luang cua
cua mOt
mdt mol
nguyen tie
to nguyen
nguyen tddo.
to do. S6
Sd tri cita
cua khOi lacing mol
khdi luqng mol nguyen tir dting nhgt
tirddng nha't veri
vdi nguyen
tit kh6i cua
tir khdi cita nguyen
nguydn t6
tdtwang
tuong Ong.
trng.
Khdi lacing mol phdn
luang mol phrin tu
to clia mot chcit
ciia mdt la khdi
chat la khoi luang
luting cua
ctia mdt
puStmol
mol phdn
phan td
to
chcit
chat do.
Met cach
Mdt each tong
tuongtu,
tu,s6sdtritricua
ciiakhoi
khdiluting
luqng mol
mol phan
phan tit
tir ding
cung (long
ddng nhgt
nha't vai
vdi
phan tit kh6i cua
tir khdi cira chat do.

2. s6 dinh
Mot sd djnh luflt
ludt co ban

a) Dinh luOt
ludt thdnh phdn
phdn khOng
khdng ddi
"MO
"Mdt hop
hap chcit
chat luan
ludn !lion
ludn có
co thanh
thdnh phcin
phdn xac
xdc dinh,
dinh, khang
khdng ddi
ddi cho
chocla
dd du'or
duac
dieu chebang
che bang cach
each nao
ndo di chang nib".
chdng nua".

19
19
b) Dinh ludt ty le boi
b) bqi
"Nell
"Neu hai
hai nguyen
nguyen to kit hop
l6kit hapvoi
vainhau
nhautaotaothank
thanhmat
motsosdchat
chatthithiLing
Ung voi
vdi cang
cung
mat
mdt khdi luting
luqng nguyen
nguyen to
td nay,
nay, cac
cac khOi
khdi litqng nguyen to
luctng nguyen to kia tj, le
kia ty le voi
vdi nhau
nhauWm*
nine
nhang so nguyen dan
nhung sd don gidn".
c)
c) Dinh ludt bdo todn khoi
khdi lacing
luang
"Trong
"Trong mat
mot phdn
phdn ang
Ctng hoa
hoa hoc
hoctong
tdng khoi
khdi luring
luang cac
cdc sdn pheim thu duac
phd'm thu duor diing
dung
bang tdng
tang khdi
khoi luting
luang cac
cdc chat ban ddu dd tactdc dung".

d) Dinh ludt ty to
d) Dinh the' tich
le the tich
"Trong
'Trong mat
mdt phdn
phdn ang
ung hoa
hoa hoc
hoc tai
tqicang
cung dieu
dieu kien
kien nhiet
nhietdo,
dp, ap
dpstair,
sit at, the'
the tich
caa
ctia cac
cdc chcit khi tham
chat khi tham gia
gia phdn
phdn ting
lingban
banddudducung
clingnhusdn
&t sdn phd'm
phOmthu thuduac
lore deu
deu ty hele
vvdi
&
. nhau nha
nhu nhang
nhung so
sdnguyen
nguyen don
dan gidn."

e) Dinh ludt A
e) Dinh Avogadro
vogadro
"a
"O cling
ciing dieu kien
kien nhiet
nhiet do
dd va
vdap
dpswat,
sudt, nhiing
nhung the'
the tech bang nhau
tich bang nhau caa
cua cac
cdc
chcit khideu
chat khi deu chda
chaa cung
cang mot
matsd
sophdn
phantu".
ta".
Thkrcnghifem
Thirc nghiem cho
cho bift
biet actdidu
dieu kien
kien chuAn (0oC, 1I atm) mot mol khf
chuin (0°C, khi bat ki deu
ddu
có
co the
thi: tich Vo
V0 = 22,4 lit.
1ft.

Phuong trinh trang

g) Phuang trqng thdi
thai khi
khily
ly tuirng
tudng
Phtrong
Phirong trinh trang
trang thai
thai cua
cuakhi
khflylyttreing tenth Claperon-
tudng (phuong trinh Claperon- Mendeleyev):
Mendeleyev):
PV 1-11 RT
PV == — RT =
= nRT
M
Cfic triton him
Cdc trirdng hop rieng:
rieng:
+ Dinh luit
ludt Boyle
Boyle -- Mariotte
Mariotte (T-const)
(T-const)
PV = const hay P,V,
P,V| = P2V2
P2V2
+ Dinh lust
luat Gay
Gay -- Lussac
Lussac (V
(V - const)
p Pi 13,
p p
— == const
— uhay —
const hay -1= —2
T T1 T2
Ti T2

+ Dinh lust
luat Charles (P - const)
V
v
u V
Vi =V
Vo
— = const hay
— —i- —£-
T T1 T2
Tj T2

Dua vao cac dinh lust

luat chit
chatkhi,
khi,totacó
cothe
thexac
xacdinh
dinh&roc
duoc kh6i
khoi ltrong
luong phan
phan tir
tu
M cua cac chat khi cho cac trucmg
trding hop
hop sau:
mRT
M= M = 22,4D0
22,4D0 Ma -
MA = MB.CIA/B
MB.dA/B
PV

20
h) Dinh lila!
ludt Dalton
"A
"App slat
sudt chung
chungctia
ciia halt
hSn hap
hap cac
cdc chat
chatkhi
khi15,
ly tur;wg
tudng bang tO'ng ap sud't
long dp sucit rieng
phan cua
phdn ctia cdc
cac khi Igo
tao nen han
hSn hap do".
P
P
chung = PA +
= P PB +
+ P PC
+ P C-• •- (V , T - const )
(V,T-const)

(^dn ltd! tui but

eau hoi top,

1.
1. Cho biet cac khai niem
niem ve
ve nguyen
nguyen tir, nguyen t6,
tir, nguyen t6, phan tir,
tit, don
don cha't,
chat, hop chat.
2.
2. Hay phan biat
biet su
sir khac nhau giSa:
- Kh6i
Khoi Wong
luong nguyen to
tir va kh6i
khoi luting
luong mol nguyen tit;
tu;
- Kh6i
KhO'i lacing
luong phan tir
tir va kh6i
khoi Wong
luong mol phan tit.
tu.
3.
3. Phat bieu
bie'u not
noi dung va cho vi du minh hoa
hoa vg
ve cac
cac djnh
dinh luat sau:
sau;
- Dinh luat thanh
thanh phan
phtin khOng d6i;
khong doi;
- Dinh luat bao toan kh6i 'gong;
loan khoi luong;
- Dinh luat
luat Gay
Gay— Lussac;
- Lussac;
- Dinh luat Avogadro;
Avogadro;
- Dinh luat Dalton.
4.
4. Quy ra s6
s6' mol
mol nguyen
nguydn tit
tir cila
ciia cac kh6i
kh6'i luting nguyen tir
luong nguyfin tit sau:
sau: 5,4 gam nh6m,
16
16 gam Itru
luu huStnh, 6,4 gam
huynh, 6,4 gam oxi,
oxi, 71
71 gam clo.
5.
5. CO bao nhidu
Co bao nhieu mol
mol nguyen
nguyen tir
tit trong
trong 44 gam
gam oxi,
oxi, 20
20 gam
gam hidro,
hidro, 12
12 gam magie,
112
112 gam sat, 7 gam silic?
6.
6. Tim s6
s6' mol phan tit
tir trong 3,65 gam
gam hidroclorua;
hidroclorua; 49
49 gam
gam axit sunfuric.
7.
7. Tim t6ng
Tim t6ng s6
s6' mol
mol nguyen
nguySn tit
tir va
va ion
ion co trong
trong h6n
h6n hop
hop g6m
g6m 11,2
11,2 gam
gam sat,
sat,
12,7
12,7 gam FeC12
FeC^ IA 6,5 gam
gam FeC13.
FeC^.
8.
8. CO bao nhifiu
Co bao nhieu kmol CaCO3
CaCC^ trong 11 tan
ta'n CaCO3?
CaC03?

9.
9. Dat chay hoan
D6't hoan town
loan 13,8 chat hitu
13,8 gam mot hop chat him co duoc 26,4 gam CO2, 16,2
co duoc 16,2 gam
H2O. Tj, kh6i
H2O. Ty khoi hoi
hoi cua
cua hop
hopchat
chatdo
doso
soyeti
vdi hidro bang 23.
23. Xac
Xac dinh
dinhC11-11
CTPT hop chat.
Dap s6:
s6'; C2H5OH

10.
10. Cho mot
m6t luting
ludng khi
khf CO (thieu) di qua m gam h6n hop ran nung ming
nong gom
g6m Fe2O3
Fe203
va Fe. Sau phan (mg
ting thu ductc 30,2 gam
duoc 30,2 gamchat
chat ran
ran vdi
vai 22
22 gam
gam CO2. Tinh m.
Dap s6:
s6': m = 38,2 gam

9)
71
11.
11. TitTir
1 kg FeS2
1 kg nguyen
FeS2 chat
nguydn c6cotheth^di6u
chat diduch6
chdclitac
duoc bao
bao nhieu
nhidu kg
kg axit
axit sunfuric
sunfuric
nguyen chit?
nguydn chat?
Dap s6':
s6: 1,63
1,63 kg
12.
12. Mot
M6th6n
h6nhaphapkhi
khl15
ly, ttteing g6m 11 mol
tirang g6m mol khfkhi H2,
H2,22 mol
molkhi
khiN2,
N2,55mol
molkhf 02 c6
khi O2 co
ap suit
sua't bang
bang 11 atm.
atm.Hay
Hay tinh
tmh ap
ap suit
sua't rieng
ridng phan
phan cua
cua moi
m6i chat khi.
khf.
Dap s6: P
Dap s6: pH2
H2 = 0,125 atm; PN2 = 0,25
0,125 atm; 0,25 atm;
atm; Po
P022 = 0,625 atm.

13.
13. a) a)
HayHaytinhtfnh
thdth^
tichtfch
dmcua
3 mol khikhf
3 mol 15/lytu&ng
tuangtai
tainhiet
nhidt(10 250C va dit6i
d6 t = 25°C dudi ap
suit
sua't 1,2
1,2 atm.
b) Hay tinh
tfnh thd
the' tich
tfch cita
cua khoi
khd'i khi
khf d6 105 Pa.
do khi P = 105
Dap s6: a) 61,1 lit; b)
61,11ft; b) 74,3
74,3 lit
1ft
14.
14. Hay
Haytinh phan
tfnh tit tu
phan kh6i cua
khfi'i cuamot
m6tchit
chatkhi,
khf,biOt
bid'trang
rang 22 gg khi
khf d6
do 6 250C, du6i
d 25°C, dudi Ai)
ap
sat
sua't1 1atm
atmco
cdthd
th^tich
tfchbang
bang 1,53
1,53 lit.
1ft.
Dap s6:
s6: M = 32.
15.
15. Hai
Hainguyen
nguydn t6 t6
hemhdahochocXXvavaYYu ddidu
didukien
kidnthu6ng
thudngcldu
ddu la
la chat
chat ran.
ran. S6
S6' mol
mol
cim
cua X cd co trong
trong 8,4
8,4 gg nhidu
nhi^u han
han 0,15
0,15 mol
mol so
so yeti
vdi s6
sd mol Y cd
c6 trong 6,4 g.
g. Bi6t
Bidt
kh6i
khd'i ltrang
luang mol
mol dm
cuaXXnhO nhd han
hem khOi ltrang mol ciia
khd'i lugng cua Y la 8,0 g.
a) Xac dinh
a) Binh ZZ vk
va tdn
ten cua
dm 22 nguydn
nguyft to.
td.
b) Tim s6
sd mol ciia
cua XX va Y.
Dap sd:
s6: a)
a) X:
X: Mg;
Mg; Y:
Y: S
b) nx == 0,35;
0,35; ny =
= 0,2.
16. 6
6 diet' kin chi&
didu kidn cm3 khi
chuan11 cm3 khf bat ki cd
c6 bao nhidu
nhieu phan
phin tit va
va cd
c6 bao nhieu mol?
19
Dap sd:
s6: 2,6884.lO
2,6884.1019 phan tit; 4,4643.10 55 mol.
tu; 4,4643.10"

22
 0:Lang
(UutiUtg, 2
2

HAT NHAN VA
HAT NHAN VA LOP
LCJP VO NGUYEN TV
vo NGUYEN TIT

Muc tieu Can tap

Cdn tap trung
trungvaovaocac
cdcvein
van de:
chuurig
chucmg 2 1. Gic
1. Cac khai
khai niem:
niem: Thanh
Thanh phan
phan nguyen tu.
tit. S6'
S6 kh5'i.
kh6i. Dien tfch.
tich. Nguyen
Nguyfin
to. DOng
Dong vi.vj. Quan hehe giira
giOa kh6i
kh6'i lacing
luong m va nang Luang
lircmg E.
2. Tinh
2. Ti'nh chat chung
chung cira
cua he lugng tit: Ban
luong tir: Bin chat song -- hat.
hat. Tinh
Tmh khOng
khong
&Ong thgi xac
d6ng thdi xac dinh
Binh hai
hai dai
dai luong
lugng co hoc.
3. Cic
3. Cac he
he qua
quacua
cuabai
baitown
toan nguyen tu
tit hidro:
hidro: Gian
Giin do
dd nang
nang Luang.
luong. Ph6
Phd
phat xa cira
cua H.
H. Khai niOnve obitan (AO) va y nghia s6 luting tit.
niemvd obitan tAO) va y nghla 4 s6' luong tu.
4. Cu
4. Ca'uhinh
hinhelectron
electronva
va nguyen
nguyen tic
tac viet
viet cau
ca'u hinh
hlnh electron.

MOt so Electron So lifting tuchinh

Soluang tit chink Quan he giaa
giita m va E
to khoci Proton So"lupng
So luting tir
tit phu
phu Lien ket
kit hat
hat nhcin
nhdn
Notron So luring
luong tet tit
tu tie thadc nguyen
Kich thudc nguyen tic
to
Hat ~nhdn
hOn So luring
So luong tic spin
tu spin Song de Broglie
Lop vo nguyen tu
Lop Lap electron
tit Ldp He thicc
Hi thar Heisenberg
kho'i
So khoi Phcinlop
Phdn lop electron
electron Phitang trinh
Phuong trinh song
So dien
Sd' diet; tick
tich Nguyen ly Pauli
Nguyen Mar nang luring
Mice lupng
Obitan Nguyen lY vfing bin
ly vung ben Quang phd'
phd piwit xa
phdt xa
Obitan s, s, p,
p, d tdc Hand
Quy tac Hund Cciu hinh
Ca'u hinh electron
electron

2.1. Thanh
2.1. Thanhphin
phancau
cautrue
true cua
cua nguyin tit
nguyen tu

2.1.1. Thanh
2.1.1. Thanh phan
phin nguyen tit
tu

NO), nay, ngu*i

Ngay ngudi tota da biet, nguyen tit
biet, nguy6n tocua
cuacdc
cacnguyfen
nguyent6't6hoa
h6ahoc
hocg6m
Om mot
m6t
hat nhan
hat nhan mang
mang difin
dien tfch electron (dien
duang va cac electron
tich duong (dien tir)
tir)chuydn
chuydn ddng
d6ng xung quanh
quanh
hat nhan.
hat nhan. Hat
Hat nhan
nhan nguyen to g6m
nguyen tir Om 2 loai hat: proton
loai hat: proton(p)
(p) va
va notron
ncrtron(n).
(n).Khdi
Kh6i luong,
Wong,
dien tfch
dien tich cua electron va
cua electron va 2 hat p, nn duqc
hat p, ditqc dua
dua vao bang 2.1.
vao bang 2.1.

23
23
 Bing2.1.
Bing 2.1.Kh61
Khd'l Wong,
lirdng, difon
dlfn tfch
110 cua e, p, n

Hat vi m6
md Khei
Kh6'i luong
luong Dien
Dien tich
tfch
31 19
Electron (e) 5,4858.10
5,4858.10^uu = 9,1.10_31 kg
= 9,1.10 1,602.10~19 C == -e
-- 1,602.10 -e00
-27 -19
Proton (p) 1,00724
1,00724 uu= 1,6725.10~27 kg
= 1,6725.10 1,602.10~19 C =
+ 1,602.10 = +e
+e,0
-27
Notron (n, N) 1,00865 1,67482.10 27 kg
1,00865 u = 1,67482.10

19
Dien tich
ti'ch 1,602.10
1,602.10 19 Culong
Culong (C) la then
didn tich
tfch nh6
nho nhat
nha't &roc
duoc biet
bi^'t hien
hifin nay.
Do do dien
diSn tich
tfch nay
nay ditqc
duoc goi lala dien
dien tich
tfch so
so dang,
ding, ky
ky hieu
hieuIA e0 va thuong
la ec, thuctng duoc
dung la thm
don vi dien tich:
tfch:
19
qe
qe = -- 1,602.10
1,602.10 19CC == -e
- eo0

2.1.2. SOdien
2.1.2. So dientfch.
tich.So
SOkho'i
kh6ihat
hatnhan.
nhan. Kfch
Kich thuoc
think

2.1.2.1. S6
S6 diOn tich hat
dien tick hat nhdn
nhan (Z)
Nhu
Nhu da da biet,
bi£t, trong
trong hat nhan
nhan nguyen
nguySn tit
tir co hai
hai loaf
loai hat:
hat: proton
proton vava notron.
notron.
Notron kh6ng
Notron kh6ngmang mangdien,dien,dododod6 dien
dien tfch
tich cua
cUahathat nhan
nhan lala do
do dien
diSn tich
tfch cua
cua
proton guy& dinh.
proton quyfi't dinh. NS'u
Neu hat
hat nhan
nhan coco Z
Z hat proton
proton thi dien tich
tfch cUa hat nhan bang
cua hat bing
+Zeo0 = +Z (e00 = 1), trong d6 Z IA met se duoc goi IA so dien tich
+Ze = +Z (e = 1), trong do Z la mdt s6' duoc goi la s6 dien tfch hat nhan. VI
nhan. Vi
nguyen tit trung
nguyfin tu trung hoa
hoa dien
dien nen
nen so'
se hat proton bang s6'
proton bing s6 hat electron,
electron, va
va dien tich
tfch hat
nhan
nhan ZZ cung
ding bang
bing se
s6' hat electron (e).
V£
Ve gia
gia tri thi:
Z = S6 hat proton = SO hat electron
S6 hat electron = SO then tfch
S6 dien tich hat nhan
T6ng s6'
T6ng se hat proton (Z) va
proton (Z) va s6'
s6 hat notron (N) trong
notron (N) trong hat
hat nhan
nhan duoc
ditqc goi
goi la
la s6
se
kh6i (A) cua
khei (A) dm hat nhan do.
A= Z + N
A
Vi
VI khd'i luqng cua
khei lucrng dm proton )(Spxixibing
proton va cua notron diu xip bang m6t
met don
don vj
vi uu va vl
vi
co khd'i
electron co khei Ittong rat nho
luong rit nhObing
bang0,00055
0,00055uunen
nens6'
se khO'i
khei hat
hat nhan
nhan co
c6 the
the la gia tri
gan dung
gin dung cua
cua nguyen tutit kh6'i.
kh6i. Chfnh
Chinh vi
vi vay
vay ma
ma A
A duoc
duoc goi
goi la
la s(5
se kh6i.
kh6i.
SO dientfch
S6 dien tichhat
hat nhan
nhan (Z)
(Z) va
va s6
se kh6i
khei (A)
(A) ditoc coi la nhiing
duoc coi dac trung
nhung dac trung cua
nguyen tu,
nguyen tit. Ne'u
Neu bie't
biet AA va
va ZZ cua
cua m6t
met nguyen
nguyen tir
tit thi
thi ta
ta se
se bie't
biet duoc
ducx s6
se hat proton (p),
(p),
s6 hat
so' hat electron
electron (e)
(e) va
va s6
se hat
hat notron IA:NN==AA-- Z co trong
natron la; trong nguyen
nguyen to
tir do. De 14,
ky
diI cac dAc
hieu day dii trung cua
dac trung cua nguyen tit
tu nguari ta vie't:
nguiri ta vier:
AX
zX

24
24
 X la
X la kY
ky hieu
hifiu cua
cua
nguyen to nao
nguyen tir nao do.
do. Vi
Vi du:
du: 30
30
6
-3C1;
pCl; 0 ;... Nam
1860;... Nam 1913
1913 //
Moseley
Moseley dixa dua tren
tren cac s6
s6' lieu
li6u 20
20 y*
thud nghiem thu
thirc nghiem thu dirge
duqc vevg so
song cUa cac tia X bdc
cua cac birc xa khi 10
10

ban
ban pha
pha hat
hat nhan
nhan da duadua ra ra
z
he
hfi thlit
thirc lien
li6n he
h6giCra se song
giua s6 song 00 20
20 40
40 «)
60 so
1i0

vach ph6 tia X va dien tich

v vach tfch
hat nhan Z: H'"11 2.1.
Hinh 2-1. Su
Sir phu thuoc giva
phu thuO'c giura j va
va Z
Z

Vv
^ ==a(Z
a(Z—
- b) (2.1)
a va bb la cac hang so.
s6.
Dim vao cac
Dira vao cac s6 lieu vv quan
quansat
satditqc
dirqcva
va sit
sir dung
dung phttong
phirong phap
phap d6 thi, ngu6i
ngudi
to c6 the xac
ta co xac dinh
dinhdirge
dirocs6
s6thd
thirti.r
tir Z.
Z. Bang
Bang cach
each nay
nay Moseley
Moseley(15
da phat hien
hien ducic
diroc cac
nguyen t6to mOi (xem hinh 2.1).
mcri (xem

2.1.2.2. Kich
2.1.2.2. Kich thu&c
tint& hat
hat nhan
nhan
Nhieu
Nhi6u thi
thl nghiem
nghidm cho thay
tha'y hat
hat nhan,
nhan, mot each gdn
mbt each gan dung,
dung, co
co the xem
xem nhu
mot qua cau c6
co ban
ban kinh
kmh rr va
va duqc
duoc xac
xac dinh
djnh theo he
he thiitc
thtit sau:
sau:
1/3
r0A1/3
r = roA (2.2)
trong do rrc,
0 ~—1,1,2.10 13
2.1013 cm = 1,2.10 15
1,2.10 1s m = 1,2 femtomet; A- s6
1,2 femtomet; s6' kh6i.
khd'i.
Ban
Ban kinh
kmh hat
hat nhan
nhan nh6
nho hcm
hem ban kinh
kmh cita
ciia nguyen
nguyen tirto tit
tir 11 van den 10
10 van Ian.
3
The tich ciia
Th^ tich dm hat nhan tj, le
nhan ty 16 vai
vcri r3, nghia la ,
tj
r , nghia la ty le
16 vdi
vdri s6
s6' nucleon
nucleon A. VI Vi electron co
kh6i
kh6'i lucmg rat nho
lucmg ra't nh6 so v6i vai khei
khd'i Itt6ng
ludng eila
cua proton hoac natron
proton hole notron n6n
nen hau
hau nhu toan b6
kh6i
kh6'i lucmg cita nguy6n
luang ciia nguyen tu tit tap
tap trung
trung a6 hat
hat nhan. Mat khac
nhan. Mat khac hat
hat nhan
nhan co có the tich
tfch v6
vo
cling
ciing nh6
nho so v6i
vdri the
th^ tich cua toan b0 bo nguyen tit nen hat
tir n6n hat nhan
nhan co tj, kh6i
co ty khd'i v6
vd cling
cung lam
1cm
3
(ca 140 trieu ta'n/cm
140 tri6u tin/cm3). ).

2.1.3. Nguyen t6
to hem
hoa hoc. D6ng
Dong vi

Theo
Theo ly4, thuyet
thuydt ye
vd cau
ca'u tao
taonguydn
nguyen tittir thi
thi cau
ca'u trtic
true 16p v6 nguyen
lorp vo nguy6n tit
tir se quyet
quye'l
dinh chu
chii yeti
y^u tinh chit
chat hoa
hoa hoc
hoc dmciianguyen
nguyentit. tir. VI
Vi s6sd dien
di6n tich hat nhan Z bang so s6
hat electron nen
n6n s6
sd dien
di6n tich
tich hat
hat nhan
nhan ZZ la
la s6
sd dac
dac trtmg nguyen t6
trung cho nguy6n td h6a
hoa hoc.
M6i nguydn
nguy6n t6
td h6a
hoa hoc có
co the co mot
mdt so dang nguydn
sd dang nguyen tir
tit co
có ciing
ding dien
di6n tich.

25
 Vi du:
Vf du: Hidro
Hidro co ba
ba dang
dang nguyen
nguyen to Fi; jH;
tir la: |H; fI-1; '1H;Clo
Clo co
co hai clang:
dang:
6
17CI; N
?7C1; Cl; Canxi:
17CI; g Ca
Canxi; ^Ca, E Ca ^Ca;
^Ca, t4Ca;
) Aron;
g
Argon; ?8nAr ?gArg
Ar, ffAr, Ar
^Ar

V&y nguyen to'

Vay to hoa IAtap
how hoc la tap hop
hop cac
cac dang nguyen to c6 ding
nguyen tuco cung dien
didn tich
tfch hat
hat
nhan.
M6i dang nguyen
Mdi dang tit cua mot
nguyfin tu mot nguyen to boa
nguyen to hoc diroc
hoa hoc duoc gpi
goi la
la d6ng
d6ng vi cua
cua
nguyen t6 do.
nguydn td
Nhit stay, cac
Nhu vSy, cac d6ng
dong vi cUa mot nguyen
cua m6t nguyen to
to hoa
hoa hoc
hoc co
c6 so
s6 proton giOng
gidng nhau,
nhu'ng co s6
nhimg co so notron
notron khac nhau, do do co so kh6i
khoi (A) khac nhau.
Vi da s6
s6' cac nguyen
nguyen t6
t6'h6a
hoa hoc
hoc IA bon hop
la h6n hop cua
dm nhieu
nhieu d6ng
(long vi
vi nein
nen nguyPn
nguyen tu
to
kh6i
khdi cua cac nguyen
nguy6n t6
tdIA nguydn tu
la nguyen tit khdi
kh6i trung
trung binh
binh cua
cua h6n
h6n hop
hop cac
cac ddng
dong vi.
Bai
Bai tap fip 2.1: Nguyen t6
ap dung 2.1: to clo
clo CO
co 22 dong
d6ng vi Cl: C I (75%);
Cl: i17CI (75%); N CI
17CI
(25%). Hay xac
xac Binh
dinh nguydn
nguyen tit
tu khoi
khdi trung binh cua Cl.
Lorigiai;
Loi giai: Tu
Tit cac
cac sd
s6 lieu
lieu da
di cho
cho ta
ta de
dd (fang suy ra
dang suy ra nguyen
nguyen tu
tit khdi
khoi trung binh
ciia
cua Cl
Cl IA:
la:
C1 _ 35.75
35^5 + 3125
37.25 = 35
CI = = 35,45
100
100

2.1.4. He
He thik
thurclien
lienhe
hegifra
gittakh6i
khdilucmg
luongva
vanang
ndngIttcmg
lurong

Kh6i luting
Khdi luong va va nang
nang luting
lupng IAla nhitng thuOc ti'nh
nhung thubc tinh cua
cua vat
vat chat,
chit. Khoi
Khdi luting
luong IA
la
thu6c
thudc do quail
quan tinh
ti'nh va
va nang
nangluting
lupnglalathuOc
thudc do
do van
van Ong
ddngcUa
cua vat chat.
Theo thuy6t
Theo thuydt tuong d6iddi ciia
cua Einstein
Einstein thi giita khoi lupng
gida khdi luting (m)
(m) va
va nang luong
lupng
(E) cua vat thd c6 su lien he
the' co he thong
thdng qua
qua he
he thlic:
thirc;
2
E = mc2 (2.3)
trong do tdc anh
d6 c la van t6c anh sang
sangtrong
trong chan
chankhOng,
khdng, c = 2,9979.108
2,9979.10 m/s.
mpi qua
Trong moi qua trinh,
trinh,su
subien
bie'nthien
thienye
vekh6i
khdiluting
lupng Am
Am dmciiamot
mpthehenao
naodOdo luOn
luon
kern
kem theo su bien
bidn thien
thidn v6
ve nang
nang luting
lupng AE
AE cUa he va
cua he va ngupc
nguqc lai.
lai. Khi
Khi do
do ta co:
22
AE = Amc (2.4)
Nhu
Nhir vay,
vay, theo he
he thdc
thdc tuctng
tuong d6i
ddi cUa
cua Einstein
Einstein co
c6 su chuyen
chuydri hoa lai gifra
h6a qua lai giua
nang
nang lttong
lupng va
va kh6i
khdi Wong.
lupng. VI
Vi t6c
tdc dO
d6 anh
anh sang
sang rat
ra'tIan
Idn(7.,
(« 3.108
3.10 m/s)
m/s) nen
nen sit
su bien
bien
v6 khdi
thien ye lupng Am chi dang ke
kh6i luting k^ trong qua trinh có co kern
kem theo su Wen
bien thien nang
luting (AE)
lupng (AE) rtft
rat Idn,
lan, vi du trong
trong cac
cac phan
phan ring
umg hat nhan nguyen
nguydn tu.
tit. Ddi
D6i vdi
vai cac phan
dng hoa hoc thdng thudng, vdi hieu dng
ang h6a hoc th6ng thuong, voi hieu (mg nhiet nhiet cua phan umg nho,
nhO, su bien thien khdi
su bidn kh6i

26
lacing (Am)qua
lirgng (Am) qua nho,
nh6, khdng
khong xac
xac (iinh
dinh dirge
dwic bang
bang thuc
thuc nghiem.
nghiem. Do
Do do,
do, tren
tren thuc
thuc te
t6
luat bao
dinh lust bao toan
toan kh6i
khoilacing
luong van
van duoc
duoc coi
coi la
la hoan
hoan town
toan nghiem
nghiem dung.

2.1.5. Moi lien he gifra

2.1.5. giiifa khOi
khoi luong
lutmg va
va toe
toc do
do chuyen
chuyen dong
dOngcua
ctia vat
vat the
the

Ong
Cungtheo
theothuyet
thuyettiring
tirongdoi
doiciia
ciiaEinstein,
Einstein, giira
giua kh6i
khoi Wong
lugng (m)
(m) va
va t6c
toe di)
do
chuydn
chuyen dOng
dpng (v) cua vat thd
the c6
co he
he thirc:
thirc:
mo (2.5)
mv =
v2
1—

trong d6:
do; c c—-toe
t6'cdeo
dp anh sang
sang trong
trong nhan
chan khOng.
khong.
mo
m0 — kh6iluong
- khPi luting nghi
nghi hay
hay khPi
kh6i lupng
lutingcua
cilavat
vat the
the dung
dung yen.
m„
mv — kh6i luong
- khoi lucmg cua
ciia vat
vat the
thd khi chuydn
chuyen Ong
dpngyeti
v6it6c
toeclO
dp vv va
vaductc
dupe goi
goi IA
la
khoi
khPi lac:mg Wong dpi
lupng tuong d6i tmh
tinh cua
cua vat thd.
the.
Theo he
he fink
thirc(2.5),
(2.5),kh6i
khoilacing
lupng cUa
cua vat
vat the tang
tang theo
theo t6c
tPc clO. Tuy vay,
dp. Tuy vay, vi
vi t6c
tPc
8
dO
dp anh sang
sangqua
qua16nIPn(-4-: 3.108 m/s)
(« 3.10 m/s) nen
nPn su
sir hieu
hieu chinh
chinh kh6i
khPi lucrng
lupng chl
chico
coyy nghia
nghTa
trong
trong cac truOng
trucmg hop vat the the chuyen
chuyen Ong
dpngyetivoi t6c
tPc d6
dp 16rn, vi du electron
Ion, vi electron trong
trong
chuyPn dpng
chuyen Ong xungxung quanh
quanh hat hat nhan
nhan nguyen
nguyen tir.tir. DPi vPi cac
D6i voi cac vat
vat thd
the vi
vi mO
mo nhu
nhu
may bay, 66 to,
t6,vien
viPndan,...
dan,...chuydn
chuyp'ndOng
dpng voi
voi t6c
tPc dO
dp v rat nh6
nho soso voi
vdit6c
toecles anh sang
dp anh
(v «
(v «c),c),susu hipu
hieu chinhkh6i
chinh khPilacing
lupnglalakh6ng
khong can can thiet,
thiPt, nghia
nghia la
la coi
coi khoi
khPi luting
lupng
khOng
khPng phu thuOc
thuPc vao
vao t6c
tP'c (16
dp chuyen
chuyPn dOng.
dPng.
v22
v
Vi khi v > c thi
VI thl 1—
1 —5- < 0 nen he thirc
thirc (2.5) ciing
cung cho
cho biet
biPtlA
la khOng
khPng the'
thd co
c`
c
thP nao
vat the nio chuydn
chuyp'n Ong
dPngyeti
voit6c
tPcdO
dp lOn
Ion han
hon t6c
tPc clO
dp anh
anh sang. chuyen dOng
sang. Hat chuydn dPng voivai
tP'c cl0
t6c dp vv == cc chinh sang (photon
chinh la hat anh sang (photon hay quang tir).

2.1.6. Nang
2.1.6. Nang lupng
luting lien
lien ket
ket hat
hat nhan.
nhan. Nang
Nang lupng
Wow lien.ket
lien.ket rieng
rieng cua
ctia hat
hat nhan
KPtqua
Ka quathan
thucnghiem,
nghiPm,xac
xacdinh
djnh chinh
chinh xac
xac kh6i
khPi luting
lupng cua cac nucleon
nucleon va cua
nguoi tatotha'y
hat nhan, ngu?:ri tidy long
t6ng khPi
kh6i lupng
luting cac
cac nucleon
nucleon cocó trong
trong hat nhAn bao gid
hat nhan
ding
cung lan
IPnhcm
hon kh6i
khp'i luting
lupng cua
cua hat
hat nhan.
nhan. Do
DP la sir but khPi
su hut kh6i lupng
luting cua
dm hat nhan (Am):
(Am):
Am = [Zmp
[Zmp + (A
(A—
- Z)mn] -
—mmhat nhan
—hat nhan (2.6)
KhPi luting
Kh6i lupng but
hut nay
nay (mg
trng voi
voi met
mPt nang
nang luting
lupng rat
ra't iOn
IPn dtrqc
dupe giai phOng
phong ra khi
hat nhan
hinh thanh hat nhan nguyen
nguyPn tir
tu tir
tir cac
cac nucleon.
nucleon. Nang
Nang lining
lupng nay
nay chrqc
dupe tinh theo he
hP
thirc:
thdc:
2
AE = Am.c2 (2.4)

27
va diroc
&roc goi
goi IA nang liwng
la nang luting lien
lien kft
kdt hat
hat nhan. DO ding chinh
Do cung chinh IA
la nang Wong can thidt
luong c^n thifi't
de pha vo
v6 hat nhan.
Bai tap
tap ap
apdung
dung2.2:
2.2:Hay
Hayxac
xacdinh
dmhnang
nangWong
luonghat
hatnhan
nhand6i
doiyeti
voi dcrteri
dcfteri D (co
m
m = 2,01370 u).
Loi giai: Ap dung
L6i dung cac
cac cdng
Ong attic
thuc (2.6)
(2.6) va
va (2.4) ta co:
Am + n-nmD
Am = mp + - m=
D 1,00724
= 1,00724++1,00862
1,00862 --2,01370
2,01370

= 0,00216 u
2 -27 82
AE = Amc2 = 0,00216.1,66056.10 27 .(3.10
(3.108)2
13
= 3,23.10 13 J
-13 19
= 3,23.10 13 : 1,6.10
1,6.10 19 = 2017580,4 eV = 2,01
2,01 MeV.
2
V6i 11 u = 931,5 MeV/c2
MeV/c ta cling
cung c6
co the tinh
tmh truc
true tiep
tid'p nhir
nhu sau:

AE
AE == 0,00216.931,5
0,00216.931,5 = 2,01
2,01 MeV.
Nhu vSy,
vay, nang luong
Wong li6n
lien ke't
kdtcua
dm hat
hat nhSn
nhan doteri
doteri la 2,01
2,01 MeV.
Nang Wong kdt hat nhan tinh
luong lien kft tmh cho
cho I1 nucleon
nucleonducrc
duoc goi
goi IA
la nang luting
luong lien
kdt rieng cua
ket rifing caa hat nhan:
AE
AEr
AEr=^=— (2.7)
A
Vi
Vf du, nang
nSng Wong
luong lien
lifin lc& rieng cUa
kfi^t rifing hat nhan doteri
cua hat dcrteri d(^
D(2, H)la:
H)la:
2,01 MeV
= 1,05
1,05 MeV
2
Nang I:long
luong lien
lifin ldt
k^trieng
rifingcang
cang16n,
Idm.nghia
nghla1a
la nang
nangluting
luongducrc
duoc giai
giai phOng
phong ra
khi
khi hinh
hlnh thanh hat nhan
nhan cang
cang lam.
16n. Hat nhan ct trong thai
6 trang thai nang
nang luong
luting cang
cang tha'p
thip thi
ben.
hat nhan cang bfin.

2.1.7. DOnghoc
2.1.7. Dong hoccac
cacqua
qua trinh
trinh pitting
phong xa. Toe dq
do phOng
phong xa

Qua trinh
trinh phan
phan huy
huj, phOng
phong xaxa la
la m6t
mot phan
phin Ling don phan
ling don phan tir
tit hay
hay phan
phin (mg
irng bac
11 (A
(A ->
-+ san
sin phim)
ph^m) va
va diroc tinh theo
duoc tmh theo hfi
ho thuc:
that:
N
In N ° = kt
t

hay: N, N0e"kl
Nt = Noe kt (2.8)
trong do No,
N0, Ni
Nt IA s6 nguyfin
la s6 nguydn to
tir phong
phong xa
xacto th6i
thefi diem
diemtt==00Nth
va t = t.

28
 Chu ki ban
Chu ki huj, (t in):
ban buy
_ 1n2
ln2 _ 0,693 n Q.
t, = — (2.9)
(2 9)
k
>2 " "k k~ -
Dua vao
vao hai bieu that
thirc (2.8)
(2.8)va
va (2.9)
(2.9) trong
trong khao c6 hoc
hoc nguai
ngubi ta
ta de
dl clang
dang xac
dinh duoc
duck nien dai cua tang
timg mien
mien dat
dat thong qua caccac mSu
mau quang tim thay.
tha'y.
Truck
Trudc khi xet
xet cat'
ca'u true
true cua
cua Idp
lop vO
vo nguyen tit co
nguyen tir c6 lien
lien quan gi den
den tinh
tinh chSt
cha't
cua nguyen
nguyen tuto ta diem qua
qua mot
m6t s6
s6 19ly thuyet quan trpng
thuyet quan trong co
c6 quan
quan he
he tray
true tiep den
van de nay.
va'n de

2.2.
2.2. Thuyet
Thuyetluvng
luangtit
tur Planck
Planck

2.2.1. Buc
Burc xa dien tit
tu

Theo
Theo thuy6t
thuyft song
song veve
» c*'A
b
anh
anh sang
sang cira
cua Maxwell
Maxwell thithi
anh
anh sang (hay buc
sang (hay but xaxa not
noi
chung) c6 ban
chung) co ban chat
chat IA
la song
song /
.4 lh ,
#01/ 11wpr
dien
dien,. W"
Trong sizing
Trong song dien
didn tir,
dien
dien truOng
trubng E E va
va tit
tirtrtrimg
trucmg
H
H luOn
lu6n luOn
lubn c6cophut:mg
phuang Hinh
' 2.2.
H nh 2
-2- Song
s
6ng di§n
dl6n tit
tCr
vu6ng goc vai
vubng vdi nhau
nhau va
va vuOng
vubng
goc
goc vOi
vdi phuong
phuang truyen
truy6n cira
cua
song dien tit
tir (hinh 2.2).
Quang duimg
ducmg ma
ma song
song dien
di6ntit
tirchuyen
chuyen dori
ddi duac
&roc trong
trong chu ky T(s) &roc
chu k9 dupe goi
_1
la buck
budc song
song hay
hayc10
d6 dai
clai song
song (X).
(X). vS<5
S6 chu
chu ky
k9 trong
trong 11 giay
giay (s
(s-1)) gpi
goi la tSn s6' v (Hz).
tan s6
Giua budc
GiCra bit& song
song X, tdn
tan so chu k9
s6 v, chu ky T,
T, tOc
tdc d6 song cc c6
d0 truyen song cocac
cachehathCrc
thirc
lien he:
-1
v = I (s 1))
v=^(s~ (2.10)

Dai lucrng
luang nghich
nghich dao
ciaociia
cirabudc
Iv& song
song dupe
duck gpi
goi la sd'
s6 song v [cm-1].
[cm '].
_ 1
v— (2.11)
X
c 1
?. = —
-= c- = cT
= c- (2.12)
v v

29
 Song birc xa h6ng ngoai (IR), anh sang nhin thay (btic
Song radio, vi song, bite (buc xa kha
ki6n) (VIS), bdc
ki^n) (VIS), bac xa to nhang song dien tit.
tir ngoai (UV), tia X, tia y deu la nhung tir. Chting c6
Chung co
ban chat gi8ng
gib'ng nhau
nhau vava chi
chi khac
khac nhau
nhau ve
vt dO buoc song X
d6 dai cua buqc va duoc
X va duqc phan
phan b6'
b6
thanh m6t
mat dai song.
Tia y Tia X
Tiay X Tit goa i Kb&
Tir nngoai Kha kien Hong ngoai Vi
kit'n HOng Song radio
song SOng
Visong
—» k 1-^; H 1 I 1 ^
10'2A 1A
102A 1A 100A
100 A 3900A3900A 7700A 1mm
1mm im
1m 10km
10km

2.2.2. Thuyet Luang to Planck

luong tur Planck (1900)
Khi mOt
m6t vat thd
th^ dtroc
duoc d6t nong, cac hat t1ch
dd't nOng, dien (ion.
tich dien (ion, electron,...)
electron,...) chuydn
chuyen
Ong
dbng dao dOng lam phat ra cac
d6ng lam cac Ink
birc xa
xa tac
tac dung
dunglen
lenklnh
kinhanh
anhchochotatamOt.
mdt ph6.
ph6. Ph6
thu chroc
duoc d6 buc xa nhiet.
do goi la ph6 birc
fl giai thich
De giai thfch ph6
ph6 btic
bdc xa
xa nhiet,
nhiSt, nam
nam 1900, Max Planck
1900, Max Planck da
di dua ra
ra thuy6t
thuyS't
luting
luong tit
tir mang ten
t6n Ong:
6ng:
Anh sang hay hay bac
bucxa
xanotnoichung
chunggam
gomnhang
nhungluting
luangtotu
ncing
ndngLuang
luong(c)
(e)ty'7
ty le
an voi
thus
thuan v&i ton
tan so" cela buc
so cua bac xq
xa ((v):
v):
ce = hv (2.13)
-34 a.
h = 6,625.10 34 J.s, ducc
duoc goi
goi ld
la hang
hang s6
so Planck
Planck hay
hay Wang
luqng tir dyng.
tu tdc dung.
trpng cua
nghia quan trong
Y nghla cua thuyet
thuyfi't Wong
luong to
tir Planck
Planck la da
di phat
phat hien
hien ra tInh
tinh chat
gian
gian doan hay
hay tinh
tmh chat
chat luting
luong tit
tir hOa
hoa nang
nang luting
luong caa
ciia cac he
he vi
vi m6
m6 (electron,
(electron,
nguyen
nguydn tir,tit, plan
phan Thuy6t
tir,...). luong tit
Thuyfi'tluting tir Planck la co
Planck la ca sa
so dd
de giai
giai thich
thfch hien
hifin tuong
tupng
nhu hieu
hidu Cmg
iing quang dien,
difen, hieu umg compton,...
hifiuCmg compton,... ma cac thuy6t
thuyet c6
c6 didn
dien khOn
khdngg giii
giai
Mich duac.
thfch dupe.
Ngay nay,
nay, nguari ta da
ngubi ta di bier,
bifi't, ban chat hai mat
mat song
song -- hat
hat khOng
kh6ng chi
chi la
la tinh
tfnh
chat ridng cua anh sang ma la
rieng ciia la tinh
tfnh chat chung cuaciia he hat vi mO.
m6.

2.3. Dai
2.3. Daicucmg
cirong ve
ve co
co hoc
hoc luong ta
lirpng to

2.3.1. Song vat chat de Broglie

Theo gia thuy6t
thuyet photon thithl Vic
buc xa dien
di6n tit
tir co
c6 tinh
tfnh chit
chat nhu
nhu nhting
nhung (long
dong hat.
Anh sang co
Anh sang c6 ban
ban chat
cha't song -- hat.
hat. Ban
Ban chat
chat song
song duqc
dupe khOng dinh befi
khang dinh bai cac
ede hien
hi6n
tuong: nhi8u xa,
tupng: nhidu xa, giao thoa; con
con ban
ban chat
chat hat
hat lai duqc
dupe khOng
khang dinh
dinh bai
boi cac
cac hien
hi6n
along:
tupng: hieu
hiduCtng
img quang dien,
di6n, hieu
hi6u (mg
img compton. Co the thd xem
xem van
va'n de nguoc
ngupc lai:
lai: cac
hat vat cha't
chit vi
vi mO
md co kit&
khO'i luting
luong nghi nhu electron, proton,... khi chuydn
chuyen dOng
ddng thi
c6
co tInh chat song hay khOng?
tfnh cha't kh6ng?

30
 Dua tren cac dft
du kien
ki6n thuc
thuc nghiem,
nghiem, nam 1924,
1924, nha
nha bac
bac hoc
hoc ngueri
ngiroi Phap Louis
de Broglie di dua
Broglie da dua ra
ra mot
mot gia
gia thief
thiet quan trong
trong cho
cho r^ng:
rang: "Moi
"Moi dang
dang vat
vat chat
chit chuyen
Ong
dongdeu
d6ulien
lienke't
ket (tuong
(tuong(mg)
ung) vOi mot song,
voi mbt song, goi
goi lala song
song vat
vat chat
chit de Broglie".
Nhu vay,
vay, moi dang vat chat d'euco
chat dfiu có ban
banchat
chatsong
song -- hat. Bulk
Budc song
song X
X (tinh
(tinh
chit
chat song)
song) NIA khoiluong
va kho'i lutingmm(tmh
(tinhchat
chathat)
hat)cua
titacac
cachat
hatvat
vatchat
chitchuyen
chuyendong
Ong c6
co he
thirc
thuc lien he:
h
=
l=~ (2.14)
my
mv
34
trong do: h - hang so
so Planck; 6,6256.10 34
Planck; hh == 6,6256.10 J.s

6,6256.10~27
= 6,6256.10 27ec.s.
ec.s.
v - tOc do chuyen
td'c d6 chuyen Ong
dongcUa
cuahat
hat(dOi
(ddi vOi
vdi photon chuyen
chuyen dOng
d6ng vai
vdi t6c
t6'cclO
d6 c
h
thi
thi XX==—; — ; cc--tot
toec16
d6 anh sang trong chan
than khOng).
khdng).
me
mc
Thi nghiem dia
cuaDavisson
Davisson--Germer
Germerve
vestr
sunhieu
nhilu x4
xa electron
electron khi
khiphOng
phong chiim
chum
electron qua
qua tinh
tinh the
thi Ni
Nidi
dakiem
kilmchiIng
chunggia
giathuy6t
thuyd'tcUa
cua Louis
Louis de
de Broglie
Broglie %/a chotha'y
va cho illy
rang gia
gia thuyet
thuyet nay
nayphii
phuhop
hopYeti
vdi thuc nghiem.
BM tap ap
Bai tap ap dung 2.3:
MOt chiec
a) Mot chi& 66 tO
to c6
co khOi
khbi luting
luqng 1I tin,
ta'n, chuyen
chuyenclOng
dong v6i
vdi tOc (16vv== 100
toe do 100 km/h.
km/h.
Electron trong nguyen
b) Electron nguyen to
tir hidro
hidro chuyen
chuyen dOng
dong voi
vdi toc
tdc c10 106 m.s
do vv == 106 m.s 1 ;
-31 »
m = 9,1.10
m kg. Tinh buck
budc song
song A. cilasong
X cua songde
de Broglie
Broglie rdi
roi cho
cho bill
bier nhan
nhan xet doi
ddi
vdi tCmg
Yeti tirng trudng
truOtng hop.
hop.
Ldi giai:
L6i
h 6,625.1(134 38
a)
a) X =
A, = - = — a 2,4.10 38 M.
=2,4.10- m. Budc
Buck song
song qua
qua nho.
my
mv 3
3 105
10
io .
10
3600
"3600
Nhu
Nhu vay, d6i
ddi vai
vdi hat
hatcó
cokIch
kichthudtc lem(vl
thudc Idn (vimd)
mo)song
song lidn
lien ket
ket hoan
hohn loan
toan vd
v6 nghla.
nghia.

b) h = 6,625.10-34
b) X= — 34 10 = 7.2A.
10
= 6,625.10" , ==7,2.10
7t2.10- m m = 7,2 A.
mv 9,1.10 .10
my 9,1.1041.10'

Do do,
Do d6, d6i
ddi veil hat co
vdi hat c6 kIch thuoc nho
kich thudc nhO(hat
(hatvivimd)
m6)song
songlidn
lien kd't
ka gift
giu mot
mdt vai
tro
trd rat
rdt quan trong.
Theo
Theo gia thuyet
thuyet Ye photon va
vl photon va gia
gia thuyet
thuyet de
de Broglie
Broglie thi
thi anh
anh sang
sang cling
cung nhu
cac hat
hat vi
vi m6
md vita
vua c6
cd tinh
tinh chit
chat song
song lai
lai vita
vvra c6
cd tinh chit
chat hat.
hat. Theo
Theo quan
quan diem
diem cila
cua

31
31
vat
vat ly c6cd dien
dien thi
thl dieu
di6unay
naykhOng
khdng the
the hieu
hieu &roc
diroc vi
vi no
no trai
trai voi
vai nhan
nhan xet
xet thOng
th6ng
thuting
thirctng tren cac vat vi m6 xung quanh ta. Mu6n hieu &roc vat IY hien dai, can phai
vat vi m6 xung quanh ta. Mudn hieu duoc vat ly hien dai, cdn
thay
thay doi
d6i nhi-mg
nhimg quan niemni6m cu, phai
phai hieu
hieu the gidi
gidi vi
vi m6
m6 dung
dung nhunhu thirc
thuc to
t6' khach
quan, du no co khac
khac voi
vdi cach
each suy
suy nghi
nghl thong
thdng thuOng
thucmg dmcua cluing
chung ta.
CO the minh
Co th^ minh hoa
hoa ban
ban chat
chit song - hat cua anh sang qua so do sau day:

Tinh
Tmh chat
cha't song (hien
(hifin along
tUOTig giao thoa, nhieu
nhiSu xa) X .
• , x h
Anh sang
AnhsdngQ X= —
me
N." Tmh
Tinh cha't
chat hat (hieu
(hidu (mg
img quang dien, Compton...)
Compton...) m

2.3.2. Nguyen IY 'bit dinh

ly bat dinh Heisenberg

Trong co hoc c6 dien,

die'n, khi khao sat su
sir chuyen Ong
dong cua
cua hat
hat nguOi nghi de'n
nguoi ta nghl den
guy
quy dao, nghia
nghla IA thira nhan
la thira nhan rang
rang tai
tai mot
m6t thOi diem xac
thdi diem xac dinh
dinh hat
hat c6
co mot
m6t toa
toa dO
d6
xac dinh.
Tuy
Tuy nhien, khi not noi den
den tinh
tmh chat
cha't song cua hat hat thi
thi khai
khai niem
niem qu-
quyy dao khOng
khdng
cony
con ynghia
nghla nua.
nOa. VIVi khi
khinot
noiden
de'nsong,
song, ngtfoi
ngucfi ta
ta nghi
nghl den
den mot
m6t qua trinh tuan hoan
hoan
voi mot chu
v6i m6t chu kiki (hay butk
bu6c song
song X)A.) va voi
vdri mot
m6t tan
tdn s6
s6' vv xac
xac dinh.
dmh. Do do cau not noi
"buck
"bu6c song
song tai
tai toa
toa dO
d6 x bang X" kh6ng
khOngco coy nghia.
y nghla.
h
Theo he thik
thirc de
de Broglie
Broglie (p
(p == my
mv == — —)) thi Ong
d6ng Wong la ham
luqng p la ham s6'
s6 cua
cua budc
bit&
X
song X, ma XX khdng
X, ma kh6ng la
la ham
ham cua toa d6,
dQ,ndn
nenppkhdng
khOngthe'
thelalaham
hamcuadmtoatoad6.O. Dieu do
c6
co nghia
nghla 1a khi da
la khi di thira nhan ti'nh
tinh cha't
chat song
song cua
cua cac
cac hat
hat vat
vat cha't
chat chuyen
chuyend6ng Ong thi:
"Toa do
d6 va
va Ong
d6ngWong
luqngcua
cuacac
cachat
hat(vi
(vimO)
m6)khOng
khdng the
the dOng
d6ng thOi có gia
thai co gia trj
tri xac
xac dinh".
Ket luan tren duoc
&roc di^n
dien tataqua
quam6t
mothe
4 auk
thircbat
batdinh
dinh Heisenberg
Heisenberg (1927):
Aq.Ap > h (2.15)
trong do: Aq
Aq -- dQ
d6 bat dinh Ye toadd.
ve toa O.
Ap - dO
Ap bat dinh
dd bat dinh ve
ve ddng
Ong hrong.
luqng.
h „
h= —
— - hang s6
sd' Planck rut gon.
2rc
27t
Theo he thtic
thiic bat
ba't dinh,
dinh, neu
ne'u toa
toa d6
dd dm
cua hat
hat cang
cang &roc
duoc xac
xac dinh
djnh (Aq cang nhd)
nh6)
thi
thi Ong
ddng lacing
luqng cuacua hat
hat cang
cang kern
kern xac
xac dinh
dinh (Ap
(Ap cang
cang lan)
1cm) va
va nguqc
nguqc lai. Neu
Ne'u toa
clO
dd cdc6mdt
motgia
giatritrixac
xacdinh
dinh (Aq
(Aq==0)0)thithiddng
Ong luqng
luting hoan
hoantoan
toanba't
batdinh
dinh(Ap
(Ap«co)
oo) va
nguoc
nguqc lai.

32
 Bai
Bai tap
tap fip Sir chuydn
dung 2.4: Su.
ap dung (ing cUa
chuyen d6ng cua electron trong
trong nguydn
nguyen tic
tu hidro
31 -10
me = 9.10 31 kg;
me kg; kich
kich thuac
thiracnguyen
nguyentird 10 10 m.
to d« 10 m. Cho
Cho biet
bidt tinh
tinh nghiem
nghidm dung
thing cua
dm
gia thuydt.
thuyet.
LCti giii:
Lcri giai:
Gia sir d6
dd bat
ba't dinh
dinh cUa
ciia t6c
toe dO (Av)co
dp (Av) cot6c
t6c d6
da anh
anh sang
sang (3.108
(3.10 m/s)
m/s) (lan
(Ion ham
hon
nhieu so vii
vdi gia
gia tri
trithut
thuccira
cuat6c
toedo
dpchuydn
chuyendOng ciia electron, v < c).
dpng ciia c). Khi do:
Aq.Ap = Aq.m.Av > h

. ^ h 6,625.10-34 m-
tn 10
-10
-10
Aq
-^Aq>—— = ~ 10
« 10 m
mAv 9,1.10" .3.10 .2.3,14
9,1.10-31.3.108.2.3,14
Nhu vSy,
vay, dddp bgt
ba't dinh
dinh cua
ciia toa
toa dd
dp (Aq)
(Aq) van
van co kich
kich thuac
thirPc cer
co nguyen tir. tir. Dieu
Difiu
do có
co nghia
nghla la
la toa
toadd
dpvavaddng
dpngWanglupngkhOng
khdng the
the dOng therico
dPng thoi cógia
gia tri
tri xac
xac dinh.
dinh. Khai
nidm quy dao d6i
niem quy doi yeti
vpi su
sir chuydn
chuyen dOng dm electron
dpng ciia electron trong nguyen
nguyen tir tir la
la khOng
khdng cóco
nghia.
y nghla.

2.4. Nguyen
Nguyentittuhidro
hidrovava
nhting
nhiirngion
iongiCing
giong hidro

2.4.1. MO diu
Mo dau

Nguyen tir
Nguy6n tir hidro va
va nhUng
nhirng ion
ion gi6ng
giong hidro (He+, Li++,
hidro (He+, Li++, Be'',...)
Be+++,...)co
co mat
mpt
electron duy nhgt
nha't chuydn Ong
dpng trong
trong twang
truPng luclire cUa
ciia hat nhan vai
voi mot
mpt dien
didn tich + e
(hay ++ Ze).
Ze). Chuydn
Chuyd'n dong
dfing cUa
ciia electron trong nguydn
electron trong nguydn tir
tir hidro
hidro lala truPng
twang hop
hop quan
trong
trong nhgt cua chuyd'n
nha't ciia chuyin Ong
dpngtrong
trongtruerng xuyen tarn
trircmg xuyen tam (truPng
(twang the nang U chi phi' phu
thudc
thupc vao khoing
khoang cach
eachrrgitra
giffahat
hatluting
lupng tir
tir va mpt
mot didm
didm nao
nao do
do gpi
goi la tarn).
tam).
Bai town vi
Bai loan ve chuyen
chuydn dpng
Ong cila
ciia electron trong
trong nguyen
nguydn tir hidro la bai
bai town ca
toan co
ban nhgt
nha't cUa ca hoc lacing
ciia co lupng tir
tir ve cab
cau tao nguydn tir.
tir. NhErng kdtqua
Nhihig ket qua thu
thu dupe
duac ct6 day
se la co
co sir
so cho IY thuydt chung ve cau
ly thuyet ca'u tao nguyen tir.

2.4.2. Phuong
Phiromg trinh
trinh Schroedinger
Schroedingercho
chobai
bai town
toan nguyen tir
tu hidro

Nguyen tit hidro gOm

Nguydn tir gPm 11 electron
electron va 11 proton.
proton. Kh6i
KhPi luting
lupng cUa
ciia electron nhO
nho
ham kh6i lupng
hon khoi luang cua
dm proton
proton chUng
chimg 1840 Ian. Vi
1840 iSn. Vi vay
vayd<?
dddon
dot gian,
gian, co the coi proton
proton
thing yen 6a g6c
dung ydn gPc toa do
dp va
va chi có
co electron chuyen
chuydn dpng
Ong xung quanh proton (hat nhan
+Ze) do. Toa dddp duac
dupechon
chpnthuang
thucmglalatoa
toaclO cau (xem
dp cdu (xem hinh 2.3).
De giai bai
bai town
toan nay
nay ngueri to sir
nguPi ta sir dung
dung phuong
phirang trinh
trinh Schroedinger
Schroedinger - phuong
trinh ca
co ban
ban ciia
cua ca
cohoc
hocluting
lupng tir,
tir, dp
ap dung
dung cho
cho nguydn
nguyen tir hidro
hidro co
có dang t6ng quit
tdng quat
nhu sau:

33
33
 2m
V + ~ (E
v2n/+ -
(E-U)^ =0
=o (2.16)
h2
tr
h
h
h== — -hang
hang s6
s6 Planck
Planck rut
rut gon
27t
271
m - kh6i Wang cua nguyen tir hidro
liromg cita
U - the' nang tuang
the nSng tucmg tac
tac giiia
giua electron
electron va
va
hat nhan. i
K
E - nang Wang
lircmg cita
cua he. 4K r
2 m
V2-
V - toan tir
tu Laplace.
i)/ - ham song m6
md titatrang
trangthai
thaichuye'n
chuyen
dOng dm electron.
d6ng cua
9
Giii
Giai bai
bai toan
toan nay
nay ta
ta thu
thu duac
duoc cac
cac
nghiOn
nghidm ye
vi nang luang
luong EEva
va ham
ham song
song yr
y.
2.3. He toa do du
Hlnh 2.3.
Hinh

2.4. 3. Nghiem
NghiOn va
va cac ket
kk qua
qua chinh
chmh

2.4.3.1. Gidn do nang Wong

2.4.3.1. rill nguyen
lumg cua nguyen to
tu hidro
hidro
K6t
Kd't qua giii
giaiphtrang
phuongtrinh
trinhSchroedinger
Schroedinger (2.16)
(2.16) cho
cho bie'u
bieu thtic tinh nang luong
thuc tmh Wang
En dm
En cua electron
electron trong
trong nguytn
nguy6ntirtu hidro
hidro la:

27i22me
271 me44 2 13,6 In
£„ = - 2 2 kk -
= - —5- [eV] (2.17)
En n 2 [e V ]
2 2
n h
trong dO: m
trong do: m -- kh6i
kh6i Wang;
luong;
- dien
e- difin tich
tfch dm
cua electron;
electron;
h -- hang
hing s6
s6 Planck;
Planck;
nn-sCHuong
- s6 ltrang tir chInh (n
tuchmh = 1,
(n= 2, 3,...)
1,2,
1 9 J.ITI
k= = 9.109
- 9.10 2 lalahe
he s6
s6 tS,
ty 116trong
trong tuang
tuong tac
tac tinh
tlnh difin.
47tco
47ce0 C
c2
Tit
TCr (2.17) ta thgy:
tha'y:
-6
it trang thai ca
co ban
ban (n
(n =
= 1),
1), electron co
c6 nSng
nang luong
luang bang
bang -13,6
-13,6 eV;
13 6
13,6
- bcac
cactrang
trangthai
thaikich
kich thich
thi'ch voi n = 2, E2
E9 = == 3,4
-3,4 eV;
eV;
2`
2
,
n = 3, E3 = 136 -=-1,51
3.E,= 1,51 eV
eV
22
2

34
 Gian
Gian do mac nang
do cac muc nang lacing trong nguyen
hrang trong tit hidro claqc
nguyen tir bidu didn
diroc bifiu dien tren
hinh 2.4.

E(eV)
0,00 n=00

-0,85 n=4 N
-1,51 n= 3 M

-3,4 n=2 L

-13,6 n = 11 K

Hlnh 2.4.
Hinh 2.4. Glin d6
do cac
c^c mix
mucnang
nSngiugng
lirgngtrong
trongnguyfin
nguyenter
tur hidro

Tit
Tir gian d6 nay ta nhan
nhan May cac gia
tha'y cac gia trj
tri nang
nang lugng
luting gdm
g6m cac mac
miic khOng
khdng lien
tuc ma bi gian doan
doan hay
hay cac
cacmac
mirenang
nanglacing
lugng bibi lacing tit hoa.
lugng tu
Nang lacing
lugng —13,6 eV (n = 1)
-13,6 eV 1) la nang lugng
lucinglien
lienket
ke'tcua
dmelectron
electron vdri
vai hat nhan
nguyen tu
nguyen to d
a trang thai
thai co
co ban.
ban. Khi
Khi ductc cung cS'p
dugc cung capm6t
mat nang
nang lugng
lacing bang
bang 13,6
13,6 eV thi
+
electron tit trang
electron tir trangthai
thaico
caban
banduoc
dim b.lt
bat ra
ra khoi
khoinguyen
nguyentutithidro
hidrovava binno
bie'n nothanh
thanhHH..
Nang lucing
lugng dod6 chmh
chinh la
la nang
nang lugng
luong ion
ion hoa
h6a (1)
(I) cua
cila nguyen
nguyen tutir hidro.
hidro. (Ngudi
(Ngubi ta quy
u6c
uoc IA nang lugng
la nang lacingdugc
ditqcgiai
giai phong
phong ra
raco
c6da'u
dautrir
tritva
vangugc
ngitqclai
lai nang
nang lugng
lucmg dugc
du6c cung
cap
ca'p (nhan vac)) c6 da'u
vao) co dau c6ng).
cling).

2.4.3.2. Gidi thick

2.4.3.2. thich phdphdt
phd phat xq
xa cua
cda nguyen
nguyin td
til hidro
Theo dinh 1114 Planckhieu
luat Planck hieugiua
giiia2 2mire
mutnang
nanglugng
lutingtataco
c6the
theviet:
via:

AE
AE ==E— = hv
r - E, = hv==h.
h. --
c ==hc.
— — = fic
1
he. — he v (2.18)
XX
Thay cac gia tri !fang
nang lugng
lugng 6ctbieu
biduthtrc
fink (2.17)
(2.17) va
va thuc hien rnOt
that hien mot s6
s<5 phep
phep bie'n
bien
d6i
doi ta co:
c6:

35
 4c 1
2 2n2m.e4 1
hei)
hcv = k 2 riLe (2.19)
h2 11,2

nt --cac
nc, n, cacs6s6luong
lirongto chinh
chfnhdac
dactrang
trung cho
cho trang
trang thai nang lacing
thai nang cao va
luang cao va thap
tha'p
ttrong ling nfin
tuctng ung nen (2.19) co thd
th^ vidt:
vie't:
4 c ■
2n2 m.e4
k22 27c2 1 1
v = k (2.20)
h3c n2
n
tt ncc2
n

(
11
hay = RH ~2~~2
V=Rh 2 — n2
(2.21)
n!t
v11 ncc
2
2 27t2m.e4
2 2.4m.e4
trong
trong do RH
RH = k = 109678 cm vavaduoc
109678 cm diracgoi
gpi lala hang
hang s6
so Rydberg
Rydberg d6i
d6'i
h3c
vai nguyen
vdi nguydn tit
tir hidro.
Nha
Nhir vay,
vSy, ang
img v6i
vdi m6i
m6i ba6c
bade nhay
nhay cita
cua electron tir
ta mac
mire nang luting (Ec) ye
luong cao (Er) vd
mac
mire nang
nang luong
lucmg thap (E,), nguyen
tha'p (Et), to phat
nguyen tir phat ra
ra m6t
mot bite
bCrcxaxadon
donsac
saccoc6sos6song
song(v( )
duoc
dupe xac
x^c dinh
dinh theo
theo bidu
bidu thCrc (2.21). Khi
thirc (2.21). Khitac
tac dung
dung len
len ki'nh
kInhanh,
anh, mdi
moi biirc
bac xaxa dem
don sac
cho mot
m6t vach ph6. Tap hop nhieu nhidu vach
vach ph6
pho cho ta met
mpt day ph6. Trong quang ph6 phd
cUa hidro, ngudi
ciia hidro, ngtkri ta
ta da
da tlm
tim ra cac day ph6 chinh sau day:
pho chmh
Day Lyman.
Lyman. Cac
Caceach
vachph6phdimg
imgvai
vPinhang
nhffngbark
budcchuydn
chuyenelectron
electrontittirnhCrng
nhung
mac
mile nang
nang luting cao vpi
lupng cao nc > 22 ye
vai nr vd mac
mire co
co ban (nt = 1)
ban (nt 1) hop
hop thanh day ph6 Lyman
(Do Lyman
Lyman tim
tim ra nam 1916).
S6 song cita
cua cac vach ph6 thuOc day Lyman
thuPc day Lyman dupe
duoc xac
xac dinh
dinh theo
theo bieu
bidu thuc:
thee:

1 1 1
v = RH
R. = RH 1 (2.22)
12 n2c n2
c

Vi hidu cac
ede mac
mire nang
nang Wong
lupng (AE)
(AE) 16n,
Ion, nen
nen nhung
nhang birc
bac xa
xa thupc
thu6c day Lyman
c6 v lan,
lorn, thuOc mien tu
thuPc midn ta ngoai (UV).
(UV),
Day Balmer.
Balmer.Nlifmg
NhOng ink
bPcxa
xachroc
dupe Oat
phatrarakhi
khielectron
electronchuydn
chuyd'ntic
tir nhirng
nhung trang
thai
thai ang
ung yeti cac rniic
vdri cac mac nang luong
lupng c6
co nc ^ 3
3 ye
vd trang
trang thai
thai co mac
mire nang
nang luong
lupng voi
vPi
nt
n, = 2, tao thanh day Balmer (1885).

S6 ciia nhitng
S6' song cua nhung birc xa thu6c day Balmer
Balmer dupe
duoc xac
xac dinh
dinh theo hd
hd thirc:
thee:
(
1
1 1
v = R H -J ; nc = 3, 4, 5,... (2.23)
= RH; = 3,
2 nc
4, 5--
■

36
 NhCing Ink xa
NhCrng buc xa nay trong mien
mi6n kha kien
kie'n (anh
(anh sang
sang nhln
nhin tha'y)
thSy) -- VIS.
VIS.
Day
Day Balmer
Balmer la
la day
day ph6
ph6 quan
quan trong
trong nhat
nhat cira
cua hidro.
hidro.

0
6
5
Pasthen
12186 cm'
12186 cm
Balmer
k 27417 cm' Day Paschen
2
,
fjl 15228cm-
15228cm ; 56,76
; 56,76 nm
nm (Ha) V VV V
cm"1 646,1
/ 20571 cm-1 ; 646,1nm
nm(Hs)
(Hs) Day Balmer
1
23638 cm' 434,5
23638 cm' ; 434,5nm
nm (H,)
(Hy)
1 5
24380cm-
24380 cm' ; ;410,2
410,2nm
nm(H
(H8))

Day Lyman
I Day
/Lyman
VV

Hlnh 2.5. Miit

Hinh Mot s6
so day
day phi;
pho quan trqng
trong

Day
Day Paschen.
Paschen. Ntidng
NhCrng bdc
biic xa
xa &roc Oat ra
dirqc phat ra khi
khi electron
electron chuyen td
tuf cac mdc
mire
nang luring
nang lirqng co nc ?.
có nc > 4 ye
vg mCrc luong co
mire nang luqng nt = 3 hop thanh
c6 nt thanh day Paschen va co sb
s6
song diroc
&roc tinh
tinh theo he thirc:
thdc:
1 1
=4,5,6,...co
; nc =
;nc 4, 5, 6,... oo (2.24)
= RH
lH
!?T
3 nc
Nhiing birc
Nhimg bdc xa nay nam trong mien h6ng
h6ng ngoai
ngoai IR
IR cua
dm quang ph6.
pho.
Mot so
M6t s6vach
vachph6
ph6 quan
quantrong
trong dm
cuaday
daynay
nay ducfc bay tr6n
duqc trinh bay tren hinh 2.5.
Bai tap
Bai tap ap Hay xac
2.5: Hay
ap dung 2.5: xacdjnh
dinhbubc
backsong
song A d6i
3. theo A dd'i v6i
vdi ph6 phat xa
cua nguyen tic hidro khi
tir hidro khi electron
electron chuyen
chuyen tir
tirnn==33vd
4 n = 2. Cho RRp] cm-i1..
11 = 109637 cm
Lcri
Lon giai: Buck song X32
giai: Birdc c6 the xac djnh
2.32 co dinh tfirebng
tir c6ng thirc:
thdc:

I n 1 1
2 = i‘I-1
RH
r,22 - n 22 = RH 22 32
\nntt n n
cc
36 55 i
—> 7.-19
A'32—= 5R == 6,567.10 cm '..
H

X32==6567
X32 A
6567 A

37
2.4.3.3. Obitan
2.4.3.3. Obitan nguyen
nguyin tti
hi (AO)
Nhting hAmsong
Nhung ham song TnA,mi (r, 0, 9),
cp), nghiem
nghiem cua
cua phuvng
phuong trinh
trlnh Schroedinger,
Schroedinger,

m6 ti nhirng
m6 ta nhimg trang thai
thai khac
khac nhau
nhau cua
cua dm
don electron
electron trong
trong nguyen
nguydn tir
tu goi la obitan
nguydn tu.
nguyen
`Pn,(,mi (r. 0
(r,°,(P)
^) == Rn,/( r
Rn,/ (r).Y(,m/
)-Y/,m( (0,
(0. (P)
9) (2.25)
(2.25)

trong
trong do n, /, m/ ducic
1, in/ duoc goi IA cac so
la cac s6 luong
lumg tir chinh,
chmh, s6
so lacing
luong tir
tu phu va so Itrong
luong tit
tir
twin
tuongting;
tmg;r,r,0,0,cpcpIA
la cac
cac Bien
bien so trong
trong toa
toa dO
d5 cau.
2 2-
Khi electron
electron&o trang
trangthai
thaidtroc
duocmO
m6totabcti
bdihAm
ham t4r
tp (r, 0, (p) |vp| r bieu dien
cp) thi iwl2r2 didn
ham phan bd
ham phSn b6 xac
xac stilt
sua't tim
tim day
tha'yelectron
electron tai
tai diem
diem c6
co toa
toa (10 (r, 0,
dp (r, 0, cp)
9) nao
nao d6
do trong
trong
khOng gian
khdng gian xung
xung quanh hat nhan
nhan nguyen
nguyen tir.
tir. VI
Vi du
du hinh
hinh 2.6
2.6 bieu
bi^uthi
thisix
sir phu
phu thuOc
thudc
cita
ciia ham song ^,00
lop (a) va
va r2 k1100 vao
r Tjoq vao bin
bankinh
kmh rr(b).
(b). Ta
Ta they
tha'y ct6 khoang
khoang cach
each xa
dubng bieu
hat nhan, du6ng bid'u di8n
didn tiem
tidm can
can vai
vditruc
truehoAnh,
hoanh, nhtmg
nhung khOng
khfing cat true hoanh.
cat truc hoanh.
Dieu
Di6u do c6
co nghia
nghla la
la khOng
kh6ng gian c6
co mat ciia
dm electron
electron kh6ng
kh6ng c6
co mOt gi6i han ro rang.
m6t gioi
Tuy vay, phan
phdn 16n xac suit
16n xdc suat co
co mat
mat cua
cua electron
electron tap
tap trung
trung chn
chu you
yd'u trong
trong mOt
mPt khu
vtrc khOnggian
vuc khdng gian xac
xac dinh.
dinh. Khi
Khi electron
electron 6 trang thai
thai &pc
dupem6 m6totab&i
boi hAm
ham H i pp thi
vp100
khu vac kh6ng
khu vuc kh6ng gian
gian do
do la
la Wit
mot mat cau
ciu c6
co ban kinh khoing 11 A. Do d6
kmh khoang do ngu&i
ngudi to
ta
thu'Ong bieudidn
thucmg bi^u dien cac
cac obitan
obitan bang
bang m6t
mot mat
mat cong
cong giai
gidi han,
han, bao
bao gam
gdmpilaf)
phan 16n
16n
(> 90%)
(> 90%) xac
xac suit
sua't co
co mat
mat dm
cuaelectron
electron (hinh
(hinh 2.7).
2.7). Cach
Cach bieu
bieu dien
diln nay
nay rat
rat c6
co y
nghia vi ham
nghia vi ham goc
goc cita
ciia moi
mpi nguyen
nguydn tit
tir deu
d^u gi6ng
gidng nhau va hinh
nhau va hinh dung
dung dm
ciia cac
cac
obitan
obitan nguyen
nguydn tir
tir phu
phu thuOc
thupc chit
chii yeu vao
vao phan
phSn phu
phu thuOc
thupc goc (Y(0,
(Y(0, (p)
rp) cita
ciia ham
ham
song (NJ
(vp ==R(r).Y(0,
R(r).Y(0, (p)).
9)).

rr222
100
<K)i

r
a) b)

2
Hinh 2.6.
Hinh 2.6. Sp
St/ phu thupc
thuOc cua
ctia him
ham s6ng Tjoq (a)
song 4'100 (a) va
vi r2
r kiqop vao
vao ban
ban kinh
klnhr(b)
r (b)

38
 S

P y
x

y y V v_ 1 / y
yTx
^/\j XN
y v— —^ x i >Xr
xX d yz d x/ X d xy
ri
z
jL
1

ypsK /—
XX

'O d
X
x d 2
1
Sr z^ x . y2

Hlnh 2.7.
HInh 2.7. Hinh
Hlnh dang
clangcua
cuacic
cacobitan s. p vi
°Wan s, va d

aj SO-
a) WongtUchinh
So'luong chink (n)
(n)
Ket qua
Kit qua giai
giai phi:mg
phucmgtrinh
trinhSchroedinger
Schroedinger cho bidu
bi^u thtic
thiic tinh
tmh nang
nSng Wong
luang (En)
(En)
cUa electron trong
cua electron trong nguyen
nguyen tu
to hidro:
hidro:
_ 2.7t 2
2n me 4 2 _ 136 13,6
[eV] (2.26)
Enn~
= 2
n 2,2h
n 2 K=
"" n`2
n
le j

Tir
Tit (2.26) cho thgy,
tha'y, rang
nang lifmig
Luangciia
cuaelectron
electron trong nguyen
nguyfin tir thudc
to hidro phu thu6c
vac) s6 luong
vao so hIcrngtu
tirchinh
chinh n.

39
 Mat
Mat khac, m6i obitan
khac, m6i obitan ducrc
&roc dac
dac trimg
tru'ngbang
bangm6t
m6ttap
taphop
hop33gia
giatri
tri cua
cua 33 s6
so
lacing tir n, f, mt. Tat
lirong tu Ta't ca cac obitan &roc
duac dac (rung b&icung
trimg boi ding mbt
mot gia
gia tn
tri nn hop thanh
m6t
mdt lap
lop obitan. Ngubi
Nguoi to
ta thu6ng
thuong dung cac
cac chit
chO cai lan
Idn de
d^ ky
ky hi@u cac lorp
hifeu cac lap obitan:
obitan:
n = 1 2 3 44 ...
Marc nanglirong
Mtfc nang lacing K L M N ...
Nhu vay, sd
Nhir vay, s6 lu'ong to chlnh
luong tir chinh (n)
(n) dac
dac tnmg
trong cho
cho cac
cac mire
mix nang
nang luong
lirong hoac
hoac lap
lop
obitan hay lop electron.
obitan hay electron. Khi electron 6o nhCrng obitankhac
nhtmg obitan khacnhau
nhauthu6c
thu6ccimg
ding m0(
m6t lop
obitan thi co
có nang Wong
luong nhu nhau. Electron thu0c
thuoc lop
Idp obitan nao thi mang ten
ten 16p
lop do.
b) SO"humg
b) So !wingtuphu
ti't phi!hay
haycon
congpi
goila10sosoluong
lagngtutetobitan.
obitan.Phan
Phanlap
lop electron
electron
S6 Wong (£ = 0,
luong tir phu P£ (P 0, 1,
I, 2, 3,...,
3 n -- 1)1)dac
dactrong
trung cho
cho (rang
trang that
thai cua
cua
electron. Trong cung
electron. Trong ding mot lop electron,
electron, cac obitan
obitan duoc
dtroc dac
dac trung
trong boi
bai ciing
ding mot gia
tri
trj cua
ciia £,f, h<^p
hop thanh
thanh m6t
mot phan
phan Idp
lop obitan.
obitan. Cac
Cac phan
phanlop
lap obitan
obitanduoc
dtrockykyhieu
hi0 bang
bang
cac ch&
chit cai nho P.
nh6 theo gia tri cua £.
£ = 0 11 2 3...
Phan Idp
lop obitan s p d f...
S6 phan Idp
lOptrong
trong cung
cling mdt
m6t Idp
lop bang
bang sd
s6 gia P.
gia tri cua £.

Vi du: Lop
Vfdu; LdpKK(n
(n== 1,
1, P^ =
= 0) co
cd m6t
mdt phan Idp:
lap: I s.
Is.
LOp
Ldp LL (n
(n == 2,
2, ^f == 0,
0, 1) có hai phan Idp:
1) cd lap: 2s, 2p.
Ldp M (n = 3, e£ = 0, 1,
Lop có ba phan ldp;
1, 2) cd lap: 3s, 3p, 3d.

Cac obitan trong

Cac obitan trong cimg
cling mdt
m6t phan
phan ldp
lap cd
có hinh dang ve
hinh dang vd ca
co ban
ban gi6ng
gidng nhau.
nhau.
KhOng
Khdng kdkd thudc
thu6c ldp
lap nao, cac obitan
obitan thuOc
thudc phan
phan lop
ldp ss CO dang hinh cau, thuOc
cd dang thudc phan
lop co dang
ldp p cd clang hinh
hinh sd
s6 88 ndi,
ndi, thudc
thuOcphan
phanldp
lopddcd
códang
dang hai
hai sd
s6 88 ndi
ndi dan
dan cheo
cheo nhau,...
(hinh 2.6).

c)
c) SO' !wing tu
So luang tit til
fa' (m
(me)
c)

S6 Wong tu
Sd luong tir thir
did'33dac
dac trung
trong cho
cho obitan la s6
sd luting
luong tir
tu tir me
m^ (mt -1, 0,
(m^ = -£,.., -1,0,

+1,...,
+ 1,..., + t).
£). Nhu vay, ang
ung yeti m6t gia
vdi mdt gia tri cua £f CO (2€++ 1)
cd {2£ 1)gia
gia tri
tri cua mt va do do
ldp t£ có
phan lop cd (2£ + 1)
1) obitan. Vi
Vj du, phan lap
ldp s (1
(^ = 0) co
cd 2.0 +
+11 = 11 obitan;
obitan; phan
phan
16p
ldp p (t
(^ =
= 1) cd
co 2.1
2.1 ++ 11 == 33 obitan;
obitan; phan
plan lop (^ = 2) CO
ldp d (t 2.2++ 11 == 55 obitan
cd 2.2 obitan va phan
16p (^ = 3) cd
ldp f (t co 2.3 + 11 = 7 obitan, v. v...

40
 Mot t6
to hop
hc^) yen
voi 33 gia
gia tri ciia
cua n, f , m e se cho mot obitan. fing
mot obitan. Uhg voi
vdi gia tri
trj cua n

(met
(m6t 16p) c6 nn gia
lop) co gia tri cua ^ = 0, 1, 2, 33,...,n-1),
1,2, n-I), con
con ling
umg veri mot gia
vdi mot gia tri
tri ciia
cua £t c6
co

(241)
(2£+l)gia
gia tri
tri cua
cua mf (m^
(mt = 0, 1, ± 2,..., ± 1).
0, ±± 1, Vay urng
£). Vay vai 11 gia tri cua n c6:
ung vbi co:

/=n-l
2~
1=n-1
E
^ (2/
(2i ++1)
1) = n obitan
t=0
1=0
2
Nhu the", lop nn co
the, lop c6 n2
n obitan:
obitan: lop
lop K K (n
(n == 1) co 11 obitan;
1) co lop L
obitan; 16p L (n
(n =
= 2) c6
co
2 2 •
22=4= 4 obitan (1
(1 obitan
obitan s,s, 33 obitan
obitan p);
p); letp M (n
lop M (n == 3)
3) co
c6 3 =9= 9 obitan (1
(1 obitan s,
3 obitan p va 5 obitan d), v.v...
So luzyng
d) so Iucfng tu
tit spin
spin (ms)
(ms)
Khi
Khi giai phuong
phuong trinh
trinh song
song Schroedinger
Schroedinger ngiroi to chua
ngiroi ta chua chi.
chti] 5,
y den
den su
su hieu
hieu
chinh khOi
khdi luong theo thuyet
thuyd't ttrong
tuong dOi cua Einstein
d6'i cua Einstein nen
nen khong
khdng phat hien hien ducrc
dtroc su
ton tai cua
ciia spin.
spin. Trong
Trong nhang
nhirng nam
nam sau
sau (1928),
(1928), Dirac,
Dirac, nha
nha bac
bac hoc
hoc ngu6i
ngubi AnhAnh cld
da
dkra vaothuyet
dua vao thuyettuong
won d6i
doi cua
cua Einstein
Einstein vava phat
phat hien duoc
duoc su ton
t6n tai cua spin.
spin. Nhu
vay, de giai
vay, de giai thfch
thich dSy
day NI hcrnv6
du hon veca'u
cau tao
tao nguyen
nguyen tif,
tu, ngoai
ngoai ba s6
so Wong
luong tu: chinh (n),
phu (£),
phu (m^), con co s6
tir (me),
(0, tit sd luong
luong to
tu thii
thu tu.
tu. Do
Do la
la s6
so luong
luong to
tirspin,
spin, dtroc
duoc kY
ky hieu la

ms va nhfn
ms nhan 2 gia tri ms
ms = ± 1/2.
1/2.
Nhting
Nhung dieu
di^u trinh bay tren
tr6n day
day có
co the
th6 tom trong bang
torn tat trong bang 2,2
2.2 sau day:

B^ng 2.2.
Bing 2.2. B6n
Bon se;
so luong
lugng tu su Wan
to va su phan b6
bo electron
electron trail
tren cac I6p va phan
cac lop phin lop
Idp
2
n t m1 ms 2(2£ ++ 1)
2(2t 1) 2n

I1 0(ls) I –2
0(1s) 0 +— 2 2 2

0(2s) 0 i 1 2
2 8
1(2p) I. 0,+l
– I, + 1 1 6
0, +1
2 2
0(3s) 0 1 1 2
2' 2
3 l(3p)
1(3p) 1.0,+1
–1, 0, +I 1 1 6 18
3 2' 2
-2,-1, 0,+l,+2 i 1
2(3d) –2, –I, 0, +1, +2
2 '' – –2
4- – 10

0(4s) i i
0 • 2

1(4p) 1,0,+1 1
4
–1, 0, +1 12 ' 2 6
32
2,-1,0,+1.+2 1
2(4d) –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 i2 ' 2 10

3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2.
–2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3
1 1
3(4f) –3, +3 2 ' 2 14

41
 tapAL)
Bai tap ap dung 16p L img
dung 2.6: Cho biet lap ung voi
vdi n = 2.
Hay;
Hay:

a) Tinh cac so
a) s6' luqng
lucmg tit
tu €i,, m^, ms
ms c6
co the
the c6
cod6i
dbi\fait
vdi 16p
lop L.

b) Cho biet c6
co bao nhieu AO tuang img
ung va
va ye
ve cac AO
AO d6.
do.
Loi giii:
Ltd giai:
a) Theo
Theo cac
cac quy
quy tac
tic ve
ye quan
quan he giuacac
gicra cacs6sdluvng
lirongtitttrtatac6
cothe
theliet
lietke
ke chting
chung
trong bang sau day:
i
Ldp
Lap n (.f Int m
s Wn,/,m/ AO
Ms

0 +
TIi-' —
-1 2s
0 +
2 ' 1 2 W200
^200
—1 4.1 • _.!
2; 2 W2I-1
^21-1 2py
2 Py
D
L 2 + 1.' —1
_1
11 0 +I'
2 ' 2 Y210
^210 2py
2 PyzZ

+1
+i + I2 '9 —I2 W211
V211 2p,
2
Px
ESI

b) Co 2n2
2n ==4 hinh dang
4 AO va hInh dang cac AO la:

2s 2p y

2.4.4.
2.4.4. Nhiimg
Nhimg ion
ion gidng
gi6ng hido
+
Nhutig
NhUng ion
ion He
He+, Li+ +,
, Li+ +
Be+ +
, Be+ + +
+,... chi cp
,... chi c6 11 electron duy nhfit
electron duy chuyend6ng
nha't chuy^n Ong
xung quanh
xung quanh hat
hat nhan
nhan vdi
v6i dien
dien tich
tich +Ze
+Ze (vdi
(v6i He,
He, Z
Z == 2;
2; Li,
Li, Z = 3; Be, Z=
Be, Z = 4;...)
4;...)
nhimg
nhang ion nay dupe
ducic gpi
goi la
la nhUng
nhting ion
ion gidng
gi6ng hidro.
hidro.
Giai
Giai phuong
phtrang trmh
trinh Schroedinger
Schroedinger cho
cho nhung gidng hidro
nhang ion gi6ng hidro trong
trong he
he toa
toa dO
dp
cau ta
cau ta se
se thu duqc
dupe cac ket
kdt qua tucmg to nhu
tuong tu nhu ddi
d6i vdi
v6i nguyen
nguyen tu
tit H,
H, chi
chi khac
khac la trong
trong
cac bie'u
cac bieu thdc
thdc co
c6 chtia
chda them
them s6
sd dien
dipn tich
tich hat
hat nhan
nhan Z.
Z. Nang
Nang lacing
lupng cila
cua ion
ion gi6ng
gidng
hidro
hidro la:
la:

42
42
 Z213,6
Z2 13,6
En
En —
=—- 2
[eV) (2.27)
n

S6
So song cita
cua cac
cac vach
vach ph6
pho duoc
dupe tinh
tfnh theo
theobi6.1 Unit:
bieu thuc:

2
v = RHZ
RhZ 2 (2.28)
12
a nt
n
t n„
"c
Bai
Bai tap ap
ap dung
dung2.7:
2.7:Xuat
Xua'tphat
phattit
tuc6ng
cong that
thuctinh
tinhnang
nangWong
luong cho
cho cac
cac ion
ion
+ 2+
gieing hidro, hay
gidng hidro, hay xac
xac djnh
dinh gia tri nang
ning luong
lupng khi n = 11 cho He+,
He , Li2+.
Li .
Lai giii:
giai:Theo
TheocOng
cong thirc
thuc (2.25)
(2.25) to
ta c6 the tfnh
co the tinh ngay gia tri
trj E nhu sau:
sau;
+
VOi He+:
V6i He : 22.(-l 3,6)==—
E = 22.(-13,6) - 54,4 eV
+ 2.(-13,6) ==—
Li2+;
1,12 E = 32.(-13,6) - 122,4
122,4 eV

2.5.
2.5. Bleu
Bieudi&il ciu trim
didn c^iu Idrp vo nguyen
true lop nguyen tit
tu

Co hai each bi8u

bieu di8n
didn cau
ca'u hinh
hmh electron.
electron.
Cach 1. Dung ky hieu
hieu phan
phanlOp (nCx) c6
lap (nex) co ghi s6
so electron
electron trong
trong tn6i
m6i phan
phan 16p
Idp

&Teri dangchi
dudi dang chiso'
s6 mu; nCd, n'fb,..., 6 day a,
mu: Ilea, a, bb la
la s6'
s6 electron
electron co
c6 a6 phan
phan lap
16ptuang
tang ting.
umg.
5 s x x ^ 3
VI du 3p5:
Vi du 3p"; n = 3,
3, I'f == 11 va
va phan
phan lap
krp (3p)
(3p) nay
nay c6
co 55 electron;
electron; 4d3:
4d : n = 4, e^ = 2 va
va cr
a
phan lap nay (4d) co
phan lefp c6 3 electron...
Su b6 electron tren
Sir phan b6' trSn cac trang
trang thai don
dan electron (obitan) vai
vdi cac s6
sd lining
luang
tit
tu n va e^ khac nhau
nhau trong
trong nguyen
nguyfentit
tirgoi
goiIA eau hinh
la ca'u hinh electron cua
ciia nguyen
nguydn tit.
tu. Vi du:

Na (Z = 11):
Na(Z= ls22s
11): 1s2 2s222p
2p663s
3s11..
Cach 2.
2. Dung 6 luang
Wong tu
tit duoc
duac bieu
bi8u dien
dien bang
bang mfit
mot 6 vu6ng
vuong , electron duoc
duce
bi8u dien bang
bieu di6n bang m6t
m6t mui
mui tdn
ten (t),
(t), chieu
chieu mai
mui ten chi s6'
s6 luang
Ittong tit
tu spin: ms = + —
spin; neu ms
2
mai
mui ten huang
hudmg len tren (T),
(t), ms
ms = —
- —mai
muiten
tenhuang
hudngxutting VI du:
xudng du6i (^l. Vi

H (Z == 1): T, He
1): t, (Z ==2)U,...
He(Z 2) I' ,

2.5.1. Quy IWO Oat] b6

luat phan bo' electron trong
trong nguyen
nguyen tit
tu nhieu electron

Trong nguyen
nguyen to
tum6i
m6ielectron
electron&roc
duac dac
dac trong
trung bOi hefp 4 s6
bai tap hop sd Wong
luang tit
tu n,
n, C,
C,

me, ins.
m(, ms. Clic
Cac electron dude
duoc phan
phanb6
bovao
vaocac
cac16p,
lop, phan
phan16p
lefp theo
theonguyen
nguyen15/
ly Pauli,

nguyen ly yang
vung ben va guy
quy tae
ike Hund.

43
2.5.1.1. Nguyen
Nguyen 1Y Pauli
ly Pauli
Trong mOt nguyen tir
m6t nguyfin tir (hay
(hay phan
phan tu)
tir) kh6ng
khOngthe
theco
cohai
hai hay
hay nhieu
nhieu electron ma
trang thai cua cluing
trang thai dude dac
chung dtroc (Jac trimg
tnrngboi
bai cung
ding tap hap
hctp 4 so
so luring
lugng tir
tur n, 1,
C, m1, ms
ms

nhtr
nhir nhau.
Theo nguyen
Theo nguyen ly
4, Pauli, trong nguyen
nguyen tir
tu (hay phan tir)
tur) 22 electron It
it nhat phai

c6
co mat
mot s6 Wong tirkhac
lugng tu khacnhau.
nhau.Chang
Changhan,
han,22electron
electrontrong
trong1 166lugng
luringtutirvoi
yeti
n, n, m1
m^

giOng nhau nfin

gidng nhau nen s5'
so lugng
Wang tutir thii
tha tu
to (ms)
(ms) phai
phai khac
khac nhau
nhau (s6
(so luring
lugng tir
tu spin cua
cua
1
electron nay
nay bang
bang++— — thi cua electron kia bang - — ).
2 2

Vi du: He (Z = 2): tjl ,, hai

Vi du: hai electron
electron deu
deu co
co nn == 1,
1, (r = 0, m(
m^ = 0, nen mat
mot
Is2
Is2
electron co
có ms
ms = +1+ —thithielectron
electron kia
kia có
co ms
ms = -1. Nghia
- —. Nghlalalatrong
trongmat
m6t66luring
luong tic
tu
2 '22
chi co
c6 the co tai
t6'i da 22 electron
electron dtrgc
dugc xep
xe'p ngtrgc
ngugc chieu nhau.

ting
Ung yeti mat gia
vdi m6t gia tri cita
cua se; Wongtutirphu
s6' lugng phuieco
co(2/
(2f +1)
+1) gia
gia tri m1,
m^, nghia
nghla IA có
la co

(2t
(2f +1)
+1) 66 luring
lugng tir. M6i 6a luting
tir. M6i tir lai
lugng tu lai co
c6 tQ'i
tai da 2 electron, nen
ndn trong mot
mdt phan lop,
Idp,
s6
so electron t6i
t6'i da IA 2(2t +1).
la 2{2l

M61 lap, vdi

M6i Idp, vai s6
sd luring
lugng chInh
chinh bang
bang n, n, c6
connphan
phan16p
Icrpkhac
khacnhau,
nhau,Crng
ung yen
vdi
1 =
= 0,
0, 1,
1, 2,..., (n -- 1).
1). M6i
M6i phan
phan lap
Idp lai
lai co
co t6i
tdi da
da 2(2t
2(2^ +1)
+1) electron.
electron. Do
Do do so
sd
electron tai
tdi da
da trong
trong mat
mdt lap
Idp((lilac
(dugc dac
dac trang
trungberi
bdi cling
cung so luring
lugng tir n) se bang:
tu n)
n-1
n-l
E 2(21+1)
^ 2(2/ +1) = = 2[l
2[1++ 33 +...
+...++ (2n +1)]
+1)1== 2n22
/=0
1.0

Nhu
Nhu vay,
vay, tren
trdn car
co sir
sd cua nguyen
nguydn 15/ Pauli, ngudi
ly Pauli, ngueritatacd
c6 the
the tmh
tinh dugc
dugc so
sd
electron t6i
tdi da trong mot
mdt 6d Wang
lugng tir
tir la bang 2,
2, trong
trong mat
mdt phan
phan lap
Idpbang
bang2(21:
2{2i +1) va
2
trong mdt
mat lap
Idp 2n2.
2n .

2.5.1.2. Nguyen
Nguyen 1Y viing ben
ly vung
Nhu da bidt,
biet, v6i m6 hlnh
vdi md hinh cac hat ddc
dac lap, nguai
nguoi ta
ta thira
thua nhan la trong nguyen
tir co nhirng
tu cd nhutig trang thai dart electron va Ling yeti no la nhilng mtic
don electron va ung vdi no la nhiJng mdc ['ang
nang luring
lugng don

en (. Cac
electron eni.
electron Cac mCrc nanglugng
mdc nang luringnay
nayda
da dugc
dtractmh
tinh loan
toan va
va xac
xac dinh bang thuc
nghiem va kdt
nghidm va k6t qua
qua dugc
dugc bidu
bieu didn
dien tren
trdn hinh
hlnh 2.8, trong
trong dO cac mire
do cac mut nang
nang Wang
lugng co
cd
cling cac s6
cung cac sd luring
lugng to
tu nn va
va PC (cling
(cung mat
mdt phan
phan lap)
Idp) dtrac
dugc coi
coi IA
la bang
bang nhau.
nhau. Nang
Nang

44
lugng
lugng cua toan
toan 130 lap vo
bo lop vOnguyen
nguyen tir
tirduac
dugcgoi
goilala nang
nang lirong
lugng cua
cua nguyen tir
tii bang
Mng
tong nang lugng
long nang lirgng cita
cua cac trang thai
thai don
don electron. Trang thai cita
electron. Trang cua nguyen tit có nang
tir co nSng
lugng nhO nhat dugc
nho nhit't &roc gpi
goi la trang thdi
thai co
co ban.
CS trangthai
O trang thai co
co ban,
ban, trong
trong nguyen tir cac
nguyen tir cac electron
electron se chiem nhang mtic
chid'm cu nhung mire
nang
nang lugng thap trtrac,
lugng tha'p truoc, tdc
tuc la nhang
nhung trang
trang thai ben
ben viing
vung truerc, roi mcti
trudc, roi mai den nhang
nhung
mac
muc nang itiong
lugng cao
cao hcrn
hon tiep theo.
Do la nQi
n6i dung cita
cua nguyen
nguyen lY
ly yang ben.
Nirng b6n.
Ket
Kcl qua tht.rc nghiem v6
thuc nghifm ye quang
quang phd
ph6phat
phatxa
x4cho
chobiet,
biet, thuf
the tu
ttr tang
tang dan
dan ciia
cua mire
mac
nang luting ciia
nang lugng cita cac
cac phan
phan lop
lap nhu sau:
sau:
ls
Is <
< 2s < 3s
2s < 2p < 3s << 3p
3p<<4s4s<<3d3d<<4p4p< <5s5sw 4d
4d << 5p
5p <...
Ong vai thir to
Uhg vdi tu tren
tr6n Klechkowski
Klechkowski da dim ra quy tac mang
dua ra mang ten
ten Ong:
ong: "Su kip
lap
ddy
day cac
cac lop
lap va
va phan
phan lop
lap electron
electron chtqc Myr hi
duac thuc hien theo mot
en theo mot thic
thz to
tu tang dan
dan cue:
cua
(n+
(n+f)". Quy
Quy tic
tac nay
nay &Ale
dugc bieu dien bang so
diln bang so do
d6 hudng
huang di
di ciia
cita mui
mui ten
ten cho biet
bidt thd
thir
ttr lap dan
tu lap dan electron
electron vao
vao cac
cac phan lefp:
lap:

n = 11 2 3 4 5 6 7
s
S — Ss s s s s s

P----P-- --PP-- --P

1

d-- -d— d---—- d - - cd

ffl fl
f- - ff---- f ff

Hinh So do- minh hoa quy t5c

2.8. Sd
Hlnh 2.8. tSc Klechkowski

Vi du:
du: O
0 (Z
(Z == 8):
8): co
co 8e;
8e; Na
Na (Z
(Z == 11):
11): co l1 le
le va
va K
K (Z
(Z == 19)
19) có
co 19e,
19e, v.v...
v.v... theo
nguyen ly vtng
nguydn1Y, vung ben
bdncaccacnguyen
nguydntirtirdo
do co
co cau
ca'u hinh electron nhu sau:
sau;
2 22 44
2
0
O (Z
(Z = 8):
8): ls
Is 2s 2p
2 2 6 1
Na (Z =11): Is2 2s2 2p6 3s1
1s
2 2 6 2 6 1
K (Z = 19):
19): ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Is

2 4 , 1 , v
Nhang electron
Nhung electron d6 Idrp
lap ngoai ding chua
ngoai ciing data bao (2s 2p4
bao hoa (2s2 2p it
b oxi, 3s1
3s 6b Na
Na va
va
,
4s16oK)
K)duqc
dugcgoi
ggilalanhang
nhungelectron
electronhOa
hoa tr).
trj.

45
2.5.1.3. Quy tdc Hund
2.5.1.3.
Su phan
phan b6'
b6 electron
electron trdn
tren cac obitan con tuan theo quy tac Hund va &roc
diroc phat
bieu nhu sau:
bi^u nhir
Trong mot phdnphcin l&p,
lop, cac
cac electron
electron co
c6 khuynh
khuynh hitcfng
httang dien
die'nvaovaocdc
cat obitan (6
htang fa.) sao cho tO'ng
lupng tic) daiso
long dqi socdc
cacspin
spincua
cliacluing
chtinglalacue
curdai
dai (tdc
(tat Id
la long
tong so
so- electron
electron
cluta
chua ghee
ghep dOi la lan nhcit).
doi Id nhd't)
Vi du: N (Z == 7),
7), theo
theo nguyen
nguydn 15
ly, Pauli
Pauli va
va nguyen ly, vimg
nguyen 15 ben, co
vutig ben, c6 ca'u
cau hinh
2 2 3 »
electron la:
la: 1s2
Is 2s2 2p . 3 electron ct
2s 2p3. phan Idp
o phan lap 2p se &roc
duqc phan b6 vao cac o6 Wong
luong
tit theo so dd:
da:

chd
chir khOng theo so dd:
khdng theo d6:

11,
vi theo each
vi theo each 11 se
se co
c6 tdng
t6ng spin
spin bang
bang 3/2,
3/2, con
con theo
theo each
each 2 thi tdng spin
spin chi bang 1/2.
1/2.
Vay cau tao electron cila
vay ca'u cua nguyen
nguydn tit N va Ne co
c6 the
thd bieu didn
dien nhu sau:

N 7):
N (Z = 7): Is2 2s
1s2 2s2 2p3
2p3 hoac
is2 2s2 2p3

2 2 6
Ne (Z=10): I s22s
ls 2s22p
2p6
1s2 2s2 2p6

K L
Trong mdt
Trong mot phan
phan Idp,
lap, cac electron
electron &roc phan ddu
duqc phan deu vao
vao cac
cac obitan
obitan de
de co sd
electron Ian nha't
electron 1cm nhgt se giam duqc su ddy
dtly nhau
nhau giita
giUa cac electron va do do nguyen
nguyen tir
tu
ben
bdn yang
vung hcm.
hon.

2.5.2. Ciu hinh

2.5.2. Ca'u hinh electron ciia
cua nguyen tit
tu

Khi
Khi cac electron duqc phan b6 bd vao
vao cac obitan
obitan khac
khac nhau
nhau to
ta &roc
duqc cau
ca'u hinh
hinh
electron cila nguydn
electron cua nguyen tu.
tit. Mudn
Mu6n vidt
viet cau
cau hinh
hinh electron
electron cua
dm mot
mot nguyen
nguydn tir
tu nao do
dd
phai dtra vao
phai dua vaocac
cac nguydn
nguyen lyly va
vaquy
quytac
tic da ndu
neu o muc 2.5.1.
Duai
Dudi day la
la cau
ca'u hinh
hinh electron
electron cira
cua 20
20 nguyen
nguydn t6
to (Mu tien duqc liet
ddu tidn lidt ke
kd trong
bang 2.3.

46
 Bang 2.3.
Bang 2.3. Sir phan b6
Siiphan bo electron
electron ciia
cua 20
20 nguyen
nguyen to d5ution
d^u tien

K9 - C&J hinh
Cat, hinh electron
electron theo
theo 66 luong
ludng tir
to
Cau
Cau hinh
hinh electron
electron nl"
nl'
hi(pu 1s 2s 2p 13s 3p 3d 4s

H 1s
is T
,,
He Is
12 Ti
2
Li Is 2s
1s N. T
2 2
Be Is 2s
1s T1 T1
2 2
B Is 2s 2p
1s T1 T1 t
2 2 2
c Is 2s 2p
1s T1 T1 T T
22 2^
2 3
N 1s 2s 2p T1 T1 T
4
0 Is 22s 2 2p
1s T1 Ti Ti T T
5
F 1s 22s 2 2p tt 11 T1 T1 T
22 2
2 6
6
Nee 1s 2s 2p T1 T1 T1 T1 T1
22 2
Na 1s 2s 2p63s
1s
2
T1 T1 T1 Ti T1 T
2
2 2
2 6
6 2
2
Mg 1s
is 2s 2p 3s T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1
2 2 6 2
Al 1s22s22p63s23p 11 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T
2 22 66 22 22
2
Si 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T T

p
n 1s222s222p63s223p33
is T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T T T

S 1s222s222p63s223p44
1s T.I. % T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T T

Cl 1s222s222p63s223p55
is T1 T1 11 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1
B
2 2 6 2 6
Ar ls22s22p63s23p6
1s ti. T1 T1 % T1 T1 T1i n
T1 ti
T1
2 22 66 22 66
2
K 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 11 T1 n T1 T1
T1 n T1 T1 T1 11 T

Ca 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
1s22s22p63s23p64s2 T.I. T1 n t;
'N. tl, 'N.
T1 n tj. i\ n
T1 T1 n
T1 T1

Cau
Ca'u hinh electron dm
cua nguyen
nguyen to
tu cac nguyen c6 dien
nguyfin to co didn tIch
ti'ch tit
ttr 11 ÷
4- 105 duac
105 dirge
trinh bay a6 phu luc.
Cac
Cac ke't qua thu
ket qua thu duac
dirge cho
cho thay
tha'y rang,
rang, cau
cau truc
true electron
electron dm cua nguyen
nguyen tir
tu cac
cac
nguyen to duqc
dugc lap
lap lai
laituan
tuanhoan
hoankhi
khithen
dientich
tkhhat
hatnhan
nhantang
tanglen.
len.Dkra
Diravao
vaoskr
su thay
dth
d6i titan
tuan hoan
hoan cua
cua cau
ca'u trtic
true vO
vo nguyen tir (dac biet
tu (dac biet lop
lap electron ngoai cimg),
cung), co thd
thl
chia cac nguyen to thanh
thanh nhieu
nhieu day ngin.
ngdn. Moi
M5i day cac nguyen t6 to chinh la mat
m6t chu
kS■
ky trong bang hehe thOng tuan hoan ma to
thdng tufin se khao
ta se khao sat
sat aa chuang
chttong 3.

47
 ffUtiittff crane Ain't yen
tit em ehinh via eititeteg
ehitdny 2 2

1. Thinh
1. Thanh phan
phin cau
can true
frac cuanguyen
cim nguyen tir
tur

1.1.
1.1. Thinh
Thanhphan
phannguyen
nguyen tu
to

Ngay nay,
nay. ngu6i
ngirai ta da biet,
biet, nguyen
nguyfin tir
tu cita
cua cac nguyen 0 hoa
nguydn t6' hoa hoc g6m mot
m6t
hat nh^n
hat nhan mang didn tich
mang dien tich dtrcrng
duong vavacac
cacelectron
electron(didn
(dientu)
tir)chuyd'n
chuyenddng
Ong xung quanh
hat nhan.
hat nhan. Hat
Hat nhan
nhan nguydn tu g6m 22 loai
nguyen to loai hat:
hat: proton
proton (p) va
va ncaron
natron (n).
Ve gia tri
tri thi:
thi;
Z = S6
S6' hat
hat proton = S6
S6' hat electron = S6
56 dien
didn tfch
tich hat
hat nhan.
nhan.
T6ng
Tdng s6
so cac
cac phan
phdn tir cau thanh
tu ca'u thinh nguyen
nguydn to
tu la:
S = 2p + n = 2p + N
S6
So kh6i
khdi (A)
(A)cUa
cua hat
hat nhan
nhan la:
la:
A=Z+n=Z+N
De 14
ky hieu
hieuday
ddydu
ducac
cac(lac
dactrong
trungcua
cuanguydn
nguydntir
tu X
X ngtr6i
ngudi ta vi^t:
AX

Vi du: BC1
Vfdu: ??C1 ; 180 ;...
;...

Nguyen t6
Nguydn t6'h6a
hoahoc
hoclalatap
taphqp
hop cac
cacclang
dang nguydn
nguydn tit c6 cling
tu co cung dien
didn tfch
ti'ch hat
hat nhan Z.
M6i
M6i dang nguyen
nguydn tir cua mot
tu cua mdt nguydn t6 h6a
nguydn t6' h6a hoc
hoc duqc
duqc goi la
la clong vj cua
d6ng vi
nguyen
nguydn to d6.
do.
Cac nguydn td
t6 co
c6 Z = 22 ÷-f 82
82 ItiOnlu6n nghidm dung 4
ludn lufin nghiem thtic:
hd thirc:
n
11^
s—— 5.
5 1,524 hay
1,524 hay
J
<p< —
—^—<p<
p 3,524 H 3

1.2. Kh6i Itrcmg

Kh6'i iuqng va
va kich
kich Ulu&
thudc hat
hat nhan

Nhieu thi
Nhidu thi' nghiem
nghidm cho
cho they
tha'y hat
hat nhan
nhan c6
cothe
thtfxem
xemnhu
nhumdt
m6tqua
qua cat',
cau, mOt cach
m6t each
gan
gdn dting,
dung, co ban
bdn kink
kmh rr la: r = ro A1''3; trong
r0 A1/3; trong (16
do ro 1,2.10 13 cm = 1,2.10-1S
r0 -~ 1,2.10-13 1.2.10 15 m =
1,
1, 2 femtomet;
femtomet; A- s6
sd kh6i.
khd'i.

1.3.
1.3. He
Hethirc
thurc lien
lien he
he gi~a
giiira khoi
khdi hang
lurqng va
va nang
nang lacing
luqng

D6i
Doi vai
vai hat
hat nhan,
nhan, su
su bien
bien thien
thidn ye
vekh6i
khdilacing
luqng 0m
Am1u6n
lu6n kern
kem theo
theo su bien
bien
thien ye nang ltrong
thidn vd lien ket
luqng lidn kd't hat tmh theo 4
hat nhan va duqc tinh thtic:
hd thiic:

48
 2
AE = Amc
Str but kh6i
Sir hut khoi Luang
luang se
seIA:
la:
Am
Am = [Zmp
[Zmp + (A
(A - Z)mo]
Z)mn] -- m nhan.
h?t nhan
mhat

Nang
Nang Wong lien ke't
luang lien kat hat
hat nhan
nhan ti'nh
tint' cho
cho 1I nucleon dugc
duqc goi
gpi 1a nang lugng
la nang luqng lien
kat
ket rieng dm
cua hat nhan:
A
AEE
AE=
AErr =
A

1.4. Dong
Donghoc cac
hoc qua
cac trinh
qua phOng
trinh phongxa.
xa.Toc
TdcdO
do phong
phong xa

Qua
Qua trinh phan
phan hu5
huy, phOng xa la
phong xa IAm6t
motphan
phanung
lingbac
bac 11 va
va dupe
cluqc tmh
tinh theo
theo he
thdc:

In ° = kt
Nt
-It-
hay: Nt N0e-kt
Nt = Noe kt
1n2
ln2 0,693
Chu kl ban
ban huY
huy (t in): t y2
(tj^): w =
k k

2. Dal curing
circmg ve co
co hoc
hoc hrong
lirpng tir
tu

2.1.
2.1. Thuyet
ThuyetWong
lirpngtit
tu Planck
Planck

Anh sang hay

Anh sang hay Ink
btfc xa noi
not chung
chung gom
gamnhirng
nh&nglupng
hongtirtitnang
nanglupng
*mg (e)
(e) ti
ti le
IS
thuan vai
vdi tan
t^n s6
s6 cUa
cua btic
birc xa (v): ce = hv.

2.2.
2.2. Song
Songvat
vatchat
chatde
de Broglie
Broglie

CO thdminh
Co th^ minh hoa
hoa ban
ban chat
chat song - hat cUa anh sang
cua anh sang qua
qua so d6
dO sau
sau day;
day:

,Tinh
Tmh chat song (hien
chat s6ng (hifin along
tirpng giao thoa, nhifiu
nhieu xa) X ,
• x h
Anh sang Q ^ A=—
mec
-."Tilnh
Tmh chat
cha't hat (hieu ting
hat (hifiu ang quang
quang diSn,
dien, Compton...) m

2.3.
2.3. Nguyen
NguyenlYlybat
batdinh
djnh Heisenberg
Heisenberg

Trong ca
co hoc
hoc lacing
lupng tit
tir nguari to da
ngiroi ta dAthira
thiranhan
nhantmh
tinhchat
chatsong
songcua
dia cac
cac hat vat
chat chuyen d6ng
cha't chuy^n Ong thi:

49
 "Toa do
d6 va
va Ong
ddnglircmg
lucmg cua
cua cac
cac hat
hat (vi
(vi mo)
m6) khOng the d6ng
khong the (longthdi
thai co
c6 gia
gia tri
xac dinh".
xac
K€
Kett luan tren
trgn dtrcic
dugc diSn
din titaqua
quahe
he thirc
thirc bgt
bat dinh Heisenberg (1927):
Aq.Ap > h

2.4. Phuang
2.4. Phirongtrinh
trinhSchroedinger
Schroedinger

D6i vai met

D6i m6l he
hfi vivihat,
hat,phuong
phirong trinh
trinh Schroedinger
Schroedinger thuang
thuong dirac
duoc viet
viel duai
duoi
dang khai trien
dang khai then nhu
nhir sau:
2 2m
V2M41+ — (E — U)y=
;+^(E-U)h/ =0
h2
Giai
Giai phuang
phirong trinh Schroedinger
Schroedinger ta to thu
thu duoc
&lac cac
cac nghiem
nghiem vptit mo
me ta
to cac
cac trang
thai khac
khac nhau
nhau cua h6
he vi
vi hat
hat va
va gia
gia tri
trinang
nangluong
WongEEciia
cuachiing
cluing6 trang thai do.

3. Nguyen tit
tuf hidro va
va nhitng
nhurng ion giiing
gidng hidro

Nhang ka qua
Nhung ke't quathu
thudude
duoctir
tirviec
viec giai
giai phuang
phuong trinh
trinh Schroedinger
Schroedinger cho nguyen
nguydn
to
tu hidro se
se la
la co
cos& cholj%
so cho thuyetchung
ly thuyet chung ve
vecau
cgutao
tao nguyen
nguyen tu.
tit. Nhung
Nhimg ke't
k6t qua
qua chinh:
chinh:

3.1. Obitan
3.1. Obitannguyen
nguyen tit
tu (AO)
(AO)

Nhitng ham song titn,uni

Nhung ham vpn; m( (r, 0, (p), nghiem ciia
tp), nghiem cua phuong
phuong trinh Schroedinger,
Schroedinger,

m0 to nhiing
m6 ta nhffng trang thai
thdi khac
khac nhau
nhau cua
cua don
don electron trong nguyen tir
tu goi la obitan
obitan
nguyen
nguydn tit.
tir.

Vn./.rn, (r,
titn,e,mt (ri 0,
0
n,/ W- Y/.m, (0,
R 1 (r).
= Rn
' <?) = (0> (p)
9)

trong do n,
trong do n, t, me &lac
duoc goi
goi la
la cac
cac s6
s6'Wang
luong tit
tu chinh,
cht'nh, se
s6' Luang
luong tit
tir phu va s6
sd' lacing
luong tit
tir

twang (mg;r,r, 0,
tuong umg; 0, 9cplalacac
cacbid'n
bin se
s6' trong toa do
d6 cau doi
dO'i voi
vdi nguyen tit
tir hidro.
AO-s c6 dang hinh can;
AO-s co cau; AO-p co
c6 dang
dang hinh
hinh sd
se 8;
8; AO-d
AO-d co hinh
hinh dang hai so
sd
8 ndi dan cheo nhau hay hoa thi
thj 4 canh.

3.2.
3.2. Nang
Nang Wong cUa electron
luong cua electron

Nang luring (En)

luong (En) cim
cua electron trong nguyen tit:
tir:
2it 2 me 4 13,6 [eV];
Hidro = [eV];
nn~h
2h2 n2
n

50
 13.6 )
Ion giving
giong hidro En =
= --^^Z Z-2 (eV]
[eV]
nn"
a) So
a) So lugng
luffng to
tii chinh (n)
(n)
luong cUa
Nang lacing cua electron trong nguy^n
electron trong nguyen tir thudc vao
to hidro phu thuOc vao s6
s6' luong
lucmg tir
t£r
Ngirch ta
chinh n. Ngtrai ta thuang
thirangdung
dungcac
cacchit
chucai
cai I6n
Ion de
de ky
ky hieu
hieu cac
cacmac
mirenang
nang'Along
lugng (lop
(lefp
obitan).

n = I1 2 3 44...
...
Lop obitan
Lap K L M
L M N.
N.... .

b) So"
So lugng
litowgtutophu
pity (f). Phdn lop
(4. Phtin lop electron
electron

C 0 I
=012 2 3...

Phan lop obitan

Phan s p d f.
f...

c) So
So"lucmg
luongtutif(mj
tti lit (ml)

S6 lugng
lacing tir
tit thir
thd 33 clac
dac trung
trong cho obitan la so
sd luong tit tfir me (me
tu tir (m^ = -1, 0,
-1,0,

+1,...,
+1 + + 1).
() Nhu vay Ung vai m6t
Ung vot mat gia tri ciia
gia tri cUa^cc!) (V ++ 1) gia tri cua me.
co (2^ m f.

d) So
Sd lucmg
Wong tu
to spin (m5)
(ms)
Khi phuong trinh
Khi giai phuang trinh song
song Schroedinger
Schroedinger neu co) chu
ndu cc- chti yy Mit
ddn su hieu
hi6u chinh
chinh
kh6i Wong
khdi lugng theo thuyet twang
tuong d6i
doi cUa Einstein thi
ciia Einstein thi ngudi
nguai ta
ta da
da phat hien
hi6n dtroc
dugc su ton
t6n
tai
tai cua spin. S6
caa spin. So Ittang
lugng tir (ms = ± 1/2)
tu spin (ms chi co
1/2) chi c6 hai
hai gia
gia tri nen
n6n momen spin cua
momen spin am
electron chi co
có hai kha nang
nang dinh
djnh huang.
hudng.

3.3. Giaithich
3.3. Giai thi'chphd
phophat
phatxaxacan
cuanguyen
nguyentir
tir hidro

Trong quang phd

phd cUa
cua hidro,
hidro, ngudi
ngueritatadadäxac
xacdjnh
dinhsd
s6song
songvv theo
theo bie'u
bieu thuc
tit&
sau:
sau:
1 1
Hidro;
Hidro: v
C/ == r
—K'—z;
R11
h - 2 \
lnnt2
t n n
c
cJ
/ \
9 11
1 1
Ion
Iongidng hidro
hidrovv == Z2141
Z-R^ —z
gi6ng 2 - n2r
lnntt "cj c

51
51
3.4. 13i4u
Bieudien
dilneau
cautrue 16rp
true Idp vO
vo cua nguyen tit
tu

Su phan
phan b6'
b6 electron trdn
tren cac
cac trang
trang thai
thaidon
donelectron
electron(obitan)
(obitan)vdi
voi cac
cac s6 luong
so luting
tit
tu nn va
va ^P khac
khac nhau
nhau trong
trong nguyfin
nguyen ttr
tit goi
goi la
la ca'u
cau hinh electron dmcua nguyen
nguy€n tir.
tir.

Co hai each bieu

bifiu dien
diln cau
ca'u hinh
hinh electron.

Cacti
Cach 1.
1. Dung
Dung ky
ky hieu
hi6u phan
phan lop (n^x)vai
lorp (Ile) voixx1a
la s6
s6' electron
electron trong
trong m6i phan lop

duoc ghi duai

dirdi clang chi s6 mu
dang chi

Cfich
Cach 2. Dung
Dung 66luring
luong tit
tu duoc
duoc bieu
bieu dien
di6n bang
bang mat
mot 66vuOng
vuong []]

Quy luat phan b6'

b6 electron trong nguyen
nguygn to
tu nhieu electron.

Trong nguyen
nguyfin tir
tu m6i
m6i electron
electronduoc
duocdac
dactrung
trung13.66 taphop
boi tap hop44so
s6 luong
Wong tu
tit n,
n, £,
t,

mt,
mf, ms.
ms. Cac
Cac electron
electron duoc
duoc phan b6 vao
phan bo vao cac lop,
lop, phan
phan lap
16p theo
theo nguyen
nguyen ly Pauli,
Pauli,

nguydn ly yang
nguyen bh Nth
v&ng b^n va quy
quytac
tic Hund.

a) Nguyen
a) Nguyen ly
lj Pauli
Trong mat nguyen
Trong m6t nguydn tit
tii (hay phan tit) khdng
phan tu) kh6ng thd
the co
có hai
hai hay
hay nhieu
nhidu electron ma
trang thai cua
trang thai cua chung
chung dupe
dttqc dac
dac trung
tnmg bdi
bai cung
ding tap
tap hop
hop 4 so
sd Wong
luong tit
tu n, F,
£, m(,
m^, ms
ms

nhu nhau.

b) Nguyen lY
b) ly vung
yang ben
6
C) gang
trang thai
thdi co
cobin,
ban,trong
trongnguyen
nguydn tit
tu cac
cac electron
electron se
sechiem
chid'mcu
cunherng
nhiJng mac
muc
nang luting
nang lupng thip
tha'p truoc,
trudc, tirc
tire la
la nhirng
nhihig trang
trang thai
thai ben
ben vung
vitng truPc,
truck, rdi
raj mdi
mai den nhiing
nhung
miic nang luting
ram lupng cao hon tiep tid'p theo.

Ket qua
qui thuc
thuc nghiem
nghidm vevdquang
quang ph6
phd Oat
phatx4
xacho
chobier,
biet,thit
thirto
tutang
tangdart
dan cua mac
mire
nang lupng
Wong cua cac phan lap
Idtp nhu
nhu sau:

Is < 2s < 2p < 3s

3s <
< 3p
3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s « 4d < 5p <...
< 3d

c) Quy tdc Hund

Trong mot phan
Trong mdt lap, cac electron
phan IPp, electron có
co khuynh huang dien
khuynh huPng dien vao
vao cac obitan
obitan (a
(6
luting tir)sao
lupng tu) sao cho
cho tdng
t6ng dai
dai sd
s6 cac spin
spin dm
ciia chting
chung la cuc
cue dai
dai (ttic
(tuc la
la icing
tdng so electron
electron
chua ghep ddi
chua ghep doi la
la lott
lan nha't).
nhit).

52
 its bi;i
@jUu az hui
hoi Oil bid tap.
kip

1.
1. Xac dinh dien
Mc dinh dien tich
ti'ch hat
hat nhan,
nhtin, s6
so proton,
proton, s6
s6' neuron,
ncftron, s6 electron,
electron, s6
so kh6i
khoi cua
cac
cac nguyen to có
co ky hieu:

373Li;
Li ; F 23 xi 238u 239
^F; 23Na; 238U;
92 239p
94 Au
U

2. MCAsos6nguyen
Mot nguyentix
tirg6m
gomhai
hai d6ng
d6ng vi
vi co
có sd
so nguydn
nguyen tit
tu t5,
ty le vOi nhau la
vdri nhau la 27
27 :: 23.
Hat nhan thing
Hat nhan ddng vi
vj thd
thir nhat
nhat chita
chira 35
35 proton
proton vava 44
44 ncrtron. Hat nhan
ncftron. Hat nhan thti
thii hai
nhieu
nhieu hon
hornhai
hainotron.
natron. Hay
Hay xac
xac dinh
dinh sos6 kho'i
kh6i trung
trung binh
binh va
va ten
ten nguyen
nguyen to
t6 tren.
Dap so:
s6: A(Br) = 79,9

3. Nguyen tir
Nguyen to R co
co tang
tdng sO
so hat
hat cac loai
loai bang
bang 115.
115. S6
So hat
hat mang
mang dien
dien nhieu
nhiduhorn
hon
sd hat khOng
s6 khdng mang
mang dien
dien la
la 25
25 hat.
hat. Ti'nh
Tinh so
s6 khdi
khoi va
va sd
s6 di6n
dien ti'ch
tich hat nhan cua
R.
Dap so: Z = 35, A = 80
Dap sd:

4. Cac nguyen to
Cac nguyen t6 có
co dien tich
ti'ch hat
hat nhan
nhan lon
Idn han
hon 82
82 deu
deu itIt nhieu
nhieu khOng
khdng ben,
ben, tir
phan rd.
ra.
n
a)
a) Quan
Quan sat cac nguyen to tit
nguydn td hell (Z
tir heli (Z == 2)
2) den
den chi
chi (Z
(Z == 82),
82), lap
lap ty
tj, s6
sd —
—,, cho
P
biet
bie't gidi
gioi han
han bien thien cua tS,
ty s6
sd nay.
b) Chumg to rang
b) Chang rang vai
vdi cac
cac nguyen
nguyen t6
tdso
sdthd
thirto
tirtir
tir Z
Z == 22 den
den ZZ == 82
82to
taItiOn
ludn co:
co:
S S
—?_p>
— >p>
3 3,524
28
5. trung thai ttr
6 trang tir nhien
nhien silic
silic chtia:
chira: 92,23%
92,23%deong
ddng vi Si (KLNT:
vj 28Si (KLNT: 27,977);
27,977):
4,67%
4,67% (long vj 29
ddng vi 29Si
Si (KLNT:
(KLNT; 28,976);
28,976); 3,1%
3,1% clang vj 30
ddng vi 30Si (KLNT:
(KLNT: 29,974);
Hay xac djnh
Hay dinh kh6i
khdi Wong
lupng nguyen tir trung
trung binh
binh cua silic.
Dap sd;
s6: 28,085

6. Clo to nhien (KLNT = 35,45) gdm

Clo tu Om 22 &Mg vj: 35
ddng vi: 35C1
C1 (KLNT 36
(KLNT == 34,97) va 36C1
C1
(KLNT = 36,97).
36,97). Tim
Tim ham
ham litcrng s6 nguyen
lirong % sd nguydn to
tir ciia
cua cac &Mg
ddng vi.
vj.
35 36
Dap so:
sd; deing
ddng vi
vj 35C1 chiem
chid'm 76% va cua 36C1 la 24%
35 37 v K 33
7. Clo to nhien
Clo tir nhidn gom
gdm hai
hai loai
loai (long
ddng vivj 35C1
C1 va 37C1. Silic gdm
Cl. Silic gom hai (king
ddng vi
vj 38Si,
Si,
39
Si.. Co bao nhieu
Si nhidu loai phan to tir hop chdt
chit silic
silic tetraclorua
tetraclorua SiC14?
SiCl4?
Dap s6:
sd: 10

8. Neu mat
Ndu mdt sO hien Wong
sd hidn cldchimg
tirpng de changtdtoanh
anhsang
sangvira
viraco
cóti'nh
tinhcha't
chit song, lai vita
vda
có
co tinh chat hat.
ti'nh cha't

53
9.
9. Trinh bay van tat gia thief
thiet de Broglie ye
v6 luang
ludng tinh song hat cila
cua he vi hat va
nai dung dm
n6i cua nguyen
nguyfen ly
ly bat
bat dinh
dinh Heisenberg.
Heisenberg. VI
Vi sao
sao theo
theo co
co hoc
hoc Wang
luong tir,
tu,
quan niem electron khOng chuyend6ng
khdng chuyen quy- dao.
Ong tren guy

10.
10. Cho biet y nghia
nghla cila
cua 3 s6
s6' luong
lirqng to
tu n,
n, I,
1, mf.
m^.

11.
11. S6 lucmg
lacing tu
tir spin
spin xua't
xuat hifen
hien khi
khi nao? Tai sao so lacing
nao? Tai tir spin
luong tir spin chi
chi co
co hai gia
tri?
12.
12. Obitan nguyen tu
Obitan nguyen tir (AO)
(AO) duqc
duqcdjnh
dinh nghla
nghiachinh
chInhxac
xic nhu
nhu thS'
the nao?
nao? Hay
Hay phat
Oat
bidu chting.
bieu chung.
13.
13. Cho bi^'t
biet hinh dang cila
cua cac AO-s; AO-p va AO-d va bieu
bidu di6n
dien chiing
cluing trfin
tren so
do.
d6.
14.
14. Cho biet so
Cho bife't s6' electron t6i
td'i da tren
tr6n mat
m6t phan
phan lap
lop Crng vii cac
dng vdi cac gia
gia tri cua
ciia ai khac
nhau.
15.
15. Cho bid't
biet so
s6 electron tdi
t6i da tren mot
m6t lap
lop ting voi cac
img vdi cac gia tri n khac nhau.
16.
16. Hay
Haycho biet
cho giagiatritrivavay ynghia
bife't nghlacua
cuab6n
bdns6
solacing
luong tir.
tu.

17.
17. Nang lacing
luong cua electron trong nguyen
nguyen tir
tu hidro va nguyen
nguyen tir
tu nhidu
nhi^u electron
electron
phu thu0c
thudc vao nhilng
nhutig so
s6' Wong
luong tir
tu nao?

18.
18. Su
Sir phan
phan b6
h6 cac electron
electron trong
trong nguyen
nguyen tir
tir tuan
tuan theo
theo nhang
nhung nguyen
nguyen lY
ly va
va guy
quy
tic
tac nao?
nao? Phat
Phat bidu
bi^u chting
chiing va
va lay
la'y vi
vl du minh hoa.

19.
19. Van dung nguyen ly Pauli
Van Pauli dd
d^ tinh s6 electron
electron lien nhat tren
Ion nha't tren mat
mot AO (vi
(vi du
is), trong
Is), trong mat
m6t phan
phan lap
Idp(vi
(vidu
du3d)
3d)va
va mot
m6tlOp
Idp (vi du lop
Idp N).

20.
20. Viet cau
Vift ca'u hinh electron
electron nguyen
nguydn tir
tir du&
dudi dang
dang kY
ky hieu
hidu va dang luong tir cua
dang 66 lacing ciia
cac nguyen
nguyftn to
td' vai
vdi Z = 14,
14, 25, 34.
21.
21. Cho biet
bidt co bao
bao nhieu
nhifiu nguyen
nguyfentir
tirLing voi sd'
dng vdi s6 thii
this tu
to ZZ nao thoa man di6u
didu kien
kidn
CO chtiahai
co chda haielectron
electronddc
dOcthan
than6atrang
trangthai
thai co
ca ban
ban (Z < 20).
22.
22. Hay cho biet
bidt s6
sd thCr tirZZ cua
thu tu dia ba nguyen
nguyfin t6td ma
ma nguyen
nguyfin tir
tir dia
ciiachCing
chiing có
co cac
12 7 5
phan lop electron
phan Idp electron ngoai ding nhu sau: 4s I ; 4s
ngoai ciing 4s23d7
3d va 4p
4p5..
23.
23. Tinh d6
dd dai song de Broglie:
- cua
cila chide
chiec xe nang 11 tan,
ta'n, chuydn Ong voi
chuyen ddng vdi van
van tOc
tdc 80 km/h;
-24
- cua mat
mdt proton có khdi
proton co kh6i luong 1,67.1024g
luring lala 1,67.10 Ong nang
g va ddng nang Ed
Ed == 1000
1000 eV,
biet rang 11 eV = 1,6.10
bidt 1,6.10 19 J.
Tit
Tir cac gia tri btrac sang tim dirgc
budc song rut ra kdt
duoc hay riit ket ludn.
luan.

54
 -31 ,
24.
24, MOt
Motvien
vienbibinang
nang11 ggvavamotmotelectron
electron (m
(m =
= 9,1.10
9,1,10 31 kg)
kg) chuyen
chuy6ndQng
dong co
co dO
do
8 -10
bat dinh
bat dinh ve
ye gia
gia tri
tn IA
la 11 A
A == 10
10 to m. Hay rut ra Ica
ket luan
luftn tir cac ket qua tinh
tmh
dduqc.
'roc .
25.
25 Tinh
Tinhnang
nanglugng
luqngdmcuaelectron
electrontrong
trongnguyen
nguyentir
tuhidro
hidro cta trang
trang thai co ban
ban va
va
trang
trang thai kich thich khi
khi electron
electron 6o lap
Idp M.
M. Nguyen
Nguyen tir
tir hidro
hidro ct
d trang thai nao
ben
btfn hon?
26.
26. SuSirphan
phanb6bdWatt
(cauhinh)
hinh)cua
cuacac
cacelectron
electron trong
trong lap
lop v6
vo nguyen
nguyen tir
tu tuan
tuan theo
theo
nhirng
nhung nguyen 1$1, guytac
ly, quy tacnao?
nao?Neu
Neu vi
vi du
du minh
minh hoa.
27.
27. VIVlsaosaom6i
mdibgbo4 4 s6sd
luong
luongto tir
duai day
dudi khOng
day khdngthe
thelala1)0
bo ban
bdns6
sdWong
luqng tit
tu cita
ciia
mot electron trong mot nguyennguyen tirtir nao do?
a)
a) nn== 3,
3, // == +3,
+3, m/
m, = +1, ms
ms = +1/2

b)
b) nn== 3,
3, / = -1, m/
m/ = +2, ms
ms = +1/2

c) nn == 2,
c) 2,1=
/ = +1,
+1, m/ = +2, ms
ms = -1/2

d)
d) nn =
= 4, / = +3, mi - 4, ms
m/ = - ms = -1/2

28.
28. Hay
Haylap
lapbang
bangcac
cacgia
giatritri4 4s6sdluong
luqngtirtircho
chotong
tdng electron
electron od trang
trang thai
thai binh
blnh
, , , 2 2 2
thugng cua nguyen tir
thudng ciia cau hinh: 1s2
tu co ca'u Is 2s22s 2p2
2p
Electron 1 2 3 4 5 6
n
±/ I
m1
El
m
Elss
29. Cho
29. Cho biet
bidt electron c6 co 44s6
sdluo'ng
luqng tir
tir clued day thudc
dudi day thuOc Idp
lap nao?
nao? Phan
Phan Idp
lap nao?
Electron thin may thudc
thu ma'y thuOc phan
phan Idp
lap nay?
a)n=
a) n = 2,/=
2, / =0, nq = 0,
0, m1 0,ms
ms =+
= + 1/2
1/2

b)n=3,1=1,m/
b) =-1,m,=-1/2
n = 3, / = I, m/ = -l, ms = - 1/2

c)n=
c) n = 3,1=
3, / = 2,m1
2, m/ =+2,m,=+
= +2, ms = + 1/2
1/2

d)n=4,/=2,m1=+1,m,=-1/2
d) n = 4, / = 2, m/ = +1, ms = -1/2

30. Viet b6
30. bd 4 s6
sd luong
luqng tir irng
(mg vdi
vai electron
electron cudi
cu6i ciing
cling cho
cho cac
cac trudng
twang hop sau day:
b) CI (Z = 17)
a) Mg (Z = 12); b)Cl(Z=17)
31. Xac dinh sd
31. Xac s6 thir
tha to
tu Z cua
cua nguyen
nguydn t6td co
cd electron cudi
cu6i cimg
ding dien
didn vao
vao cau
cdu hinh
electron
electron (mg
irng vOi bO 44 sd
vdi bd s6 luqng
Wong tir
tit nhu
nhu sau:
a)n=
a) n =2,/=
2, / =0,1111
0, m/ = 0,
0,ms
ms = +1/2
=+1/2
55
 b)n=2,1=1,rn1 =1,m,=-1/2
b) n = 2, / = 1, m, = 1, ms = -1/2

c) n = 4, 1=
/ = 0, m1
m/ = 0, ms
ms = +1/2

d)n=4,1=1,rni =-1,m,=+1/2
d) n = 4, / = I, m/= -1, ms = +1/2

32.
32. Trong
Trongmot
mdtnguyen
nguyentirtuc6
cot6i
tbida
dabao
baonhieu
nhieu electron
electron Ling vaicac
iirng vai cactrirang
trtftg hop
sau:
sau;
a) n = 2
b)n=2,/=
b) n = 2, / = 11

c)n= 3, / = 1, m/ =0
c) n =3,1=1,1111 =0

d) n == 3,
3,1=
/ = 2, mi
ni/ = 0, ms
ms = +1/2

33.
33. Tim s6soelectron
Tim electront6i
tbida
dac6
cb trong:
trong:

a) moi phan Idp:

a) mbi lap: 2s, 3p,
3p, 4d, 5f.
5f,

b) moi Idp;
b) mbi lap: L, M, N.
34.
34. Viet cau
Vibt cbuhinh
hlnhelectron
electroncac
cacnguyen
nguybn tit
tii dm
cua cac
cac nguyen
nguy6n t6
to c6
co s6
sb thir tu:
7, 14,
14, 14,
14. 19,
19. 21, 34, 35, 36.

35. CacCac
nguyen tit cita
nguyfen nhang
tu cua nguyen
nhung t6tb
nguySn nao
nao(Z(Z==?)?)c6cocdu
cbuhinh
hinh nhtr
nhu sau:
2 66 22 l1
2 2 66 33 22
2
a) 2s 2p 3s 3p ;; b) 3s 3p 3d 4s ;
2 6 10 2 5 2 6 7 1
c) 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5; d) 4s2 4p6 4d7 5s1..

36.
36. Cho
Chobitt cgu
bibt cbuhinh
hinhelectron
electrondmcuacac
cacioniondudi
dudiday,
day,mOi
mbi ion
ion c6
cb bao
bao nhieu
nhidu
electron lap
Idp ngoai
ngoai cung,
cung, ion
ion nit)
nao co
co cau
ca'u hinh
hinh electron
electron tucmg
tuong tir
tu khi tra?
3+ 17 2+ o 4+ .j - „ 2-
/-> 2+ ^ 3+ A ,3+ 2-
Ca , Cr , Al A1 , Zn , Sn , Br , S , Te .

37.
37. Trong
Trongsa sb
caccac
nguyen tirtuduai
nguyfin dudiday,
day,nhang
nhungnguyen
nguyfintittunao
nao c6
co cau
ca'u hinh
hinh electron
electron
bat thtrang,
bbt thudng, nguyen
nguyfin nhan
nhan dAn den hibn
dan dd'n hien tuong
tuang bat thtrang
thudng do?
3
3 2
2 5
5 1 Mn: 3d 4s22
5
5
V: 3d
V: 3d 4s Cr: 3d
Cr: 3d 45'
4s
. to 1 10 2
3d3 4s2
Ni: 3d3 4s2 Cu: 3d10 4s1 Zn: 3d10 4s2

38.
38. Cho
Chobiet trong
bibt s6sb
trong caccac
cgu hinh
ca'u hinhelectron
electronduOi
dudiday
day thl
thi cau
ca'u hinh
hinh nao
nao kh6ng
khdng ton
tbn
tai?
ip3;
3; 3p6;
- 6 3s2;
, 2 02s2;
2 2d5;
0 ,5 5d3;
- ,3 3f12;
.,12 2p4;
, 4 3d11.
. ,11
Ip 3p ; 3s ; 2s ; 2d ; 5d ; 3f ; 2p ; 3d .
Giai thich
thich 1Si dokhdng
ly do kh6ng tbn
tdn tai?
39.
39. Hay viavibt
Hay cauca'u
hinh electron
hinh cho
electron cac
cho cacnguyen
nguyent6tbSS(Z
(Z== 16);
16); Fe
Fe (Z
(Z =
= 26).

56
 6
O cau
ca'u hinh
hinh cua
cua hai
hai nguyen
nguyen t6
to tree
tren (viet
(viet theo
theo 66 lucing
lirong tit)
tir) thi
thi có
co bao
bao nhieu
nhieu
AO-d hoa tri con thieu electron?
40.
40. Vi6t ca'u
Viet cau hinh electron cho Fe (Z = 26) va Fe3+; Fe2+.
cac ion Fe3+;
va cac Fe2+. Giii
Giai thich
thich tai
sao trang
trang thai
thai electron
electron thuQc
thuoc ion Fe2+ lai
ion Fe2+ lai kern
kem 6n
on dinh
dinh hon
han trang
trang thai
thai cUa
ciia
Fe3+?
electron trong ion Fe3+?
41.
41. Hay giai thich
thich tai
tai sao
saonguyen
nguyent6toCu
Culai
laithu6c
thuocnhorn
nhomIB
IBtrong
trongbang
bangh4'
he thOng
thong
tub
tu^nhoan?
hoan?
42.
42. Cho
Cho bi6t dien tich
biet dien tich hat nhan
nhtin Z cua
ciia 2 nguyen
nguyen to
t6' hoa
hoa hoc
hoc ling
irng voi
vdi cau
ca'u hinh
hinh
electron sau:
sau:
5s2 5p4
a) 5s2 5p4 ; ;b)b)3d5
3d5 4s1
4s,

43.
43. Vi6t ca'u
Viet cau hinh electron cho cac ion
ion sau:
sau;
r. 2+ o 4+ ,, 2+ 2+ /-i 3+ p 2-
2-
Sn , Sn , Mn , Cu , Cr , S

44.
44. Trong s6
Trong s6' cac
cac cau
ca'u hinh
hinh electron
electron dual
duoi day
day Ung
umg veti Mo (Z
voi Mo (Z == 42)
42) thi cau
ca'u hinh
nao dung, cau
ca'u hinh nao sai? VIVi sao?
4 2 8
5s1 4d5;
[Kr] 5s1 4d5; [Ar] 3d4 4s2 4p8;;
10 2 6 6
5s22 4d5;
[Kr] 5s 4d5; [Ar] 3d10 4s2 3p6 4d6.

57
 QhjU&njq, 3
&fleeing 3

He
HE THONG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN
HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO.
DINH
OjNH LUAT TUAN
TUAN HOAN

Muc tieu Can tap trung vdo

Cdn veto cdc
cac van
van de:
di:
chilling
chirong 3 1. Dinh luat tu^n hoan cac nguyen
1. Dinh luat tuan hoan cac nguyen to:to: Quan
Quart he
he giira
giira tinh
ti'nh chat
chat vet
va sir
sir
bie'n thien cua dien tich
bien thi6n ti'ch hat nhan nguyen tit
tir Z.

2. Nguyen tac
2. Nguyen tic lap
lap bang.
bang. CoCo cat'
cau ciia
cua bang.
bang. Quan
Quan he
he gifra
giira can
cau trtic
true
electron
electronciia
cuanguyen
nguyentittirvOi
vdi chu
chuky
kyvet
va nhOm.
nhom.

3.
3. Su bi"e'n thientudn
bie'n thien tuanhoan
hoanm6t
mets6'
setinh
tinhchat
chat cita
caa cac
cac nguydn to trong
nguyen to
bang:
bang; Nang lacing
luong ion hod. Ai lire
hoa. Ai lilt voi
vdi electron. DO am dien...
Do am

Mdt se'
Mot so Chu 16,
ky - Hang PhOn nhom
Phdn nlibm phu
phi! Dd dm dien
Do
tit khod NhOm - Cdt
Nhom-Cot Nang luong
Nang luongion
ionhod
hod Bong
Banghe
hethong
thong twin hods
tudn hoan
Nein nhom
Phdn chinh AiAilife
nhom chinh litevai
vdielectron
electron Ban kinh
Ban kinh nguyen iii,
tit, ion

3.1. He
Heth6ng
thongtuan
tuanhoar'
hoan cac
cac nguyen
nguyen to

Khi
Khi nghien citu
cthr met
m6t cach
each có
cd he
he thong tinh chat cua ciia cac nguyen
nguyen to, nha bac
hoc ngtrei
hoc ngucfi Nga Mendeleyev (1869) nhan thay tha'y tinh chat
cha't cam
cita chung
chung phu
phu thu6c m6t
thuec met
cach
each thin
tuln hoan
hoan veto
vao khei
kh6i Wong
lucmg nguydn tit. Day
nguydn tir. Day chinh
chinh la
la noi
not dung
dung cua
dm dinh luat tuan
hoan
hoan mang tentdn Ong. Tren co s&
6ng. Trdn cua dinh
so cita dinh luat
luat tuan
tuan hoan,
hoan, Mendeleyev
Mendeleyev sap
sap xep
xd'p cac
nguydn to
nguyen m6t he
t6 thanh met he thong
thdng hay
hay con
con goi
goi la hehe thong
thong tuan
tuin hoar'
hoan Mendeleyev.

3.1.1. Dinh 101

luat tuan
tuan hoUn
hoan eon
cua Mendelyev
Mendelycv

Sir nghien
Su nghidn ciru m6t cach
call met each có co he
he thong,
thdng, tinh
tinh chat
chat cua
cua cac
cac nguyen
nguyen t6to da
da &roc
duoc
sap
sap xep
xep thanh
thanh day theo
theo thd
thd to
tir tang
tang din
dan cua
cuakh6i
khoihrong
luong nguyen
nguydn tir
tir da
da cho
cho phep
phep
Mendeleyev di dd'n nhan xet rang tinh chat ciia chung
Mendeleyev di den nhan xet rang tinh chit caa chang da duec lap da duoc lap lai mot each
met cach
thin
tuin hoan.
hoan. TU
Tir day Ong
ong rut ra quy luat:

58
 "Tinh
'Tinh chcit
chat cua cac
cdc nguyen
n guy en to cling
cil/tg 'thy
nlur thanh
thanh phan
phan vava tinh
linhchat
chatclic,
cha cac
cac clan
don
chat ta Nip
chat va hap chat
chat tao nen
nen tic' cac nguyen
t if cdc do bien
n guy en to do hien thien
thien ludn
tudn hoan
hodn theo chieu tang
ctia khdi !wing
cua khOi luong nguyen to
tu ctia
cua cac
cdc nguyen to".
Tuy dim
Tuj' dira vao khoi luting
luang nguyen
nguyfin to ciia cac
tir cua cac nguyen
nguyen to
t6 de sap
sSp xep chting
chung thanh
day, nhang
nhimg viec
vi6c Ong
ong da hoan vi vj ch6 mot
mot s6 so cap nguyen tei (Ar -- K,
to (Ar K, Co
Co -- Ni, Te --1,
c6
co kh6i
khoi luting
lirgng nguyen
nguyentir
tircila
cuanguyen
nguyent6 to truOc
triroc lOn horncua
Ion hon cuanguyen
nguyento t6 sau),
sau), cung
cung nhtr
nhu
dinh
danh cho
ch6 cho
chocac
cacnguyen
nguyent6t6'con
conchaa
chuatim
timra,ra,chimg
chiimg to
toOng
ong cla
da phat hien ra mot
mdt dai
luting
luong quan trong hcrn kh6i luong
hon khd'i lacing nguyen
nguyentir. tit.Sau
Saunay,
nay,dudi
duaianh
anh sang
sang ciia
dm thuyet cau
ca'u
tao nguyen tit,
tir, ngueri khAngdinh
ngu&i ta khang dinh dai
dai luong
lutingquan
quantrpng
trongdodo chinh
chinh la
la dien
dien tich hat
nhan nguyen tif.tir. Do do,
dO, ngay
ngay nay
nay djnh
dinhluat
luattuan
tuanhoan
hoandupe
duocphat
Oat bieu nhtt
nhu sau:
"Tinh
"Tinh chcit cac nguyen to cling
ctia cdc
chat cua cung &zit thanh phdn
nhu thanh phan vd
va tinh chat ccia cac don
ciia cdc
cl~cit
chat vdva hap
Nip chat tao nett
nen to do bien
tic nguyen to do bier thien tudn
tuan hoan
hodn theo chiett
chieu tang cite
ciia
dien tich hat nhcin
nhdn nguyen lit".
Su
Sir Bien
bien d6id6i ve
ve tinh chat cila
ciia cac
cac nguyen
nguyen to to bat
bat nguon
nguon tir
tit su Wen doi v6
bien dpi ve ca'u
cat
tnic
true nguyen
nguyen tittir cua
ciia chting.
chung. Khi Khi khao
khao sat sat ve
veca'u
cau tao
to electron
electron dmciia nguyen
nguyen tittir cac
cac
nguyen t6, chung ta se
nguyen t6', se they
tha'y rang
rang khi
khi dien
dien tich hat
hat nhan nguyen
nguySn tirtit tang
tang Ifin
len thi cat'
cau
tao lOp vOciia
ItVp vo cUanguyen
nguyentirto(dac
(dacbiet
biet lala Idp
lOpngoai
ngoaicung)
ding)dupe
&roclap
laplai
lai tuan
wan hoan.
hoan. Vi
VI ca'u
cat'
tnic
true lOp vo ciia
lop vo cua nguyen tu tit quyet
guy& dinh
dinh tinh
tinh chat
chat ciia
dm chung
chting nen
nen su laplap lai ve
ve ca'u
cau true
tnic
vO nguyen tir
vo nguyen tit da
cladin
danden
densu sulap
lap lai
lai ve
vetinh
tinhchat
chatciia
dia cac
cac nguyen t6.to,

3.1.2. He thong
3.1.2. He th6ng tuan
tuan !loan
hoan cac
cac nguyen to
nguyen to

Co nhieu 4 thong
nhidu loai bang he th6ng tuSn
wan hoan
hoan khac
khac nhau,
nhau, trong
trong do
do co hai loai bang
ducrc dung ph6
dupe diing phi bien
biP'n hien
hifin nay la
la loai
loai bang
bang ngan (bang
(bang 3.1) va bang
bang dai (bang 3. 2).
He
HS th6ng
thP'ng wan
tuSn hoan
hoan cac
cac nguyen
nguyen t6
to Om
g6m 77 chu ky va 8 nhom. Mai
chu kS, M6i nhOm
nhom &roc
dupe
phan ra thanh phan
phan nhOm
nhom chinh (nhom A) va phan
phan nhom phu (nh6m
(nhom B).

3.1.2.1. Chu
3.1.2.1. Chu ky
kj,
ky la
Chu kS, la hang
hang ciia
cua cac
cac nguyen
nguyen t6
t6' ma
ma nguyen tit cua
nguyen tir dm chting
chung c6co ding
ciing s6
s6'16p
lop
electron. SO thd tu
So thir to ciia
cUachuchuky
ky danh
dinh so tir
to 11 -r÷ 7,
7, bang
bang s6'
s6 lop electron.
Chu kS,ky 11 g6m
g6m 22 nguyen
nguyen tot6' la
la hidro
hidro (Z
(Z == 1)
1) va
va heli
heli (Z
(Z == 2).
2). Nguyen
NguyPn tit
tircUa
cua 2
nguyen
nguyPn t6
tP' nay chi co 11 lap
lop electron:
electron: loplop K.
Chu IcSt
ky 22vava3,3,mPi
m6i chu kj, g6m
chu ky g6m 88 nguyen
nguyPn to.tP'. Chu
Chu kS,ky 2 bat dau tittir Li (Z = 3)
va tan cling
cimg la neon (Z = 10), 10), con chu ky vy 33 bat
bat ddu
dau tir
tit natri
natri (Z
(Z == 11) va tan
11) va tan cimg
ding la
argon (Z = 18).18). Nguyen
NguyPn tit tu cac nguyen
nguyen to t6 ciia
cua chu
chu kykj, 2 c6
co hai
hai lop
lop electron
electron (K, L),
con cUa
ciia cac nguyen
nguyen t6 to'chu ky 33 co
chulcS, co 33 lap
lop electron
electron (K,(K, L,
L, M).
M). Lop
Lop electron
electron ngoai
ngoai
ding
ciing cua
ciia nguyen
nguydntittircac
cacnguyen
nguyent6tP'trong
trongmeimPichuchu ky
kydeudPutang
tangdan
d^n11÷+8.8.Chu ky, 4
ChulcS

59
va 5, m6i chu kyky gOm
g6m 18 18 nguyen t6. Ngoai 88 nguyen
t6 Ngoai nguy6n t6
to thuOc
thuoc 8 nhom
nhom A A (cung nhom
(ding nhOm
vdi cac
A voi cac nguyen
nguyen toto thuOc
thuoc chu 14
ky 2 vava 3),
3), con c6co 10
10 nguyen
nguyen t6
to &roc
dtroc gpi nhirng
goi la nhitng
nguyen t6t6'd (haynhiing
d (hay nhOngnguyen
nguyentotochuyen
chuyentiep)
tiep)thuOc
thuoc 88 nhOm
nhom B,
B, trong
trong do c6
co nhOm
nhom
VIII B gom
g6m ba nguyen t5'.
t6.
ky 6 g6m
Chu 14 gom 32
32 nguyen
nguyentO.
to. Ngoai
Ngoai 1818 nguyen
nguyen to to thuOc
thuoc 8 nhOm
nhom A A va
va 88 nhom
B
B nhir
nhu oa cac chu
chu kS1
ky 44va
va 5,
5, con
con co
co 14
14 nguyen
nguyentot6 tiep
tiep sau
sau nguyen
nguyen to'
to La
La (nguyen
(nguyen to'
t6
ddu cua
dau cua 1)0
bp 10
10 nguyen t6
to chuyen tiep)
ti^p) thuOc
thuoc nhom
nh6m dacdac biet lantanit.
ky 77 la
Chu kS, la chu
chu1(5/
ky chtra
chua hoan
hoar' thanh
thanh cflng
cling co
co ca'u tirong tir
cau tao throng tonhu
nhu chu
chu ky
14 6.
Nile=
Nhom dac
dacbiet
bietor
a day la nhom actinit
Cac chu ky ky 1,1,2,2,33ducfc
dupe goigpilalacac
cacchu
chuky
kynhO.
nho.MoiM6ichuchukSr,
ky lala mot hang.
hang Cac
ky 4, 5,
chu kS, 5, 6, 77 duoc
dupe goi gpi lalacac
cac chu
chu 1416n.
ky Idn. M6i
M6i chu
chu kyky loin
Idn (hang
(hang trong
trong kieu
kidu bang
dupe cat
dai) duoc cat thanh
thanh haihai hang:
hang: hang
hang tren
tren 10
10 nguyen
nguyen to,
to', hang
hang duOi
dudi 8 8 nguyen
nguyen to' (kieu
t6 (kidu
bang ngin).
bang ngan).

3.1.2.2. Nhom. Nhom

Nhdm A.
A. NilOm
Nhom B
Bang tuan
tu^n hoan
hoan co
co 88cot,
cot,m6i
mbicot
cotlalamot
mptnhon.
nhon,NhOm
Nhomduoc
dupedanh
danhs6so'bang
bangchtTr
chu
so La
sO La Ma tir I den VIII
tit I den VIII.
Trir mot
Trit mpt s6so twang
trucmg hop
hop ngoai
ngoai le,
le, nguyen
nguyen tit
tu ciia
ciia cac
cac nguyen
nguyen t6
to' trong
trong ciing
cung
nh6m
nhom deu
ddu có
co s6
s6 electron
electron hoa
hoa tri
tribang
bang nhau
nhau (va
(va bang
bang s6
so thii
thu to
tu cua
cua nhOm).
nhom). Nhu vay,
nhom gom caccac nguyen
nguyen t6tP'hod
hoa tri
tri cao
cao nha:t d6i vdi
nha't doi yen oxi
oxi bang
bang nhau
nhau va
va bang
bang so so thd
thit tu
to
cua nh6m
nhdm vava c6
cd t1nh chk gi6ng
tmh chat giong nhau
nhau od milt
muc dO dp nao do.
M6i nhom
M6i nhdm lai
lai duoc
dupe chia
chia thanh
thanh hai
hai phan
phan nhOm:
nhdm; phan
phan chum
chdm chinh
chinh va phan
phan
nh6m
nhdm phu.
nhom chinh con goi
Phan shorn
Phan gpi la nhOm A, gdm
nhdm A, g6m cac
cac nguyen
nguyen t6
tp thuOc ca chu ky
thupc ca
Idn va
lOn va chu
chu ky
ky nho.
Phan nhom phu con goi
gpi la
la nhom
nhdm B,
B, chi g6m
gdm cac nguyen
nguyen t6
tP thuOc
thupc chu kS'
ky Idn.
lan.
Nguyen to tu ciia
cua cac
cac nguyen
nguyfin t6
tPthuOc
thupc nhom A co
cd s6
sP electron
electron 16,p
Idp ngoai cung
sP thti
bang s6 thir tit
tu cua
cila nhdm.
nhom.

3.2.
3.2. Cau
Cau tao
tao16v
Idp vó
vo nguyen
nguyen tit
tur cac
cac nguyen
nguyen t6
to trong
trong bang
bang he
he th6ng
thong
tuan
tuan twain
hoan

Ca'utao
Cu taolop
IdpvO
vdnguydn
nguyentittircac
cac nguyen
nguyen t6
tP co
cd dien
dien tich
ti'ch hat
hat nhan
nhan tit
tir11 -.-
-f 105
105 da
dupe trinh bay or
duoc d phu
phu luc.
luc. Dudi
Ditai day
daychiing
chungtatasesekhao
khaosat
satveveca'u
tautao nguyen tit
to nguyen tir ciia
ciia
cac nguyen tP trong 4
nguydn t6 hp thPng
thOng tuPn
tuan hoan
hoan Tren
Tren co
co sd
sOdo
dochiing
chtIngtatasesetim
timhieu
hiduco
coso ly
saljt
thuyet
thuyd't cua dinh luat tuan
tu^n hoan.

60
 0 0
2' V- Li? 00
° <. c°T-
6... CO
C,)
Cl) TT C CD
CC CO
< 1 " Z X 1.0 J N- -1

CO 1.4 CO 0 JO "0
Z N a. -4- 0- r.- Q Z
=
5
o r, .c co
o -o
CO 0 0,1 CC TT "'• r--- (.0 e

0) tD 7 et U)
U- CV CL v. 0 Ps 8 E

L. Lo C')
< LL CT) 0 I,-
,-- 03 Ce) - LX) z 2
0
=B c.0
>
a
CO M c• I I- -I. CL r-
C co 4-
• tg o 0
rn cu v- co es, 0 el-
C < O co
0 O0|t/)
U) £ CO cn cv i--- Lo 0.. co
rn
C
5
J3 o (N CD F—
co UN
c..1 2 '-tr ,:r.

C
I d
I GI.

03.1 u.) r/ A- (c> E

Q z r•-- < c..) ot!)
m) Lc) iii 2, o (9 01
rn >
C
m c..-,
sin to >N z •cr )-- h. C.) E
Co) CO W rn <
C
14

■411
0 D (NI C 0 JO CV
Si

O ® (75 ? C9 cn to to a co
N E
NCO >B
— o cn 0)
•■
•■ 7 Tr
rn M I= (c:i N '-rt ±- f:4. Y °
C I
Al 1

rn Z
L 00 1--
13

Ay. CD m
03 to < 0 cn
C .54..)
=0p

gr
ma 0 .0 CV —%
01
0 v-. cc.3 CO Z
cr) c..1 >- v0.)1 - i to < co
0)
4

C
-to v.... CO
CO c 0 V co o) co cm a
N cY) O ,1- 1 co
=—
0) _^ L2)CNi 0co
ro o L. co co co co 0 0
Mg
Be

01 CD
12

Lc) c) oh 1-
4 CD ^ 2 ^ Oco CV cm U) C') CD tr) CL co
B
7 0.) o) t..... 7 0)
0 C•1 < V' < N- C C
ea
....
CO T- Jo to tO Lc) L. r... 3
Li

z: ^ C"
3

< 1 - Ce C'") (.., 17 LL CO

•()

JC CM co
ce) er in co 1.--
3
.3
(..)

61
 (Ni a) 0 a) CO " CO " a) CO C
= I e-Z n- <C,1Y11)XCOw
ce)
5 0
-J

<
= Oiu.
cr) u- ^o^mS-S<
r-- C5 chi 8 (,1.1 — Loco' Q
> o 0
Z

coo0 (0 cn
co 7,,r CDo rl 11) I , rip
5 cn EE
CD((Ct—I-
Z In 0. R .,(2 Z7) 63 co? Ca
CO
CD W
° E
> (0 0 .zt 65 c%11 (.9 IS cS c\I
co la
Bang 3.2. He th6ng tun hoan cac nguyen t6 (bang clai)

N 0 0) (/)
<
In CO CI' Q
-- c7) ( 3 Tr- C ‘c ;; p. CO CO W
=
cp 07 4-
co occ0 00 "O,000, co CD cr) 0
= ry) NI §
.44- O
o co i
c X) O) X
cL) }-

Tr "0 CD E
E
co .--. co v GOco ±-
,,
---
r^. u_
ul CO 0 03
0) O
(NI .r... v cc N.

CO
N. o Lo _c N. - cf) in E
E
=
N 0 ct Ci t" "i W 03 <
rn
5
E
Os
Ru

CD CD -cr to (,)
76
Fe
44
26

N LI. 'J w r-- 0 (,)

in
co a_E
Re
Mn

co) a
Tc
75
43
25

=
>
cv 2 Tr i- r- cL Z

03 >r (Ni
v. 1- CM oO v.s ..„
> (NI
CM 0
c., O Tr-sf 2 I - 5.
2 r-- ^ Z O

C»5 ,_^ r-
ce) T- -0
^3 CO <0
CO
> NCM--""> Tr
M" ZZ M1^- F-
r- 1-

CO Ncvi ._ 0
/—\ "t- t".1
CM `.- Tr =^3 CO ^
cmI-°M?-X2^
c., 1-- Tr N r-- 1 ° Y ino

CO r- UcoCJ) ...._n_ r•-•h- COTOO)

0) 0O
a ecmC/Joo'
\I U) el '- tr) in J co <
_j oo <
.-.
CM 2 CT 0 MOO "CD a3C0 a3 C
Ra

< 0 N 0)1
Ba
56

88
Ca
38
Sr
20

''t^CO
CD T-
•>- s N 0 ft) U) co m co CC '.g
= 2
C U
f-- -0-Q 10in inw ts- " 03 a
t- TO
87

r--
Fr
19

X (v)coLZi .- -i
in 0O oo Il-
K

< .(-. 1 v-T- 2Z :32 Y cocoCLDd to

e- NCM CO
il vt•t inin coco N.h-

62
 dm 0.7
Chu ky 1 gam
gom 2 nguyen
nguyen to H va
va He. 6 nguyen
nguyen IU
to dm 6
cua chting
chung 16p
Idfp electron K
duac
duoc xay dung.
dimg. CS trang thai
O trang thai co
co ban,
ban, H
H va
va He co
c6 ca'u
cau hinh electron
electron tuong
tuongLing:
iirng:
H (Z = 1):
H(Z= 1): ls
Is i :; He (Z = 2):
2): 1s2
Is'
Theo 6 luong
lirong tir
tit H:
I| |t
f | va
va He:
He;
ti
1s1 1s2
2
Ong vai nn =
Uhg vdi = 1,
1, lap
Idfp K
K chi có
co the
the' c6
co t6i
tdi da 2n2
2n = 2.12 = 22 electron.
= 2.12 electron. Do do, 6
nguyen tir He, vai
vdri electron,
electron, 16p K da
lop K da bao hoa.
hoa,
ky 2. 6
Chu kJ, 6 nguyen
nguyen tir
tit ciia
cua cac
cac nguyen
nguyen tdt6 thudc
thuOcchuchuky 1422 co
có Idfp vdi
lap K vai
2 electron
electron da
da bao
bao hoa
hoa nen
nen bat
bat dSu
dau xfiy
xay dung
dung Idfp
lop electron
electron mdfi
mai -- Idfp
lap L vai
vdi cac phan
phan
lop
Idfp 2s va 2p.
Chu ky
Chu 14 22 bat
bat dau
dau tir nguyen to
to nguyen t6 Li
Li(Z(Z== 3),
3), aa trang
trang thai
thaico
co ban,
ban,cau hlnh
au hinh
2 1
electron ciza Li se la:
cua Li Li: 1s2
Li: Is 2s i
va so dd
do electron;
electron: Li
fl t
Is2 1s1
1s2 Is1

Vl Idfp
VI lap L 2) c6
L (n = 2) co the
the c6
cd tai
tdi da
da 2.22
2.2 ==8 electron, nen
8 electron, nen nhimg
nhung nguyen
nguyen t6
to
clang sau Li
dung sau Li nhu
nhu Be,
Be, B,
B, C,
C, N.
N, O,
0, F,
F. Ne se lan
lan lust
luot c6
cd them
them melt
mdt electron duac
duoc (lien
dien
vao cac phan
vao cac phan Idfp
lop 2s
2s va
va2p.
2p.Ddn
DenNeNe(Z(Z==10)
10)d0trang
trangthai
thaica
coban
bancdc6ca'u
au hinh:
2 2 6
Is2 2s2 2p6
Ne: 1s
Ne:
(mg vai so
ung vdi soda
dd electron:
electron;

1Iss22 . 2s2
1 2s2 2p6
1 1
K L

c6
cd 8 electron 16p ngoai cung,
Idp ngoai ding, Idp
lap L da bao hoa.
hoa. Vide
Viec xay
xay dung
dung Idp
lap L da hoan thanh
va
va den nguyen to nay chu kjf
ky 22 cung
cang duoc
duac cham
cha'm dut.
Tinh
Ti'nh tro cila
cua cac nguyen t6td He va Ne xac nhan tinh
tlnh ben yang
vifng cua
cua cac
cac lap
IdpvO
vd
da cd
c6 du s6
sd electron t6i
tdi da - da bao hoa.
Chu ky
Chu Chu ky
k; 3. Chu 14 3 bat daudau bang
bang nguydn
nguyen tdto Na
Na (Z
(Z == 11).
11). Vide
Viec xay
xay dung Idp
dung lap
electron ngoai cua nguyen
nguyen to tu cac
cac nguyen
nguyen to td chu
chu kSz
ky 33tuong
tuongtutu nhu
nhu chu
chu ky
14 2.
2. Vi
Vi lap
K
K va
va lap
Idp LL da
da bao
bao hoa
hoa nen
nen 6d nguyen
nguydn tit
tir cac nguyen
nguydn tdto chu
chu 14
ky 3 lap
Idp electron
electron MM
(n = 3)
3) vai
vdi cac
cac phan
phan lop
Idp 3s3s va
va 3p
3p duac xay dung. 6
duoc xay nguyen tir
6 nguydn tit Na
Na (nguydn
(nguyen t6td dau
dlu
Lien ciza chu
tidn cua chu kS,
ky 3)
3) c6
cd 11 le (Z = 11),
11), electron thir
thu 11 duac lap vao
11 duoc vao phan
phan lap 3s. Do dddo
Na co ca'u
Na cd au hinh:
hinh;

63
 2 2 66 11
Is2 2s22p
Na: 1s 2p 3s
3s
ang
ung yeti so d6
vdi scf do electron: " ~ 11

2 2
tl
, 1s2
Is , 2s2
2s 2p6
I I 1 3s' I
L M
Lap
Lop M (n = 3) cóco cac phan
phan lap
lofp 3s
3s 3p
3p 3d (1(/ = 0,
0, 1, 2). Bay
I, 2). By nguyen
nguydn t6
to tie.p
tiep theo
sau Na la Mg, Al,
Al, Si,
Si, P,
P, S,
S, Cl, Ar se
se Ian
ISn lirot có
co them
them mot electron dirge
dugc phan vao
cac phan lap
lop 3s va 3d. Den
De'n Ar vai cgu
ca'u hinh:
2 2 6 2 6
Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Ar: 1s
Cmg vaiso
ung vdi sod6
d6 electron:
electron:

E] 1 tl ti N
1 s2 .
1s2 2s2
2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
I I 1
K L M
Phan
Phan Idplap 3s
3s va
va 3p di
da bao
bao hoa
hoa va
va lap
16p M M có
co 88 electron.
electron. MAc
Mac dudu lap
Idrp M con
con
nhAn them 10
nhan them 10 electron
electron vao
vao phan
phan lap
lop 3d,
3d, nhtmg
nhtrng vdivai 88 electron
electron lap nay ciing
cung bdn
ben
yang
vung va co tInh
tinh chit
cha'tnhtr
nhirmOt
m6t lop
Idpbao
baohoa
hoathe
tht?hien
hi6nCra anti
ti'nh tray cita Ar.
tra cua Ar. Ngudi
Ngtkri to
ta not
noi
lap
Idp nay la lop
Idp gia bao hoa. DoDo do, chu kj/
ky 3 chgm dirt 6a Ar (Z = 18).
cha'm dut 18).
Cac nguyen to t6 ma nguyen
nguydn tir cua chiing
tir cua chung cocó electron
electron cud'i
cu6i cung
ding dugc dien vao
phan lop ss dugc
phan Idp dugc ggi
goi la cac nguydn to s, dugc
nguydn td's, dugc didn
then vao
vao pp dugc
dugc ggi
goi la
la cac
cac nguyen to
nguySn td
p. Nhu vay,
p. vay, chu
chu ky
14 33 g6m
gom cac nguyen
nguydn t6
td s va p.
Chu Icj,
ky 4 bat
bit dau
dlu tir
tir K
K (Z
(Z == 19).
19). Mac
Mac dudu phan
phan lop
lap 3d
3d con
con tr6ng,
trdng, nhung
nhtmg vivi
mac
mdc 'tang
nang lucrng
lugng 4s4s tha'p han~~mac
thap hc mdc nang
nang Wong 3d ndn
lugng 3d nen electron thti
tha 19
19 cila
cua kali
kali dtroc
dugc
phan vao lop 4s thudc
vao phan Idfp thuQc Idfp
lap N
N (n
(n == 4).
4). Tidp
Tiep sau
sau K
K la
la Ca
Ca (Z
(Z == 20),
20), vi phan
phan.lorp 4s
Idp 4s
có
co the
tht? chira t6i da 2 electron,
chtra tdi electron, nen
nfin electron thir 20
20 cua
dm Ca
Ca cling
cung dugc lap la'p vao
vao phan
phan
lop
Idp nay.
Cu
Ca'uhinh
hinhelectron
electronciIa
cuaKKva
vaCa
CaCr trang thai ca
d trang co ban:
(Z == 19):
K (Z 19): [Ne] 3s2 2p
[Ne] 3s2 2p66 3d 4s1
4s1
Ca 3s2 2p6
a (Z= 20): [Ne] 3s2 2p6 3d 4s2
4s2
66 day
day [Ne]
[Ne] la cau
cau hinh
hinh electron
electron cua
cua nguyen
nguyen t6
td neon
neon da
da bac.
bao hoa. Den
Ddn day
day
phan lop 4s
phan Idrp 4s da
di có
co du electron.
electron. Vi VI mire
mac 3d
3d tha'p
Ulf) hon
hon muc
mac 4p4p cua
dm lap
Idp N (n = 4, / = 0,
1,
1, 2, 3;
3; lap
Idp NN có
co 44 phan
phan lap
Idrplala4s,
4s,4p,
4p,4d,
4d,4f)
4f)va
vaviviphan
phanlop
Idrpddcócdthe
thdchCra
chifa 10
10
electron nen bat
electron ndn bit dau
dau tir
tir Sc
Sc (Z = 21) denddn Zn (Z(Z =
= 30),
30), nguyen
nguydn tir
tu moi
mdi nguyen
nguydn to td se
Ian lugt
!trot cd
co them
them 11 electron &roc
dugc phan vao lop Idp nay. Cang
Cung nhu
nhu Ca,
Ca, trong
trong truerng
trudng hop
hgp

64
chung nguyen tir flitting
chung nguyen to
nhtrng nguyen t6 nay
nay d6u
deu co
c6 2 electron dr phan lefp
a phan lap 4,s.
4s. Ngoai
Ngoai ra.
ra,
theo each
theo cach goi
goi ten
ten aeY tren
tren cacnguyen
cac nguydnt60(Sc
(Sc Zn)
Zn) la
la cac
cac nguyen
nguyen t6 d (hay
t6'd (hay con
con goi
goi lit
la
cac nguyen to'
t6 chuyen tidp).
tiep).
Den
Ddn Zn
Zn thl
thi lop 3d da
lap 3d bao hoa,
di bao hoa, nen
nen nhiing
nhimg nguyen
nguyen t6
t6' kd
ke tiep tir Ga
Ga (Z
(Z = 31)
= 31)
ddn Kr (Z = 36) electron lai
den lai &roc
dirac phan
phSn b6
bo tren phan
phSn lap
lap 4p thuOc
thuoc lap N ngoai cung.
ciing.
Ddn Kr (Z = 36), it trang thai
Den Kr (Z = 36), a trang thai caco ban c6 cau hinh:
cd ca'u hlnh:
2s 2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p
Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p66
Kr (Z = 36): 1s2
6
hay 3s2 3p
(Z == 36): [Ne] 3s2
Kr (Z 3p66 3d1°
3d10 4s
4s22 4p 6
Ntur the
Nhu thd chu
chu ky
14 4 cang
cung &roc
duoc chgm
cham dirt
dut cr veil 18
a Kr vdi 18 nguy6n
nguyen id
to.
O chu ky nay c6
co hai truting
tnrdng hop
hap dac biet. DO laca'u
E)d la cau hlnh
hinh electron
electron ciia
dm Cr (Z = 24)
va Cu (Z == 29). 6
va Cu 6 trang thai co
ca ban Cr c6
cd cau 3d5 4s1
ca'u hinh 3d5 4s1 chit'
chur khOng 3d4 4s
phai 3d4
khong phai 2
4s2.,
10 1 .92
con Cu
Cu cd
c6 ca'u
cau hinh
hinh 3d
3d'0 4s
4s1 chu
chir khOng
khdng phai 3d9
3d 4s2
4s va so
sa do
do ttrong
tirang Ling:
irng:

Cr: t t t t t t
3d 5 5 4s11
4s

Cu: ti tl ti
tl tl tn t
3d
3d10io 4s1
4sl

Hien tuctng nay

Hien tuang nay do
do sir
str khac
khac nhau
nhau rat
rat itit cua
dm cac phan macmire nang
nang luting
lucmg nd va
va
(n +1)s
+1 )s (0
(d day
day IA 3d va
la 3d va4s)
4s) d0 cac
cac nguydn
nguyento0 chuyen
chuyentidptip gay
gay ra.
ra. Su
Su c6
cd mat
mat dm
ciia
electron 0d phan lap d c6 the dan ddn su thay
cd the dan ddn su thay ddid6i thir to
tu hai mac nang luting
mdc nang luang nay.
66 Cr ta c6
cd the
thd giai
giai thich
thi'ch IA do cac
la do cac phan
phan mire
mac 3d va 4s gan
gin nhtr
nhu bang nhau, do
do cac electron
electron duoc
duac phan
phan b6
bd theo
theo guy
quy tic
tacHund
Hund (de
(de co
cds6
sd'electron
electrondOc
ddc than
than la
la Ion
Idn
nhgt), con dit Cu
nha't), con Cu do
do phan
phan mire
mac 3d3d thap
tha'p hon phan
phan lap 4s nen
ndn cac
cac electron
electron lai
lai duoc
duqc
phan b6bd theo
theo nguydn
nguydn15/ yang ben.
ly vung
Nhirng truernghap
Nhimg trudng hopngoai
ngoai Id
ld tuang
toting tu
to ta
ta con
con tha'y
thgy do cac
cac chu ky sau:
Chu kj,
ky 5 bit
bat diu
dautirtirRb
Rb(Z (Z==37)37)vava kdt
kd't thtic
thuc la
la Xe
Xe (Z
(Z == 54)
54) vai
vdri 18
18 nguyen
nguyen to.
Vic
Videxay
xaydung
dimglap
Idrpvavacac
cacphan
phanlapIdpelectron
electronodchu chukjf
kynay
nayxay
xayraratuong
tuangto tunhu
nhuctd chu
ky 4. 6
14 6 day cac phan
phan lopIdp 5s,
5s, 4d,
4d, 5p,
5p, Ian
Mn loot
lugt duqc
duqc xay
xay dung.
dung. Cac
Cac nguyen
nguydn t6 td Rb,
Rb, Sr
Sr
la nhfing nguyen td
nhutig nguydn t6 s, 1010 nguyen
nguydn t6 td tir
tir Y
Y (Z = 39)39) den
dd'n Cd
Cd (Z
(Z ==48)
48)IAla nhiing
nhimg nguyen
td va nguydn td tidp do la In (Z = 49) Xe (Z = 54) la nhimg nguydn
d va 6 nguydn to tip do la In (Z = 49) ÷ Xe (Z = 54) la nhting nguyen to td p.
p.
NhCrng
Nhimg sai saiIdch
techd0chuchu ky14 55 thudc
thuOcciingding mdt
mot kieu nhu nh~ ng sai ldch
nhihig lech itd chu 14ky 4
va c6
cd cling
cung mot
mdt ngulin
ngudn g6c.gdc.
Chu
Chu kjr
ky 6 co
cd 32
32 nguyen
nguydn 0 tdbit
batdau
ddutirtirCs
Cs (Z
(Z==55)
55) va
va kdt
kd't thdc
thuc Rn
Rn (Z 86). 6
(Z == 86). d
chu 14
ky 66 khac
khac chu
chu ky
ky 55 Cr ch6 cd
d chd co thdm
them 14 nguyen
nguydn tdto f (Ce =-? Lu). Viec
Vide lap
la'p electron
electron
65
65
a day duqc
duoc thuc hien
hifin theo thd
thir to
tu aa cac
cac phan
phan lap 6s,
6s, 4f,
4f. 5d
5d va 6p. 6
va 6p. d chu
chu kS,
ky nay
nay Cs,
Cs,
Ba la cac nguyen
nguyfin t6
td s; La (Z(Z == 57),
57), Hf
Hf (Z
(Z == 72)
72) ÷+ Hg Hg (Z
(Z == 80)
80) la
la nhimg
nhimg nguyen t6to d;
Ce
Ce (Z = 58) -5-
LuLu(Z(Z= =71)
71)la la
nhtimg
nhimgnguyen
nguySn t6 td ff (14
(14 nguyen
nguydn t6)td) va
va Tl
T1 (Z = 81)
81) ÷ Rn
(Z
(Z = 86) la
la nhirng
nhimg nguyen
nguydn t6 td p.
Chu lc,
ky 7 bit
bat dill
dJiutit
titFr
Fr(Z
(Z== 87)
87) va
va chua
chua hoan thanh. 6
hoan thanh. 6 day cfmg
cung nhu
nhu chu
chu 16,
ky
6,
6, cac
cac electron
electron duqc
diroc phan
phan b6
bd vao cac phan
vao cac phan lap 7s, 5f, 6d (phan
(phan lap
lop 6d
6d chua
chua dttqc
dugc
xay dkmg xong, phan
dung xong, phan lop 7p chua
chua duqc
dugc xay
xay dung).
dung).VI Vivgy
vay6dchu ky nay
chu1cS, nay mai
mdi c6
co 22
nguyen
nguydn tdt6 s (Fr, Ra), 14
14 nguyen t6 f (Th(Z
nguydn td (Th(Z = 90) ÷-f- Lr(Z = 103))
103)) va 3 nguyen
nguydn t6td d
(Ac,
(Ac, Ku,
Ku, Ns).
Ns). Qua
Qud trinh xay dung
dung cac
cac lop
Idp va phan lapIdp electron
electron có
co the
the' bieu
bieu dien
didn
diteri dang so
dudri dang so dd
d6 (xem
(xem hlnh
hinh 3.1).

ky
Chu kS, S6 nguyen td
Sd nguydn t6
11 SI 2

2 i1 1 6 8
s s2 p1 •••
P • P p6

3 2 11 6 8
s1 s2 P • •••
••P

4 t 2 i 1 6 18
s1 S2
s d1...d
d d10 P1
P • P

dl d 10 1 6
o
o-_

5 i 18
s1 s2
a.

S2 P1 ••• P6

6 i 2 .11 .11)
.10 1
1 6 32
s1 s2 dll f1.. . f14
fl f14
d ... da pP ...
• • • pP

77 i 2 d1 32
sl ss2 f1.. . f14 d22d 3
fl fl4
dl d d3

Hlnh 3.1. Sg
Hinh Su phan
phan bd
b6 electron
electron theo cdc
cac chu ky

Tir sa
Tir sa dd
do tren
trdn to
ta they,
tha'y, theo chieu
chidu tang
tang cita
cua dien
didn tich hat nhan
nhan cac
cac electron
electron
ductcphan
dugc phan bd
b6 mdt
mOteach
cachtuSn
tuan hoan
hoan trdn
tren cac
cac Idp
lap va phan 16p electron. Tinh
Idp electron. Tinh chat
chat cua
cac nguyen
cac nguydn t6
td lai phu
phu thu6c
thudc vao
vao cau
ca'u tao
tao electron
electron cila
cua nguyen
nguydn tit
tu nguyen
nguydn t6
tddo.
do. Skr
Su
Wenddi
bidn d6itudn
tuan hoan,
hoan,ctfu
cautrue
trot electron
electron dac
die biet,
bidt, lap
Idp electron
electron ngoai
ngoai cimg
cimg cita
cua nguyen
nguydn
tutcic
tu cacnguydn
nguyentdt6theo
theochidu
chieutang
tangcua
dm didn
dien tich
tfch hat
hat nhan
nhan chinh
chinh la nguydn
nguyen nhan
nhan gay
ra sir
ra sixbidn
bin d6i
ddi tuan hoan that
tinh chat
cha't cUa cac nguydn
cua cac nguyen td.
t6.

66
66
3.3.
3.3. Su
Sirbien
bienthien
thientuan
tuan hoan
hoan mot
mot s6
so tinh chit cua cac nguyen
tmh chS't nguyen to
t6
Tat ca cac tinh
Tat tmh chit
chatcila
cuacac
cacnguygn
nguyent6,
to,quy
quydinh
djnh bai
boicat'
ca'utao
tao16p
lop v6
vo nguygn
nguyen
tu (dac
ter (dac biet
bigt boi
b6rica'u
cautao
taoelectron
electron ngoai
ngoai cung)
cimg) cua
cita nguyfin
nguyen tu
terdeu
deu biS'n
bign thien
thien mot
mat each
cach
tuan hoan theo cac chu ky va theo cac nh6m.
tu<in hoan nhom. 6 d day, chting
chung ta se
se khOng
khdng xet dciy
day du
moi tech chat,
mpi tich chat, ma
ma chi
chi xet
xet met
mbt so
s6 tinh
tmh chat
chat quan
quan trong,
trong, dac
dac trung
trimg nhat
nha't cita
cua cac
cac
nguyen totd va quy luat bign
bien thien cua chung
chung tren
tren ca
cas6
so cua
cua ljf
ly thuyel
thuyet cau
ca'u tao nguyen
nguyen tir.
ttr.

3.3.1. Nang luting

lirqmg ion hoa

3.3.1.1. Dinh
3.3.J.I. Dinh nghia
luang ion
Nang luring ion hod
hod laIdnang
ndngluting
luangthief
thiettoy
tdi can
can thieic
thien detach
de tdch hoan
hoan wan
loanmOt
mdt
kiwi nguyen
electron ra khdi nguyen tuteetutododoa athe
thekhi
khivavaa trang thai ca ca bdn.
ban.
Dinh nghia tren thuOc
Dinh nghia nang lupng
thudc nang limg ion
ion hoa
hoa thd
thii nit&
nha't (I I ). DOi
(I|). Ddi vai
vdri nguyen
nguydn ter
tu
nhieu
nhi6u electron, ngoai nang
nang luting
lupng ion
ion hoa
hoa thin
thir nhat
nha't (I I ), con c6
(I,), co nang luting
lupng ion
ion hoa
hoa
thd hai (12),
thir (I2), thd
thii 3 (13),...
(I3),... DO la nhung
Do la nhCrngnang
nanglupng
lurcmg can can thigt
thiet tditaithidu
thieud^detach
tachtidp
tip
electron thd
thir 2, thin 3,... a&Idp
thir 3,.. lapngoai
ngoaicung
ding ra
ra khoi
khoi ion
ion mang
mang didn
dign tich
tech+1,
+1,+2,...
+2,... va a
trang thai ccf
trang thai ca ban. Hien nhien
nhidn la I1
Ij << 12
I2 < 13
I3 <... vi
vl khi
khi so
sd electron
electron bi but
but ra
ra cang
cang
tang
tang len
Idn thi din
didntech
tichciia
ciiaion
iondtrcrng
duong &lac
dupe tao
tao thanh
thanh cung tang len16n theo
theo va
va ion
ion nay
se but han.
hut electron manh hoti.
Trong sd
Trong s6 cac nang luting
lupng thi nang lupng
Wang ion
ion hoa
hoa thii
thinnha't
nhat(Ij)
(Id co
coyy nghia hem
han
ca,
ca, vivin11E-mg nang luting
nhung lupng ion
ion hoa
hoa thin
thii 2 (12), thd 3 (13),
(I2), thir (I3), ... thu6ng
thudng co
cd gia
gia tri
tri qua
qua Ian
1dm
so veri cac hidu
vdri cac higu img
ting nang
nang luting trong cac qua trinh
lucmg trong trinh hod
hoa hoc.
hoc. Thong
Thdng thu6ng,
thucmg, khi
ngu6i
ngudi ta notndi cl6n nang lupng
ddn nang lugng ion hod
hoa ma khOng
khdng chichi ro
ro thu
thd bac, thi chiing
chimg ta hieu
hidu do
la nang Wang ion hod
lupng ion hoa thii
thd nha't.
nhat.
Nang
Nang Wang
lupng ionion hoa duqc
dupe tinh
tinh bang
bang dam
dem vivi kJ/mol
kJ/mol hay
hay eV/mol(1).
eV/mol^. Trong
Trong
twang
truPng hqp
hop sau,
sau, tri
tri so
sdcua
cuanang
nanglucmg
lupng ionion hoa
hoa va
va tri
tri so
sd cita
cua thg
thd ion
ion hoa
hoa tinh
tmh ra von
von
la
la bang nhau. d
bang nhau. bangbang 3.33.3
ghighi
giagia
tri tri
nang
nangLuang
lupngion ionhod
hoadmcuamot
mdtsO
sd nguyen
nguydn to.
td.
Nang
Nang luting
lupng ion hoa
hoa IAla mot
mdt trong
trong nhting
nhung dAc trang ca
dac trung co ban
ban cUa
cua nguyen
nguydn ter c6 lap,
tu cd
thutrng dupe
thucmg duqc xac dinh bang phtrang
phuong phap quang ph6 phd phat xa.

Su*bien
3.3.1.2. Su bienthien
thiin ctia
cua suing
ndng Luang
luang ion
ion hoci
hod
Ve tri s6
Vd sd tuygt
tuydt d6i,
ddi, nang
ndng Luang
lupng ion hoa (I I ) dm
(Ii) ciia m8t
mdt nguyen
nguydn to
td chinh
chinh bang
bang
nang
ndng Itrcmg cilaelectron
lupng cua electron tuong
ttrang img
Ling6btrang
trangthai
thaico
ca ban.
ban. Dudri
Dtrai day
day chung
chting ta da tim

(l)
(I) EV (electron
EV (electron von) la
Id nang luting
luong ma
mi 11 electron c6 duoc
duoc khi nO
n6 chuy&i
chuyen dCmg trong ditn
Ong trong dien truting
trudng vol
vdri
mOt th<i
mot the hifiu
higu Id 1 von.
la 1 von. VI
VI vay,
vay, nang
nang lucmg
luting ion
ion hod thudmg duoc
hoi thiamg duoc goi
goi la
la thd
the ion
ion hoa, ngtiia la the'
hoi, nghia the hieu
hitu
ma dudri
duOl tdc
tic dung dm
cua n6,
n6, electron
electron c6
co mOt
mOt nang luting
lupng bang
bUng nang
nang Wong
lupng ion hod.
hoa.

67
hieu v6
hi^u ye cac quy luAt Wen thi6n
luat bife'n thidn cua
cua nang
fling lacing ion hoa
luqng ion hod (I|)
(I I ) cua
cUacac
cac nguyen
nguyen to t6 trong
trong
bang tucin
bang tuin hoan Mendeleyev.
Mendeleyev. Su Su phu
phu thudc
thuOccua
cuaning
nangluqng
lung ion hod vao s6
hoa vao so dien
dien tich
tich
hat nhan
hat nhan duqc
duoc bidu
Neu di6n
dien tren hinh 3.2.
3.2. DO thi cho
Do thi cho thay
thiy sit
sir Nen
bien thidn
thien cUa
cua 1I theo
theo ZZ co
c6
tinh chit wan hohn. Chung se xet ty mi ham sit bien thien nay trong pham vi cac
tmh chat tuSn hoan. Chung ta se xet ty mi hern sir bien thien nay trong pham vi cac
chu ky
chu kj, va cac
cac nhom.
nh6m.
a) Su
a) Su bien
bien thien cua
ctia II trong mot
mot chu
chu Icy
ky
Nhin chung
Nhln chung trong
trong m6t
mot chu
chu ky
kj, ta tha'y
thy nang
nangWong
luong ion hod tang dan
hoa tang din tit
tir trai qua
phai vi
phai vi theo
theo chifiu
chieu do
d6 dien tich hieu
hiSu dung cita
cua hat nhan nguyen
nguyen tit tang
tir tang len, can tr&
tro
viec tach
viec tach electron
electron ra
ra khoi
khoi nguyen tir.
I [eV]
He
25
25 1
20

15 i
Hg Rn
10
.0 i J

5 TB
Li

10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Si/ phu
Hinh 3.2. Sy' thuoc ctia
phy thutic cua nang
nSng lacing
lirdng ion hoa vao diOn
dien tich hat nhan
D6i
D6'i vcti nhiingnguyfin
vcri nhutig nguydnt6't6chuyen
chuyenti^p
tieptrong
trongciing
ding m6t
mot chu
chu ky
kj, ta cung
ding tha'y
thy co
co
su
sir tang nang
ning lacing ion hoa
luqng ion hod theo
theo thir
dui tu
to tr6n.
tren. Tuy
Tuy nhi^n,
nhidn, II tang
tang rat
rai cham khi di tit tir
nguydn t6 nay den
nguySn t6' de'n nguydn
nguyen t6to khdc.
khac. Mac
Mire dO
d6 tang I & a cac nguyen t6 to ff trong
trong mot
mot chu
chu
kjf con bilu
ky con bib hien
hienkern
kemham.hem. Dieu
Dieu nay
nay diroc
duqc giai
giai thich
thi'ch la
la &
or ming
trang thai
thai co
ccr ban,
ban. not
noi
chung electron
electron d&lorp
lap ngoai
ngoaicung
ding (electron
(electron bi
bi but
bat ra)
ra) deu
deu la nhu
nhir nhau va do c6 co su
sir
chin
chin manh
manh the cila hat
the'cua hat nhan
nhan boi
boi cac
cac electron
electron d va f ben trong.
Blng 3.3.
Bang 3.3. Nang
NSng lacing
luong ion
Ion hoa
hoa cua
cua mot
mot so
s6 nguyen
nguyen to dlu ben
t6 d3u tien I [eV]
Z Nguyfin t6
Nguyen 111. *2
12 I,
13 I4
14 Is
15
11 H
II 13.599
13,599 _- —- —- _-
22 He
He 24,588
24,588 54,418
54,418 —- —- —-
33 Li
Li 5,392
5,392 75,641 122,42
122,42 — —-
66 C
C 11,260
11.260 24.383
24,383 47,87 64,480 392,000 1
392,000
7 N
N 14.534 29,602
29,602 47,43 77,450 97,863
97,863
T 3
88 O
0 13,618 35,118
35,118 54,89
54,89 77,394
77,394 113,873
113.873
1 !
10
10 Ne
Ne 21,565
21,565 41,080
41,080 63,50 97,160 126,400

68
68
 Do thi ding
cung cho
cho thdy
tha'y mot
mot s6
s6' tiding
triranghap
hopbien
biend6i
doibdt
batthirong
thtrdng trong
trong pham
pham vi
vi
mot chu kj/.ky. Ching
Chang han,
ban, 6a chu
chu kjr
ky 22 khi
khi di
di tir
tu Be
Be den B va tirtir N
N den
den O ta thdy
0 ta tha'y ngtrqc
ngtroc
lai co su
lai sir giam
giam nang
nang *frig
lirongionionhoa
hoa(hinh
(hmh3.2).
3.2).Hien
Hifnarcing
tuong d6 do doge
duoc giai
giai thich
thi'ch qua
qua
., * , , i , ' 22
dac diem cau tao tao electron
electron ciia
cua nguyen
nguyen tir.
tu. 0C3BeBecoc6ca'u
cduhmhhinhelectron
electronIsIs 2s2,
2s , tier)
tiep IA
la
2 2 1I
B (Z == 5):
B (Z 5): Is-
Is 2s2
2s 2p
2p .. Electron
Electron pp lien
lien kel
ket vai hat nhan kern
kem ben vimgvung han
hon electron
s.
s. Do dO I cua
do Ii cuaBo
Bo nhO
nho hon
hon II]i dm
ciiaBe.
Be. Cdu
Ca'u tao
tao electron
electron 16p
lefp ngoai
ngoai ding
cung cua
cuaniter,
nito,
theo quy tac Hund
Hund &roc
duqc bidu dien bang so d6:
bieu diSn d6;

2s2 2p2
trong
trong do mOi obitan p c6
m6i obitan co 11 electron.
electron. Sau
Sau nito
nito va
va oxi,
oxi, electron
electron dui
thu88 duqc
duqcIdp
la'p tid'p
tiep
N,rao
vao 1 1obitan
obitanphan
phan 16p
lop 2p, Cr doda
6 do &Acoc6san
sdn11electron:
electron:

2s2
2s 2p4
2p
Hai electron tren ding
cung mot
motobitan
obitan ddy
day nhau
nhau manh.
manh. DoDo d6
do viec
viec Lich
tach met
mot trong hai
electron
electron (la
da cap
cap dOi
doi 2p cua oxi
oxi dO derhon
do ra dd han tach
Lichmot
met electron
electron doc
d6c than & 2p cua
6 2p cua nito.
Hien arcing
tuqng tuong
Wongtutocung
ding xay
xay ra
ra cr hdu het cac chu
o hau chu kj/:
ky: it
b (tau
d5u moi
m6i chu ky la
mot
mot kim loai c6
co nang
nang luting
luqng ionion hoa
hoa nhO nhdt; cuft'i
nho nhat; cu6i chu
chu ky
kj, IA met khf
la m6t khi tro
tra c6
co nang
luting
luqng ion 16n nhdt. So
Idn nhat. S6dTdi nhu
nhu vay
vay vi
vi 66 cac
cac nguyen
nguyen tot6 kim
kim loai
loci kiem
kiem co
c6 dien tich
tfch hat
nhan
nhan (+Ze) nhO nhdt, ban
nho nhat, ban kinh
kinh nguyen
nguyen tu tir (r)
(r) lai
lai Idn
lan nhdt va do do luc htit
nhat va hut cua hat
hat
f Ze.e „ ze2 ^7^2 i
nhan den electron
nhan den electronhoahoatritri FF =
=-— nhO nhdt nho so voi
nhat so cac nguyen
vdi cac nguyfen to
to
r2 r2
ding
ciing chu
chu ky
ky nen
nen vice
viec birt
but electron
electron ra ra khai
khoi nguyen
nguyen tittu can
cin itit nang
nang luong
luqng nhdt.
nhat. Cac
Cac
nguyen
nguyen toto khi
khf hiem chang nhang nhung c6 co dien
dien tich
tfch hat
hat nhan
nhan 16n nhit, ban
km nhat, ban kinh
kinh nguyen
nguyen
tir nhOnhat
tu nho nhdtso sovdi
vai nguyen
nguyento to trong
trongcung
ding chu
chu kykj, va do do luc
luc htit
hut cua hat nhan
nhan den
electron hoa tri la 16n nhdt, Idp
Ion nhat, lap electron
electrond6 nguyen
nguyentir tircac
cacnguyen
nguyentdt6nay naydaa bao
bao hoa
hoac gia bao hoahoa tile
tuc la
la thuelc
thuqc loaf cdu true
loai ca'u trtic ben
ben vung.
yang. Bat
But met
m6t electron
electron ra
ra khOi
khoi mot
m6t
nguyen
nguyen totu c6
cd cdu
ca'u tao
tao nhu
nhu vay
vay tieu
tieu ton
ton nhieu
nhieu nang
nSng luting,
luqng, nghia
nghla la la nang
nang lacmg
luqng ion
hod co gia
hoa cd gia tri Ion.
lan.
D6i
Ddi vOi nhang nguyen
vdi nhung nguyen to0 chuydn
chuydn tier) trong cung
tid'p trong ciing mdt
mot chu
chu kykjt ta
ta cung
ding thdy c6
tha'y cd
su tang nang *frig
lirqngion
ionhod
hoatheo
theoquy
quy luat
luat tren.
tren. Tuy
Tuy nhien,
nhifen, nang
nang luting
luqng ion
ion hoa
hoa cua
ciia
cac nguyen
nguydn t6
td' nay
nay tang
tang cham
cham theo
theo chieu
chidu tang
tang cua dien
didn tich
tfch hat
hat nhan.
nhan. Mtic
Muc d6
dd tang
nang
nang Wong cua cac
luqng cua cac nguyen to f trong
nguyen to' trong cling
cung motmdt chu kj( cang bidu
ky cang hien kem
bidu hidn kem han.
hon.
Dieu
Dieu nay duqc giai
giai thich
thfch 1a &trang
la d trangthai
thai co
co ban,
ban, electron
electrondo Idp
lap ngoai
ngoai cung
ding deu
ddu la
nhang
nhung electron s nhu nhau.
nhau

69
 Do
Do bien
bi6'n thien
thifen nang luqng
Iirong ion
ion hoA nhu vay
hoa nhu vay n6n
nen bat
bat diu
dau m6i
m6i chu
chu ky
ky la met
mbt
kim loai kidnri
kim loai kim ratrftdedtnhttang
nhucmgelectron
electron hod
hoa tri
tri (tut
(tirelalac6
cotinh
U'nhkhit
khtr manh)
manh) sau
sau do
do kha
nang nhuOngelectron
nang nhucmg electron giam
giam dan
dan va
va tori
tai nhimg nguyen t6'
nhung nguyfen t6 gdn
gan cub'i
cuei ky thi xuat
xua't hien
hifen
kha nang
nang thu
thu electron.
electron. Cudi
Cuai chu
chu ky
ky la
la m6t
met khf
khi tro.
tra.
b) Bien thien nang
nang lacing hoa trong mSi
luang ion hod mbi nhom
Nang lacing ion
Nang luong ion hoa
hod cua
dm cAc nguyen td
cac nguyen t6 trong
trong cung
ding met
mdt nhom
nhom giam
giam theo
theo
chi&
chi6u tang cua
dm di^n
din tich
tichhat
hatnhan.
nhan. Vi
Vi du:
Nguyen td
to Li Na K Cs
II [eV]
[eV] 5,390 5,138 4,339 3,893
Dieu
Didu nay
nay duqc
ductc giai thich
thich bang
bang su
su tang
tang ban
ban kinh
kmh nguyen
nguyen tit
tu khi
khi co
co them
them
nhilng lap electron
nhffng Idp electron m6i.
mai.

3.3.2. Ai life
3.3.2. Ai lac vcrl
vai electron
Nguqc yeti
Nguoc qua trinh ion
vdri qua ion hoA,
hoa, trong nhieu
nhidu truOng hap, nguyen
trudng hop, nguyen tit
tir trung hoa
con co
c6 th^
the nhan them electron d^ tret a
tar thanh ion am.
Nang
Nang Wang ditqc giai
luong duqc giai phong
phong ra khi metm6t nguyen
nguyen tit
tir nhan
nhan them metmot electron
electron
tra thinh
de trcr thanh met
m6tion
ionam
amdttqc
duocgoi
goilalaAi
ai luc
luc vai
voi electron.
electron. Ai
Ai luc
lire vai
vdi electron
electron duqc ky
hieu la E va cling
cung ductc do bang eV, till
duqc do thi du:

F + le -÷ F EF;
F+le->F" Ef; EF
Ef = -
- 3,45
3,45 eV.
Do kh6
kho khan
khan ve
ve thttc
thuc nghiem,
nghiem,hienhiennaynayngtrai
ngucritotamai
mdixac
xacBinh
dinhcluqc
duqc aiailuc
luc yeti
v6i
electron dm met
electron ciia mdt s6sd Itft nguyen
nguyen t6t6 (bang
(bang 3.4).
3.4). Ket
K^t qua
qua cho
cho thay,
tha'y, cac
cac nguyen
nguyen t6 l6
halogen c6
cd ai ltrc
luc yeti electron lan
vdi electron 1dm nhat,
nha't, vi
vl cAc
cAc ion &lac
duqc tao thanh co cd cau
ca'u hinh
hinh viing
vung
ben gi6ng khf
bdn gidng khi hiem
hi^m gan
gin d6 do vai
vdi phan
phan lap
Idp bao
bao hoa.
hoa, Nhimg nguyen tir
Nhumg nguyen tit vdfi
vai nhumg
ntang phan
lap
lop bac) hok thudmg
bao hoa thtfang cd
co aiAiluc
lucvdi
vai electron
electron amam (thf
(thi du Be, Mg).

Bing 3.4.
Bing 3,4. Ai Iqc v6l electron
lot voi electron cua
cartm6t
mots6'
s6nguydn t6' (A
nguyion + e + eAA;; E[eV])
t6 (A E[eV])

Nguyen td'
t6 E [eV]
E[eV] Nguyen td
te E [eV]
H 0,747 N -0,1
-0,1
F 3,45 P 0,7
0.7
Cl
a 3,61
3,61 C 1,25
1,25
Br 3,36 Si 1,63
1,63
I 3,06 B 0,2
0 1,47
1.47 Be -0,6
S 2,07 Mg -0,3
-0.3

70
 2 3
Nhiing nguydn
Nhimg nguyentu
tircua
cua cac
cac nguyen
nguyen t6
t6 thuOc
thu6c nhom
nh6m nito
nitervdi
vai cau
cat' hinh
hinh s2p3
s p
thuac
thuoc lop
lap ngoai cling co
ngoai cung c6 ai
Ailyc
lucelectron
electron nho.
nh6. Di6u
Dieu nay
nay cung
cling duac
duqc cat
cat nghla
nghia bai tinh
tmh
ben yang
virng caa
cua phan
phan 16p
lop bao hoa.

3.3.3. DO am dien
Dp am

De khao sat mat d6do electron

electrontrong
trongphan
phantir
tucling
cungnhir
nhuclO cuc ciia
dp phan cue cua lien
lidn ke't
ket
nguai ta dua ra khai niem
nipm d0
dp am dien.
dipn.
Dd dm
Do dm dien ctia
cua mot nguyen to
mot nguyen Id dai
to Id ~ro'ng dqc
dqi luqng ddc tricng
tru'ng cho
cho khci ming hdt
khd ndng hut
electron ctia tti nguyen to do a
cua nguyen tu d trong phcin tft.
phan tic.
Su khac
khac nhau
nhau giua
giva dr) am dien
dp am dien cua hai nguyen
nguyen tir
tu trong phan
phan tir
tu cang lam
16n thi
lien ket
ka cang
cang phan
phan cuc.
cue.
Nguai ta da de nghi nhieu
Nguai nhiPu he
hp thong
thPng d6
dp am
am dien
dipn khac
khac nhau
nhau tren
trenca
cas6sanhCmg
nhung
dac tinh
tmh khac nhau cila
cua phan tir. Tuy vay,
tu. Tuy vay, he
hp thong dO am dipn
dp am dien cua Mulliken
Mulliken va
Pauling duqc
dupe sir dung
dung rPng
Ong rai
rai ham
han ca.
He thong do
lie d() dm
am dien
dien cua
cua Mulliken
Mulliken (1934)
VI chi6u
Vi chieu thuySn
thuyen chuy&i
chuye'nelectron
electronlalado
do tuang
Wangquan
quangi&a
gift t6ng
tdng so
sP nang
nang Wang
luong
ion hod va ai
hoa va ai luc
luc electron
electron cua
dm cac
cac nguyen
nguyen tirtir twang tac quyPt
tuang tac quy6t dmh
dinh nen Mulliken sir
E + I
dung dai Wang
lupng %x (doc
(doc la
la Chi), =
Chi), x = +I1 d d^xac
xacdinh
dinh d6
dp am dipn. 6
am then. 6 day IIjI la
la
* 2
nang Luang ion hoa
luong ion hod thu
did 11 NIA
va EElalaaiailuc
hrcvdi
v6i electron
electron cua
cim nguyPn
nguyen tic. NguOi ta
tit. NguPi ta quy
irck chon dp
u6c chpn d6 am
amdipn
thencua
dm liti
liti lam
lam dan
dan vi
vi vPi Ij == 535,55
vai E + I1 kJ.mol '. Khi do d6
535,55 kJ.mo1-1. dp
am dien
dipn cua nguyen tP
cita cac nguyfin t6 khac
khac dupe
duqc tmh
tinh theo hp
he thuc:
thdc:
= EE ++Il!t
X=
X
~ 535,55 '

Vi du dP'i
d6i v6i (IjI =
fib (I
vpi flo = 1736,36
1736,36 kJ.mol ', E = 397,48 larno1 1l)) ta co;
= 391kJ.mol c6:
1736,36
1736,36 +
+ 397,48 4,
397,48 58
Xf =
XF 4
^ 535,55
Phucmg phaptinh
Phucmg phap tinh dp
c10amamdidn
diencua
cua Mulliken
Mulliken coco nhtmc
nhupc Min
difimlalaAiaili,rc
luc vOi
voi
electron cita
dm cac nguyen
nguyfin t6
tP la dai luo'ng kh6 xac
lupng kho xic dinh.
He thong d() am dien
dp dm dien cua
cua Pauling
Pauling (1932).
Thang do am
Thang dp am diPn
dien cua Pauling thm trfin
Pauling dua tren ca s6
so cua riling luang phan ly lien
nang lupng
kit.
ket. Hieu
Hipu do
dp am
am then
dipn cua hai
hai nguyen
nguydn t6
tP A
A va B:

AX XA XB = kk^
AX ==XA-XB

71
71
 O u- o Lo .--
u- 5• r-
r...- to in X

2.5
OT ° Ln ,... c° ci)

53
'4. , 5 ri c m cNi In — L-Ni 00
co <
ZC' CM
eNi

1
CO in Ln tj- 0
co o
0 •• CO
co ^ CM ,0)0, T

1.9
(NI (— T- .4-
a.0 CY)

Po
84
C`) •-• CO
vi C\J
c.; CO
co c/)
co v) cNi mIN 1-- cmcNi co .-

r-- Z O• Lc)
z _ r- -Q CT)

1.8
in- 0_ T CO _-
<- co au°°.,

83
m ...-

Bi
CI) ts-- Q. cm
CV co < CV in
C') <C to CO

in
to (.) ,,
N-• .:1- , co. c., 0 °). o 0 c°. CM p
-CI ^

1.8
Sn
CV X

50
.- in .- cv) v ,-- L0 U) .- 00
CO 0_ 1-
,--

cp. ro
moDr^co
in CO CV Ce) — .. '"T-
-_- i). " (0 N- OT cy.) c (0 T-
r. ^ -- _
,^ (0.
^ v•-• 10, -1- co
C11 O
c.) r- Nr -:= ■-• CO
CO \♦-- T~
•-

1.7
1.6
O C C°. c0 ,0. CO 0 _
Cd

Hg
0) r .

80
48
C1 ) N 1.- Nr 1/4../ N- 00 J- •-•
So
0) ,0., C°. ...
eNt L., -"' 1"-- <1.. I--
v- nt gli, ,

co
C CO ,z <£) "D
(C) 0 tO
CC! 00
CO -±-• ®
C°.
U CV .C- •- ^ 0-
•ct 0- T- S- CL
v- 1,-. 0_ 1-
..-
.44
U
•-z
U N-. 0 N-: in -c c000. •
m ,.....
5 o)
tt L.L.
CV (..) ,-- Nt a: .-- ^ ..--
i- r-- 2..-_ 2
4C.
ri- ..,,,,
co a) I's .4- ^ °°
m CO W CT|
eq co
„.(&) 0)
E 5 LL
CV U- •,-- "II" a r-
■ r- O
"- r••■
LJ T- «-.
a LC) C (° co c, N- Ln aj N.
cn Q£
0 ^
tr; CV 2 , at i--- , 1N. -r-
,• CC .--:
en
-re -zr „ CO. cs
CMj 0 ^ ,
O (.0 I. .,,,
-r > in
^
00 CV V ,- 4Tj- >- P.
:1- «> •- S> 1--
»-

__ _Q
CI ,.._ 1°. •-.- uo CO 03 TO "t
Tf ._.
esi --- .-- gor
0 I°
Z
z. T-". tv)
..-- (—
rs, 1.- »—
T--

O
CV ..- vt 0 i- Cn
t.- (M c.-
^. CV *. C.CO
?
M" N
CV I— •-• V. N t-
T- X N-
r-- 2 T-

co
.- c.) (). 0), ^ P• m
N ro X o) 0
7 en o 7
CO 7-
CV Cl) •-• Cr) >- %-* in --1
T- lt) _J '—
i- QO <
CO < v-

,....
a) II.). cNi .,,.. 00 LI- 9
P CO 0ro 0P oo TO P
-
°) CN 0 0 C3. CO
CO U)
m .- v- .e ,...- CV (....) .— el
^CDt-T-SI-CMO CO T- co
1-- in 03
tr) CO r- co
'— co
09
00 Ce
X T-
v-

X < >
q - 0 9 C)
- . t-toOo) cn N ^ C)
r- .0 ^ ,r)
in u)« co N
f>~. .i-
,_ co
^
i
X cNi
CN en
CO 17.1IT—
i•- .- Z , , Y c:i ce)
co Ce
X 6 in O
o In 0 d o co
co u_x d o

v-- CV Co) 'It In to P.

72
 e
trong do:
trong do; A
A=E
ED AB - VED,A2
—D.AB ^B.A2 .ED.B2
^D.n2 ED,AB;
> Ed.AB; E D, ^ ED,
A2 ED,
D .A,
nan
B2 la nang
132 g luting

ly lien
phan ly lien ket
ketcua
cuacac
cacphan
phantolirA—B,
A-B, A2
A2,, B2.
82-
Do am
DO am dien cua cac nguyen to tinh
u'nh theo thang Pauling &roc
dupe dua ra o
a bang 3.5.
3.5.
Tir bang 3.5
Tit 3.5 ta
ta thay,
thay. trong
trong mot
mot chu
chu kji
ky totir trai
trai qua
qua phai,
phai, dO
dp am dien tang
tang dan
dan
cung vOi
ding voi so dien tich hat
hat nhan
nhan vava trong
trong mot
mot nhom
nhom (dac biet cac phanphan nhom
nhom chinh)
tir tren xu6ng
di tit xuong ch.r6i
duoi clO
dp am dien giam
giam khi s6
so dien tich tang.

ki'nh nguyen tit

3.3.4. Ban kinh tu

Sir chuyen
Str chuyen dpng cua cac
Ong cila cac electron
electron trong
trong nguyen
nguyen tit
tir tuan
tuan theo
theo quy luat
luat cua
cua
chuye'n Ong
chuyen dpng song.
song. VI
Vi vay,
vpy, mot
mot cach
each chat
chat the
che ngutri
nguoi ta
ta kh6ng
khPng the
the not
noi den
de'n gidi
giPi han
han
giira nguyen
that ro ret giva nguyen tit
tirva
va khOng
khong gian xung quanh.
Tuy nhien, mot
mot cach
each gan
gan dung
dung ngitOi
nguoi tata co
có the
the coi
coi khoang
khoang each
cach hai nguyen to
tit
dumg canh nhau trong phan to
hay ion clang tir hay trong tinh the bang
bang king
tdng s6
so ban
ban kinh
kmh cUa
ciia
tir hay ion do:
hai nguyen tit
d
d =rA
ta + rg

2-

Ba2.
\Na
Lae'
--------------------
------------- Zr 4+ Ce

Cr6+
4 444.
0 20 30 40 50 60

Hinh
Hinh 3.3.
3.3. Quan
Quan he
hO giCra
giiradien
diOntich
tichhat
hatnhan
nhanva
va ban
ban kinh
kinh ion
ion

Cic ban
Cac ban kinh
kmh nguyen
nguyen tir
tir &roc
dupe xac Binh phtrang phap
dinh theo phuong phap ndu
neu tren dupe
&roc gpi
goi
la ban
la ban ki'nh
kinh hieu
hieu dung va no cho ta bie't
biet mpt
m0t each
cach gAn
gan dung
dung ve
ye ki'ch
kich thudc
thltac nguyen
nguyen tir
tit
va ion.

73
73
 Ban nguyen tir
Ban kinh nguyfin cua nguyen
t£r cua nguyfin t6 du6c
duac ghi
ghi & phu luc
6 phu luc va
va ducrc
duvc trlnh
trinh bay tren
trSn
hinh 3.3.
Su bien
bien thifin
thien tudn
titan hoan cua
cita ban kmh
kinh ion theo nhom va chu ky.
Tit nhiYngk^t
T& nhimg ketqua
quathu
thuduoc
ducrctrfin
trenhinh
hinh 3.3
3.3 tatonhan
nhan th^y
they co
c6 m6t
mOt so
s6 quy
quy luat sau;
sau:
—Trong
- Trongcung
clingmdt
mOtchu
chuky,
ky,ban
bankfnh
kinh nguySn
nguyen tu
tit cua
cna cac nguyen t6
to giam
giam clan
dan
theo chidu
chieu tang cUa dien U'ch
cua dien tich hat nhan. Dieu
Difiu nay
nay dtr6c
duoc giai thich bang str
sir tang sac
tang sue
but cita hat
hut cua hat nhan
nhan d£n
den cac
cac electron.
Su giam nhanh xay ra
Sir giam ra i7a cac chu
chu ky
ky nh6nho vi
vibr6 cac chuchu kyky nh6
nho chi
chixayxayrarasLr
sir
dien them electron
difcn them electron vao
vao lop
lop ngoai,
ngoai, tac
tic dung chin
chan dien
dien tich
ti'ch hat
hat nhan
nhan cita
cua chting
chung yeu.
Trong
Trong cac chu ky 16n, su giam
Idn, su giam cua cUa cac
cac ban
ban kmh
kinh diftn
dien ra cham hen hon trong
trong pham
pham vi
cac ho nguyen
nguyfin t6td d va f, do su su then
didn electron
electron xayxay ra
ra ct
a cac phan lap lop dd va
va ff phfa
phfa ben
trong, tic dung
trong, tac dung chin
chandien
dientich
ti'chhat
hatnhan
nhancuacuacluing
chung16n.16n. Day la su nen nen (co)
(co) obitan
obitan d
va f. D6i
Ddi vOi nhang nguyen
vdi nh&ng nguyen td t6 phi kim
kirn loci,
loai, bin
bankinh
kmhnguyen
nguyentic tuphu
phu thuOc
thuoc nhieu
nhi^u
vao luc lien ket
vao lire kdt Ong
cdnghoe hoatri
tritrong
trongphan
phantirtirnen
nenc6conhiing
nhungtrutmgtrucmghcrp
hop trai
trai vcti
vdi quy
luat chung (thi
luat chung (thi du
du khi
khi di tir
tur NN den
de'n F). Ngoai
Ngoai ra, d6i ddi vOi
vdi caccac khi
khi trd,
tr6, vi
vi tuong
along tac
tic
giira cac nguyen
giiia cac nguyen tu tirtrong
trongtinh
tinhthe?
the rat
rat ydu
yeti nen
nen banban kinh
kinh xacxac dinh
Binhduoc
(kw c6cd gia tri dac
biet 16n
Idn soso vdi
vOiban
bankinh
kinhnguyen
nguyen tu ticcua
cuacac
cac nguyen
nguyen td t6 cung
cimg chu ky.
—Trong
- Trongcung
ding mdt
mOtnhdm
nhornAAhoac
hoac B,
B, ndi
not chung
chung cac
cac ban
ban kinh nguyen tit
tir tang
yeti sirtang
vdi su tangdien
dien ti'ch
tich hat
hat nhan
nhan nguyen tir cua nguyen t6. td. Dieu naynay dirgc
duoc giai thich
bing
bang su
sutang
tang s6
sdlap
Idpelectron.
electron.Tuy
Tuynhien,
nhien,i'mg
dngvOi
vdi ding
cungmOt
mdt clO tang cua
dd tang dm dien tich hat
nhan, c16 tangban
dd tang ban kinh
kinh nguydn
nguyen tir
tu or cac nhdm
d cac nharn A Idn
16n hon
hart d6 cac
cac nhdm
nh6m B.
B.
Mbt
Mdt dieu
di^u clang chtiyy la
dang chu labd cac
cac nh6m
nhdm B, B, ban
ban kinh
kinh nguyen
nguydn tir
tir chit
chii yeu
yeu tang
tang tit
tir
nguyen
nguydn td t6 ddu
dau sang nguyen
nguydn t6td thd
thd hai,
hai, con
con ban
ban kinh
kinh nguyen
nguydn tic
tu cita
cua cac nguyen t6
nguydn td
thir hai
hai va
va thir
thd ba ndi
not chung xap
xa'p xi
xi nhau
nhau (c6
(cdkhi
khigiam
giamnhu
nhui7d nh6m
nhdm IVB.
IVB. ScSc (1,64
(1,64 A);
Zn (1,60 A)A) vava Hf
Hf (1,59
(1,59 A).
A). Didu
Dieu naynay duoc
dtrac giai
giii thich bing
bang su khac nhau
sukhac nhau qua
qua nhieu
nhidu
ye s6 dien tich
vd sd didn tich hat nhan cita hai nguyen t6 tren.
cua hai nguydn td trdn.

()Wing &intehinh
Qlhn'ng itiint ink yeu duieng 33
gen etuiefnq.

1. Dinh
Djnh 1u4t
luSt tufin
tuan hoar)
hoan

Dueri anhsang
Dudi anh sang cua
ciia thuydt
thuyet ca'u
cau tao
tao nguyen tit hien
nguydn tu hidn dai,
dai, ngay nay
nay diah
dhh luat
luat
tuan hoan ducsc phat bidu
duqc phat bieu nhu
nhu sau:

74
 "Tinhchat
'Tinh chatcda
cuacac
cac nguyen
nguyen to cling
cung nhu
nhu thanh
thanh pluin
phdn va
va tinh
tinh chat
chat ctia
cua cac
cdc don
dan
chat va hop
hap chcit
chat tao
too nen to
tu nguyen to do Bien
bien thien
I hi en tuan
tudn hoan
hoan theo
theo chieu
chieu tang
tang cda
cua
dien tich
tich hat
hatnhcin
nhdn nguyen
nguyen tee'.
tif".
He
H6 th6ng
thong tuan
tu5n hoan cac nguyen
nguy6n to
td' gam
g6m 77 chu
chu kS,
ky va 8 nhom. Mai
M6i nhom
nhom dtrqc
duoc
phan ra thanh phan
phan nhOm chinh (nhom A) va
nhom chfnh va phan
phan nhOm
nhom phu (nhom B).
Chu Icy la hang dm
Chu ky cua cac
cac nguyen
nguyfin t6
t6'ma
manguyen
nguyfintit
tifcita
cuachting
chung c6co cling
cung s6
s616p
lop
electron. S6
So thd
thu td
tu cita
cua chu kyky danh
danh s6
sdtic
tu 11 ÷
^ 7, bang
bang s6
sd lOp
lorp electron.
Bang tuan hoan c6
Bang tu^n co 88 cOt,
cot, m6i cOt
cdt la m6t Trir m6t
mot nhom. Trh mot s6
sd trtrOng hqp ngoai
truong hop
le, nguyen tit
le, tu cita cac nguyen
cua cac nguydn t6to trong cling
cung nh6m
nhom deu c6co s6
sd electron hoa tri bang
bang
nhau (va bang s6s6' thd
thir to
tu cita
cua nhom).
nhom). M6i
M6i nh6m
nhomlai
lai&roc
duocchia
chiathanh
thanhhai
hainhOm
nhom nhO:
nho:
IVhdm A (phan nh6m
NhOm nhom chinh),
chmh), gam
gom cac
cac nguyen
nguyent6tothuOc
thudc ca
ca chu
chu ky
ky 16n
16n va chu
ky nho.
nh6.
Nhom B (phan nh6m
NhOm nhom ph4),
phu), chi
chi gam
gomcac
cacnguyen
nguyfint6t6'thuOc
thudcchu
chuk5f
ky 16n.
Idn.
Nguyen
Nguyen to tu cita
cua cac nguyen
nguyen to thuOc nhOmAA co
thuoc nhom c6 s6'
s6 electron
electron Idp
lap ngoai
ngoai cung
ding
bang s6
so thd
thu td
tu cua
cua nhOm.
nhom.

2. Sur bienthien
Sir bien thientuan
tuan hoan
hoar'mot
motso
so tinh
tinh chat
chfit cua
cua cac
cac nguyen
nguyen to
t6
Tat Ca cac tinh
ca cac tinh ch^t
chat cua
cita cac
cac nguyen to,
td, quy dinh bcti cau tao
bcfi ca'u to 16p
Icrp v6
vo nguyen
nguy6n
tir (dac bi6t
tu (dac biet bcti
bai lorp
lap electron ngoai
ngoai cung).
cling). Cac
Cactmh
tinhchat
chat nay
nayd^u
deubid'n
bin thien
thifin mot
m6t cach
each
tuan
tu^n hoar'
hoan theo caccac chu
chu kS/ va theo
ky va theo cac
cac nhom.
MOt s6 tmh
Mot sd tinh chat
chat quan trong;
trong:
a) Nang Wong
a) Ndng lucmg ion hod
Nang
Ndng Luang ion hod
luang ion had la ming
ndng himg
luangcan
canthief
thie'ttat
tdithiefu
thieude
detcich
tdch hoan
hoan toan
loan mot
mdt
electron ra
ra khdi
khoi nguyen tlf do ad the'
ttt tit
nguyen tu khi va
the khi va aa trang
trang thai
thcli ca ban
bdn (dan
(don vj
vi la eV).
Dinh
Djnh nghia tren
trfin thuOc nang luqng
thudc nang luting ion
ion hoa
hoa thu
thd nhat
nha't (I I ). DOi
(Ij). voi nguyen tit
Ddi vai tu
nhieu
nhidu electron, ngoai nang luting ion hoa thti
lucmg ion thu nhat
nha't (I I ), con c6
(I|), co nang luting
lucmg ion hoa
thu hai (12), thil 33 (I3),...
(I2), thu (13),...
b) hfc vdi
b) Ai luc voi electron
Ming
Ndng luting
luangcluar
duacgidi
gidiphong
phongkhi khimot
motnguyen
nguyentet
tu nhdn
nhdn them
them mot
mdt electron de
de
trd
trd thanh
thanh mot
mdt ion
ion am
dm &tor
duacgoi
gpilaIddidiLuc
lucvoi
vdielectron.
electron.AiAilurvai
luevdielectron
electronduac
duackj7
ky
hieu la
Id E va
vd cling
cung &lac
duac do
do bang
bang eV.

c) Dd am
c) Do dm &On
dien
De kith°
khao sat mat dO electron trong
d6 electron trong phan
phan tit cung
ding nhu
nhu (10 phancue
d6 phan cdccua
dm li6n
lien k^t
kit
ngtreri
ngucri tatodua
dtrara
rakhai
khai nifim
niem dO am difin.
d6 am dien.
75
 Dp dm
DO Om(lien
dienciia
ctiamot
motn guy en to to
nguyen la ladai
dallupng ddc trung
*rig dac inrng cho
cho Oa
khd nang
ndng licit
hut
cua nguyen
electron ctia nguyen to
ti(nguyen
nguyen to
to (16
do ad trong
trong phdn
plion ti(.
Sir khac
Sur gitra dp
khdc nhau giCra dOam
amdien
didncua
cua hai nguyen tir
hai nguydn tuf trong phan
phan tir
tir cang Ion thi
lien ke't
ket cang phan
phan cuc.
cue. Thang dO d6 am dien thirang dung cua Pauling
didn thuttng Pauling dua trdn
tren ca
co so
cua nang luting
lirpmg phan
phan ly
ly lien
lien kdt.
kft. DO
Dp am
am dien
dien ciia nguyen to A va
cua hai nguyen va B
B &roc
dupe xac
dinh:

AX
AX = XA — XEi = kk^
XA-XB Ar&
6 day: A=
A = ED,
Er AB - VED,A2 e
/Ed,A2-.ED,B
D.B22

ED E D A2 ;' e
AB; Ed.a
Ed.ab; D.B2 la
Ed,b nang Wong
la nang lupfng phan
phan ly
ly lien
li6n kdt
kfe't cua
cuacac
cacphan
phantotirA—B,
A-B,
A2, B2.
62-

Phu
(^uu ht;i
hoi air
Da bus lap
hai tap

1.
1. Bang tuan
tuin hoan
hoan caccac nguyen
nguyen to hoa hoc gom
t6 hod gdm bao nhidu
nhieu chu kjt,
ky, bao
bao nhieu
nhieu
nhOmA,
nhom A, B?
B? Dua
Dua vao
vao ca'u
ciu hinh electron nguyen tir lam
nguyen tu lam the nao
nao dd
de bidt
biet dirqc
dupe
m6t nguyen
nguyfin t6
t6' thuOc
thupc chu kSt
ky nao,
nao, nhom nao, nhOm
nhom A hay nhOm
nhom B?

2.
2. Ban
Ban ktnh cong hod
kinh cpng hoa tri cua
cua mot
mpt nguyen
nguyen tit
tu la gi? Quy luat
luat bidn
bien (16i
ddi ban kinh
nguyen
nguyfen tir 4 thPng
tu trong bang he th6ng tuan
tuSn hoan?
3.
3. Giai thich
Giai su bin
thi'ch sit bienthien
thien nang
nang lacing
lupng cac
cac AO
AO hod
hoa tri
tri va
va hieu
hieu nang
nang luting
lupng
E
E —E
np - E trong
ns tron g pham
pham vi mot chu
vi m6t chu ky.
4.
4. Dinh nghia
nghta nang luting
lupng ion
ion hod.
hoa. Neu
Neu cac
cac yeu
ydu tP
to anh huong ddri
anh huang nanglupng
den nang *rig
ion hoa cua nguyen tu.
5. Su bien
bidn thiPn lupng ion hoa th(r
thien cua nang lacing nhat trong chu ky va
thu nha't va trong nhom A
nhu the nao? Giai thich.
thi'ch.

6.
6. Dinh nghia
nghla ai lac
luc vOi electron cua
voi electron nguyPn tir.
dm nguyen tir. Ai lirc vOi electron
luc vpi electron ma nh nhat
manh
yPu nhat
va ydu nha't thuOc
thuPc ve nhung nguyen tir
ve nhirrig nao? DP
tir nao? DO amam dien
didn ciia
cua mot nguydn
nguyen to
la gi? Quy luat bien doi
dpi ct6
dP am
am dien
didncua cac nguyen to
cuacac tP trong he
he thong
thPng min
tuan
hoan?
7.
7. ICe. nhung
KP nhCmg tinh cha't
chit dac thing
trung phan bidt kim loai va phi kim.
biet kirn

8.
8. Tar cac nguydn
Trir nguyen tP
t6 66 chu
chu ky 1, Wit
ky 1, mPt s6
sP nguyen t6 thuOc
nguyen tP chu ky
thupc chu kjf 55 va
va 6 ciia
cua
nhom IVA, VA
nhom IVA, VA va
va VIA
VIA va
va nguydn t6 bo,
nguyen tP nguPi to
bo, ngu0i ta có
co thd
the' nhan
nhan bidt
bie't mQt
mpt

76
 nguyen t6 la
nguyen to la kim loai
loai hay
hay phi
phi kim
kim dua
dua vao
vao cau
cau hinh
hlnh electron
electron nguyen
nguyen tir
tu cua
no. Hay cho
no. Hay cho biet each nhan biet do.

9.
9. Hay cho biet
Hay cho biet str
sir bien
bien thien
thien tinh
ti'nh kim loai,
loai, phi
phi kim cua
ciia cac nguyen
nguyen t6
to trong
trong
chu 14,
ky, trong nhOm
nhom A va nhom B.

10.
10. Viet cau
Viet cgu hinh
hinh electron nguyen tir dtroi dang
tur duoi dang ky
14 hieu
hieu ciia
cua cac
cac nguyen t6'
t6 co Z:
25, 30,
30. 35 va 37 va xac dinh:
dinh:
- chu ky,
14, phan nhom cua chting;
chung;

- nguyen to
t6 kim loai, phi kim;
- cation hay
hay anion nao
nao de
d6 duqc
diroc tao thanh nhgt khi cac nguyen
nhat khi t6 Z = 35
nguyen to 35 va
va
37
37 tham
tham gia phan (mg oxi hoa
ung oxi hoa -- khir?
khir? Hay
Hay viet
via cgu
ctfu hinh electron cua cac ion
do;
- Via
Viet au
cauhinh
hlnhelectron
electroncua
cuaion
ion2+
2+ dm
cuanguyen
nguyen t6
t6' Z
Z = 30.
11.
11. Nguyen
Nguydn tot6 X or chu ky
a chu ky 4 tao doge
duoc phan tu XH2 trong
phan tir trong do X thethe hien
hien s6
sb oxi
boa
hoa thgp nhat la am. Hay 'tic
thap nhat xac dinh
dinhphan
phan nhOrn dm X
nhom ciia X va
va s6
so thti
thu tir
tu Z cua no.
12.
12. Nguyen
Nguyen tot6 X
X la
la kim loai, tao
kim loai, tao duoc
duet oxit X2O7, trong
oxit X207, trong do X
X cc-)
co s6so oxi
oxi hoa
hoa
throng cao nha't,
duong cao nhgt, nguydn
nguyen tir
tir ciia
cua nono co
có 4 lap
lop electron. Xac dinh chu ky, phan
phan
nhom va viet
nhom va via cgu
ca'u hinh
hinh electron
electron nguyen
nguyen tir
tir cua
ciia no.
13.
13. X3+ co phan lop
Ion X3+ electron ngoai
Ibp electron ngoai ciing
ding la 3d2:
36"
- Viet cat.' hinh electron cua
ca'u hlnh ciia nguyen tir X3+;
tir X va ion X3+;

- Xac dinh dien tich

tlch hat nhan cua X3+;
ciia X3+;
- Xac dinh chu ky, phan nhom cua
ciia X;
-- Hai electron 3d23d iing
irng v6i
voi nhang
nhung gia tri
tri nao
nao cua
cua so
so Itrong
luong tit chinh n va s6
tu chlnh sb
Luang tir phu
luong tir phu /.
2— 6
14.
14. X co phan 16p
Ion X2- Ibp electron ngoai cimg 3p . Hay:
ciing la 3p6.
- Xac dinh dien tich
tlch hat nhan Z cua
ciia no;
- Xac dinh
dmh chu 14,
ky, phan
phan nhOrn X;
nhom ciia X;
- Viet cong
c6ng thCrc oxittfng
thirc oxit ttngvbi
v6i sb
s6 oxi
oxi hoa
hoa tha'p
thgp nha't
nhat la
la am
am ciia
cua X.
15.
15. Nguyen tir
Nguyen tir ciia
cua nguyen t6
to X
X co
co nam
nam electron
electroncta 16p ngoai cung
lop ngoai ding va
va thuOc
thubc chu
14
ky 4:
- Xic
Xac dinh
dinh phan
phan nhOm
nhom cua X;
- Via
Viet cau
ca'u hinh
hlnhelectron
electron nguy'en tit cua
nguyen tir ciia R ding
ciing chu
chukSt
ky va ciing
ding nhOm
nhom (nhung
khac phan nhom)
nhom) yen
vbi X.

77
16.
16. Hay
Hay xac
xac dinh
dinh s6
s6' thti
thu" tu,
tu, chu
chu kj,
ky va
va phan
phan nhom
nhom cua
cua nguydn
nguySn t6 co bay
t6 c6 bay
electron 3d.
17.
17. Trong s6sd
Trong flitting
nhiitignguyen
nguydnt6t6c6cos6sothit
thittotusau,
sau,nhitng
nhfingnguyen
nguyfen t6
t6'nao
nao thuOc
thuoc cung
mot
m6t phan nhom: Z
phSn nhom: Z = 10,
10, 14,
14, 18,
18, 19,
19, 20,
20, 26,
26, 28,
28, 30,
30, 32, 37.
37. Xac dinh
djnh phan
phSn
nhom cua
cita chung.
18.
18. Cho
Chobittbi£t
cauca'u
hinh electron
hinh cfla
electron cuanguyen
nguyentc3
16 sau:
2 2s2»22p62 3s 3p
6^2 -4 4 2 2 6 2 6 0 ,10
,, .2^2^6-2^6 10 4s
.2.1
2 4p1
Is 02s 2p 3s 3p
a) 1s2 b) 1s
Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d
c) is22 2s22 2p66 3s22 3p66
c) Is 2s 2p 3s 3p

Nguyen t6
Nguydn 0 nao
nao la
la kim
kim loai?
loai? la
la phi
phi kim?
kim? la
la khi hidm?
hi^m?

19.
19. M6t
M6ts6s6
nguyen
nguydnt6t6'c6cocau
ca'uhinh
hinhelectron
electron nhu
nhir sau:
sau:

a) 1s222s
a)ls 2s222p
2p11 b) 1s222s
b)ls 2s222p
2p66
2 2 6 2 5 2p6 3s2 p66 3 2
Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
c) 1s d) ls22 2s2
d) Is 2s2 2p6 3s2 3
3p 3d3
3d 4s2
4s

Xic
Xac dinh
dinh vi
vi tri
tri cita
cua chting
chiing (chu kj,, nh6m,
(chu ky, nhom, phan nhom)
nhom) trong
trong hd th6ng
thong than
tu^n
hoar'. Nguyen t6
hoan. Nguydn t6 nao
nao la
la kim
kim loai?
loai? la
la phi
phi kim?
kim?lalakhi
khihi^m?
hian?
20.
20. Vi&
Vi^tcau ca'uhinh
hinhelectron
electronnguyen
nguydn t6
t6' c6
co s6
sd thit
thur tu:
tu: 19,
19, 35,
35, 52, 24, 83.
52, 24, 83. Cho
Cho bidt
bia
vi tri chiing
vi tri chting trong
trong hdhd thdng
th6ng tuan
tuan hoan,
hoan, tinh
tinh kim
kim loai,
loai, phi
phi kim
kim cita
cua m6i
m6i
nguyen
nguydn td t6.
21.
21. Dkra
Duavao
vaocau
ca'uhinh
hinhelectron;
electron; hay
hay xac
xac dinh
dinh vi tri cita cac nguydn
cua cac nguyen td'
0 c6
co s6
s6 thir
thii
to
tu nhu sau
sau trong
trong hd
hd thdng
th6ng tudn
tub hoan:
hoan: Cu
Cu (Z
(Z =
= 29),
29), Se
Se (Z = 34), Mo (Z = 42),
I (Z = 53).

22.
22. T6ng
Tdngs6sd
hathatproton,
proton,natron
ncrtronvavaelectron
electrontrong
trong nguyen
nguydn tit
tu cita
cua mot
m6t nguyen
nguydn t6
td
la 34.
a)
a) Cho bidt
bitt s6
sd thit
thir tu
tu nguyen
nguydn t6
td va
va s6
sd kh6i
khdi cua nguyen
nguydn tit.
tu.

b) Viet ca'u
b) Vid't cau hinh electron cita
cua nguyen to.
nguydn td.

c) Xac dinh vi tri cita

cua nguyen
nguydn t6 4 thdng
td trong hd th6ng tuSn
tun hoan.
hoan.

23.
23. A A
vavaBB la la
haihainguyen
nguydnt6tdthuOc
thu6cphan
phan nh6m
nhom chinh 4 thdng
chinh hd th6ng titan
tu^n hoan, trong
do B thudc nhom V. 6
thu6c nh6m trong thai don chat A va B khdng
6 trang kh6ng phan ting
ling vdi nhau.
T6ng
Tdng sosd proton trong hat nhan nhdn nguyen
nguydn tit A va
tu A va B
B la
la 23.
23. Xac
Xic dinh
djnh ten
tdn A,
A, B
B va
via
vidt cau
cdu hinh
hinh electron
electron cita
cua chting.
chiing.

78
24.
24. A va B
A B IA hai nguyen
la hai to thuOc
nguyfin t6' ding phan
thudc cung phftn nhom
nhom va d6 hai
hai chu
chu ky
kylien
lientie"p
tifi'p
trong
trong he th6ng
thong tuan
tuSn hoan.
hoan. T6ng
Tong s6
s6' proton
proton trong hai hat
hat nhan
nhan nguyen
nguyen tit
tu cila
cua
A
A va B la
IA32.32.Xac
Xac dinh
dinh ten
ten A,
A, B.
B. Viet
ViOtc<ui
cauhinh
hinhelectron
electron cua
dm chting.

25.
25. Wit
Mot hop
hop chit
chat ion
ion cat'
ca'u tao
tao tit
tir ion M+ va ion X2
ion M+ X2 . Trong phan tit
tir M2X co
có t6ng
so hat (p, n,
s6 n, e)
e) la
la 140
140 hat,
hat, trong
trong dodoso
sdhat
hatmang
mangdien
didnnhie't.thon
nhieu hon sosdhat
hatkhOng
khong
mang dien la 44 hat. S6
mang dien S6' kh6i dm ion
khd'i cua M+ tan
ion M+ Ion hon
hon so
sd kh6i
khd'i cua X2 la 23.
cua ion X2-
T6ng s6
Tong M+ nhieu hon trong ion X2
sd' hat trong ion M+ X la 31.

a)
a) Viet
Vi6t ca'u electron cim
cau hinh electron M+ va X2 .
cua cac ion M+
b)
b) Xac dinh vi tri cua M va X trong he thong
thd'ng tuan hoan.

79
 ©huC/Uuf 4
@kiting 4

CAU
CAU TRUC
TRUC PHAN
PHAN TCi VA LIEN
TIT VA KET HOA
LIEN KET HOA HOC
HOC

Muc tieu Cdn

Can ndm chdc:
chili:mg
chuong 4 i Cac
1. q^c khai niem:
ni6m: SuSir phan
phan chia lam 4
chia lam 4 loai
loai lien
lien ket
ket chinh.
chinh. Quy
Quy tdc
tac bdt
bat
tir
ttr la ccr
c6 s6
so cUa
cua 22 thuyet Kossel va Lewis.
2. Thuyet
2. Thuy6t sac
sire ddy
ddy gifra cac cap electron
giffa cac electron hod tri (VSEPR)
hoa tri (VSEPR) va ap dung
no de xet dang hinh hinh hoc
hoc phan
phan tir.
tu.
3. Thuyet
3. lai hod
Thuyfit lai hoa ve lien ket: ket: XuSt xu ciia
Xua't xiif cua lai
lai hod.
hoa. Dieu kien hinh hinh
thanh lai
lai hod.
hoa. Cic
Cacdang
danglai laihod
hoachinh
chinhNIAva apap dung
dung trong viec xet xet down
doan
su
sir hinh thanh lien kit.
thanh lien kft.
4. Su
4. Sir phan arc phan
phan cue phan tir.
tir. Lien
Lien ket
ket ion.
ion. Ddc
Dac diem
di^m va va nang
nang lacing
luong cila
cua
loai len
I6n lc&
ket nay.
5.
5. Lien ket ph6i tri: Khai niem
phdi tri: niem veve phtrc
phut chit.
chat. Ion
Ion tao
tao phdc.
phirc. Ph6i
Ph6i tir
tit va
s6 ph6i
phdi tri. Dac diem cila kien kdt.
ciia ki6n ket. Giai
Giai thich
thich sir
sq hinh thanh lien
h6n ketkdt
phdi
phdi tri theo thuyet
thuydt lai hod.
hoa.

Mdt Lien ket ion

Lien Dd ddi
Do deliliin
lien kit
kit Thuyet Lewis
to khod Lien ket
Lien kit cling
cdng hod tri Goc liin
lien kit
ket Thuyet VSEPR
Vet kim
Lien ket kim loai
loci Cong thuc
Cong auk electron Su phan cur
Lien ket
Lien ket hidro
hidro COng thvee
Cong thac can
cdu tao Momen luring cur
Lien ket
Lien ket Van der Cdp electron
Cap electron tu
to do Dd ion
Waals Ken pint
Xen plui Ion tao phitc
2
Lien ket
Lien ket cho
cho -- nhan
nhdn Lai hod
Lai hod sp', sp2,
spa, sp sp
, sp Phdi
Lien kit
Lien ket a,
o, tr
n Thuyet Kossel Phitc spin thdp, cao
Nang luong
Nang Wong lien
lien kit
ket

4.1. Khali
4.1. quatma
Khai quat madau
au
Trong lich
Trong lich sir
sir hinh
hinh thanh
thanh va
va phat
phat trien
trit'n cac
cac quan
quan niem
niem veye ca'u
cau tao
tao phan
phan tir va
tit va
lien kdt
lien ket hoa
hod hoc
hoc ngudi
ngteri ta
to vln
van coi phan tir nhu la
1a nhdm
nh6m gidi
gi6i han
han cac
cac nguyen tir ket
ket

80
80
hop voi nhau
hop vdi nhau theo
theo mdt
mot lust
luat not
ndi ket
ke't xdc
xac dinh
djnh -- lien
lien ket
ket hod
hoa hoc.
hoc. Trong
Trong phan
phan tir
tu
khOng
khong concon t6n
ton tai
tai cac
cac nguyen
nguyen tu tir rieng
rieng biet
biet ma
ma chiing
chting chiu
chiu su
su tuong
tuang tac
tic Ian
lln nhau,
nhau,
n6i
noi ket lai thanh
thanh phan
phan tit.
tu. S6
S6' luting
luong caccac nguyen
nguyen tir
tu trong
trong phan
phan tir
tu khOng
khong heh6 thay d6i
khi trang thdi
thai vat
vat 15( cilano
ly cua nothay
thayd6i.d6i.Vi
VIdu,
du, phan
phantu tirnuoc
nudegom
Om 2 nguyen
nguyen tirtif hidro
lien lc& v6i mot nguyen
ket vai nguydn tirtu oxi
oxi luOn
luon 1u6n kh6ng doi.
lu6n khdng d6i. Cho du rurac
nude dada tan
tan hay
hayntrOc
nude
lOng dun sdi
long dun s6i thi
thi hai
hai nguyen
nguyen tir tir hidro
hidro van
van ludn
luon ludn
luon gan
gin v6i
vdi mot nguyen tit tu oxi.
Ngay
Ngay nay, ngtrOitatoquan
nay, ngudi quanni6m
niemphan
phantirtirnhu
nhulaIAmdtmothehegom
Om mdt
m6t sos6 gi6i
gidi han
han
cac hat nhan
nhan nguyen
nguydn tir
tu va
va cac
cac electron
electron phan
phan bo bd' theo
theo mOt quy lust
mdt quy luat xdc
xac dinh trong
khong
khdng gian tao thanh mot cau true ben yang. Ciu trtIc phan tir ton tai
thanh mdt ca'u true b^n vung. Ca'u true phan tu tdn taidtroti
dudi nhieu
nhieu
Bang khdc nhau
dang khac nhau nhu:
- Phan tir
tu trung hoa: CO, CH4...

Ion phan
- Ion phantir: fq, SO4-...
tir:H2,

- Ion phtic chit: [Ni(CN)4J2

phirc chat: [NilCN^r

-- Cac
Cac g6c
gdc to do: CH;
tu do: ...
CH3...

-- Tinh
Tinh the:
the: kim
kirn cuang,
cuong, grafit,
grafit, NaCI...
NaCl...
Trong nhung dieu
di^u kien xdc
xac dinh ye
v6 nhiet d6 va ap
nhidt dd dp sudt,
suit, cac phan
phan tit
tir con chiu
str twang tac
su tuong tic qua
qua 14i,
lai, twang tic yeu
tuong tac yeu giira
gi&a cac
cac phan
phantir
tir or nhUng trang
0 nhung trang thai
thdi khac
khdc nhau.
Tir lau cac nha hod
hoa hoc van thuOng true vdi
thudng true v6i cac
cac cau hoi:
hot:
- Tai sao cac nguyen
nguydn tir trong phan
tir trong phan tir
tir lidn
lien kd't
ket vdi
vat nhau
nhau theo
theo nhung
nhung tytj, le
Id xdc
xac
dinh,
dinh. vi du nhu hai nguyen
nguydn tir
tir hidro ket
kd't hop vat
vdi nhau de tir H2 ma
dt? tao thanh phan tit ma
Iii
lai kh6ng
khdng c6
cd phan
phan tit
tir H3 hoac H4?
- Bang each nao c6cd the
thd 15, giai duqc
ly giai &rocvivisao
saocac
cac phan
phan tir
tit cimg
ding kieu
kidu clang
dang nhung
lai
lai co
cd cau
ca'u vac
true khdc
khac nhau.
nhau. Vi
VI du
du phan
phan tir
tir CO2
CO2 c6
cd cau
ca'u true thing: 0=C=0,
true thing: 0=C=0, trdi
trai lai
lai
phan tu
tir H2O
H2O cd
c6 ca'u
cau true
true gdc:
g6c: /H
0
\H
De
Dd' giai thich
thich cho
cho cac
caccau
cauhOihoi dat
dat ra,
ra,hang
hangboat
loat cac ly, thuyet
cac 15 thuydt ldn
lin Itrot
luot ra d6i
doi
nhung chua motmdt 15ly, thuyet
thuyd't nao
nao c6
cd tAm khai quat
tim khai quit cao va hoan chinh. Vao nam 1927, 1927,
mot
mdt buac
budc ngoat
ngoat IonIdn di
da xay
xay rara sau
sau khi
khi Heitler
Heitler -- London
London dp ap dung
dung thanh
thanh cling
cdng ly
thuyet
thuyd't lucrng tir vao
luong tir vao hoa
hod hoc de
d(? khao sat
sat phan
phan tir
tir 112.
H2.
Tir do den
Tir dd ddn nay hod hoa hoc
hoc lucmg tir da
luong tir da khdng
kh6ng ngimg
ngUngphatphit trien
tridn va
va da
di thu
thu &roc
duqc
nhting
nhihig thanh
thanh tuu
tuuclang
dang Ice.
k^. Hang 'oat
loatcac
cacphucmg
phuongphdp
phaptinh
tinhdtra
duatren
trdncac
caccaco
s&socua
cua15f
ly
thuyet
thuyd't lacing
luong tutit lin
Ian luqt
luot ra
ra doi
dot da
di mang
mang lai
lai nhang
nhung ket
kdt qua
qua khOng
khdng ng6
ngd ded^ giai thich
thi'ch
cau
ca'u tao phan tir va lien
lidn ket
kd't hod
hoa hoc.
hoc. Nam
Nam 1998, giai thudng
1998, giai thuang Nobel
Nobel vd ye hoa
hod hoc
hoc da
di

81
duac
duoc trao tang cho nhanha hoa
hoa hoc
hoc M9
My J.
J. Pople
Pople IA su thira
la su thira nhan
nhan cho
cho tinh
tinh diing
dting dan
din cila
cua
thuyet hang tit
thuyet lirong t£r trong
trong hoa hoc.
Mot cach king
M6t each tdng quat cid tri 16i
d^ tra cac cau
Icri cac cau hoi
hOidatdatra,
ra,tata phai
phai xet
xet ban
ban chat
chit lien
lien Let
ket
hoi
hod hoc.
hoc. MOt
M6t van d6de 15i thuyetkha
ly thuyS't khaha'p
hip din
din flitting cfmg kh6ng
nhutig cung kh6ng ftit gai
gai goc
g6c cua hoa
hoa
hoc hien dai.
hoc hidn dai. NOi cach khac,
Noi each khac, hoc
hoc thuyet
thuyet viye lien
lien k^t
lc&hoa
hoahochoc vavacau
cau tao
tao phdn
phan tir
tit da
di
trot thanh van
tra thanh Yind6
detrung
trung tdm
tam cua
cila hoa
hoa hoc
hoc ngay
ngay nay.

4.2. Qua
Quatrinh
trinhhinh
hinhthanh
thanhva
vaphat
phattrie'n hoc thuyet
trien hoc thuyit ve
ye lien kit.
lien ket.
Su ph^n
OM) loai lien
lien ket
kit

4.2.1. Phan loai lien ket

Theo quan niem chung ngten
ngirai to phan lien ket
ta phln kfi't hod hoc thanh 4 dang:
hoa hoc
—Li6n
- LienkA
ketion
ionhay
haycon
con goi
goi la
la lifin
lien kfil
kit Chen hoa tri;
difin hoa
—Lifen
- Lien kfi't
lc&c6ng
Ong hod
hoa tri hay lien ket nguydn
nguyen tit;
tir;
—Lifen
- Lienkd't
ketkim
kim loai;
loai;
—Lifin
- Lien ket
ket giua
gift cac
cacphan
phln tit
tirhay
hay IA
la lien ket
ke't yen
yeu bao
bao gam
g6m lien
lien Let
ket hidro
hidro va
va
tutmg tac Van der Walls.
tirang tdc
Girta cac dang
Gi&a ede dang lien ket nay, not
noi chung, khOng c6 ranh
khdng co ranh gidi
gi6i ro
rOret.
ret.Trong
Trong thirc
aux
to ta thudng
te' ta thuong xet hai
hai dang lien ke't
ket ddu
damph6
ph6bie'n
Wenchochocac
cachop
hapchd't
chit vd
v6 co
ca va
va h&u
hat' co
ca.

4.2.2. Quy.tdc
Quy.tac octet

Tit
Tir truck den nay
trade de'n nay bing
bdng nhieu
nhieu s6s6 lieu
lieu thut
thacnghiem
nghiem va va tinh
tfnh town
todn thu
thu duac
duoc
ngtitti
ngadi ta ta nhln
nhin thgy
thd'y ring, cau
cd'u trtic
true vai
vdi 88 electron aa 16p ngoai cung
Idp ngoai cling (cd'u
(cat' true
tnic cua khi
khf
tray, trittradng
tra, trif twang hap
hap 22 electron d6i
dd'i Yeti hidrova
vdi hidro va heli)
heli) la
la loai
loai cd'u
cau trtic
true ben viing
vung nhgt.
nhd't.
Tit nhgn xet
Td nhln xet nay,
nay, mdt
mOtquy
quytdc
tit meci ducxhinh
mdi duqc hinhthanh
thanh --quy
quy tdc
tic bat td
tit (octet).
Trong mot phdn
Trong mdt phan tdtit khi
khi hinh
hinh thanh
thanh lien
lien ket,
Ica, cac
cac nguyen
nguyen td tit cua
dm cac nguyen to
c6 khuynh twang
nay cd hudng lien
lienlc&ke't Yeti cacnguyen
vdi cac nguyentd titcua
cuanguydn
nguyen td'
t6 kia
kia sao
sao cho
cho cd'u
cau true
tnic
chting dat tai cau truc ben vimg cua khi tra vai 8 electron ngoai ding.
cua chung dat tdi cdu true bdn vdng cua khf tra vdi 8 electron ngoai cung.
dat duqc cd'u
cau trtic nay, cd
true ben nay, c6 th^
thd cd
c6 hai each
cach chfnh:
chinh:
—Cac electron tit
- td nguyen tit chuyen hdn
td nay chuy&i hart sang
sang nguyen td
tit khac;
—Cac
- Cacelectron
electrongida
giitacac
cacnguyen
nguyentd
tittham
tham gia
gia gdp
g6p chung.
Nhu vay, vdi
Nha vdy, vai hai
hai each
cach ndy
nay se
se din den
de'n hai
hai loai
loai lien
lien ket
ket chinh:
chfnh: lien
lien ket
ket ion
ion va
lien ket cdng
lien ke't Ong hoa tri.
tn.

82
4.2.3. Gia thuyet cua Kossel
Kossel ye
ve lien ket
ket ion

Dua
Dua vaovao quy
quy tac
dc bat
bat tit,
tir, Kossel
Kossel (1916)
(1916) chocho rang,
rang, khi
khi c6
cotits:mg
tirong tac, cac
cac
nguyen
nguyen tirtit cua
cua cac
cac nguyen
nguydn t6 t6 co
c6 xu
xu Wong
huong thu thu them hay bcrt
th6m hay bat di met
mbt hay
hay nhieu
nhi^u
electron de dat cgu
electron de ca'u hInh
hinh ben
b^n yang.
virng. Cac
Cac ion
ion trai
trai dgu
da'u duqc
duoc hInh
hmh thanh
thanh se but
hut nhau
nhau
bang lut tinh
bang lire tTnh dien.
Bai tap ap dung
dung 4.1:
4.1: Dua vao Wan
Dira vao dr cua gia thuyet cua Kossel, hay
luan cu hay trinh
trinh
bay su hinh thanh
thanh lien
lien ket
ket ion
ion dm
cuaphan
phantir
tuNaC1
NaCl
Liri (1s22 2s2
Lbi giai: Na (Is 2s2 2p6
2p6 3s1
3s1)) — Na+ (1s1
- e -> Na+ (Is1 2s2
2s2 2p6)
2p6)
2p 2 5 (1 s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6)
CI( is22 2s2
C1 (Is 2s2 2p66 3s2 3p5)) + e
3s 3p Cfds2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6)
CI
hoac
hoac qua trinh hinh thanh
thanh lien
lien ket
ket ion
ion trong
trong NaC1 bieu difin
NaCl bieu dien theo so d6:

N./6ieach
V6i eachlap
lap luan
luan nay,
nay, nhtrng
nhCmgion
iontrai
traitda'u
dauxua't
xuathi6n
hien va
va hut
htit nhau
nhau dirqc
&roc got
goi la
dien
diSn hod
hoa tri
tri hay
hay hoa
hoa tri
tri ion.
ion. Dieu
Di^u nay
nay hoan
hoan toan
toan phi'
phu hop
hop vat
vdi Binh
dinh nghia
nghla cua
cua
Langmuir
Langmuir cho cho rang
rang hoa
hod tri
tri ion
ion cua
cua m6t
met nguyen t6 la
nguyen t6' la s6'
s6 dien
dien tlch
tich cua
dm ion d6. Nhu
the' trong hop chat NaCI,
NaCl, natri CO hoi tri
co hoa tri duong
during 11va
vaclo
cloco
cohoi
hoi tri
tri am 1.
1. Met
M6t each
tucmg tor,trong
tirong tir, trong CaC^,
CaC12,canxi
canxico co hoa
hoa tri throng
dirong 2.

4.2.4. Gia thuyet cua

dm Lewis
Lewis ye
ve lien kit
ket cong
cong hoa
hoa tri
trj

Khi xem xet cac hop

Khi xem hop chat
chat phi
phi ion
ion nhu
nhuH2,
H2,C12,
CI2, CH4...
CH4... Lewis
Lewis (1916) nhan
nhan
al)/
tha'y rang,
rang, lien
lienket
ketgirra
giua hai
hai nguyen
nguyen tirtir doge
duoc hinh
hinh thanh
thanh la do met
m6t hay
hay nhieu
nhieu dei
d6i
electron gOp chung
electron gop chung tao
tao thanh.
thanh. Loai
Loai lien
lien ke't
ket nay
nay duoc
duoc goi
goi la lien ket
ke't cong
c6ng hoa
hoa tri
tri
hay lien ket nguyen tit.
Neu
Neu d6i electron
electron Op
gopchung
chungdam
namgiCra
giua hai nguyen tir trong
trong phan tir
tu ta se c6
co
lien ke't
ket c6ng
Ong hoa
hoatri
trikhOng
kh6ng phan cvc.
cue. Vi
Vt du:
H,+
H. + 'H
'H H HH hay H—H
; H hayH-H

Neu d0i
d6i electron g6p
gop chung lech
Idch ye
\6 phla
phia nguyen
nguydn tir co d6
tu co de am dien 16n
1cm hem
hon ta
se co
c6 lien
lien ket
ket cdng
Ong hoi
hoa tri
tri phan cue.
arc. Vi
Vt du:
x
H.
H. +
+ Ci;
xx
XX
^ H:
HiCi;
xx
XX
hay H — CuI
H-Cll
—
Cach bi6u
bieu then
dien bang
bang cac electron
electron Op
gopchung
chungtrong
trongphan
phantirtugoi
goiIA
la cong
cdng thtic
thirc
electron (CUE). Hai electron
(CTE). Hai electron dung
dung chung
chung goi
goi la
la cap
cap electron
electron lien
lien ket.
Vt.
83
 M6i cap
M6i cap electron
electron duoc
duoc thay
thay bang
bang m6t
met gach.
gach. Cling thtic bieu
C6ng thuc bieu di6n
dien bamg
bang cac
gach n6'i
n6i goi la c6ng
Ong th6c
thuc call
ca'u tao
tao (CTCT).
(CTCT).
Trong cac phSn
Trong cac phan tit,
tit, ta
ta thay
tha'y c6
co cac cap electron
electron kh6ng tham gia
khong tham gia hinh
hinh thanh
thanh
lien ket. Vi du:
lifin k6't.
•• XX .. X X
X
:C1.
••
+ C1J
XX
SCliCi;
••
•• X .
X
hay IC1—C11
hay ici-cii
— —

Ca.c cap electron

Cac cap electronnaynay duoc
duoc goi
goi la
la cap
cap electron
electron khOng lien ket
kh6ng lifin ket hay
hay cap
cap
(*)
electron khOng phan chia
kh6ng phan chia hoac
hoac cap
cap electron
electron tu
to do
do ( )..
each
Cach bieu
bi^u dien
difin str
su hinh
hinh thanh
thanh lien
li6n ket
ke't trong
trong phan
phan to
tu bang
bang CIE
CTEhay
hayCCTCT
I CT 6'
d
cac vi tren goi la su bieu
vj du tr6n bie'u dien
di6n theo so d6 Lewis.
Dkra vaoso
Dua vao sod6
d6Lewis
Lewistataxet
xet m6t
m6t sd
s6 kifeu
kieu lien
lien kft
ket sau:
sau:
– Xet phan tit
- tu CH4 c6 ket cong
co 4 lien ket Ong hoa tri:
H H
H
H^CiH hay
hay H H-C-H
—C—H
•x I
H H
lien ket C-H
li6n ket C–Htrong
trongphan
phantuCH4
CH4duoc
duoc goi
goi la
la lien
lien ket
ke't don.
– Trong phan tit CO2, nguyen tit
- tu cacbon lien
lien lc& vOim6i
k^t vdi m6i nguyen
nguyen tu
tit ox
oxii bang
2 cap electron.
electron. Ta c6 lien ket d6i:
doi:
xx
XX xx
XX
0:
O* :C:
xXXx
:c: :0 JO hay
hay 3=C=3
0 = C=0
xx
XX ^ _
– Khi hinh thanh lien ket, trong phan to
- tu N2 c6 3 cap electron.
N2 co electron. Do
D6 la hen
lien ket
ba:
:N ! i N:
N: hay
hay INs-NI
|N=N1
Tit
Tir nhiing dieu vita
nhung dieu vita trlnh
trinh bay
bay tren
tren day
day ta nhan
nhan tha'y s6 s6' lien
lien lc& gift hai
ke't gi&a hai
nguyen tit goi
nguyen tir goi la
la bac
bac lien ket. S6 lien ke't
S6' lien ket c6ng
cling hoa
hoa tri giu
gill vai
vai trb
tro quan
quan trong
trong vi no
lien quan den khai niem hoa tri tri cim
cua met
m6t nguyen
nguyen t6.
to. Theo
Theo Langmuir
Langmuir thi thi hog, tri cua
hoa trj ciia
met
m6t nguyen
nguyen t6't6 trong m6t
met hop chat
cha't cling hoa tri la s6
c6ng hoa s6' lien ket
ke't duoc
duoc hinh thanh gitia giua
met
m6t nguyen tit cita mflt
tu cua met nguyen t6' t6 do vdi
vai cac nguyen tit tir khac trong phan tir.
Nhu vay, trong hop chat
cha't CH4, cacbon co hoa tri 4; trong N2, c6 hoa tri
N2, nito co trj
3; trong CO2, oxi co
CO2, oxi c6 hoa tri 2.

' Co
C6 tac gia con goi la cap electron rieng.

84
 Ngoai ra, ngutri ta con
ngirdi ta con quan
quan sat
sat tha'y
thy trong
trong mot
m6t s6
s6 phan
phSn tit
t£r khi hinh
hinh thanh lien
liSn
ke't Ong hod
ket cpng hoa tri, doi electron
electron g6p
gop chung c6 co the
th6 xugt
xua't phat tir ding mot
tu cung mot nguyen
nguyPn tit,
tu,
ltic do
luc do lien ke't cOnghoa
ket cpng hodtrj
triduoc
&rocgpi
goi lala lifin
lien ket
ket cho
cho nhan.
nhan. Vi du:
H
h r
+ +
NH3
NH3 ++H -->[H3N ->H]
>[H3N -> Hr hay
hay H
H -- N
N -> H
I
H

T6ng quilt: A:
T6ng quat: A: +
+ BB -+
->AA-> BB hay [A+ -> B
hay [A+ B ]
Lien ke't cho nhpn
ket cho nhan duoc
duoc bi6u
bid'udidn
din bing
bang mot
mot mai
mui ten
ten ->. Trong phan
—Trong phan tir
tu NH3
thi
thl nguyen tit
tu N g6p
gop ca 2 electron
electron goi
goi la
la nguyen
nguyen tit
tu cho, con nguyen
nguy6n tit H+ nhan
tu H+ nhan Ca
ca
2 electron goi la
la nguydn
nguyen tit
tu nhan.
Noi chung, khi
Noi chung, khi bieu
bid'udien
din mot
m6t c6ng
c6ng that
thiic cho
cho mot
mpt hop
hop chat
chat hod
hod hoc
hoc nao
nao d6
do
theo so do Lewis ta phai tuan thu cac quy dinh chinh nhu sau:
- Chi co
có cac electron
electron hoa
hoa tri
tri mdi
mai tham
tham gia
gia lifen
lien ket.
kit.
- Hoa tri
trj cUa cac nguyen
cua cac nguyen to trong phan tir
tit phai
phai ton
ton trong.
- Thu
Thit cac phuong
phuong an theo quy tictac octet
octet sao
sao cho
cho quanh
quanh caccac nguydn
nguyen tit
tir trong
phan tu
phan tit co
c6 du 88 electron
electron bao
bao gom
gdm caca lien
lifen k6t
ket cOng hoi tri thong
cdng hoa thdng thuOng lin cho
thudng lan
nhan (trit
(trir tritOng
trucrng hop veri nguyen tu
voi nguyfen tit H va He).
De" minhhoa
De minh hoacho
choeach
cachbie'u
bid'udiln
din Lewis
Lewis ta la'y
lay m6t
mot s6'
s6 vi du minh hoa:
Bni ip dung
Bai tap ap dung 4.2:
4.2: Hay bid'udien
Hay bieu din CTCT cho cac
CTCT cho cac hop
hop chat
chit sau day:

N205; CO3_
HNO3; N2O5; CO^

Lori giii: Truoc

Lcri gtai: Try& h6t
he't ta viol ca'u
ta vie't au hInh
hinh electron:
electron:
H:
H: Is co I1 electron
electron hod
hoa tri
tri
2 2 2
C; IIss2 2s2 2p2
C: co 4 electron hoa tri
2 2 3
N: IIss2 2s2 2p3 co 55 electron
electron hoa
hoi tri
2 2 4
0: I s 2s 2p
0:1s co 6 electron hod
hoa tri
Tit cac electron
Tir cac electronhoa
hodtri
tritatad6d6dang
dangviPt
viaCTCT cua cac hop
CM' cua chit khao
hop chat khao sat:

HNO3: H-O-N")
H-O-N^

N205:
N2O5: N-0-N")
^N -0-N^

85
 9— « »
CO3- : ion nay ton
CO3- t6n tai
tai 33 kha
kha nang
nang tucmg throng thuang
tucmg duang thuang goi la c6ng
cong thirc
thuc cong
twang.
hucmg.
- 2- 2- 2--
' ?1 - (I?
\\o
(Ao

Ngoai hai
Ngoai hai loai
loai lifen
lien ket ion va cdng
cong hoa
hoa trj
tri vira
vita trinh
trInh bay
bay aa tren,
tren, trong hoa hoc
con ton
t6n tai cac loai lien
liSn ket
k£t khac nhu
nhu lien
li6n ket
k^t kim loai,
loai, lien
lien ket
ket gifra
giira cac phan
phSn tir...
tur... Ve
cac loai lidn
lien k^t
ket nay ta se
se dd
de cap
cap den
den 0a cac
cac chucfng
chuang sau.

4.2.5. NhSn
Nh4n 'Let chung
xet chung

Bang hai 15
Blng ly, thuyet
thuyet tren ngtrai ta di
ngudi ta da bieu
bieu (lien
didn thanh
thanh cong
c6ng kha
kha nhieu
nhieu cong
cong
thirc hoa hoc
thdc hoa hoc va
va d^n
den nay
nay van
van diroc
&roc dung
dung r6ng
Ong rai. Tuy nhien,
nhidn, yen
vdi nhfing d6,
nhfing thuyet do,
ban chA
chit dm
cua lien
lidn ket
ket hoa
hoa hoc
hoc yin
van chua
chira coco bac
birctranh
tranht6ng
t6ngplat
quatc16
de lam sang to nhieu
nhidu
vin
va'n de nay
nay sinh khi hinh thanh lien ket.
ke't.
Ching han, trong cac hop chat chit ion,
ion, su dich chuyen gifra hai loai
giua hai loai ion
ion trai
trai da'u
diu
din den
d^n su
su hinh
hinh thanh
thanh cac
cac ion
ion dtrang
duong va ion am tach bach nhau, song trong thuc te to
khOngt6n
khdng tontai
tai phan
phantir
tirion
ionlylytuang
agingki^u
kieudo
domamachi
chico
c6 th^
the noi
not de'n
den phin
phin tram cila
cua lien
ket ion.
D6i
Ddi v6i
vdri lien ket cong
cdng hoa
hoa tri
trj chit
chu yeti
yeu IAla do dui
d6i electron
electron gop
gop chung
chung guy&
quyet
dinh, nIumg bang cac
nhung bang cac cap
cap electron
electron khCng
khOnggiai giaithich
thichdupe
duct ban
ban chat
chit Itrc
luc lien ket
ke't cong
c6ng
hoa tri, cac dac
hod trj, chicthu
thucua
citaloai
loailien
lienket
ketnay
naynhu
nhutmh
tinhdinh
dinhhudng
huang cua
dm lien ke't.
ket.
Lien ket
Lien ket cong
c6ng boa
hoa tri
trj not
noi chung
chung IA do d6i
la do dui electron
electron gop
Op chung
chung hinh
hinh thanh
thanh
nhtmg dieu d6
nhung dieu d6 khfing
kittingtrd
tra thanh
thanh dieu
diet' kien
kien bat
bit buOc nhu trubng
bu6c nhu truang hop
hop chi
chi c6
co in0t
m6t
electron dfi'i
d6i vdfi
vai ion
ion phan
phan tir
tirhidro
hidro H2
H2 hoac
hoic 33 electron
electron d6i
ddi vai
vdi ion
ion phan
phan tir
tir He^.

Quy tac bat

bat tir
tir &roc
dupe sir a
Neu dien kha nhieu
sit dung de bieu nhieu cac cong
c6ng thfic Ma hoc.
thiic hoa
Tuy nhien, quy tic
tacnay
naykhOng
khOng phai
phai bao
baogiO
gib cting
cung nghiem
nghidm citing
dung cho moi
moi truOng
trucrng hop.
Vi du;
du:

NO II N*
N.==0 N co 7 electron

BN B
b -=
7= n|
NI B co 6 electron
F

PF5 P c6 10 electron
Pco

86
 I
SF6 S S co 12 electron
Sco

Den
Den dau the" 14 20,
the ky 20, co
co hoc
hoc Ittong tit ra
lirong tu ra doi
doi va duoc
dnoc ap dung
dung vao
vao hod
hoa hoc,
hoc,
nhieu van d6
nhifiu va'n de thuoc
thuac ve
ve ban
ban chat
chat ciia
ciia lien
lien ket
ket lan
Idn 'trot
luot ducfc lam sang to. Ta se de cap
duoc lam
toi
tdi thuyet do a nhiing
nhQng chuong sau.
Truerckhi
Triroc khi de
de cap
cap tdi
tai ban chat dm
cua lien
lienket
ketgiCta cac nguyen tit
giffa cac tu trong phan tit,
tu,
ta xet mat
mot s6 dac trung cira
cua lien ket
kd't sau day.

4.3.
4.3. Mot
Mots6
sodac
dac trung
trung dm
cua lien ket
kit
Trong hod
hoa hoc, khai niem ve
vd lien
lien ket
ket gift mot vi
giir m6t vi tri quan trong khi hinh
hlnh thanh
phan tu.
Ngay
Ngay nay, ngitai
nguoi ta quan
quan niem
ni6m rang,
rang, phan
phan tit
tu dttoc
duqc hinh
hlnh thanh
thanh la la do
do su
su Wong
tuong
tac cua tat ca cac
cac hat
hat nhan
nhan va
va cac
cacelectron
electronthu6c
thuoclap
lotpvO
vo nguyen
nguy6n tit
tit clan tai mot cau
din tdi clu
trtIc ben vung
true bin vfing umg
(mg vdi
verim6t
matnang
nang luqng
luting cue
cut tidu.
tieu.

4.3.1. Nang Wong lien ket

lucmg lien kit
Nang
Nang luting
luqng hinh
hlnh thanh lien
liln ket
kit (goi
(goi tat:
tit: nang
nang Wong
luqng lien
lien ket)
ke't) la
la nang
nang Wong
luqng
duoc
duqc giai
giai ph6ng
phong ra khi hinh
hlnh thanh
thanh lien
lien ket
ke't hod
hoa hoc tit
tir nhung
nhtrng nguyen
nguyen tit tit co
c6 lap
lap 6a
trang thai khi. Nang Wong ket thuang
luqng lien ke't thucmg tinh
U'nh bang
blng kJ/mol hoac kcal/mol. VI Vi du:
H
H ++HH H2 AH0 = —
H2 ; ;AH° 432 kJ/mol,
- 432 kJ/mol.
6 day ta phan biet hai qua trinh sau:
sau;
-—Qua
Qua trinh
trlnh hinh
hlnh thanh
thanh phan
phln tit
tCf tit
tit cac
cac nguyen
nguyen tit
tu kern
kem theo
theo su
sugiai
giaiphOng
phong
nang Wong. DO la
luqng. Do la nang
nang luqng
luting hlnh
hinh thanh phan tit.
tu.
—Qua trinh
- trlnh pha
pha va
va cac
cac phan
phantit
tircld
dl tao ra cac nguyen
nguyen tit
tir lai
lai kern
klm theo
theo str
su thu
nhan nang Wong. D6 la nang Wong
luqng. Do luqng phan ly lien ket.
Ta co
c6 thl
thd bilu
bidu diln
din hai
hai qua
qua trinh
trlnh theo
theo so
so do
d6 sau:
hlnh thanh
hinh ihimh lien
lien ket
ke't
C + 4H;
4H CH4
phan li lien ket
Oar' ktft

Ve
Ve tri s6
so tuyet
tuyet d6i,
doi, nang
nang luting
luqng cua
cua hai
hai qua
qua trinh
trlnh nay
nay la
la nhu
nhu nhau
nhau nhung
nhung
ngtroc dau. Nang
nguqc da'u. Nang luqng
luting lien
lien kit
ket kern theo su
kem theo sr' giai phong nang luting
phong nang AH0 < 0.
nth AH°
luqng nen
Bang cluOi day ghi
dudi day ghi lai nang luting
luqng lien
lienket
ke'tdang
dangA—B.
A-B.
 Bing 4.1. Gla
Bang Gid trl
tri nSng
nang li/Ong
IttIng cua
ctia mot
mat so Ii6n k6t
s6 lien kd't

lugng*1
Nang luting'' Nang luting
lugng
Lien ket
ket A
A -- B Lien
Lidn ket
kdt A -- B
B
lien kit,
kd't, kJ/mol
kJ/mol lien
lidn kit,
kd't, kJ/mol
kJ/mol

C-H
C -H 412,5 C - Cl
C-Cl 328,0
C-C
C -C 347,0 C - Br
C-Br 279,0

u
u
C=C 597,7 C -I
C-I 238,0

II
c ---
C:= c
--- C 811,0 H -H
H-H 431,0

C-0
C -0 351,0 0
O-H 464,0

o
u
C=0 760,7 N -H
N-H 388,7

II
C-N
C -N 292,6 N -N
N-N 158,8

C-F
C -F 439,0
439.0 N=N 418,0

Trifang hop
TruOng hop trong
trong mot
mot phan
phan tir
tit co
c6 nhi6u lien ket
nhieu lien ket gi6ng
giongnhau
nhauthi
thingtreri
nguai ta dung
nifim nSng
khai ni4m lugng lien
nang luting li6n ket
k6't trung binh.
bmh. VfVi du:
C ++4H
C 4H CH4 AH0 = -- 1650
CH4 ;; AH° 1650 kJ/mol
kJ/mol
Ca 44 lien
Ci lien ket
k^tC-H
C--Hhoan
hoantoan
loannhu
nhu nhau,
nhau, do
do vay
vay nang
nang luting
lugng lien
lien ket trung
1650
binh la:
la: -1^° = - 412,5kJ/mol.
412,5 kJ/mol.
4
NSng
Nang lugng
luting lifin
lien k6't
ket dac
dac trung
trungcho
chod6
do b6n
ben cua
dm lien
lien kd't boa hoc, do vay
ket hoa vSy khi
khi
ning
nang lugng
Wong lien
lien kfi^t
ket cang
cang Ion
lan thi
thi li6n
lien kft
ket hoa
hoa hgc
hoc cang
cang ben.

4.3.2. DO din lien

Do dai lien ket
kit
D6
DO dai
dai lifin kfi't ducrc
lien ket dugc xac
xac dinh
Binh bang
bang khoang each girra
khoing cach giffa hai hat
hat nhan
nhan cua hai
nguydn tu tham gia lien
nguyen tir lifen ket.
kSt. DO
D6 dai
dai liSn
lien ke't
ketphuphi thudc
thuOcvao
vaoban
binchat
chatcua
cia cac nguyen
nguyfin
tir tham gia lien k^t va ban chat cua liSn ket. Do dai lien k^t thudng
tham gia lien ket va bin chit cia lien kit. DO dai lien ket thirOng tinh bang tinh bang
angstrong
angstrong (A). Vf du:
(A). VI du:
H-H A; C-H
/= 0,74 A;
H - H I=0,74 1,09 A
C - H =f=l,09A
H
H-- O0 1=0,96 A; C
/= 0,96 A; -C
C-C /= 1,34 A
/=1,34A

Khi
Khi cac
cac nguyfin
nguyen tu tham gia liftn
to tham k^t nhu nhau
lien ket nhau thi
thi d6
dOdai
dailifin
lienke't
ketgiam
giim se keo
theo
theo nang
nang lugng
luting lidn
lien ket tang. VI
Vf du:
du:

*'*)Theo
Theoth6i
thOiquen
quenngudi
ngu6ita
tavan
vAncho
chonang
nang lugng
Itronglidn
lienkd't
ketc6
cGda'u
diu "+"
"+"

88
88
 Lien kel C —C
C-C C=C
C=C C_=C
ChC

E, kJ/mol 347,0 597,7 811,0

I, A 1,54 1,34 1,20

4.3.3. G6c hoa

4.3.3. Goc hod tri
tri
Goc hodhoa tri IA g6c tao
la goc tao bai
bai hai
hai nifa
nita duang
riding thing
thing xuat
xuit phat
phat tit
tit hat
hat nhan
nhan cUa
cua m6t
nguyen tit
tir nao d6
do vA di qua
va di qua hat nhan cua hai hai nguyen
nguyen tit
tit khdc
khac lien
lien k&
ket truc
true tier)
tiep voi
vdi
o ,
nguyen tir
tir trdn.Vf
tren.V1du,du,goc
goc aaH20
H2o la
la 104°28'.
104 28 .

Biet clOdai
Biet d6 dailien
lienket,
k&,goc
gOclien
lienkd't
kettatosesexac
xacdjnh
dinhduqc
dttqcca'u
du clang hinh hoc
dang hinh hoc cua
dm
phan tit.
tu.
DuOi day la
Ducri day la m6t
m0t sd
s6 ca'u
cau clang hinh hoc
dang hinh hoc thuong
thubng gap.
—Phan
- Phantutit33nguySn
nguyentit
titdang
dangthing:
thing: Phan tit
tu CO2

/co
/CO== i,16A
1,16A
o
0
O -C 0
=0 aoco =180°28'
a0C0 —180 28'

—Phan
- Phantutit33nguyen
nguyentu
titdang
dang tam
tam giac:
giac: Phan tit
tu H2O

/OH == 0,96k
/oh 0 96
' ^
a
a
«HH20
2O=
= 104(28'
104 8
^ '
H H

—Phan
- Phantutir44nguy6n
nguyentu
titdang
dang phing
phang tam
tam giac:
gidc: Phan tit
tir BF3

113F _
/rf =1 ,3 A
1>3 A
aFBF =120°
CtpBF =120o
F F
-
- Phan tit
tu 4 nguyen
nguyen tit
tu dang
dang that:, tam giac:
thap tam gidc: Phan tit NH3:

'NH
'nh
= 1,02A
a
a = 107°
HNH = 107°

89
 —Phan
- Phantirtit55nguygn
nguyen tu
tirdang
dang tur
to dien
dien:: Phan tit CH4:
tu CH 4;

/CH =
'ch - 1,09 A
1-09 A
O
aHCH=109
aufai 27'
= 109027'

H
—Phan
- Phan tu
tir C2H2 thu6c
thupc dang
dang thAng
thing con phan tu H2o2
phan tir H2O2 lai
lai la
la dang
dang khOng
khong
phAng:
phing:
H
VN" 0
0
H C=C H \ Vi ^
\
\
\ H

/CH—1,06
/(2Pj =1,06 A; /CC =1,20 A
Iqq —1,20 /OH~=0,95
0,95A; ioo =
A;IQQ = 1,48
1,48 A
a
HOO =
aHOO 950
= 95°
-- Mot
M6t s6
s6 phan
phan tir
tu có
co dang hinh
hlnh hoc phuc
phut tap hon. Vi du:
Phan IuQH<5 Phan it C2H6
PhantuQHfi

H H
H H

H H

4.4.
4.4. Thuyk
Thuyetsite
surediy
daygiira
giiiracac
caccap
capelectron
electron hoa
hoa tri
trj va
va dang
dang hinh hoc cua
dm
phan tir
tur

4.4.1. Khai
Khai quat
goat
Day la mot
m6t thuy6t gan dung
thuyet gin dung dua
dua trfin
tren ni6
m6 hinh
hInh cap
cap electron
electron dinh
dinh cu
cu d^
de m6
m6 ta
ti
dang hInh ciia phan tu
hinh hoc cua tit kh6ng
kh6ng chira
chda cac nguyfin
nguyen to'
t6 chuyen tiep.
Thuyet nay ducrc xay dung
duoc xay dung tir
tir nhirng
nhitng nam
nam 1940 do N. Sidgwick va H. Powell
de xuat,
xua't, sau
sau do nhieu
nhifiu nha
nha khoa hoc khac,
khac, dac biet
bifet la
la R.
R. Gillespie
Gillespie hoan
hoan thien
thien va
va
trien.
phat tri^n.

90
 Thuyit
Thuyet sac
sue cid)/ gida cdc
dciy giua cac cap electron hod
hoa tri
trj vier
viet tat la
la VSEPR
VSEPR (tieng Anh: Anh:
Valence
Valence Shell
Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Repulsion — Sik Aiy
- Sire ddy giua
gifra cac
cac cap
cap electron
electron hod
hoa tri),
cung cap
ca'p cho cac
cac nha
nha khoa
khoa hoc
hocdududown
doan diroc
duoc kha chinh xac cac cac gOc
goc hod
hoa tri trong
nhimg
nhung phan to
tir có
co nhirrig cap electron
nhOng cap electron khong
khong phan
phan chia
chia hoac cocó lien kit
ke't bOi.
bpi.

4.4.2. Luan
Lu4n diem
di6n chinh
chi'nh

Xet phan tit

tir AXnEm.
AXnE,^.
A— Nguyentirtirtrung
- Nguyen trungtam
tamcocócac
caccap
capelectron
electronhoa
hodtrjtritao
taoli6n
lienk6't
kit a;
a;
X— Capelectron
- Cap electronlien
lienk6't
kit aa vdi
vai A;
n— S6lupng
- So lutingcap
capelectron
electrontao
taothanh
thanhlien
lienket
kit ct;
a;
E— Capelectron
- Cap electron khdng
khOng phan
phan chia;
chia;
m— S6lupng
- S6' lirongcap
capelectron
electron kh6ng
kh6ng phan chia
n + m = q la tong s6
s6' cap electron hoa tri bao quanh A.
VI du:
Vidu: H
H—C—H;
H-C-H; H—N—H;
H-N-H; H—O—H

H H
CH4 NH3 H2O
AX4 AX3E
AX 3E AX2E2
B^ng4.2.
Bing 4.2. Dang
Dang hinh
hlnh h9c
hgc ctia
cua phan
phSn tit
tu AXnEm
AXnEm

Cap
Qp electron Dang AXnEm,
AX^m hinh hoc
Dang hlnh Vi du
Vidu

2 AX2
ax2 BeH2,
BcH2. HgC12
HgCl2
A
0
AX3 BF3; Al(CH3)3
X

A1(CH3)3
<

3
mm
AX2E

mm
CA 1
SnC12
SnCl2

4 AX4
X
<

CH4, Bil,
CH4, BEq
...-c

91
91
 AX3E NH 1130+
NH3, H30
Q;
AX2E2
AX2E2 (-;p,A H2S, SCI,
H2S, SCI2

--.L
\...,'
5 AX5 PCI5

fir
AX4E SF4
B

AX3E2 C1F5
ss

AX2E3 XeF2
- bi
m

6 AX6 SF6

AX5E
ax5e IF5

AX4E2 XeF4

7 AX7 IFS
ms

AX6E
AX6E
. XeF6

8 AX8 Ba(H20),
BaCHjO),
\ ,;. 3-
(TaF8)3"
(TaF8)

92
 Tit hinh dung
Tir hlnh dung nay,
nay, ngtrai to nhan
nguai ta nhan thay
thiy thuyet
thuyet sac
sue ddy
diy gicia
giua cac cap electron
hod tri co
hoa tri c6 cac
cdc quy tdc
tac sau:
a) Cau hlnh
a) Ca'u hinh cac
cdc lien ket
lc&ciia
citanguyen
nguyentuta (hay(hay ion)
ion) trung
trung tam
tam da
da hoa
hod tri chi phu
thuOc vao tdng
thudc vao tong so
s6 cap
cap electron
electron hoa
hod tri
tri qq == nn ++ m
m bao quanh no.
b) Kich
b) Kich thudc
thaetc cua
caa nhung
nhfing obitan
obitan ciia
cUacap
capelectron
electron hoa
hodtrj
tri duoc
&lac phan
phan b6'
b6 sao
cho su
sir ddy
day giira cdc cap
giua cac Op electron
electron dO cuc tidu.
do la cue tieu. Deng
Dang hinh hoc caa
cua flitting
nhung phan tir
tu
AXnEm khOng
AXnEm c6 nhung
khdng co nhimg lien
lien ket bbi
bOi nguoc
ngtrac ghi
ghi 6a bang 4.2.
c) Mat cap electron khOng
c) Mot phan chia
khong phan chia (kpc) chiem mot
mot khoang
khoang khOng
khdng gian
16n han so
16n hon so vdi
vii mot
mot cap
cap electron
electron tham
tham gia vao
vao lien
lien ket
ket don.
don. Sac
Sire ddy
d^y gifia
giua cdc
cac cap
electron hod
hoa tri giam theo thd
thur tu sau:
Cap kpc
kpc — cap kpc (E —
- cap E) >> cap
- E) cap kpc — cap lien
- cap lien ket
k6t (E
(E — X) > cap
- X) cap lien
lienket
ket—
-
cap lien
lien ket
k6't (X
(X— X). Vf
- X). VI du:
H
I..
•• •••c•'•
,/ \,
H H H H
H/jH H H
H^ HH H

109o28'
< 109°28' < 107°
<107° 104o30'
< 104°30'
O
d day electron khdng
day cap electron khOngphan
phanchia
chiachi
chichju
chiu tac
tdcdung
dung hut
but chu
cha yeu
yeti cua
caa met
m6t
hat nhAn, dovay
nhan, do viy dl
de chiem
chiem m6t
met khOng gian Ion
khong gian 16nhon
hanso
sovdi
vai m6t
met cap
cap electron
electron lien
lidn ket
bi hitt manh hon
hut manh han tdi hat nhan.
Nhu vay, trong
Nhu vay, trong m6t
met day
day phan
phan ta
tu cling
cimg dang
dang (CH4,
(CH4, NH3, H2O) khi met
H2O) khi m6t cap
electron kpc thay
electron kpc thay the
the met
mdt cap electron lien
li6n ket
k6't thi no
no c6
co xuxu huang
hudng chiem
chifi'm melt
m6t thd
th^
tich kh6ng
khong gian 16n han va se dAn
Ion hon den sir
dan dd'n su giam
giam goc
g6c hod
hoa tri.
d) Khong gian caa
d) Kh6ng cua melt cap lien
m6t cap lien k€kett giam khi dO am difin
d6 am ph6'i ta
dien cua ph6i tu tang se
clan den goc
dan den g6c hoa
hoe trj
tri hop
hap boi
bai nhung
nhang lien
lifin lc& caa nguyen
ket ciia nguyen tu
tit trung
trung tarn
tam voi
v6i nhung
nhang ph6i
phb'i
tir cang am
Amdifin
dien cang
cang coc6 gia
gia tri nhO.
nho. ViVI du,
du, dang
dang AX3E:

M,
N "
NH3: I
H^^H;11; NFj;
NF3: F^l^F

< 107
<107° <102°
< 102'
Do F co del Amdien
do am dienIon
letnhon
kinHH nfen
nen goc
goc hoa
hod tri FNF
FNF < HNH .
Ket qua tuong
Ket qua Wangtutocung
clingcocothe
thdquan
quansat
sattha'y
thy 0a cac
cdc hop
hap chat
chit PI3 (102°); PBr3
o o 0
(101°5)
(101 5) hoac PC13
PCI3 (100°3);
(100 3); PF3 (97°8).
(97 8).

93
 Khi trinh bay clang hinh hoc
dang hinh hoc phSn
phan tuto co
có cling
cdng thtic
thuc chung AXnEm
AXnEm ta chi chi xet
den
dfe'n cac lien
lifin lc& don, tuy vay
k6't don, vfty nguOi
ngudi tata cung
cling co
có th^
the de cap den
den ca
ca trtrOng
trircmg hap
hop theo
lien ket b6i
lidn k^t b6i vdi
vai nhCrng
nhung quy
quy tac
tic dinh
dinh tinh
tmh nint
nhu sau:
Hai cap electron dm
cua mot
m6tlien
li6nlc&
k6't d6i hay
hay baba chiem
chiemmotm6tkh6ng
khdnggian
gianlarn
Idn hcm
hon
so vdi
voi kitting
khdng gian cua m6t cap electron thu6c
thubc lien
lifen lc&
ke't don. VI
Vi du, xet phan
phan tit
tu SO2:
SO2:

0 0

—Trong phan tu
- tit nay
nay cocó hai
hai lien
lien ket
k& d6i
d6i SS==O0 g6m
g6m mot
mot cap electron aa va
va mot
cap electron 7C. Ngoairarabctnguyfin
tc. Ngoai nguyentutitSScocom6t
motcap
capelectron
electronkhbng
kh6ng phan
phan chia.
—Theo
- Theo cac
cac quy
quy tac
tic tren
tr6n day,
day, quanh
quanh nguyen tir trung
nguySn tir tam S
trung tam S có
co hai
hai cap
cap
electron lien ket
electron li6n ket aa va
va mot
m6t cap
cap electron
electron khOng
khdng phan chia. Nhu the no
phan chia. no thu0c
thuoc dang
AX2E, tdc
ttic la no co
cd cau
ca'u dang hinh
hinh gOc chit V).
goc (hinh chu
—Trong thuyet sure ddy, tuy chtta
- chua xac dinh
dinh duac
duoc to
rorang
rangquan
quanh@
h6 gilia
giua kh6ng
khbng
gian
gian hai cap electron
electron ciia
cua hai
hai lien
li6n ket
ket yeti
vdi kh6ng
khdng gian cua m6t
mdt cap
cap electror,
electron kpc,
nhung
nhung da s6
s6' y kien
kien cho
cho rang,
rang, m0t
m6t cach
each gan
gindung,
dung,hai
haikhOng
khdng gian
gian dO
do xap
xa'p xi
xi bang
nhau.
Cling phainoi
Cung phai nOith6m
themring
rangmacmacdudu thuyet
thuyet sdcsuc diy
dly dadigop
Opphln
'lan giai thicl
thi'ca goc
goc
hoa tri cua
hoa tri cua mdt
m6t sd
s6 dang
dang phan
phan tu
tit co
co ket
ket qua
qua tot.
tot. Tuy
Tuy nhidn
nhien no
no cung
ding gap phai
phai r.humg
thi-mg
kh6
kho khan
khankhOng
khdngthe
th^VlICA qua.
vuqt qua.
VI du, cac halogenua kim loai kiem
Vf du, kilm th6 dang MX2 (X = F, F, Cl,
Cl, Br,
Br, I)
I) pl.ai
plai có
co
cau trtic thing vi
ca'u true vl c6
co hai cap electron lien ket
electron lifin ket 0a (q
(q = 2) song
song du doin
doan nay
nay chi
chi dting
dung
khi M = Be con khi M = Ba Ba thi
thi hoan
hoan toan
toan sai
sai (cac
(cac halogenua
halogenua cua
ciia Ba
Ba deu
dlu cóco dang
hinh goc).
gOc). Nguydn
Nguyen nhan
nhan cua
cua su sai Lech naylala do
Ifich nay do khi
khi xac
xac lap
lap dang hinh hoc :tong
'rong
thuyet suc ddy khOng he In 51 den viec cac cap electron &roc dat tren nhang
thuygt sure dly khdng hd luu y ddn vide cac cap electron duoc dat trdn nhung cbitan
nao va
va ddn
den ki'ch
kich thuoc
thy& cita
cua nguyen
nguyfin tit
tu trung tam.

4.5.
4.5. D4c
Dac&int
diemchung
chungye
velien
lien ket
ket Ong
cong hod
hoa tri

4.5.1. Gidi
Giai thich cac van
vl'n de lien ket theo do xen phu ctia
cua cac AO

Si! hinh
a) Su hinh thdnh
thdnh lien
lien ket
kit vd
vd tinh
tinh tufo
bdo hod cua
ccia lien
lien ket
kit
Phan tir hidro H2FI2 hinh thanh tittir hai nguyen
nguydn tit
tif H
H yeti
ved spin
spin d6i
dd'i song
songlaladodo skr
su
xen phu
xen cua hai
phu cua hai obitan
obitan hoa
hoa tri
tri Is
is cua hidro tao ra. Dieu
cua hidro tao ra. Didu naynay co nghia
nghla la lies
lidi ket
cling
c6ng hod
hoa tri
tri dIrcrc hinh thanh.
duoc hinh thlnh. I■ 16u ta them mot
Nd'u m6t nguyen
nguydn tittir H
H thir
thur ba
baElam
nlm va)
van hai

94
nguyen
nguyen tit
tir hidro tren se
se xay
xay rara cócomQt
mot spin
spin cling
cung chieu
chi£u vOi mot trong hai electron.
vdi mot
Ket qua la giCta hainguyen
giira hai nguyen tir tit HH co
có spin
spin cung
ding chieu ddy
day nhau,
nhau, lien
lien Ica
ket khOng
khong hinh
thanh.
thanh. Nhu vay,
vay, chi có
co phan
phan tir H2 ma kh6ng khdng cocó phan tit DO chinh
tir H3. Do chinh lala tinh bao
hoa cua
ctia lien
lien ket
ket cong
Ong hod
hoa tri.
tri. Mot
M6t s6so vi
vi du minh hoa tren hinh 4.1:

S
H2:
Is

HC1: Is
HCI:
-3s 2 3p 5

3Pz

Cl2:: -
C12 3s 23p 55
-3s
5 z
~3s 23p 5
-3s

Hinh 4.1. Sy
Sir hinh
hinh thanh lien
lidn ket
ket trong cac phan
phSn tir
tit H2, HCI va Cl2
CI2

b) Nguyen ly xen phu

phi; cue
cuc dai vd tinh dinh hu&ng
htferngcua
via lien
lien ket
kit
Xet
Xet susir hinh
hinh thanh
thanh lien
lien ket
ket trong
trong motm6t
phan tit ta
phan tir to nhan
nhan tha'y,
tidy, lien
lien ket
ket giita
gifia hai
hai nguyen
nguy6n H
tir cang ben khikhi mtic
mire dO phis cua
d6 xen phii dia cac obitan
cang lan.
Idn. Nhtt
Nhu vay,
vay, có
co mot
m6t nguyen
nguydn 19 ly duoc xac /A
a
lap:
lap: lien
lidn ket
ket duoc
duoc phan
phanb6 botheo
theomelt
m6tphttcrng
phucmg O H20
nao dodo de su xen phu giitagiira cac obitan
obitan tham
tham gia
lien ket dat duoc gid
lien kdt gia tri cuc
cue dai.
dai. Do
Do la la nguyen
nguydn
19 xen phu
ly xen phi] cue
cut dai.
dai. Dua
Dua tren
trdn nguyen
nguydn 19 ly nay,
nay, H
H
d6i
dO'i veri nhiing phan
vdi nhung phan tit
tir da
da nguyen
nguydn tit, tir, vi du
du
Hinh 4.2.
H,nh 4
-2- St, hinh thanh
thi,nh lien
li§n loit
k6 t
trong
trong phan
phan tit
tir H2O,
H2O. goc aa tao taoberi
boi hai lienlidn ket
kd't '
o trong
tron
9 POlen
han tit H2O
^ H20
OH co giagid tri bang 104°30'
104 30' (xem hinh 4.2).

De
Dd1 có
co aH20
cipj^o xac
xacdinh
djnhnay,
nay,su
sirxen
xenphis
phu giCta AO-ls cua
giira AO-Is ciia H va 2p cua
ciia oxi phai

twang
hucrng doc theo truc
true lien
lidn k&ket OH.
OH. Dieu
Dieu nay
nay da" phan anh
da phan anh dung
dung tinh
tinh xen phu
phii dinh
huang de dat duoc
hudng d^ duoc gia
gid tri
tri xen
xen phu
phu cue
arc dai
dai cua
dia lien
lidn ket.
Tinh dinh huang
hudng dm
cua lien
lidn k6t
kd't ding
cung co
co the
th^ tim
tim dig},
tha'y cr nhieu phan
d nhidu phan tir
tit khac
khac nhau
nhtt:
nhu: H2S (92°); H2Se
HjSe (91°)...
(91°)..

95
4.5.2. Lien ket
4.5,2. Lien kit a va tcit
Cac dang li6n
Cac dang lien k6't
ket cta va 7t71 trong
trong hoa
hoa hoc
hoc da
da gop
g6p phan
phan giai
giii thi'ch
thich ban
bin ccMt
hat cua
dm
lien ket
1(6 cdng
Ong hoa
hoa tri.
tri. Cac
Cac dang
dang naynay phu
phu thuOc
thudc vao tmh
tinh dd'i
d6i xting, sir phan
ximg, sir phan bo
b6 mat d0
d6
electron cua
dm cac AO d6i d6'i vai
v6i truc
true lien
liSn ket. Sau day ta xet mot
mftt s6 dang thir6ng
thudng gap.

a) Lien
Lienket
kit a
a
Lien kfit
ldt aalalalien
lidnket
ket&roc
duoc hinh
hlnh thanh
thanh khi cac AO AO tham gia lien
li6n ket xen pith
phu
doc theo truc
true lien
lifin k6t. Co th(?
ke't. Co the noi
not li6n
lien kfi't
1dt nay
nay co
co db'i
d6i xumg
ximg quay
quay quanh
quanh true
truc LiSn
lien ket
(xem hInh
hinh 4.3) theo hai ben truc.true.

S-S
H2 HC1

a2
Hlnh 4.3. St/
Hinh Si/ hlnh
hinh thanh li§n
lien ket oa

b) Lien
Lien ket
kit ,r
n
Ngoai li6n
Ngoai lien kd't
ket cr,
a, trong
trong qua trinh hinh
hlnh thanh
thanh lien
lifin ket
kfi't ta con ilia),
tha'y co
co sir
su xen
xen
phu gifra cac
phu giOa cac AO-p
AO-p vava AO-d
AO-d b&hai
haib6n
bentrue
truccua
dia lifin
lien k^t.
k6t. Vay
\fay lien
li6n ket n k^t
it la lien ket
&roc hInh thanh
duqc hinh thanh dodo su
sir xen
xen phii
phu cac
cac cap
cap AO-p
AO-p hoac
hoac AO-d,
AO-d, theo
theo hai
hai ben true
truc lien ket
ke't
va nAm trong mat phang vuOng
nam trong vufing goc with truc lien
vdi true lien k^t.
k&. Su
Sir xen phu
phii giCra cac AO dd
giffa cac de'
tao ra lien k6t it co th^
ke't n thd xay
xiy ra cac truing
trucmg hop
hop sau:
Xen phu p-p.
+ Xen p— p. Cac AO-p c6 thd xen phu bit hai phis
co th^ phia truc
true lien
lien ke't
ke't (theo stem
suorn
truc ket), (xem hinh 4.4).
true lien ke't),

Py Py it(13-1))
k(P—P)

Hlnh 4.4. Sy
Hinh Si/xen phu giCra
xen phu glQa hai
hal AO-p

96
 + Xen phi;
phu p—d. Su xen
p-d. Su xen phu
phu cua
cua hai
hai AO
AO nay
nay cung
cling dan
din toi su hinh
hlnh thanh lien
liSn
ket n, (xem hlnh
k^t 7i, hinh 4.5).

pp d Tc(p-- d)
7t(p d)

Hlnh 4.5. Sr
Hinh Si/xen phugiCra
xen phu giura AO-p va AO-d

+ Xen phit
+ phu d—d.
d-d. Hai AO-d xen phu yeti nhau se
vdi nhau se dan
din den
dfi'n su hinh
hlnh thhnh
thanh lien
lifin
ket rc, (xem hlnh
7t, (xem hinh 4.6).
4.6).

d d 7t(d -- d)
7i(d

Hlnh 4.6. Sy'

Hinh Si/ xen phu
phu glera
gIGra hal
hai AO-d

- Lien ke't
— Lifin ket nit lam thanh mat phang
phang dtfi
d6i xung
xtIng chira
chtlatrue
truclifin
lienkfe't.
Vt.
—Li6n
- Lienk^t
lc&nnco
c6d6
dOb6n
benkern
kern lifin
lien k^t
lc& a.
a.
Bai
Bai tap tip
ap dung 4.3: Dua vao vho kha khi nang xen phu giita
giua cac obitan nguyen
nguyfin tit
tir
hay giai
giii thich
thfch su
su hinh
hlnh thanh
thanh lien
lifin ket
kfi't trong
trong phan
phan tit
tir N2.

LZri giii: Trong

Lcri giai: Trong phan
phan tu
tit N2
N2 (N
(N h= N)
N) ngoai
ngoai lifin
lien kfi't
ket oa doc
doc theo
theo truc
true lien
lifin lc&
kfit
con c6
co hai cap AO-px
AO-px va AO-py. Timg cap
AO-py. Timg cap AO
AO nay
nay co
c6 hudng
twang song song se xen phu
vai
voi nhau ct hai bfin
6 hai ben suim
sudn truc
true lien
lifin lc& tao ra
kfit tao ra hai
hai lifin
lien kfit
ket goi la
la lien
lifin ket
kfit 7t.
7t. Ket
Kfit qua
nay duqc
duoc minh hoa trfin
tren hinh
hlnh 4.7.

97
 7lyV~

m m M V,.
N

m m

Hlnh 4.7. Skt

Hlnh Si/ hlnh
hinh th^nh lien keit
thinh lien ket o
Cr vine trong phan
van trong phin tit
tu N2
N2

DO bin dm
D6 b^n cuacac
cacdang
danglien
li6nk6t
kftnay
naydtr6c
duocx6p
xd'ptheo
theothCr
thu" tir
tu nang
nang lircing
lucrng tang dan
En < Ea.
Ect.

4.6.
4.6. Thuyit
Thuyetlai
laihoa
hoaye
ve lien
lien ket
ket

4.6.1. Khai niem ve si/

su lai boa
hoa

Truck
Trirdc khi xet n6i
n6i dung
dung dm cua lyly thuy6t
thuyet lai
lai hoa
hoa mot
m6t cach
each chi
chi tier,
tiet, cluing
chung tota xet
qua
qua trinh hinh
hinh thinh
thanh lien
lidn k6t
k^t trong
trong phan
phan tir
tu metan
metan CH4.
CH4. MI Ca'u hinh
hinh electron
electron dmcua
2 13
cacbon ar trang thai
a trang thai kich thfch
thich la 1s2Is 2s1
2s 2p3. xen phu
2p . Su xen phu cuacaa mot
mbt AO-2s va ba AO-
2p ciia
cua nguyen
nguyfin tit
tir C
C d6i
ddi yeti b6n AO-Is
vdi b6'n AO- ls cua
cita nguydn
nguyen turtit hidro
hidro trong
trong phan
plan tir
tir CH4 da
din
dSn tai
tdihinh
hinhthinh
thanh haihai
loai lien
loai ketkd't
lifin C—H C-Hkhac
khacnhau:
nhau:mot
mdt lien k6tk^tC—H
lien C-H(s—s)
(s-s) va ba
lien k6t
ket C—H
C-H (s—p) (xem hinh
(s-p) (xem hinh 4.8a).
4.8a).

o (s-s)
a (s-s)
CD

(s-p)
a (s-p)

o (s-p)
a (s-p)

a (s-s)

Hlnh 4.8a.
Hinh 4.8a. Su hlnh thanh
su hinh thanhlien
llinkeit
ket trong Hlnh 4.8b.
Hinh 4.8b. Si/
Ski hlnh
hinh thanh
thanh lien
lion k§'t
ket trong
phin tit
phan tur CH4 khl C
C chua bj !al
chtta bi lai hoa phin tit
phan tur CH4
CH4 khl
khl CCddtrang
trangthai
thatlai
laihoa spa3
hoi sp

98
 Tuy
Tuy nhien,
nhifin, thuc nghiem
nghiem chi
chi ra
ra rang,
ring, b6n
bd'n lien
lienket
ketC—H
C-H trong CH4 la
la hoin
hoan
town nhu nhau
loan nhu nhau va
vAdiroc
&rocdjnh
dinhhudng
twang timg
tirngd6i
d6i m6t
mot vdi
vOinhau
nhauthanh
thinh nhimg
nhfrng goc
goc 109°28'
lOP^S'
theo cac phuong tir tam den bon cna mfit
b6'n dinh ciia mot tir
to dien
dien d^u
deu (xem
(xem hinh 4.8b).

De
Dfi' giai
giai thich
thfchski* hinhthanh
sir hinh thinh cac lien
lien ket
kfit C—H trong phan tir CH4, Pauling
C-H trong di
Pauling da
dua ra thuyet
thuySt lai hod.
hoa.
Theo
Theo thuyet
thuyet lai hod,
hoa, truOc khi hinh
trudc khi hinh thanh
thanh 44 lien ket
ket C—H thi lAO-2s
C-H thi 1A0-2s va
va
3
3A0-2p
3AO-2p cua
cua cacbon
cacbon trOn lan nhau
tr6n iSn nhau tao
tao ra 4 AO-sp3
AO-sp hoAn townnhu
hoan to^n nhu nhau.
nhau. B6'n
B6n AO
nay goi
goi la cac AO da
di lai
lai hod
hoa (hinh 4.8b).
Cdc AO da
Cac AO di lai
lai hod
hoa cua C se xen phit vai AO-Is
phu vdi AO-ls cua H manh hart
han (do
(d6 xen phu
lan
16n hart),
hem), clan
dSn den lien
li6n ket
ket C—H ben vung
C-H ben yang hon.
hem.
Tir nhang di^u
Tit nhumg diet' trinh bay tren day ta nit
rut ra m6t so
s6 nhan xet sau:
—Trang
- Trang thdi
thai lai
lai hod
hoa IA trang thdi
la trang suy bien,
thai suy bi£n, cac obitan
obitan lai
lai hod
hoa IA
la nhrtng
nhumg t6
tuyen ti'nh
hop tuyd'n tinh cua cac obitan nguyen
nguySn tir.
tir,
—S6 obitan lai hod
- bang s6
hoa blng s6' obitan nguyen tir
tii tham gia lai hod.
hoa.
—Trang thdi
- thai lai hod
hoa xugt
xua't hien
hidn khi hieu
hifiu cac miic nang
nang Wong cua cac
Immig cua cac obitan
nguyen kh6ng khdc
nguydn tir khdng khac nhau nhieu.
nhi6u.

4.6.2. Cac dang lai hoa

CO nhieu dang
Co nhiSu dang lai
lai hoa
hod khdc
khic nhau. Sau day ta
Sau day ta x6t
xet cac
cdc dang
dang lai
lai hoa
hod chinh.

a) Lai hoti sp33 (lai

hod sp (lai hod
hodtá* diets)
t A dien)
Vi du phan
phan tir CH4:
CH4:

Mot
M6t AO-s trOn ba AO-p
tr6n ba AO-p tao ra b6n AO-sp3 dinh
bd'n AO-sp3 dinh htrOng
hucmg theo phucrng
phuong tir tam
den
de'n ban
b6n dinh cua hinh
hinh ttt
tir dien
difin deu
ddu (xem hinh 4.9).
3
Cdc AO-sp thu
Cac AO-sp3 thu dtrac
duoc xen
xen phit
phu true tiep
ti^p yeti AO- lscua
voi AO-Is citaHH tao
tao ra
ra 4 lien ket
C—H yang nhu
ben vung
C-H ben nhu nhau
nhau trong
trong phan tit
tir CH4.
Mot each hoan
M6t edeh towntuong
hoin toan arcingtu,
a!,ngucfi
ngtreritatacung
dingdadichumg
chiing minh
minh duoc
duck nguyen tit
tir
3
oxi trong H2O hay nito trong NH3
NH3 ciing
cung bu trang
tang thdi
thai lai hod sp3..
hoa sp
33
1A0-2s
lAO-2s ++3AO-2p
3A0-2p --->> 4A0-sp
4AO-sp

99
 2pz 2py 2px 2Pz ^Py 2px
rnrni
mm
ftTTnrn
2s
2s
HI
Trang thai lai
Trang thdi lai hoa
hoi
Trang thii
thai kfch
kich
thii co
Trang that cO thfch ciia
cua C* sp3
cua C spa
bancuaC
ban cua C

"? 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
sp
sp , sp ,, sp
Sp ,, sp
sp
s» Px' Py Pz
Px, Py,
3
Hinh 4.9. Lai
Hlnh 4.9. Lai ho4
holt sp
sp

b) Lai hod
b) Lai hod sp
Si2 (lai
(lai hod
hod tam
tarn gidc)
gidc)
VI
Vi du, phan tit C2H4:
phantitcyij; AO ^ „to .rong m6. m5t phkg hop
MOt AO-s trOn veri hai AO-p tao ra ba AO-sp2 ram trong mOt mat piling hop
M6t AO-s trftn v6i hai AO-p tao ra ba AO-sp namttong
v6i
v« nhau
nhau mot
mot g6c
glfc—120
-1X0° 0 (xem hinh 4.10).
(xem htah 4.10).

2pz 2py 2px 2p

2pI 2py
2p1 2py 2px
2pA
mrj] II
cuo
[unii

2s

thai lai
Trang thii lai hoa
hoi
Trang tMi
thai ki'ch
kich
Trang th4i
thai co
thi'ch cita
thich cua C* cua C sp22
binciiaC
ban cua C
2
3AO-sp
---4 3A0-sp
1A0-2s
lAO-2s + 2A0-2p
+2AO-2p

100
 H Si
H
„ N t /H
hay H /C=C^
NC C
MS %
H H
iH

2
hoA sp2
Hlnh 4.10. Lai hob
Hinh

c) Lai hod sp (lai

(lai hod
hod thcing)
thing)
VI du v6
Vi ve lai hoa sp
sp cUa
cua BeH2:
BeH2;

2pz
2^ 2py
2 2p„ 2pz
2Pz 2py
2
Py 2px 2py
2 2
Py ZPx 2Px Py 2p,
Rh
t
sp
t
TTTti
2s 2s
tl t
m

Trang thai co
ca Trang
Trang thdi ki'ch
thii kich Trang thii lai
Trang thai lai hod
boa
bdn cila
ban cua Be thfch
thich cua
cila Be*
Be* ciia Be
cila Be sp
sp
MOt AO-s
M6t AO-s trfin
trOnvdi
vdim6t
motAO-p
AO-ptao
taothanh
thinh hai
hai AO-sp
AO-sp nam
nom thang
thing hang vdi
voi nhau
nhung hirdng
huang ve doi nhau (xem hinh 4.11).
vi hai phia dd'i
1A0-2s
lAO-2s++lAO-2p
1A0-2p -->> 2A0-sp
2AO-sp

H Be

(3I>'<Z0' " C-

Lai hob
Hinh 4.11. Lai hod sp
3 2 3 *
Cac dang lai
Cac dang lai hoa
hoa khac
khac nhu dsp3
dsp hay
hay d2sp3...
d sp ... ciing win thu cac
cung tufln cdc nguyen tic
nguyfin tac
chung ye
vi lai hod.
hoa.
Bli
Bai tap
tap fip
ap dung 4.4: Xet trang
tang thai
thailai
laihoi
hoacUa
cuaNNtrong
trongphan
phantar
tcr NH3.
Lei
Liri giii:
giai: Dip
Diravao
vaolylythuyet
thuy^tlai
laiboa
hoanguqi
ngudito
ta có
co the
thd' giii
giaithfch
thfchduqc
duoc ski
six hinh
hinh
thanh lien
lifin kit cua NH3 nhu sau:
k^t cUa
2 2 3
Ca'u hinh electron N: IIss2 2s2 2p3
Cgu
•» 3 x
Su lai hoa
Sir lai hoa cua N la spa
sp duqc
duoc minh hoa bang so d6:
do:

101
101
 t t
2p
t t t
N (sp3 )
ti
2s

N:
(spa ) ti
a a hay

H:

Bai tap ip dung 4.5:

tap ap 4.5: Dua
Dira vao ly thuy6t
vao15, thuyet lai hoa hay cho bi6t
biet su
sir hinh
hinh tianh
tianh
lifen Ic6t
lien k^t trong
trong phan
phan ttr
to CH3-CN.
CH3—CN.
Ldi giid:
Lbi giai; Qua
Qua trinh
trlnh hInh thanh lifin
hinh thanh lien ket
1dt trong
trong phan
phantit
tirnay
naytheo
theothuyet
thuya la,
la, hoa
hoi
co the
có th^ bleu
bi^u dien
di6n nhu
nhu sau:
sau: Sc1
So d6
doLewis
Lewis cua
ciia phan
phantir H3C —C2sa N
tit H3C1-C2

H: Is Hx 3

t t t Cj (sp )
3 2 3
c|1 (sp3)
C* (sp ) 1s22s
1s 2s 2p
2p3

tt ttf ]] C2 (sp)
k
71 n
C^tsp) Is2 2s
C;(sp) 1s2 2s 2p
2p3
3
>

N (sp)
2 2
N(sp)
N(sp) ls
1s22s 2p3
2s22p3

Hay

.411-1111. H3C—C=NII

102
4.7.
4.7. Sur Oat' cut
Sir phan cac cua
cua phan
phan tit
tu

Tit cau tao nguyen to

Tir ca'u tir (chuang
(chucfng 2)
2) ta
ta c6
co the
thd suy
suy ra
ra rang,
rang, trong
trong phan
phan tir,
tu, cac hat
nhan
nhan nguyen tit tir mang dien
diSn tich
tt'ch during, con cac electron mang
ducmg, con mang dien
di6n tich
tt'ch am. Gida
Gifia
cac hat tich
tfch dien
dien duang
duong va
va am
am nay
nay c6
cothe
thetim
timdig)/
tha'y met
mot diem
di^m goigpiIA
la trong tam
tarn dien
tich duang va am.
ti'ch dirong
Neu
Neu hai
hai trong
trong tam
tarn dien
dien tich
tfch trai
trai dau
da'u nay
nay triing
trung len
Ifinnhau,
nhau, nghia
nghla IA
la may
may
electron durgc phanbd
dupe phan be hoan
hoan loan
toan ddi
dei xung
ming tht
thi phan
phan tu
tit dupe
&lac gpi
goi la phan
phan tit
tu kh6ng
khdng
phan cuc. Trong
phan cue. Trong truong
twang hop
hop ngtrac
ngupc lai, hai trong tamtarn dien tich
tfch duang
duong va am kheng
khong
trimg
trung nhau luc do phan tit cuc.
tu co cue,
De dac trong
trung cho
cho tinh
tfnh chat
chatdien
diennay
naycUa
cua phan
phan tit
tu nguei
ngucri ta
ta dua
duavAo
vao khai niem
luting cuc dien.
luong cue

4.7.1. Momen luong

4.7.1. Momen luting cue
arc
Trong met
m6t he
hegem
gomhai
haidien
dientich
tfchbang
bangnhau
nhaunhung nguoc
nhung dab,
ngupc kyky
da'u, hieu IA la
hieu +q+q
NIA
va
—q, dateach
-q, dat cachnhau
nhaum6t
met khoang cach e.
khoing each De co cuc
t DP cue dm
cua met
mpt phan
phan tit
tir dtrac
dupe bieu
bie'u dien qua
met dai luting
mPt luong goi
gpi lA
la momen Wong arc, ky
luong cue, ky hieu
hieu la
laj.t.
p. Dai luting
lupng nay cluac
dupe xac dinh
djnh
bang tich
tfch cita
cua dien tich each €:
tfch q va khoang cach t.

+q
q— q
-q µ
p = qi
q.l (4.1)
Momen luting
ludng cuc
cue IA met dai lupng
la mPt Wang vecto
vecto hudng
huong tir
tir cue
cuc duong
&tang d&t
den cue
cuc am.
Dan
Don vi
vj thueng
thucmg dung
dungde
d^drat
tfnhmonen
monenWang
luongIA
la Debye, D.
Quan he
he gifia
gift DDva
va C.m
Cm (don
(don vi SI)
SI) nhu
nhu sau:
sau: ID 3,33.1030
1D==3,33.10 " C.m.
Cm.

4.7.2. Momen ludmg

4.7.2. Momen luting cue
ate va ca'u
cau tao phan tit
tu

Ta biet
biPt rang momen
momen Wang cuc lien
luong cue lien quan
quan chat
chat che den cau
the dPn ca'u trim
true hinh
htnh hoc
hoc cUa
cua
cac nguyen tit
tir trong phan tit.
tu. Khi tinh
tfnh toan gia tri µ
p dei
dP'i vai
vdi phan
phan tit
tu nhieu
nhi^u nguyen
nguydn tit tir
ta thuc
thuc hien
hien bang
bang cach
eachOng
cPngvector
vecto thanh
thanh phan
phan cUa
cua tirng
tung momen
momen lien
lien ket
ke't lai
lai vOi
vPi
nhau.
nhau. Trong trtkmg hap nay ta thita
truong hop nhan mPi
thira nhan mei lien kdt
ket c6
co met
mPt momen xac dinh djnh goigpi
lA momen lien
la momen lien keft.
kit.
Cluing
Chung ta )(et met vi
x^t mPt vf du sau day:
Phan
Phan tit
tir hai nguyen
nguyen tit
tir co
co dang
dang AB.
AB. Momen
Momen luting
luong cut
cue j.t
p cita
cua phan
phan tir
tir nay
nky
dung bang
bang momen
momen lien
lienket
kftAB.
AB.Dieu
Didunay
nayco
cothe
th^dig)/
tha'y&
d cac
c&c phan tit
tit HCI,
HQ, HBr, HI...
Doi
DP'i vei
vdi phan
phan tit
tir 33 nguyen
nguyen tit
tir ABC,
ABC, gia tri lpdtrac
dupetinh
tfnhtheo
theoso
sodo
dPceng
cPngAlecto
vecto
duei (hlnh 4.12). 6
dudi day (hinh 6 day P]III va P2 lA
va i12 la momen lien ket
ktft AB va AC.

103
103
 -O -9 2 m
- == mj -222 + - fi2
- cosa
Hi12 mi ++rh2 2pitt2cosa.
-t- 2|l 1

Hinh 4.12.
Hlnh 4.12. So
So do
diSc^ng
cong vecto
vecto trong
trong phAn hi ABC
phSn tur

Khi thirc
Khi thgc hi6n
hien phep
pile')tinh
tinht6ng
tdngvecta
vectotataphai
phii chii
chityy d^n
den chi^u
chieu cua
dm cac momen
lien Vt.
k£t. D6i
D6ivai
vdiphAn
phan tir
tir CO2 có
co au
ca'utrtIc
true thing
thing se
sedin
dinteri
toi tt
)a == 0,
0.

O C o
Ngtrac lai,
Nguoc 14i, cung
cling vinvin phAn tir 33 nguyfin
phin tir nguyen tir ABC nhir
tir ABC nhu H2O
H2O nhimg
nhung co cau
ctku trtic
true
khOng thing thi gia
kh6ng thing gia tri
tri IA
p * 0.

V a = 104o5^

D6i
D6'i yeti phAntirtitphirc
vdi phin phirctap,
tap,v6yenguydn
nguyentic tictatavln
vanapapdung
dungquy
quytic
ticc6ng
Ong vecto
a
di xac Binh
djnh gia tri
tri cita
cua ta. nhud<5i
p nhir d6i vdi
veriphin
phAntirtirdiclobenzen
diclobenzen(2(2 nhdm
nhom th^
the nhu nhau):
Ap dung
dung quy
quy tic
tic cong
c6ng vecto ta
ta co:

tto
H0 == V2tt?
^/2pj ++2pi
24. cos60°
cos 60° == 3p15
3p\/3

p.m
pm == ‘^2^1
121.t?+2pf cos 120°o
+ 24 cosl20

pp
lip = Ili -
= 1^1 -III =0
I1! = 0

ortho-
ortho- meta- para-
D6i
D6'i yeti
vdi cac trubng hap khac
tnrcmg hop khac thi
thi ta
ta phai
phii chit
chu Y den chidu
y ddn chieu dm
ciia vecto
vecto momen
momen
lien
lidn ket.
kft.
104
 Being 4.3.
Bang 4.3. Gi^
GIStrjhin caa
cua mot
mot s6
so phan
phdn tit
tu

Hop chat 1.t

P(D)(D) Hop chat m. (D)
H(D)
HCl
HC1 1,07 H2
HjOO 1,84
1,84

H13r
HBr 0,79 C6H5C1
C6H5C\ 1,53
1,53

HI 0,38 C6H5NO2
C6H5N02 3,90
NH3 1,46
1,46 C6H5NH2
c6h5ne2 1,60
1,60

Nhu vay,
vay, nhd
nhOcac
cac gia
gia trj
tri |it tinh
tinh toan
toan ducrc
duoc so sanh yeti cac gia
vdi cac gia tri
tri µ xac dinh
bang thirc
thuc nghiem da cho phep
phep nguCti
ngircri tatathiet
thietlap
lapca'u
cat' true
trtic hinh
hinh hoc
hoc cua
dm phan tu.

4.8.
4.8. Lien
Lienkit
ketion
iontrong
trong phan
phan tit
tur

4.8.1. Khai quat

Loai lien k6't
Loai lien ket thu
thuf hai
hai khd
kha ph6
ph6 bien trong cac hop
hop chat hod
hoa hoc v6
vo co la lien
lidn
ket
k6't ion.
Loai lien ket nay
Loai lifen nay hinh
hinh thanh
thanh dtroc
duoc xem
xem nhtr
nhu c6co susu chuyen
chuy^n electron
electron tit
tir m6t
m6t
nguyen tir
terco
c6ti'nh
tinh duong
throngdien
dien manh
manh sang
sang m6t
mot nguyfen
nguyen tirtit co
có tfnh
tinh am
am diSn
dien manh.
manh. Vi
du nhu trong phan
phan tic
tu NaC1, electron duoc
NaCl, electron &roc chuy^n
chuyen tir
tit Na
Na sang
sang C1
Cl d^ Na+
de tao thanh Na+
Cl
C1 (xem
(xemhinh
hinh4.16).
4.16).MacMacduduvay,
vay, chting
chiing ta ding
cung phii
phaihieu
hi^urang
ringtrong
trongthuc
thuctotekhOng
kh6ng
ton
t6n tai loai phan tit
tir ion ly tu'Ong (plan ly
tuong (phan ly 100%)
100%) ma la lh su t6 hop cua
dm lien
lifin ket
kfe't cling
c6ng
hoa trj
tri va
va lifin
lien k6't
ket ion thuln
thuan tuy.
tug.
11 electron
llelectron
1 electron
18
10 electron
10

17 electron
Na Clr

Hinh 4.16.
HInh 4.16. St/
Sy'hinh
hinhthinh
thanh lien
lien ket ion cho
kg Ion chophan
phUntit
turNaCI
NaCl

CO the noi
Co th^ not li6n
lien kft
ket ion trong
trong phan tic duoc hinh
tit duoc hinh thanh
thanh la
la do su
sir phan b6
b6' cac
ion mot cach deu clan
ion m6t each d^u dan tr6n tren cac nut
nut mang lu6i tinh th^ va giiia chiing t6n tai luc
mang luoi tinh the va giita chting tOn luc
tuang tac tinh dien
tuong didn ve
vfi moi phfa,
phfa, nen
nfin loai lien
li6n ket
keft nay
nay kh6ng
kh6ng co
co tinh
tmh dinh
dinh huOng.
hudng.
Mu6n bier d6
Mu6n bi^t d6 b6n
ben va
va cac
cac dac
dac thu
thit cita
cita lien
lien ket
kft ion
ion ta
ta phai
phai xem
xem xet
xet den
den
lttong
nangluqng.
nang

105
105
4.8.2. Nang Wong
luong lien ket ion

Theo quan nifim

Theo quan niem chung,
chung, su hinh thanh lifen
hinh thanh lien kfi't
ket ion
ion la do sit
su tuong
WOng tac
tac tinh
tlnh
dien
difin gitia nhitng ion
gi5a nhung ion tfch
tich didn
dien trai da'u
(lit' gay ra. Mot
M6t cach
each gan
gSn dting,co
diing.co the not
noi rang sir
su
taring
tirong tac gitia
giCa nhiing then tich
nhihig didn tfch diem
ditfm (dien
(didn tich
tich am
am va va during)
duong) ct nhfrng khoang
a nhirng khoing cach
each
thich Ling se dan
irng se clantcri
tenkieu
kieulidn
lienkdt
ket ion
ion trong
trong phan tit.
tir.

Xetphan
Xet phantutit
AB AB A+ + B
-> A+
Nita
Nhu the,
thd', phan tir
tir plan
phanlylythinh
thanhion
ionduring
duongvavaamamLing
ling v6i
vdinang
nangltrcmg
luong phan ly.
CO the noi
Co thd not rang
ring nang ltrcmg plan ly ion
luong phan ion la
la nang
nang luerng thiet de
luong can thid't dd phan
phan ly
ly phan
phan tir
tu
thanh nhirng
nhitng ion ridng
rieng re.
ye
Ve tri tri s6
sdtuyet
tuydtd6i
ddinang
nangluvng
luongphan
phanlylydung
dungbang
bangnang
nanglucmg
luong hinh
hinh thanh
thanh
phan tu
tit tir
tit cac
cac ion.
Nang lttcmg nay phu
luong nay phu thudc
thu6c vao
vao khoang
khoing cach
each rr gifta
giua cac
cac nguyen
nguydntit
tu(ion)
(ion)cittqc
duoc
bleu the rang
bidu thi qua thd' nang ddy
day Ud
Ud va
va the
thd nang
nang hitt
hut Uh.
Uh.
e22 B
Uh
Uh ==--k
k— —;; UdUj = kk—;—; (4.3)
r rrn

e22 B
Utp Uh
Uln = U h +
+ Ud
U d == -k —
-k—+ + kk—; (4.4)
r rn
1 J.m
tJ
trong do: k --hang
trong do: hang s6
sd tjr Id, k =
ty le, 9.1099 ——
1 -=9.10
4Icto
47CEo C
C2
e- - gia
gia tri
tri dien
didn tich co
cd so;
sit
r -- khoing
khoang cach
each gifta
giOa hai ion
ion trai
till clki;
da'u;
B -- 4
B hd s6
sd cluvc xac dinh
duoc xac dinh tir
tit didu
dieu kidn
kien can
can bang
bang giQa
giiia luc
luc hut
hitt va
va ddy
tay tai
khoing
khoang cacheach ro;
r0;
n -- he
hds6
sdBorn
Bom(lac
dac trong
trung cho
cho timg
timg loai
loai ion
ion xac
xacdinh.
dinh.NoNoducrc
duoc xac
xac einh
dinh tir
d6
dd chiu nen cua tinh
tinh the.
thd. nn thuerng nhan cac
thudng nhan cac gia
gia tri
tri 5; 7; 9; 10;
10; 12.
12.
Nang ltaIng U
Nang luong U dat toi gia tri cuc
cue tieu U0 khi khoing
tidu Uo khoang cach
each rr gifta
giua hai
hai icn
icn tien
tidn
toff gia tri
tori gia tri rro.
0. Dieu
Didu nay co
có nghia la:
rdU _
T-l =o
LLdr
dr Jr ro - 0
= r„
Jr =

Sau khi 1Sy

Sau khi dao ham
Idy dao ham U
U theo
theo r,r, thtrc hien mdt
thuc hidn mot phep
phep Wen d6i don
bid'n ddi don giai bieu
bidu
thtic (4.4) se co
thtfc (4.4) có dang:
(
n
U0 =k 1 -1 (4.5)
ro

106
106
 D6i
D6'i v6i
voi tru6ng
trudng hop
hop chung
chung cho
cho phan
phan tit
tir ion
ion c6
co clang AZ+ BZ
dang AZ+ BZ thl
thi gia
gia tri
trj U0
U0
&roc
duoc vie't
viet la:
Z2e2 (
Z2e2 ( 1
Uo
U0 = -^-kk11-i
- (4.6)
0 n)
Bien thien nang
Bien thien nang lacing
lucmg UU theo
theo khoang
khoang each
cach rr giua
gift hai
hai ion
ion trai
trai dau
da'u diroc
duoc bidu
bieu
then
diftn tren
trfin hinh 4.17.

UO

Hlnh 4.17. Ski

Hinh bltn dol hang
Sy bl6'n nSng Ittcmg
lugng U
U theo
theo r

Tir hinh ve,ta nhan dig),

Tir hlnh tha'y rang
ring dai luang
I irong nang
nang luting U0 Ong
lircmg U0 v6i khoang
tfng voi khoing cach
each
r0 co
r = r0 cd gia
gia tri
tri cuc
cifc tieu,
ti6u, nghia
nghla lalanang
nang Wong
I iron g hinh
hinh thinh
thanh lien
liln k6t
k£t ion.
ion. Vay
Vay nang
nang
lirong ttrang tac
luong tuong U0 la nang
tic U0 nang lircrng duqc giai
lirong duoc giaiphong
phongkhi
khihai
hai ion
ion tien
tin tar 03 den
tiif oo dein khoang
cach
each can bang
blng r0
r0.
Nang
Nang Wong nay chmh
luong nay chinh la
II nang
nang Wong
luong hinh thanh plan
phan tit
tutir
tir nhirrig
nhung ion rieng
bitt.
bidt. Neu
Ndu xet
xet ye
vd tri
tri s6
s6 tuyet
tuyet d6i,
dd'i, do
do ding
cungchinh
chmhlaIInang
nangWong
lucmg phan
phln ly lien
lien k6t.
kdt.

4.8.3. Tinh ion (di) ion) cua

(do ion) cita lien
lien ket
kit

a) Quan
Quart niOns chung
niem chung
Khi hai nguyen
-- Khi nguydn tit
tu tao
tao thanh
thlnh phan
phln tit
tir co
cd dO am dien
dd am didn nhu nhau
nhau (dang
(dang A2)
thi lien kdt
thi lidn ket trong
trong trucmg
truiing hop
hop nly
nay goi
goi II
la lien lc&ddng
lidn kd't d6ngcue
arc (lidn
(lien kdt
ket cdng
Ong hoa
hoi tri
thuan tug).
thuln tuy).
N6u (10
- Ndu dd amam didn
dien cua
dia hai
hai nguyen
nguydn tic
tu hinh thanh
thlnh phan
phan tit
tir khOng
khdng gi6ng
gidng nhau
thl lien kdt
thi lidn ket tao thlnh
thanh phan
phan cue
arc (lien
(lidn ket
kdt di cue).
cqc).

107
107
 -- Trong
Trcmg twang
tnrcmghop
h<?phai
hainguyen
nguydntir
tu tham
tham gia
gia lien
lien ket
ket bi
bi phan
phan ly
ly hoan
hoantown
toan ta
se co
c6 lidn
lien k6't
ket ion
ion(lien
(lienkd't
ketion
ionthuan
thuintuy).
t4).
Trong thtrc t6
Trong thuc to khdng
khOngco c6loai
loaili6n
lienket
kethoan
hoar'toan
toancong
conghoahodtrjtricung
ang nhu
nhu hoan
hoan
toast ion ma
toan ion ma lidn
lien k6't
lc&co c6m6t
m6tphin
phanmang
mangtmh tinhchat
chatcbng
Ong hoa
hoa tri,
tri, mdt
mot phan mang tinh
chit
chat ion.
ion. Tir
Ttr do, ta co
do.ta co khai
khai ni6m
niem tmh
tinh ion hay d6do ion cua
cita lien ket.
De
Di de
d6 clang hinh dung
dang hinh dung ta co the
th^ Neu
bieu diet.
dien' lien
lien ket
ket AB theo
theo so do
do tdng
t6ng quat
quit
nhtr tren hinh 4.18.
nhu trfin

f B8-)i
( t ? 1
i
I y

Lien cong
Lidn ket cbng Lien ket cbng
cong Lien lc&
ket ion
hoa tri thuan
hoa tri thuin tu5
tuy, hoa tri di cuc
cue thuan tuj,
thuan tuy

Hinh 4.18.
Hinh 4.18. So d6
do bliu
bid'u'lien
dienqua
quatrinh
trlnh hinh
hinh thhnh
thdnh Ilan
lien k6t
ket AB

VI du, xet phan tir HCl,

Vi du, HC1,od phan
phantu
tirnay
naydo
doCl
Clco
c6 do
do am
am dien
dien 16n
Ion hon
han H nen
electron bi Ibi
electron b| 16ive
vephfa
phiaclo,
do, ke(t
ket qua
qua tren
tren Cl
CIco
c6mat
mgtdb
doelectron
electronam
am(6(8),), con
con nguyen
nguyen
+
tir H bi
tir H bi phan ctrc &rang (5
cue duong (8+). Dien tich
). Dien tich 68 goi
goi la
la dibn
dien tich
tich hibu
hieudung
dung -- dien tich du
8+
thua H5+ - Q5".
thira
Dac trung
thing cho str phan cue
su phan cuc nay
nay ngudi
nguai ta dung
diing dai luong momen luting
luong cuc
cue de
bieu dien (xem muc 4.7.1
bi^u dibn 4.7.1 va 4.7.2 trang 103).
103).
Dua vao
Dua vao gia
gia tri
tri ipcita
cuaphan
phantittutatac6
cothe
th^gia
gia thiet
thibt dtrqc
duoc ciu
ca'u dang
dang kh6ng
khbng gian
gian
cua phan tir.
b) Cdch
Cach xac dinh tinh ion (hay do
dp ion) ciia
cua lien ket
fle
Di bieu
bi^u then
dibn su
su phan
phan b6
bb' bit
bat dai
db'ixttng
xutig dm
cuaelectron
electron trong
trong phan
phan tir,
tu, Pauling
Pauling da
de nghi cach
each tinh
tmh % d6db ion
ion cUa lien k^t
cua libn ket theo
theo hb
he thdc
thac sau;
sau:

85 (%) tinh
tmh ion cUa lienkb't
cua libn ket=- µtn x 100 (4.7)
Pit
trong d6: f.itn
trong db: jltn - -gia
giatritrimomen
momenluting
lubng cuc
cue thuc
thuc nghiem;
nghibm;

it --gia
Pit giatritrimomen
momenWang
lubngctrc
cue15
ly, thuyet;

Bai tap ap
tip dung 4.6: Cho phan
phan tir
td HC1
HQ co 11
PhCI = 1,07 D; /1 == 1,28 A. Hay xac
1HC1 =
dinh do
db ion cita
cua phan tir
ttr nay.
Loi giii: Sir
Lbi giai: dung bi^u
Su dung bieu thirc
thtic (4.7) ta co:

108
 o _1-itn
Mtn_ = 1,07.3,33.10-3°
1,07.3,33.10~30 = 0,17
lilt
Alt 1,6.10~19.1,28.10_10
1,6.10-19.1,28.10-1'
Nhu the HCl
HQ co 17%
17% mang tinh ion.
Bang each
Bang cach tuong
tuong tu ta cang
cung tinh
tmh clugc
duac do
d6 %
% ion
ion cho
cho cac
cac halogenua
halogenua khac
khac
nhau. Kit qua tinh
nhau. Ket ti'nh &roc
diroc ghi 6a bang sau:

Hop chit
Hop chat HF HC1
HQ HBr HI
5S (%) ion 41
41 17
17 11,6
11,6 5 I
Nhdn xet
c) Nhilfn

- Phan
Phan tir dang AB bi phan ctrc hoa manh khi xX dm
cue hod cua A
A va
va BB khac
khac nhau.
nhau. Hai
+
ion A+
A va
va B
B but
hutnhau
nhau(ttrong
(tuongtac
tacion).
ion). Cac
Cac ion
ion nay
nay deu
d6u c6
co ciu
ca'u hinh
hinh electron
electron cila
cua
khi tro
khi tro b^n
ben vung.
virng. Tu
Tirdo
dotataco
c6the
thenoi
notrang
ranglidn
lienket
kit ion
ion chi
chi la
la trucmg
quern hop
h<^p giai
gidi han
han
am
ciia lien
lien kit
ketc6ng
c6nghoa
hoatri
trikhi
khic6
costr
suphan
phanctrc
cue hoa.
hoa. Trong
Trong thtrc
thuc ti khOng
khdng coco liSn
lien ket
kit
=
ion
ion 100%, ngay v6i
100%, ngay vdi phan tir NaF co
tir NaF c6 x each
cach nhau
nhau kha
kha xa
xa (xNa
(xNa = 0,9;
0,9; XE
Xe = 4,0),
^.0).clO
^9
ion cang chi
ion cung chi dat -~ 90%.
90%. Bang
Bang pile')
phep th6ng
thd'ng ke
k6 ngtkri ta nhan
ngudi ta nhan tha'y
thy hieu
hi6u dO
dd am
am dien
di6n
trong phan tir
trong phan tir AB
AB neu
niu Ax
Ax > 1,7 c6 lien kdt
1.7 co kit ion,
ion, ngtroc
nguoc lai Ax
Ax << 1,7 lAli6n
1,7 la lienket
kit cdng
Ong
hoa tri.
- Tung
Timg ion trong phan tir ion co
tu ion c6 the
the hut
but cac
cac electron
electron trai
trai da'u
diu ve
v6 minh
mlnh tit
tir moi
phtrong trong khdng
phuong trong kh6ng gian
gian n6n
nen lidn
lien kd't
kit ion
ion khOng
khdng cdc6 tinh
tinh djnh
dinh hudng.
huang.
- Mot
MOt ion
ion ducmg
ducmgcd c6thd'
thehut
butcac
cac ion
ion am
am quanh
quanh no
no de
de tao
tao thanh
thanh lidn
lien k^t
kit ion
ben vung
yang nen
nen lien kit
kS't nay
nay cang
cung khong
khdng c6
cd tinh
tinh bao hoa.
Tinh khong
Tinh khdng dinh
dinh htrang
hudng va
va khOng
khdng bao
bao hoa ciia
cua lien
lidn kit
k^tion
ionchroc ly giai
duoc 15, giai
bang
bang su ton tai mot
sir tdn mdt dien
didn tru6ng
trudng co
cd tinh
tinh d6i
dd'i xang
xtrng cau
c^u quanh
quanh moi
mdi ion.
ion. Cac
Cac du6ng
ducmg
stic
sue dien truCmg
trudng di7mdi
moiion
ionduoc
&rocphan
phanbd
b6ddng
(longddu
deutheo
theo moi
moi hudng,
hu6ng, luc ttrong
tuong tac
giiia
gi&a cluing
chung khOng
khdng phu
phu thuOc
thudc vAo phucmgtrong
vao phuong trong khdng
kitting gian.
gian.

4.9.
4.9. Khai
Khai niem ye lien ket trong
niem ve trong phurc
phtic chat
chit

4.9.1. Dinh nghia

Djnh nghla

Ngtr6i ta ndi
Ngudi ta not ring
rang phtic chit IA
phuc chat nhang hop chat
la nhung chit &roc
ducfc cau
ca'u tao tir nhang
nhung phan tir
hay
hay ion phirc. N6i chung
phirc. Ndi Chungcdng
cOngthdc
auktdng
t6ngquat
quit cua
cua phdc
phdc chat
chit c6 [MLx]n; va
cd dang [MLx]nXn va
gom hai phln:
gdm hai phan:

109
109
 - Cdu nOi:
ngi: Bao g6m ion kim loai
loai lien
lidn IA
kfttryc
truetiEp
ti^pvori mot nhom
vcri mdt nh6m phan tit
tu hay
ion.
ion. Cau nOi ghi trong mot
n6i ghi m6t ngogc
ngoac vuOng.
vudng.
Ion
Ion kim
kim loai hay nguyen
nguyfin tit
tu dtroc goi la
duoc gpi a chat
ch£t tao
tao phtic
phire hay
hay hat
hat tao
tao phtic.
phuc. M
thtterng
thuomg laIAnguyfin
nguyent6't6kim
kimloai
loaichuy^n
chuyenti^p
tip c6 AO-d.
Nhom phan tir
tu hay ion dtroc
duoc goi la ph6i
phd'i tir
tu hay ligan.
- Cdu ngoai:
ngoqi: Khi phan tit
tu phdc
phuc la ion, thl
thi cac ion trai dgu
dau voi no tao
vdi no tao ra cau
ngoai. VI
Vi du:
2
[Cu(NH3)4] 2+^
[Cu(NH3)4] C12
Clz

cau nOi
nOi cau
cSu ngoai

pink
phire chat

- Hat tao phuc

pink via phoi tu.
vd phd'i
Hat tao ph&
phire M
M lien
lien k&
k^tvai
voicac
cacph6i
phditittuLLbao
baoquanh
quanhtao
taorarabObd khung
khung chfnh
chlnh
y6ti cua phan
ye'u ciia phan tu
tir phiic
phdc chat MLx,
MLX, x c1 day lit
a day la sd
s6 ion
ion hay s6 phan
phan tir
tir lien
lien k6t
k^t vOi
voi kim
loai M, goi
loai M, goi la
la s6
s6' ph6i
phd'i tri.
trl. x c6
co the
th^ c6
co the
th^ la
la 22 (di),
(di), 33 (tri),
(tri), 44 (tetra),
(tetra), 55 (penta),
(penta), 6
(hexa)...
Cac
Cac ph6i
phdi to
tir LLc6
cothe
thlIAlanh&ng
nh&ng ion
ion nhu:
nhu: OH-(hidroxo),
OH-(hidroxo), NO2-(nitro),
N02-(nitro),
CN-(xiano),
CN-(xiano). CI-(cloro)
Cl-(cloro)hogc
hoacIA
la nhiing
nhffng phan
phan tit
tu trung
trung hob, nhu: H2O (aqua), NH3
hoa nhu:
(amino), CO (cacbonyl), N2H4 (hidrazin), v.v...
v.v...
Tir c6ng thtic
TCr cdng [MLx]nXn, pink
thus chung [MLOnXn, phire chit
chat c6
co the
th^ c6
c6 cac
cac dang
dang sau:

-- Phtic
Phiirc chat trung hoa:
hoh: [Ni(CO)4) - tetracacbonyl
[Ni(C0)4] - tetracacbonyl Ni (IV).
- Phtic
- [Ti(H20)6]Cl3 --hexaaqua
Phiic chat cation: [Ti(H20)6]C13 hexaaqua Ti
Ti (III)
(III) clorua.
- Phuc
Phtic chat
chat anion:
anion: K4[Fe(CN)
K4[Fe(CN)6] - kali
6] - kali hexaxianoferat
hexaxianoferat (II).

4.9.2. MOt so dac

Mot so dac trung
trung cua
ciut phurc
phtic chat
chit
Phtic co mot
Phire chat c6 m6t s6 dgc
dac trung quan trong sau day:
- Phdc
Phtir chat
chat co
co tc7 tinh.
td ttnh.
Tir tinh duoc
dtroc xac dinh
Binh bang
bang gia tri momen tir theo bleu
bi^u thtic:
thirc:
pe = VN(N72)p
4N(N + 2)11B
B (4.8)

trong do: N
trong do: N --s6
sdelectron
electrondOc
d6c than.
1.1B
Pg -- manheton
manheton Bohr,
Bohr, don
don vi
vi do
do momen
momen tir.

110
110
 Neu f.te
|^e = 0 phirc neu (aµee ^# 0 phdc
tit; neu
phiirc chat la nghich tir; phirc chat la thuan tir.
t^.
- So phoi
pheit tri.
tri. S6'
So phoi
ph6i tu tit lien
lien kfi't
ket true
truc tiep v6i
vdi ion trung tam
tam goi
goi IA s6 phoi
la s6 ph6i tn'
tri
cim n6. S6
cua no. phi:5itrftribang
S6 ph6'i bangs6's6lidn
lienk6't
ketma
maion iontrung
trungtam
tamtao
tao ra
ra vdi
vai cac ph6i
phd'i tit.
tir. S6 ph6i
tri thitaing la 2;
thirong la 2; 4;
4; 6.
--Cd'u
Cciu true
truc khdng
khOnggian
giancua
cuaphirc
pink chat.
Moi
Mdi phirc chat d6u
phirc chat deu c6
co mot
mot clang cau true
dang call truc khOng gian nha't
khdng gian nhat dinh,
dinh, thu6ng
thuong la
hinh tai dien, bat dien
tu dien, dien hoac
hoacvuOng
vudng phAng.
phang.
Sau day la mOt
Sau day s6 dang cau
mdt s6' ca'u lilac khOnggian
true khdng gian cua
cua phirc
plitic chat
chat hay
hay gap:
gap: Phirc
Pink
2 2
chat ter dien [BeF4J2
td didn [BeF4] (hinh
(hinh4.19).
4.19).Phirc
Phdcchat
chatvuOng
vudng phang
phang [PtC14J2
[PtC^] (hinh
(hinh 4.20).
4.20).
4-
Phut
Phdc bat
bat dien [Fe(CN)6]4-
^(CN)^] (hinh 4.21).

cr

- tv ->F Nat

F-

Phi]rc chat
Hinh 4.19. Phti'c kleu tit
chit kidu tu dii)n
didn Hinh 4.20.
4.20. Phifc
Phitc chft kieu vudng
chit kidu vuOng phang
phing

CM

CN-

CN-

Hinh 4.21.
Hinh 4.21.Phurc
Phtk chat kl3u bat
chit kldu didn
bit di$n

111
111
4.9.3. Giii thich
4.9.3. Giai thich lien ket
k^'t trong phirc
ph(tc chat
chit theo
theo quan
quan niem
niem lai
lai hoa
hoi ciia
cua Pauling
(thuyel
(thuyet VB)

4.9.3.1.
4.9.3.1. Cdc
Cac ludn
ludn cucua
cu act thuyet
-- Lien
Li6nlc&
k^t trong
trong phtic
phirc chit
chat dtrqc
duoc hinh thanh la
hinh thanh la do
do sir
skrxenxenphu
phi cua
cua cac
cac obitan
olbitan
hoa cUa
da lai hoi cua cac ion
ion tao
tao pink
phircvai
vdicac
cacobitan
obitancUa
cua ph6i
ph6i tir
tir vcri co) spin trai
v6i 2 electron cc- trai
dgu.
da'u. Nguyen tir trung tam
tir trung tam phai
phaico
có s6
s6 obitan
obitan rdng
rung bang
bang so
s6 ph6i
phoi tir.
--Lien
Lifinlc&
ket trong phtic chat la
phirc chat la lien ket cpng
cling hod tri kieu
hoa tri kidu cho
cho -- nhan
nhan sinh
sinh ra sir
su
xen phiphu cia
cuaobitan
obitanr6ng
r6ngcUa
cua ion
ion trung
trung tam
tam v6i
vcri obitan
obitan di
da lap
lap day
day electron
electron cila
cua phOi
phoi
tit
tir. Ion
Ion trung
trung tam la chat nhan, ph6i tit la
phdi tir la chat
chit cho cap
cap electron
electron khOng phan chia
khdng phan chic cia
cua
ph6i
phfi'i tir.

Cac
Cac ph6i
phdi tit thikng la
tir thircmg la ph6i
phfi'i tit
tir trung
trung hoa H2O, NH3...
NH3... hoac
hoac cac ion
ion am
am C1 ,
CN'...
Ion trung
trung tam
tam thucrng
thu6ng la
la kim
kim loai
loci chuyen
chuydn ti^p
tiep electron d.

4.9.3.2. Phtic
4.9.3.2. Phitc spin
spin thd'p
thdp vd
vd phtic
phdr spin cao
a) Phar
Phicc spin thdp
thd'p
, 3-
Dd
De minh hoa cho lap luan tren
minh hoa to la'y
trfin ta lay vi
vf du phtic chat bat
phirc chat bat dien [Fe(CN)6]j3-
dien [Fe(CN)6
vdi ion trung tam
v6i Fe3+.
tam la Fe3+.
2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2.
Cau hinhelectron
Ca'u hinh electroncua
cia Fe (Z = 26): Is2 2s2
26): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2.
3+ 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5.
Ca'u hinh
Cgu hinh electron
electron cua
dia Fe 2s22 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5.
; 2s
Fe3+:

tit
t t itf itt Itf Fl iF
3d 4s 4p

CO hai kha
Co hai khanang
nang tao
tao lien
lien ket co thd
th^ xay ra:
ra:
Fe3+ có
Fe3+ co thd
th^ co lai
lai hod d2sp3. Trong truerng
hoa d2sp3. harpnay
trucmg hcrp naycac
cacelectron
electronor6 obitan
obitan 3d
3+
bi d6n
dfin lai do
do gifra Fe3+
gi&a ion Fe va ph6i
phfii tit
tir CN ttrcrng tic manh
tircmg tac manhd@ có hai AO rung
d^ co rfing tham
gia lai hod:
hoa:

tiltilt I I
d2sp3
d2sp3

2A0-d
2AO-d + lAO-s
lAO-s ++ 3AO-p
3A0-p -4 6AO-d2sp3.
-> 6A0-d2sp3.

112
 ~~
Day la lai hoa trong vi khi lai hoa da sir dung
Day la dung 22 AO-3d
AO-3d r6ng
rang a phia
phi'a trong. 6
obitan rang
r6ng da
da lai
lai hod
hoa cUa Fe3+ se nhan
ciia Fe3+ nhan 66 cap
cap electron
electronciia
dm 66 phd'i
ph6i tir
tirCN
CN tao ra 6
lien ket phCii tri.Di6u
phd'i tri. Dieunay
nay co
co the
the bid'u
bieu didn
dien nhir
nhu sau:

ti t i
ft ft f ft t
CN CN CN CN CN
CN CN CN
CN
2 3
d sp
d2sp3

Ph&
Phik c6
co mat
mdt electron
electron (lac
d6c than;
than; gia
gia tri
tri !iv
pe la:
la: µ
pee = f73
1.1B
(ig==1,73
1,73;.J.B.
pg. Ket
Kd't qua
tinh cho dig},
tha'y phdc
phuc c6
co tinh
tfnh thuan tir.
Sau khi tao phdc,
Sau khi phtrc, s6
s6' electron
electron dOc
d6c than giam di (s6(s6' electron clac
doc than ciia
cua ion
trung tam bi ngheo di). Phut
Phuc nay
nayducic
duoc goi la phi(c
phac spin
spin theiP.
thd'p.
b) Phac
Phuc spin cao

Ta xet
xet phtic
phut [FeF6]3—.
[FeF6]"

Vai cgu
Voi ca'u hinh electron
electron cUa Fe3+ c6
cua Fe3+ 3d5 se khOng
co 3d5 bi don
khbng bi dan lai
lai do tuong tic
tac gifra
giua
Fe3+ va F
Fe3+ F la
la ye.u.
yd'u.

fit fit
3d
n
4s 4p

De
Dd c6
co du
dii 66 AO
AO rang
r6ng to
ta phai
phai dung
dung them
thdm cac AOAO phia
phia ngoai
ngoai gam
g6m 1A0-4s,
lAO-4s,
3 2
3A0-4p
3AO-4p va 2A0-4d. 6A0 nay tran vao nhau de tao 6 AO lai hoa dang sp3d2.
2AO-4d. 6AO nay tr6n vao nhau d^ tao ra 6 AO lai hoa dang sp d .
Dieu
Didu nay co
c6 th^
the quan sat
sdt theo so d6 sau:

f It If It I H
sp3d2

lAO-s + 3A0-p
3AO-p + 2AO-d
2A0-d ---> 6A0-sp3d2.
-> 6AO-sp d .
Day la lai hoa ngoai vi
vl cac AO tham gia lai hod deu la'y
hoa ddu lay a phia
phfa ngoai. 6 AO-
3 2 3',t'
sp3d2
sp d rang
r6ng ciia
cua ion
ion tao
tao phirc Fe se nhan
phtrc Fe3+ nhan 66 cap
cap electron
electroncua ph6itutirF—-Fde
ciia66phd'i d^ tao ra
6 lien
lidn lc& ph6i tri
kd't phd'i tri nhu sau:

fItitIfit
t It It H It I
•
Q]
•

fI
•f 1:1f .f
|; |: |: |
lit
|:|:|
fI fI
I I

F- Fp-- F-
F" F-
F" F- F-

113
113
 Gia
Gia tri Ile
nc la
la µe
^= = V5(5
^5(5 +
+ 2) lig
|ig = 35 µg #^ 0.
= V35 0. Phdc
Phurc thu
thu duoc
duoc c6
co tir
tfir tinh la
thudn
thuan tit.
tir.
Do
Do s6
s6' electron d0c
d6c than
than tru6c
trudc va
va sau
saukhi
khihinh
hinhthanh
thanhphtic
phircvan
vangiCr
giir nguyen,
nguydn,
3-
khOng bi ngheo
khdng bi ngheo di
di nfin
nen phtic
phirc [FeF6]3 phitc spin
[FeF5] la phicc spin cao.
Cach
Cach giai thich
thfch nay di
da lam
lam sang
sangtotodtroc
duoc cac
cac dAc
dac trung cua phtic
phiic nhung
nhirng no
kh6ng
khdng giai thich &roc
duoc vach ph6
phd electron cua
cila phut,
phdc, nghTa
nghia la kh6ng
khdng giai thich
thich &roc
duoc
mau sic dm
mau sac cua dung dich phtic chit.
phirc chat.
Trong hod
hod hoc con
c5n ton
t6n tai
tai mot
mdt s6
s6' ly
ly thuyet
thuy^t khac
khac do
de giai
giai thich
thich six
su hinh
hlnh thanh
lien lc&ph<5i
lidn kfft ph6itri
tri nhung
nhung khdng
khong nam
nam trong
trong pham
pham vi vi cua
cua giao
giao trlnh
trinh nay.

Wu-env dlent
QUn7nfj dam Sunk
ehinh gilt
ijeu &tiling
cJtitffttq 4

1. Can
Cau trim
true phAn tir va
ph^n tur va lien
lien ket
ket hoa hoc
Theo quan niem
nidm chung ngtrai plan lien
ngucri ta phan lidn ket
kd't hod
hoa hoc
hoc thanh
thanh 44 clang:
dang:
—Liftn
- Lienkft
ketion
ionhay
haycon
congoi
goilalali&n
lienkdt
ketdidn
di4nhod
hodtri;
tit
—Lidn
- Lien ket
k^t cling
cdng hod
hod tri
tri hay
hay lien
lidn lc& nguyen tir;
kd't nguydn tu;
— Lien lc&
- Lidn kim loai;
kd't kim
Lien kdt
—Lidn
- ket giita cac phan
giOa ede phdn tir hay la
tir hay la lien
lidn ket
kdt yeti
yd'u bao gom
g6m lien
lidn ket
kd't hidro
hidro va
va
Wang tac Van der Waals.
tuong tdc
Giita
GiOa cac
ede clang lien ket
dang lidn kdt nay,
nay, not
n6i chung,
chung,khOng
khdng c6
co ranh
ranhgidi
giairO
ro ret.
rdt. Trong
Trongthkrc
thuc
to thuOngxdt
td ta thucrng xethai
haidang
dang lidn
lien kdt
ket ddu
diu ph6 Bien cho ede
bidn cho cac hap
hop chd't
chit v6 co
ca va him
hihi co.

2.
2. SitSu
phan
phdnarc
cuedm
cuaphan
phdn tit
tu

D4
Dd clic
ddc trung
trung cho susu phan
phdn cuc
cue cua
cua phan
phdn tit
tir ngtreri
ngudi ta dua
dua vao
vao khai
khai niem
nidm
momen ludng
Wongcue
cucdidn:
dien: pµ = q.i
q./ .
Momen hieing arc la
luong cue Id mot
mdt dal
dai luting vecto huong
luqng vecto hung tit
tir arc
cueducmg
duong den
ddn cu:
cu; am.
dm.
Don vi thuOng dung dd
thucmg dung de tinh monen
monen ltreing la Debye,
luang Id Debye, D.
-30
Quan hhdgifra
giBaDDva
vdC.m
C.m(dam
(don vi SI) nhu sau: ID = 3,33.10
sau; 1D 3,33.10 " C.m.
C.m.
Ta bidt
biet rdng
rang momen
momen luong
Wangcue
cuclidn
lienquan
quanchdt
chitche
the ddn
den cd'u
ciu talc
true hinh
hinh hcc
hoc cita
ciia
cac
ede nguyen
nguydn tir trong phan
phdn tir.

114
114
3. Lien kit
ket ion
ion trong
trong phan
phan tit
tur

Loai lien
Loai li6n ket
kft nay
nay hinh
hinh thanh
thanh &roc
duoc xem
xem nhu có
co su
sy chuyen
chuy^n electron
electron tit
tir m6t
m6t
nguyen có tmh
nguyfin tir co tinh dirong
duong dien
difin manh
manh sang
sang mot
m6t nguyen
nguyen tir
tir có
co tinh
tmh Am dien manh.
am difin

a) Nang litcrng
a) Ndng lien kit
lucmg lien kit trong phcin to ion U0
phdn tii U0
D6i yeti truZinghop
vdri trirong hopchung
chung cho
cho phan tu
tir ion co
có dang;
Z+
AZ+
A BZ -4
BZ- AZ+ + BZ-
-> AZ+ BZ thi
thl gia tri U0 &roc vi^t
U0 diroc viet la:
z2 2 ( 1)
Uo =-
Uo = re kk 1-
" n
rn

b)
b) Tinh ion (do
(dp ion) clic' lien kit
cua lien kit
fle bieu
bi^u dien
didn su
syphan
phanb6
b6bat
batd6i
d6'ixtIng
xufngciia
cuaelectron
electrontrong
trongphAn
phan tir,
tu, Pauling da
de
66 nghi cach
each tinh
tmh% %c10 cita li6n
dd ion cua lien it& he thirc sau:
kft theo hd sau:

85 (%) drill dm lien

tmh ion cua kd't = -
lidn 1(6 171 rx
1100
100
Pit

4. Lien kit Ong

Lien ket cong hoi
hoatri
trj trong
trong phan
phan tit
tur

Trong
Trong mot phan tir
mdt phan tir khi
khi hinh
hinh thanh
thinh lidn
lien kd't,
ket, cac
cac nguydn
nguyen tir
ti cua cac nguyen t6
nguydn t6'
nay có
co khuynh
khuynh htrOng lien kdt
hudrng lidn ket yeti cac nguydn
vcri cac nguyen tir
tir cua
cua nguydn
nguyen t6 kia sao cho ca'u
cau trtic
true
cua chting
chung dat tentdi cAu truc bdn
ca'u true ben vung
vitngcua
cimkhi
khitro
trovdi
voi88electron
electronngoai
ngoai ciing tic
ding - quy tac
bat tit
til (octet). De dat
dat ducrc trtic ben
duoc ca'u true bdn nay, cO the c6
c6 thd cOhai
hai each
cach chmh:
chinh:
-- Cac
Cdc electron
electron tir
tir nguyen
nguydn tir nay
nay chuydn
chuyin han sang nguyen tir khac
nguydn til khic tuang
tuong ung
umg
yeti
vdi 15,
ly thuyel
thuye't caa
cua Kossel ve lien kit
ket ion.
-- Cac
Cdc electron
electron gifra
giua cac
ede nguyen
nguydn tir
til tham
tham gia
gia gop
gop chung
chung Wang
tuong ang
irng yeti
vdi ly
thuyet alit Lewis ve
thuye't cua ye lien
lien kit
kit cdng
Ong hob
hod tri.
VI du phan tir CH4 co lien kdt
c6 4 lidn ket cdng
Ong hoi
hod tri
tri co
cd the
thd &roc
duoc bieu
bidu dien
didn nhu sau!
sau:

H H
H
x•
H:C:H
H:c;H hay HH-C-H
hay —C — H
.x I
H
H

Cdng thdc
Cling (CTE)
thac electron (CTE) Cdng thUc
Cling c6u tao (CTCT)
thirc cdu

Cach
Cach bieu
bidu dien
didn su
sy hinh
hinh thanh
thanh lien
lidn kAt trong phan
kdt trong phan til
tit bang
bang CTE
CIE hay
hay CTCT
CTCT 6
ct
vi tren goi la su
vl du trdn sy bieu
bidu dien
didn theo so d6 Lewis.

115
115
5. Thuyet sitc d^y
Thuyet siifc diy Oita
giDfa cac cap electron hoa
cap electron hoi tri va dang hinh hoc cua
ciia
phan tit
ttr

Thuy6t sticd^y
Thuyet sue ay gift
giuacac
caccap
capelectron
electronhod
hoa tri
tri vi6t
viet tat
tat IA VSEPR(tieng
la VSEPR (tiag Anh:
Anh:
Valence Shell Electron
Valence Shell Electron Pair
Pair Repulsion
Repulsion-– Sire
Six d^y
ddy giua
giita cac
cac cap
cap electron
electron hoa
hoa tri.
trj.
LuOndiem
Lugn diem chinh cda
cua 1$, thuyet.
ly thuyet.
Xet phan
phftn tit
tu AXnEm.
AXnEm.
A–
A- Nguyen
NguySn tit
tu trung tam
tarn co cac cap m– S6
m- So Wang
luong cap electron
electron khOng
khong
electron hod
hoa tri tao lien
lifin k6t;
ket; phan chia;
X– Cap
X- Cap electron
electron lien
lien ke't
kel aa vai
voi A; n– S6
n- So Wang
luong cap
cap electron
electron tao
tao
thanh lien ke't a;
ket o;
E– Cap
E- Cap electron
electron khong
khong phan
phan chia
chia n + m = q lala tong
long s6
so cap
cap electron
electron
(tu do). hod tri bao
hoa tri bao quanh.

Ba vi du
Ba vi du minh
minh hoa cho ly thuyet nay:
nay;

H
H—C--H;
H-C-H; H—N—H;
H-N-H; ti-ft-H
H H
CH4 NI-13
NH3 H2O
AX4 AX3E AX2E2

6. Thuyet lai
lai hoa
hoaye
velien
lienICA
ket

a) Khdi
Kkii niem
niem vi
visft
stx lai
lai hod
hod
hoa la str
Lai hoa su t6 hop tuyen tinh (sit
(sir pha trOn)cac
pha tr6n) cac AO
AO hoa
hoa tri
tri thuan
thuin khiet cóco
cling s6 luong
cung sd luting tu
tit chmh
chinh nn (ciing
(cling Idp
lap electron)
electron) cua
dm ciing
ding m0t
mdt nguyen tit
tu de
de' tao ra cac
AO mdi
mai co
c6 cung
ding mhc nang luong.
mire nang 'yang.
M0t s6 dac diem chinh:
M6t sd
– Trang thai lai hoa la
- ia trang
trang thai
thai suy
suy bien,
bien, cac
cac obitan
obilan lai
lai hoa
hoa IA nhang t6
la nhung td hap
hcrp
tuyen tinh cua cac obitan nguyen tit.
tuye'n tmh tu.
– S6
- hod bang s6'
S6' obitan lai hoa s6 obitan nguyen tit
tir tham gia lai hod.
hoa,
– Trang thai lai
- lai hod
hoa xuSt
xua't hien khi hieu cac rink
mire nang
nang lucmg
luong cua cac
cac obitan
obitan
nguyen tit kh6ng khac
tir khdng khdc nhau nhieu.

116
116
b) COc clang lai hod
Cdc dang
Co 3 dang lai hod
hoa chinh sau day:
Dang T6 hap Dac diem
die'm VI du
, -
spa IAO-2s
lAQ-2s + 3A0-2p 4A0-spa
3AO-2p --+» 4AO-sp Goc
Goc 109° 28
28',, hen
lien ket a
ct CH4
2
sp-? 1A0-2s
lAO-2s + 2AO-2p 3A0-sp2
2A0-2p -->^ 3AO-sp Goc
Goo 120°,
120°, lien ket
ket a,
a, C2H4
11 lien kit
ket rc
n
sp lAO-2s +1A0-2p
1A0-2s +lAO-2p -->> 2A0-sp
2AO-sp Goc 180°,
180°, lien kfi't
ket a
a- BeH2
va 2 lien
lidn ket 71
n

7. Lien ket
Lien ket trong
trong phiirc
phtk chat
chit

N6i Chung cong thtrc

chung c6ng thiic tong
t6ng squat cud phufc
quat cua phticchat
chat co
c6 dang [MLx]nX
dang [MLx]° Xnn va
va dtrac
duqc
bieu diln
dien theo so d6
do ben:
2+
[Cu(NH3)4]2+
[CU(NH3)4] Cl;
Cl2
ir
cau not
cSu n6i cau ngoai

phirc chat

so dac (rung
a) Mot sodqc trung cua phi/c
phtic chat
- Phuc
Phi& chatchat co tir
id tinh. Tir
Tir tmh
tinh duoc
duoc xac
xac dinh
dinh bang
bang gia
gia tri momen
momen tit
tir theo
ttee = y]N(N
bieu thiic: n JN(N + 2)P.B•
+ 2)p B.

Neu pie
pe = 0 phtic
phiic chat la nghich
nghich tir;
tir; neu
n6'u Ile
Pg *0
* 0ph&
phiircchit
chatIA
la thuan
thuan tir.
tir.
- So
So"phoi
phifi tri.
tri. S6'
S6 phoi tri bang
phoi trf bang s6 lien ket ma ion trung
trung tam tao ra v6i
voi cac
ph6i
phbi tir.
tir. S6 ph6i tri thdcrig
So phO'i thircmg IA: 2; 4; 6.
la: 2;
- Cdu
Com true !dieing gian cua
khong gian cliaphuc
pink chat. M6i
Moi phirc
phac chat
chat ddu
deu c6
c6 m6t
Wt dang
dang cau
ca'u
true
triic khOng
khbng gian nhat
nha't dinh,
dinh, thdYng
thircmg 1a hinh tur
la hinh to didn,
dien, bat dien
diSn hoac vuOng
vubng phang.

lien ket
b) Gidi thich lien kit trong phuc
phtic chat theo thuyet
thuyit lai hoti ctia Pauling
hod cua Pauling (thuyet
(thuyit VB)
* Pink
Phuc spin
spin thciP.D6 minh hoa
thd'p. D6 minh hoa cho
cho lap
lap luan
luan trfin
tren ta
to la'y
lay vf
vi du
du phurc
pink chat bat
dien [Fe(CN)6]3 yeti
diSn [Fe(CN)6]3- ion trung
vdi ion trung tam la Fe 3+
Fe3+..
2
2A0-d
2AO-d + lAO-s
lAO-s +
+ 3A0-p
3AO-p —> sp3.
6A0-d2sp3.
- 6AO-d
2 3 - » 3+ » •
6A0-d2sp3
6AO-d sp obitan r6ng
rdng da lai
lai hoa
hoa cita Fe se nhan 6 cap electron cua
cua Fe3+ dm 6 ph6i
phdi
tir CN
CN tao
tao ra
ra 66 lien
lien ket
ke't ph6i
phO'i tri.
Phtic
Phiirc co mat
m6t electron
electron dOc
d6c than;
than; gia
giatri pe ==V3
tri1.te pg = 1,734B.
ptB l,73pg. KSt
K^t qua tinh
tmh
cho thay
tha'y phtic co tmh
phirc co tinh thuan
thuan tir.
tit. Sau
Saukhikhitao
taophurc,
phdc,sos6electron
electrond6cd6cthan
thangiam
Om di (s6
electron d6c
d6c than
than cUa
ciia ion trung tam bibj ngheo
ngheo di).
di). Ph&
Phircnay
naydtrqc
dtrpcgoi
gpiIA pink spin
la phuc spin th6p.
I hap.
117
117
 * Phitc [FeF6]3 .
phut [FeF6]3-.
Phiic spin cao. Ta xet phurc
3 2
IAO-s ++ 3AO-p
lAO-s 3A0-p + 2AO-d
2A0-d ---> 6A0-sp3d2.
-> 6AO-sp d .
3 2 - , 3+
6 AO- sp d rang
ng cua ion
rr6ng
a ion tao plumFe
phirc Fe sese
nhan
nhftn6 6cap
capelectron
electron dia
cua 66 ph6i
ph6'i tit
tu
F dd
d^tao
tao ra
ra 66 lien
lifin ket
kft ph6i
ph6i tri. pe 45(5
tri. Gia tri µe + 2)
= 7^(5 1.1.13
+ 2) pg = f351.1B
TsSpg *# 0. Phite
Phuc thu
dirge co tir
duoc co to tmh
tinh Ik
la thuSLn
thuan tit.
td. Do
Do s6
s6 electron
electrond6c
d6c than
than trirdrc
trate va sau khi hinh
hlnh thanh
3_
van giir
phdc vSn giu nguyfin,
nguyen, khOng bi ngheo
khdng bi ngheo di
di nfin
nen phurc [FeF6]3 la phuc
phdc [FeFg] phitc spin cao.

Qau Ittii
hAi astm bizi
bid lap,

1.
1. Dinh nghia
nghla nang Kiang lien kfi't.
lircmg Ii6n kit. Cho vi du
Qio vf du minh hoa.
2.
2. Lay m6t
La'y mot vi
vi du
du trucmg
truang hop
hap tao
tao li&n
lien k^t
kit ion
ion va trinh
trinh bay qua trinh hinh thanh
lien ket nay tir
lifen k^t tit cac nguyfen
nguyen tir.
tit. Ban
Ban chat
chat cua
dm li6n
lien k^t
ket ion la gi?
3.
3. The nao la
Tha la phan
phan tin phan cue
tu phan cite va
va khdng
khong phan
phan cue?
cue? Lay
La'y vi
vi du.
du. Dai
Dai Luang
lucmg dac
cho d6
trung cho d6 phan
phan cue
cue cua
cUaphan
phantirtitlalagi?
gi? *'
4.
4. Momen ludng
Momen liOng cue
cue cua
cua phan
phan tir
tit la
la gi?
gi? Lam
Lam thd
the nao
nao d^
dd bi^t
biet duoc
duac m6t
mot phan
phan tit
to
co
c6 momen bang kh6ng
khdng hoac
hoac khac
khac khOng?
khdng?
5.
5. Dieu kien tao
Didu kidn tao thanh
thanh lidn
lien kdt
ket cdng
Ong hod tri va lien
hoa tri lidn ket
kdt cho
cho nhan.
nhan. Lay
La'y vi du
minh hoa.
6.
6. Lay v{
Lay vi du
du giai
giii thfch
thich tinh
tinh bao
bao hoa
hoi va
va tmh
tinhdinh
dinh hudng
huang cua
dia lidn
lien kft
ket cdng
Ong hod
hoa tri.
7.
7. Phan bidt
Phan bit lien
liftnket
kdtactva
va7t.
n. Minh
Minh hoa
hoa bang
b^ng vi
vf du. Lien
Lidn ket
kdt nao ben
bdn hon? Tai sao?
8.
8. neu su xuat hien
Hay ndu cila thuydt
hidn cua thuyet lai
lai hda
hoa thdng
thong qua vf vi du minh hoa.
2 3
9.
9. Su dinh
Su dinh hudng
twang cua
dia cac
cic obitan
obitan lai hod sp, sp2
hod sp, sp va va sp3
sp trong
trong khOng gian nhu
khdng gian
the
thd nao? Dieu kidn de
Didu kien di co su lai hod ben. La'y
hoa bdn. Lay vi du.
vf du,
2 3
10.
10. Cach du doan cac kidu ki^u lai hod sp, sp2
sp va
va sp3.
sp . Lay vi du.
Lay vf du. Quan
Quan hdh gida
giOa kidu
ki^u
lai hod
lai hod cac
cic AO hodhoa tri cua
cua nguyen
nguydn tin trung tarn
tu trung tam vai
vdi cau hinh
hinh hinh
hinh hoc
hoc cUa
cua
phan tin ra sao?
tu ra sao? La'y
Lay vf
vi du.
11.
11. CO cac phan tit
C6 cac tu sau:
sau: SC12,
SCI2, PC13
PCI3 va
va CC14.
CCI4. Cac AO hod
hoa tri cua
cua cac
cac nguydn
nguydn tit
tur
3
trung tam S, P va.
trung tarn va CC trong
trong cac
cac phan
phan tir
to nay
nay ddu
deu co
co su lai hod
hoa sp3.
sp . Cau
Ca'u hinh
hinh hoc cua cac
cac phan
phan tin the nao?
tu nay nhu thd
12.
12. Cho bidt
Cho bier trang
trang thai lai hod
hoa Si
Si trong cac hap
hop chat
cha't SiC14.
SiCl,^. Cho bier
bidt dang hinh
hoc
hoq phan tin
tir nay.
3
Huang din: Silic in
Hudng trang thai
6 trang thdi lai hoa
hod sp
sp3. . Phan
Phan tin
tit SiCI4 có ca'u
SiCl4 c6 cau true
truetur
titdidn
din ddu.

118
13. Cho bier
13. su lai hoa
biet sir hoi nao
nao xay
xay ra
ra khi
khi hinh
hinh thanh
thanh phan
phan to
tir NH3
NH3 va
va H2O?
H2O? So sanh
sinh
d0
d6 lot[ cac goc
Idn cac g6c hoa
hoa trj
tri HNH
HNH va
va HOH
HOH..
14. Cho biet
14. biet sir
su bien d6id6
bin d6i d6Ion
lorn g6c
goc hoi
hoatri
tritrong
trong cac
cac hap
hop chat
chat NH3,
NH3, PH3,
PH3, AsH3,
ASH3,
SbH3? Giai
Giai thich
thfch15/
ly do.
Cho
Cho bi6t: g6c HNH
biet: goc HNH trong
trong NH3
NH3 la
la 107,10;
107,1°; goc
goc HPH
HPH trong
trong PH3
PH3 IA
la 107,7°;
107,7°;
g6c
goc HAsH
HAsH trong
trongAsH3
ASH3IA
la 93,3°; g6c
goc HSbH
HSbH trong
trongSbH3
SbH3IA
la 91,8°.

Huang
Hudng din:
dan; Trong
Trong cac
cac phan
phan tir
tir NH3,
NH3, PH3,
PH3, nita
nito va
va photpho
photpho deu
deu cr trang thai
6 trang thii
3
lai 116a sp3,, khuynh
hoa sp khuynh huOng lai hoa
hirong lai hoi giam din
dan trong
trong AsH3
ASH3 va
va SbH3
SbH3 khi
khi bin
ban
kinh
kfnh nguyen tit tu tang.

15. VI
15. Vi sao trong day cac nguyen
nguyen t6t6' C,
C, Si,
Si, Ge, Sn,
Sn, Pb c6
co khuynh huOng lai hoa
hudfng lai hoa de
di
tao lien ke't
ka giam
giam din
dantit
tirC
C d6n
de'n Pb?
16.
16. Cho
Cho bi6t
bie't trang thii lai
trang thai lai hoa
hoa cua
cuanguyen
nguyen tit
tutrung
trung tam
tam trong
trong phan
phan tit:
tir: CBr4,
CBr^
BeF2, BBr3,CS2.
BeF2, BBr3, CS2.Neu
Neuca'u
au true
trtic kh6ng
khong gian cua cac phan tit
tir do.
dd.
3
Huang din: CBr4:
Hudng dan: sp , phan tir tir dien ddu;
CBr4: C sp3, deu;

BeF2: Be sp,
BeF2: Be sp, phan
phan tir
tir thing
thing hang;
hang;
2 »
sp2,, phan tir tam giac phing;
BBr3: B sp
CS2: C sp,
CS2: C sp, phan
phan tir
tit thing
thing hang.

17. M6 to
17. cgu tao phan tit
ta ca'u tir NH3 theo plurang phi') lai hoa.
phuong phip
2 2 3
flut5ng din:
Hucmg Is 2s2
din: N 1s2 2s 2p3
2p
, , , 3
tit nito
Nguyen tir nita ct trang thai
o trang thai lai hod
hoa sp3. Trong s6
sp . Trong s6 55 electron
electron hoa
hoi tri cua nito,
nita,
c6
co hai
hai electron dtrac rap
electron diroc rap vao
vio mot
m6t obitan lai hogthanh
obitan lai hoa(thanh Wtm6l cap
cap electron
electron
khOngchia),
kh6ng chia),ba
baelectron
electronconcon lai
lai duoc
&lac rap
rap vao
lac) ba
ba obitan
obitan lai
lai hod
hoi kia. Su
Su xen
^ 3 ' '
phi' cua
phii cua ba
ba obitan
obitan lai
lai hod sp voi
hoi sp3 vdi 3 obitan s cua hidro cho ba lien ka ke'taaN—H
N-H
tuang du'ang.
tirong Do sir
dirong. Do su diy
ddy cua
dm capcdp electron
electron kh6ng
khfing phan
phan chia
chia yeti
vdi 33 cdp
cap electron
o
lien k6t N—H,goc
ke't N-H, g6chod
hoatri
tri HNH
HNH tt7 109 28' giam
tir 109°28' giam xu6ng
xudng con
c6n 107,1°. Phan tir
107,1°. Phdn tit
amoniac co
amoniac c6 cd'u
cgu tao
tao thdp
thap (chop)
(chop) tam
tam giac
giac vdi
voi g6c
g6c hod
hotitri
tri HNH
HNH 107,1°.
107,1°.

18. Th6 ndo

18. The !tic)laIAphtfc
phacchdt?
chat?Hay
Haycho
cho nhung
nhilng vf
vi du
du minh
minh hoa.
hoa.
19.
19. Ion hay hat trung tam
tdm dm
cuaphCrc chat la
phirc chit Id gl?
gi? Th6
The nAo la phdi
nao Id ph6i tir?
tit? Neu
Neu vi du.
du.
20.
20. Tren ca
co sO thuya VB
sd thuyet VBv@ phitc chit
vi phirc chgt hay giai thich
thich su
suhInh
hlnhthAnh
thdnh lien
lien lc& ph6i
kit phdi
tri trong phin
tri phin tit
tird6i
d6'ivori
vdi phtic
phdc vuOng
vudng phang [Ni(CN)4] va
phdng [Ni(CN)4]2 va phttc
phuc tit
tir dien
2
[NiCl 4]
[NiC14]2- biit ring giita
biet Ni2+ va
giQa Ni2+ CN co
va CN co tuang
tuong tic
tdc manh con giua
manh con Ni2+ va
gift Ni2+
Cl la
Q la tuang
tuong tic
tdc y6u.
ye'u.

119
119
 eititimg„
@hu&iig,,55
PHIJONG PHAP OBITAN
PHl/ONG PHAP ' N Tir
OBITAN PHA.
PHAN TIT
(a
(LtTHUYft
THUY^TMO)
MO)

Muc tieu Cdn tap trung vdo cac

Can cdc van de:
chucmg
chuong 5 i Cac
1. Qic luin
iuan cti
curchInh
chmh cua
cua phuang
phucmg phap
phap MO.
MO.
2. Ket qua
2. qua giai
giai bai toan d6i v6i
loan d6i vai ion phan tit hidro:
phan tir hidro: Gian
Gun d6
d6 MO.
MO. Su
Sir
hinh
hmh thanh MO lien ket
thanh MO k6't va MO pilau lien ket.
phan lifen kfi't.
3.
3. MO cho phan
phan tit
tir co hai hat
hat nhan gi6ng nhau
nhan gidng dang A2:
nhau dang A2: Nguyen tic
Nguyen tac
xay dung. Quy
Quy tac
tic sip
sapxep
x£pcac
cacelectron
electron tren
tr6n cac
cac MO.
MO. SO S6' lien
li6n ket.
4.
4. MO cho phan
phan tit cdc6 hai hat
hat nhan
nhan khac
khac nhau dang AB:
nhau dang AB: Dac
Dac diem
trong nguyen tac
trong nguyen tic xay
xay dung.
dimg. Gic
Cac he
he qua
qua thu
thu duac tit
tir gian d6.

MO
Mot soso' Molecularorbital
Molecular orbital—
-MO
MO MO-
MO — LCAO
LCAO
ta
tit khod
Gian do
Gidn dS MO MO clang
MO dang AA22
MO lien
lien ket
kit MO clang
MO dang AB
MO phdn
MO phan lien
lien ket
ket So lien
So" lien kei
ket

5.1.
5.1. Cic
Cacluin
lulindiem
diemco
ca bin
ban cia
cuaphoong
phurong phip
phap MO
MO

Theo co
co Itrong
luqng tit,
tir, phuang
phuong phap
phap MO
MO dtra tren su
dua trdn sir md
m6 rdng
r6ng khai
khai niem ham
ham
song mot
s6ng mOt electron cho twang hop phan tir.
cho tnrcmg hop phan tir.
Trong phircmg
phuong phapphapMO,MO, ngucri
ngu&itatacoi
coiphan
phantirtirnhu
nhum6t
m6tb6 b6khung
khung ma ma oo do
d6 cac
hat
hat nhan
nhan va va cac electron
electron cguca'u thanh.
thanh. Trong
Trong trueng
trucmg hophop nay ta ta khOng
khdng the'the not
noi den
thug trang thai rieng le dm electron ma
timg trang thai rieng le cua electron ma chi c6 the not den
co th^ noi d^n ham W chinh xic dm
vg chmh xac cua he,
song dieu naynay khOng the thuc
khdng th^ thirchien
hienduoc
duac veve mat
mat loan
toan hoc.
hoc. Dl
De khic
khacphuc,
phuc, arcing
tuong tit
tu
nhir tritOnghop
nhu trucmg hcrpnguyen
nguyentirtirnhi^u
nhieuelectron,
electron,ngu&i
nguOitatagia
giathie't
thiet la
la trong
trong phan
phan tir moi
tir m6i
electron chuyen ddng
electron chuyen Ong trong
trong mot
m6tdien
dientru&ng hieu dung
trucmg hieu dung trung binh nao
trung blnh nao do
d6 gay rara
136i b6khung
boi b6 khungcaccac hat
hat nhan
nhanva vacac
cac electron
electron con
con lai.
lai. Ca
Co hoc lacing
luong tir goi b6 khung
tir gpi khung
do la truerng tu hop.
trudng to

120
 -- Theo
Theo each
each lap
lap luan
luSn nhu
nhu tren,
tr6n, phuong
phuong phap
phap c6
co the
th^ xac
xac dinh duoc
duac trang thai
rieng le
riSng le cua
cuaelectron
electronchuyen
chuyend6ng Ongtrong
trongdien
dientructng
twanghieuhieu dung
dung cuadm phan
phan tir. Trang
Trang
thai d6 duoe m6 ti bang met ham song W
thai do dirpc m6 ta bang m6t ham song vg goi la MO. Noi each khic, MO bieu thi
MO. Noi each khac, MO bid'u thi
trang thai chuyen deng
dong cUa
ciia tirng
timg electron trong phan
phan tir.
tu.
-- Neu
Neu trong
trong nguyen tir, cac electron chuyen clang trong trircmg
dpng trong truang hieu dung ddi
c5i
ming xuyen tam
ximg xuyein tam thl
thi trong
trong phan
phan tutircac
cacelectron
electronchuyen
chuyendong
Ong trong
trong truong
twang hieu dung
khong doi ximg
xung xuyen
xuyen tam,
tam, c6
codoi
ddiming
xung011ie
phirc tap
tap Ilan
hon tuY timg loai
tuy tung loaf phan tir
tu cu the.
- Phucmg
Phucmgphap
phap MOMO hoan
hoan loan
toan ton
ton trong
trong cac nguyen 1j
ly, va
va quy tac chung
chung ap
dung cho nguyen tu
tir (nguydn
(nguyen ly Pauli,
Pauli, nguyen
nguyen ly
ly vung
yang ben,
ben, quy tac Hund).
- 06i
Ddi voi
vdi phan
phan tir
tir c6
co hai
hai nguyen
nguySn tir
tir thi khi t6
td hop
hop cac AO se duoc
dupe cac MO
MO
dinh
djnh cu hai tam.
tam. COn d6i voi
Con ddi vdi phan
phan tu
to nhieu nguyen tir khac nhau,
tu khac nhau, su t6 hop cac AO
se din
dan tOi
toi cac MO khOng
khdng dinh cu nhieu
nhidu tam.

5.2.
5.2. Phttang
Phiromgphi!)
phapto
tohqp
hprp tuyen
tuyen tinh

Hien nay phucmg

phuong phap t6 to hop tuyen tinh dang chroc sirdung
dupe sir dungrdng
rangrairai (viet
(via tat
MO-LCAO
MO-LCAO - - Molecular
Molecular Orbital
Orbital Linear
Linear Combination
Combination of AtomicAtomic Orbitals).
Orbitals). Nei Ndi
dung cUa phuong phap
ciia phuong phap nay
nay nhu
nhtr sau:
sau:Trong
Trongphan
phantu,tir,khi
khimdt
metelectron
electronchuyen
chuyenddng Ong
gin
gdn met
mdt hat
hat nhan
nhan nguyen
nguydn tir
tir nao
nao d6,
do, thi
thi hic
luc do
do electron
electron nay se chiu tac dung chi' chii
yeu cua didn
yeu ciia dien twang
trudng hat
hat nhan
nhan d6,
do, can
conWong
tuong tic
tacgiiia
giiia electron
electron khao
khao sat
sat doi
ddi yeti
voi cac
electron va hat
electron va hat nhan con lai
lai la
la kh6ng
khdng dang
dang ke.
ke. Khi
Khi c16, met each
do, mdt each gin
gdn thing
dung toan
loan
hoc, ta vier:
viet:
n
V = C14)1 + C202 +... cnct)n
ci<t>1+C2<|)2+...c n(t»n== ^c,^,
cio, (5.1)
i=l
01,
(j)|, 02,... <))„ IA
(})2,... On hamsdng
la ham songobitan
obitannguydn
nguyentir(AO)
tir(A0) md
m6 ta
ti trang thai chuydn
chuyen ddng
deng
cUa tirng electron.
ciia timg electron.
ecj,
l , c2,...
C2,... en
cn la
la he
hd so
sd'cUa
cua ham
ham AOAO hay
hay phan
phdn clang
ddng gop
gdp cua
ciia timg electron vao
qui
qua trinh
trinh hinh thanh lien
lidn ket.
kd't.

Dieu kien di
Didu kidn de cac AO
AO t6t6 hop
hop hieu
hidu qui
quaIA:
la:
-- Cic
CacAOAOcocdnang
ningWong
lupng xap
xa'p xi nhau;
-- CO met mire
Cd mdt mire ddde xen phi
phu rO ret;
rd rdt;
-- Cac
Cac AO
AO co
cd tinh
tinhd6i
ddi xting
xumg giOng
gid'ng nhau.
Phuong phip obitan
Phuong phap obitan phan
phan tir
tir dupe
duoc xay
xay dung
dung trdn
tren co
co sd
sa ma
md Ong
rdng khai
khai niem
nidm
obitan nguyen tir cho
nguyen tir cho twang
trudng hop
hop phan
phan tit.
td. Chung
Chung ta c6
cd the
the lam
lam pile')
phep soso sanh
sanh giira
giua
khai niem
nidm nay nhu sau:

121
121
 AO MO

1. Ham song
1. s6ng 4) (ham AO)
$ (ham AO) m6 tota chuydn
chuy^n Ham song kit
Ham (ham MO)
ip (ham MO) m6
m6 to
ta chuyen
chuy^n
dOng ciia tirng
d6ng cua timg electron
electron quanh
quanh truting
trucmg Ong
d6ng cita
cua moi
m6ielectron
electron quanh
quanh tracing
trucmg
hieu dung
hifeu dung d6i xtIng
xung xuyen
xuy6n tam
tarn ciia
cua hat hieu
hifiu dung
dung trung
trung binh ciia cac hat
binh cua hat nhan
nhan
nguyen tit.
nhan nguyfin tu. va cac electron
electron can
con14i.
lai.

2. Cac
2. ham AO
Cdc ham AO xac
xac dinh &tic
duqc tir
tfir viec
vi6c Cac
Cac ham
ham MO tim duacduqc nh6
nho skr t6 hap
su t6 hop
giai
giai phucmg tinh song
phucmg tlnh song Schrodinger
Schrodinger - tuyen tinh cac ham AO:
tuy^n
- (Vm,/
iin,m,/ =
VMO
Wino = Lci4i
1i

Tren
Trfin moi
m6i MO MO tkrang
tuong king voi m6t
irng vdi mat mac
mdc
3. Tren moi
3. Tr6n m6i AO
AO king
irng v6ri moi phan
vdi m6i phan mire
mac
nang
nang Wang xac dinh
luqng xac dinh c6) cac ky hieu:
co cac hi6u:
nang luqng
lucrngxac
xac dinh
dinh cd
có cac
cac ky
ky hifiu
hieu sau:
a,
0, it,
n, 8,
8,4).
<j).
s, p, d, f.
4. Vifec
4. Viec di6n
diet' cac electron vao cac
cac AO hay MO deu
d6u phai
phai tuan theo cac nguyen
nguyen ly,
ly.
quy tac
tic chung
chung (nguyen
(nguyfin ly Pauli, nguyfin
nguyen ly vtmg
yang ben, quy tac
bfin, quy tic Hund).

fle
De minh
minh hoa cho phucmg
phucmg phap
phapMO,
MO,tato xet
xet truang
twang hop
hap don nha't. DO
dan gian nhit. Do la
ion phan tir
ion phan tit hidro
hidro (1-2)
(H2)..

5.3.
5.3. Ap
Apdung
dungphuung
phiromgphap
phapMO-LCAO
MO-LCAO cho
cho ion
ion phan
ph£n tit
tu hidro

5.3.1. MO ti bai toan

Mo ta town

tir hidro
Ion phan tu hidro (HD
(H2)bao
baohorn
h6m2 2proton
protonvava1 1electron
electroncc!)
co the
th^ bidu dien nhu
bi^u didn
tren
trfin hinh 5.1.
e

aa R b
Hlnh 5.1. So
Hinh So dci
do phin
phan tu (Hj))

Phmmg trinh Schrodinger

Phuong Schrodinger cc-
co) dang;
clang:
1:1kit=Ey
HV|/ = EH/ (5.2)

122
122
 „2 2
(1 1 1
2 2
aa day: H = -l-v
H ev + +ee 1--——-- — (5.3)
2m R ra
l^R ra /),

y\\i IA
la ham
ham obitan phan tir
tu (MO) mo m6 ta
ta trang
trang thai
thai mot
m6t electron
electron trong
trong truimg
trircmg
cua hai hat hat nhan
nhan aa va
va b.
b. Ham
Ham nay
nay c6
co the
thethu
thu&roc
duoc tit
tir sU
su t6 hap
hop tuyen
tuy&i tinh
ti'nh cua
ciia cac
AO ())4aa VA
va (j)4:
b:

<
H/ = Ci
ci())i)a C2(|)b
a +c20b (5.4)
(1)a s s a; 4)1, =
(J'a = 1S
I a' -== 1Sb
lsb
Cj va
trong do: c1 va c2
C2 la he
h6 s6 chuin hoa
sd chuan hoa can
cdn xac
xac dinh.
Thay cac gia
Thay cac gia tri
tri H va W vao phitcmg
v|i vao trinh (5.2)
phucmg trinh (5.2) rOi ap dung
r6i ap dung phuong phap
bien
bi£n phan (mOt phuong phap ph6 bier)
(m6t phucmg bien trong co hoc ltrong
luong tit)
tir) de giai ta
ta se
se thu
thu cluoc
dUOc
cac
cic gia tri
tri E
E va
va yi
vj/ nInt
nhu sau:
E+ = a +13
E+=a +P
(5.5)
E_ == cc
a--13(3
, ,
4= k le' a 4" Wb
(5.6)
1
=^(<t>a
= r (4)a -"t'b)

trong d6:
do: aalA tich phan Coulomb, no bieu
la ti'ch bi^u hien
hifin su
su tuang
tuongtac
tactinh
tlnhBien
difin gicta
giua hat nhan
va electron:
13
P laIAti'ch
tichphan
phantraotraod6i,
d6i,no
nobitlu
bieu thi
thi su
su bin
ben vung
viing phu
phu them
them trln
tren lien
liln ket
kit
cOng hoa tri... aa va
cdng hoa vai3P dZu
dlu nhan
E|
cac
c^c gia trj
tri am, do d6 E+ < E_.
E4. \ \

5.3.2. Phan tich

tfch ket qua

MOlien
a) MO lienket
vdvd
MOMOphdn
phan lien kit
lien ket
Hai gia tri v^+ va
tri NJ+ va 41_
\j/_ thu
thu ducto
duoe
tuang
tuong (mg
irng with hai mire
vdi hai mac rang
nang lucrng
luong E+
E+
va
va E_.
E_. Hai
Hai mtic
mile nang
nang Wang
luong nay
nay phu
phu
thubc via khoing
thu6c vao khoang cach
each rr glib
giua hai
hai
nguytn tit, ta
nguyfen tu, ta bieu diet' no
bilu diln no tren
trln d6 thi
thi Hlnh 5.2. Skt
Hinh Sir phu thupc E
phy thuc)c Eva
va r
d61 val phan
dli v6l tit H;
phSn tur Hj
(xem hinh 5.2).

123
123
 E+ c6 mot ctrc
co m6t arc tidu
ti^u r = re, bidu thi lien ket
r0 bi^u k6't throe
diroc hinh
hinh thAnh,
thanh, ting
irng voi
vdi MO lien
ket.
ket. Trai lai,
lai, E_
E_ luOn
lu6n luOn
luon c6
co gia
gia tri
tri 16n
Icm hem E+, kh6ng
hon E+, khong c6
co cue
cue tidu
lieu nang
nang luong.
luung.
Ngir6i ta
Nguoi ta goi
goi MO ung
ting voi
vai IAMO
la MO phan
phan lien
lien k6't.
ket.

b) Su phdn
phan bo
be mat
wit di)
dp electron theo true
truc lien
lien ket
kit
2 ,
Theo
Theo coco hoc
hoc Wong targia
luong tu gia tri
tri vy
y2 chi
chi mat
mSt dO
do xac
xac suit
sua't co
co mat
matelectron
electron o
khoang giQa
khoang giita hat nhan a va b:

IV+I2 = 1 +< ) +2( , < )

2 (4)!+
= "(^a 01)
l b + 20a01)
t a t b) (5.7)

IV-P = 1(02a +< t>b

+01!) — 2< > < )
20E14)
l a t b)
2
Tir
Tir (5.7), ta
ta nhan
nMn thgy |v|/+|2 va
tha'y14412 |\|/_|2 chi
va kii_12 chi khac
khac nhau
nhau 66 thanh
thanh phan
phan thu
thu ba
ba
24ia
^a^b 4:ob .

D6i
D6'i v6i
vdi ham
ham kv+
\|/+ c6
co su
su tang
tang mat
mat dO xac sua't
d6 xac suit giira
giua hai hat nhan a va b, rghia
rghla la
kha nang but
hut electron
electronhia5mg
huong v^ve tarn
tam phan tit
tir tang
tang len,
len, can
conlirc
lire ddy
d^y tucrng
tuong ho
h6 hai hat
nhan giam
nhan giam di.
di. Dieu nay clan den su ben
dan d&i b^n vung
v&ng nang luong E+ E+ vava lien ket
ket duce
duic hinh
hinh
thAnh
thanh -—MO MOli&n
lienke't
ketduoc
&rocthid't
thieflap
lap(xem
(xemhinh
hinh 5.3a).
5.3a). Ngupc
Nguoc lai,
lai, doi vai
vdi y_,
v}/_, mat
mat dO
do
xac
xac suit
sua't giam
giffa hai hat nhan
nhan giam
giam di,
di, tong
long hop
hopkha
khanang
nangddy
d^yva vabut
hutelectrofl
electroi trong
trong
tru6ng
trucrng hop nay khOng
khdng tao tao dilu
diet' kien
kidn thuan lqi
loi cho viec
vi6c hinh thanh lien
li6n ket.
k^t. Eet
K^t qua
ta co MO
MO phan
phin lien
li6n ket
kfe't (xem hinh 5.3b).
MO liSn
lien kgt
k^t MO phan
MO ph5n lien kgt
k^t

a) b)

Hinh 5.3.
Hinh 5.3. Si/
Skiphan
phan bo
b6 mat
mat do
d6 electron dpc theo
electron duc theo truc
true lien
iidn k6t.
ket.

Trong ion phan

Trong ion phan tir
fir hidro
hidro hai
hai AO-s
AO-s ciia
cia hai Ha
Ha va Hbb xen
va H xen phi
phu voi
voi niau
niau tao
tao
thanh lien ket: MO-ct
li6n k^t: MO-6ss va MO phan lien
li6n kit:
k^t: MO-
MO- co*nhir
nhubidu
bieudiem
didn tren
tren so
soc1
d5 (xem
hinh 5.4).
124
 Hlnh 5.4.
Hinh 5.4. Suxen
Sy xen phu c^c AO-s
phi cac

Gidn do MO
c) Gicin
Theo nhang digu
Theo nhirng dieu da
da neu
neu ao tren ta c6
co the
the bieu
bieu dien
diln gian
gian do
dd nang
nSng Wong
luong cac
MO nhu sau:
Gian dd
do tren hInh
hinh 5.5 chi ra rang, sty*
sir tot6hop
hap(+)(+)cua
cua2AO-ls
2A0-ls dandSn tali
tdi MO lien
ket urang
tuong tIng muc nang Itrong
ung muc thSpky
lupng tha'p ky hifeu
hieu lala aj
a iss (clan gian la
(don gian s); nocrc
la aas); nguoc 14i, su td
lai, sir t6
hop (-)
(—)cho
chotataMO
MOphan
phanlien
lienket
1(61
vdiyoi mac
mire nang
nang luting
luong cao
cao kyky hieu
hidu la la(a(a% hay oa;s).
ls hay ).
a:
a- p -

a—

a+ (3 —

Hlnh 5.5. Gian

Hinh Giin do nang
nSng iucing
luong c&c
cac MO

5.4.
5.4. MO
MOcho
chophan
ph^ntir
turc6
cohai
haihat
hatnhan
nhangiOng
giong nhau dang
dang A2
A2

5.4.1. Nguyen tAc chung

tdc chung

—MO
- MOduoc
ducrcthiet
thieflap
laplaladodosusutdt6hop
hoptuyen
tuyentmh
tInhcac
cacAO
AO hoa
hod tri
tri (cac
(cac electron
phan 16p
16pngoai
ngoaicung).
ciing).Su
Sutdt6hop
hopcua
cuannAOAOsesedan
din ddn
den hinh
hinh thanh
thanh n MO.
—Cac
- CacAO
AOxenxenphu
phi lln
Iannhau
nhautheo
theo cac
cac didu
diet' kifin:
kien:
+ Co mire
mac nang luting xap xi
luong xa'p xi nhau;
+ Co kha nang xen phuphu nhau mdt mire dO
nhau 6a mot clang kd;
d6 dang ke;

125
125
 + Co
Co ding
cung tinh
tinh d6i
dO'i xtIng
xumg vai
vdi truc lien ke't.
true lien Vt. Neu
Ne'u do
d6 xen
xen phu
phu cang
cang km
lorn thi
thi d0
d6
ben
b^n lien ket
k£t cang
cang 16n.
1dm.
- TuY theo hudng
Tuy theo twang xen
xen phi" cuacic
phu cua cac AO
AO ta
ta se co:
+ Neu
Ndu hai
hai AO
AO xen
xen phU
phu doc theo true
truc lien
lien kdt,
ket, ta
ta co
co cac
cac MO-ct;
MO-a;
+ Neu
Ndii 22AO
AOxen
xenphu
phutheo
theohai
haiben
benswim
sucmlien
lienket,
kdt,tatacocoCAC MO-n.
cac MO-7t.
-- Su hinh thanh
thanh MO lien ket,
k£t, MO
MO phin
phan lien
lienlc&
kdt phu
phu thut)c vao da'u
thu6c vao dgu cua cac
AO tham gia t6 hap
hop tuyen
tuydn tinh.
Neu
Ndu 2 AOAO xen
xenptui
phu voi
vdri nhau
nhau theo htrang co cung
hircmg cd ding dau ta se
da'u ta se co xen phu
phu duang
duong
(14
(ky hieu
hieu ss >
> 0),
O), nghia
nghia la MO-lien lc& dtrac hlnh
kdt duoc hinh thanh.
thanh. Nguoc
Nguac lai, neu
neu dau
da'u khac
khac
nhau se dan
nhau se din den
d&t xen
xen phu
phu Am
am (s (s << 0)
0) -- MO-phan lien ke't
MO-phan lidn ket (xem
(xem hinh
hinh 5.6a,b,c,d).

a) Obitan
Obitan aa
Obitan nay thu
Obitan nay thu duoc
duac nhef
nh6 su
sir xen
xen phu
phi doc theo
theo truc d6i 'tang
true ddi cua hai
xumg ciia hai AO
tong
tuongt'rng.
ting. VI
Vi du su
su t6
td hap
hop cua
cua hai
hai AO-s
AO-s din
din den
den sir
su hinh
hinh thanh MO-a lien ket va
thanh MO-o
MO-a*
MO-o* phin
phan lien
lien ket
ket (hinh
(hinh 5.6a).

O* phin litn kfi

15,+ ISfc Is.—

Is, - Ilssbb
s<0

aa lien
lien Mt
kei
Hlnh 5.6a.
Hinh 5.6a. Cdc MO-o
Cic MO vi MO
-a va MO-o* hlnh thanh
-a• hinh thdnh tir
hi' hai
hal AO-Is
AO-ls

phin lifin kCt

Q0O (7© 003

s
2 a+2Px. \ 2s, — 2Px,
2s,-2p Xk
2s. + 2p,
2s,
s<0
s ==00

0>3
a lien ke
Hlnh 5.6b.
Hinh 5.6b. MO-o
MO-a vi MO-o* tit
vi MO-a* t£r AO-s va
vl AO-p
126
 Cac
Cac MO-a
MO-ct va
va MO-a*
MO-a* cling
cung có co the
th^ thu
thu dtrac
duoc bang cach 16
bang each t6 hap
h(^p mot
m6t AO-s
AO s va
mot
mdt AO-p (xem hinh 5.6b)
5.6b) hoac
hoac tit
tfir hai AO-p (xem hinh 5.6c).

cy* phan liCn ktft

0000
OGGO
2pz.
2Pz. + 2p
21)x,
x 2pz. - 2Px,b
2Pz. -2Px
s>0 s<0
A-— "
eOs
CT litn k6t

Hinh 5.6c. MO-o

Hinh MO-o va
vi Mo.?
MO-o*W
t£r 2A0-p
2AO-p

b)
b) Obitan n
tc

Hai AO-p co
Hai AO-p có kha nang xen phu
nang xen phu theo
theo canh
canhsucm
warncua
dialifin
lienket
kit cta de' tao thanh a
MO-rcli6n
MO-tt lienket
kelva
vaMO-tt*
MO-n* phan
phin lifin
lien kd't
kit (xem hinh 5.6d).

n* phin •+ r• .
lifin kfit

2
Py, +2Pyb 2py.
2Py - 2pyb
2py
S>0 s<0

7tit lifin
lien kei
VI
5.6d. Sy.
Hinh 5.6d. Syhinh
hinhthanh
thinhobitan
obitanphan
phdntt'stur7tn Ur
tir hai
hal AO-p

Sty khacnhau
Su khac nhau gifla
giitahai
hai mire
mac ning
tang lucing a, a* va Jt,
luong a, it dtrac
rt, 7t* duoc bieu dien
di^n tren
trfin
cac gian d6 MO (xem hinh 5.7).
c)
c) Gan
Gidn do
do MO
Hinh 5.7
5.7 bieu
bi^u dien
di6ngian
giandO
d6 nang
nlng luctng
lirong MO cho
cho cac
cac phan
phan tit
tirclang
dang A2
A2 thuOc
thudc
chu ki 2.
D6i
Di5i vOi 02, F2 do hai
vdri O2, hai phan
phan mite
mire nang
nang lacing
luong s va p xa nhau
nhau khOng
kh6ng co Wang
tuong
tac nen
n6n gian do
d6 MO dmcuachting
chiing theo
theo gian
gian d6 loai I (hinh 5.7).

127
 Doi
Dd'i vai
vdi cac phan
phan tir dd'n N2 co gian dd
L\2 den
tir tir Lit do MO
MO thudc
thuec loai
loai II
II (hinh
(hinh 5.7)
5 7) do
0 cac phan tu
ct tir nay
nay co
co cac phan mure
mix nang
nang lLrang AO-2sva
lucmg AO-2s vaAO-2p
AO-2prat
ratgin
gin nhau
nhau va cd
c6
ding
cung tInh
tlnh chat
chat d6i
ddi ming
xung nen xuatxua't hien
hi6n tirang
tuong tac.
AO MO AO AO MO AO
asZ
E

; y

Ns

2p ; 2p
2p V. 2p —-
J

nx fly
•
•
az

2s
2s '%. 2s

GiCia AO-sva
Gi&a AO-s vaAO-p
AO-pkhfing
kh6ng c6
c6 tuong
Wang tac(loai I) Gila
Gi&a AO-s
AO-s va
va AO-p
AO-p c6
c6 Wong
tirong tac
tac (loai
(loai II)
II)

Hlnh 5.7.
HInh 5.7. Giln do ndng
Olin (16 lirgng MO
nang Wong MO cho cac phan
cho cac phan tei
UjT A2
Aj

1iin kit
d) So lien kit
S6 lien lc&
Sd lidn N duoc
kdt N dirac xac
xac dinh
Binh theo
theo bi^u
bieu thirc:
thtic:

N=
N = (n —- n*)
— (n n*)
2
trong do:
d6: nn -- se
sd Wang
luong electron chiem
chidm cac MO lien ket;
n* s6 lircrng
n* - sd cacelectron
lugng cac electron chidm
chi6mcac
cac MO
MO phan
phan lien kdt,
ket.

5.4.2. Quy tac

tdc sap
sdp xep cac electron tren cac MO

Sty phanbd
Sir phan b6cac
cacelectron
electron trdn
tren cac
cac MO
MO dira
dkratheo
theocac
cacquy
quytac
tic sau:
—Nguyen IY
- yang ben: Cac electron lin
ly viimg lan ltrat
lum dirge
duqe ;cep vao cac
xdp vao cac MO cd
co nang
hang
luvng thap trudc
luong thtfp mkt 14
va tang
tang din
dan len
len cac
cac ink
mirenang
nangluang
lirongcao
caohorn.
hem.
—Nguyen
- Trong mot
Nguyen ly Pauli: Trong met MO
MO chi
chi cd
c6 thd
the cd
c6 t6i
tdi da 22 electron
electron c6
cd spin
spin
del
ddi song yeti
vdi nhau.

128
 -- Quy
Quytac
tdcHund:
Hund:Khi
Khielectron
electron6 atren
trenMO
MOc6cocling
cungmtic
mucnangnangItrong
lirong thi
thl c6
co xu
huang
huong chiim
chiemcac
cacMO
MOsao
saocho
chosos6electron
electrondOcd6c than
than la
la 16n
Ion nhat.
nha't.
Bai tap dp
ap dung 5.1: Xay dmig
dung gian
gian d6
d6 MO
MO cho
cho phan
phan tix
tit 02-
02.
Lai giai: Qua trinh xay
L6i xfly dung
dintg gian
gian do
d6 MO
MO thu6ng
thuctng theo cac btroc
birdc sau:
-- Bit&
Buoc I. Viit cau
1. Viet cau hinh
hinh electron
electron ciia
cua cac
cac nguyen
nguyen tir
tu trong phan
phan tit.
tir.
2 2 4
0: IIss 2s 2p
6 day co
c6 6 electron hod tri Idp
hoa tri lap ngoai
ngoai cung
ding tham
tham gia
gia true
trut tiip
tid'p tao
tao ra
ra cac
cac MO
MO
lien kit, MO phan
lien ke't, lien k6't.
phan lidn kit.
-- &roc
Buac 2. Ve gian do
do va
va thin
diencac
cacelectron
electronvao
vao cac
cacMO
MOtuang
tirongLing
irng theo cac
guy
quy tAc,
tac, nguyen lY da noi
ly da not or tren (xem
a trdn (xem hinh
hinh 5.8).

AO (0)
AO (0) MO (02)
MO (O2) AO (0)
AO (0)

/ 4- \
/ ^ ^ \ ,

4-
2~ 4-
2~
2R 243, 211\:\
fa -f -f
2
l\ /!2l2y\
s,\ 71
>X fy / /
\ 1

,* ss.
K
2s -.
v ,-
-N
2s

-- -I-"'

Hinh 5.8.
HInh 5.8. Glin
Olin do MO cua
d6 MO cUaO2
02

-- Bit&
Buac 3. Via
Viftcau
ca'uhinh
hinhelectron
electronciia cua phan
phan tit
tu &roc
duqc xay dung.
^ 2 *2
*2 22 2 2_22 _**
02:—
0 :
2~ as2 6s2 Crzitx1C y nx ity
y^x y

129
129
 Chting
Chung ta nhan dig)/ rang, tren
tha'y ring, trfen gian
gian dOd6 MO co 22 electron
electron dOc
ddc than. Dieu
Di^u do
chang
chtrng to phan
phan tir
tir 02
O2 co
co tinh
tmh thuan
thuan tir.
tfir. Ket
K6't qua
qua nay
nay hoar'
hoan town
loan phi'
phu hop
hop vai
vdi thus
thirc
nghiem ma truck
trixoc do
do cac
cac 15
ly, thuyet
thuy^t khac
khac khOng
khdng giai
giai thfch
thfchn6i.
n6i.DO
Do cling
cung lala mOt
m6t :hanh
thanh
cong cua thuy^t
c6ng cua thuyetMQ-MO: Debi^u bieudiln
dintinh
tmh thuan tircua
thuan tir dm O2
02 ngtrai
ngucri ta c6
co the
th^ bieu
bi^u dien
di6n
cong thtk cdu
c6ng thifc taocua
ca'u tao 02 nhu sau: .5
caa O2 O——O.
O"

Ta c6
co the
th^ torn tit
tat gar,
giando
d6MO
MOva vamOt
m6t s6
s6 dac
dac trong
trimg quan
quan trong
trqng cita
cua lien
lien ket
k6't
cho cac
cdc phan tir dang A2
A2 thubc
thuck chu
chu ky
14 22 nhu tr6n
tren hinh 5.9.

' "--4-^
t .-ft-
ft ft
44— - —H—-^

-tf-

41—
Lie
Lij Bee
Be2 B2 C-2C2 N2
N2 02
O2 F2
F2
SO lien ke't
S6' lien ket 1 0 11 2 3 2 11
DO dai lien ket
D6 dai ke't A 267 -
- 1,59
1,59 1,24
1,24 1,10
1,10 121
121 142
142
Nang Wong
lucmg lien 110
110 —
- 272 602 941
941 473 139
ket kJ/mol

Hlnh 5.9.
HInh 5.9. Glin
Wm d6do cho
chophan
phdnter
tur dang A2 cua
cua chu
chu 1(9
ky 2

5.5.
5.5. MO
MOcho
chophan
phSnto
tilrco
cohai
hai hat
hat nhan
nh^n khic
khac nhau
nhau dang
dang AB

5.5.1.
5.5.1. M6 dfiu
Modlui

-- W
Vinguyen
nguyfintic
taccach
eachxay
xaydung
dimgcac
cacMO
MOd6i
dd'ivai
vdri[Alan
phantir
tir dang
dang AB
AB hoar
hoai toan
giang
gidng vai
vdi phan
phan tit
tu dang A2.
-- Tuy
Tuy nhien,
nhifin, do
do trong
trong phan
phan tir
tir AB,
AB, cac AO co tinh
tmh dal
d6'i xting
xung khac nhat,
nhai, nen
n6n
Oran thinh MO
phlin xen phu di tao thanh MO la kirk
khac nhau.
nhau. Vi
Vi vay,chi
vay.chi co
co cac
cac AO
AO co
co can;
cun; drill
tmh
d6i
d<5i xtIng
xumg mai
moi tham
tham gia
gia tao
tao tinh
tmh lien
lidnkOt.
ke't.
-- Trong
Trong hai
hai nguyen
nguyfintir
tir A
A va
va BB thi
thi nguyen
nguyfin tir
tu nao c6
co dO am didn
d6 am then hem
lion se
se ct
c) mure
mix
nang lurong
luqng AOAO b^n
ben hem
hamvavaduqc
duckbifi'u
bieudi6n
then tha'p
thip hem
hcm tren
tren gian
gian d6
do MO.

130
130
 Xuat
Xua't phat
phat tit
tu cac nguytn
nguyfin tic
ticneu
n6utren,
trfin,to
ta c6
co the
th<? lap
lap gian
gian do
d6 MO
MO cho
cho phan
phan tit
tir
AB vai
AB vdi gia sir B
gia sir co dO
B c6 am didn
d6 am Idn ham
din lan A (xem hinh 5.10).
hon A
AO (A)
AO (A) MO (AB)
MO (AB) AO (B)
AO (B)
--- -\
/ az \
K
// x "y \ \\
It y
\'‘

2p (A)
V \ '/ 2p (B)
\ \ .'V/
ny /
\ x y /
\ '
ay

2s (A)
26 (A) \
‘.\
,' 2s (B)

Hinh 5.10. Giin

Hinh do MO
Gan d6 MO cua phan tit
cila phan tO AB

Xay dung gian d6

ap dung 5.2: Xiy
Bai tap fip do MO cho phan tit
tir CO.
Lhi
Lei mg dua vao
giai: a-
Cung vio cac busk
bu6c nhu truimg hctplap
tnrcmg hop lapgian
gall do
d6 MO cho phan
dang h.2-
A2.
2 2 2 2 2 4
C (Z = 6): ls2 2s2 2p2;; 0O(Z
6): Is = 8):
(Z = ls2 2s2 2p4..
8): Is
AO (C)
(C) MO (CO) AO (O)
AO (0)

Rx s s •\
^ , \\ *
4— 4—
2px
\ ^ 2pz .•

- ' 2pz 213, 2px

n
<? \
2s
;.w^-

Hinh
Hinh5.11.
5.11.Glin do MO
Min d6 MO cua
caa CO
CO

'31
'31
 Trong
Trong phan
phan tir
tu CO
CO c6
co 10
10 ee hoa
hoa tri
tri tham
tham gia
gia true
true tiep
ti6'p tao
taothanh
thanhcac
cacMO.
MO.Ta
Ta14i
lai
biet
btft xo
Xo > xc.
Xc-
Tir
Tir gian
gian c16 MO xSy
d6 MO xay dung
dung ducc
duttc (xem
(xem hinh
hinh 5.11), ta
to co
co ca'u
can hinh electron cila
cua CO
CO la:

— aa 2 rc7I27tya
rn. 2 *2 2 22 22
CO:
CO. —OgCTgss x 7C CS
x y z

Nco = (6 — 0) == 33
Nco=^(6-0)

Ta nhan
nhan thay
tha'y trong phan tit CO co
tu CO c6 mot
twit lien
lien ket
ket aa va hai
hai lien ket 7tn khOng
lien ket c6
khong co
electron
electron clOc than nSn
d6c than nen phan ti^
tit CO co
c6 tmh
tinh nghich tir.
ap dung 5.3: Xay chtng
Bai tap at) &lin do
dung gian do MO
MO cho
cho phan tit
tu HF.
Uri
L6i giai:
giai: AO
AO cua
cua H la Is Is ;; AO
AOcitacua FF la Is2 2s2
la 1s2 2s2 2p5
2p5 hay
hay

(— 2s22 2p2x
(~ 2s 2p 2p2
x
y 2pz))
2py2p z

Trong phan tit tir nay c6

co 88 electron
electron hog
hoa tri
tri tham
tham gia
gia tao
tao cac
cac MO.
MO. XFXp > X. Do
> Xh-
mite
miic nang ltrang
luong is
Iscua
cuaHHIan
Icmhorn mure nang lining
hon mire luong 2s 2s cua
cita F nhieu Ian
lan nen thttc
thuc to
te
c6
co th6
thl xem AO-2s
AO-2scua cuaFFkhOng
kh6ng tham
tham gia
gia t6
td hap
hop tuyen
tuyen tinh
tmh AO-1s
AO-Is dm,
cua H.
H. Trong ba
AO-p cua
AO-p cita FF chi
chi co A0-2pzz c6
c6 AO-2p co ding
cung tinh
tmh d6i
ddi xiing
xung vaivdi AO-1s
AO-Is cua H nen khi t6 to hop
tuyen tinh cua
tuyen tmh cua hai AO nay
hai AO nay dan
din tai
toi tao
tao thanh MO-oz va MO- o*.
thanh MO-az a:. Cac AO-2px, 2py
Cac AO-2px, 2py
thang g6c vdi
thing goc vai AO-Is
AO-ls cuacua hidro nen cluing khdng
ndn chung khOngtot6hop
harp
detao
taoMO.
MO. Tren
Tren gian
gian do
d6 chting
chiing
la MO khOng lidn kd't duce
lien ket duoc ky
ky hien la nnxx va ny
hieu 1a ny (xem Ifuth 5.12).
hinh 5.12).

Ca'u hinh electron cita

cua HF: (n 22
HF: ~ oz(n xny)
Cau xny)

AO(H) MO(HF) AO(F)

...-tt-,
o? \

-H'"
Is(H) \

\4- 4F -If-
2pz
2pz 2py
2py 2p*
2px
Oz
MP'
-H- - -ff-
2s
2s

Hinh
Hinh 5.12.
5.12. Giin do MO cua
Glin d6 cua HF
HF

132
132
5.6.
5.6. MO
MOcho
chopillar'
phan tit
tur có
co nhieu
nhieu nguyen
nguyen tit
tu

Ve nguyen tile,
tac, viec xay
xfty dung
dung gian
gian (16 MO cho
do MO cho phan
phan tu
to nhieu
nhieu nguyen to tu cling
cung
gi6ng tru6ng hop
gid'ng tructng hop phan
phantu to hai
hai nguyen
nguyen tu.
tit.O0 day,
day, cac
cac nguyen
nguyen ly.
ly, quy
quy tac
tic chung ap
dung d6
de tao cac
cac MO
MO deu
deu dupe
duqc ton trong.

Whit:reg diemchtnlt
Qilifun/ (Tiein dank rjiu
tjiu eluiMul
citiMnq 5

1.
1. Cac 1u4n
luan diem ci ban dm
diemco cua phtrcmg phap MO
phtrong phap

-- Trong
Trong phuong
phuong phap
phap MO,
MO, nguOi
nguoi tata coi
coi phan
phan tir
tu nhu
nhu mat
m6t bOb6 khung mama & d6
a do
cac hat nhan vi va cac
cac electron
electron cAu thanh. Trong
cau thanh. Trong trucrng
inking hop
hop nay
nay ta
ta kh6ng
kh6ng the noi
not den
tirng trang thai
tirng trang thai rieng
rieng le
le cua
cua electron
electron ma
ma chi
chi co
c6 th6
thd noi
not den
den ham
ham \\i
w chmh
chinh xac
xac cua
dm he,
song
song diet'
dieu nay khOng thdthuc
khong the thitchi6n
hiendupe
duqcve yemat
mattoan
toanhoc.
hoc.DeDdkhac
khic phuc,
phuc, tuong
tuang tuto
nhu trigIng hop nguyen
truong hop nguyen tu to nhieu
nhieu electron,
electron, ngucri
ngutii ta
ta gia
gia thiet
thief la
la trong
trong phan tittii m6i
electron
electron chuydn &Ongtrong
chuyen dpng trongmdt
motdiSn
dientrudng
truOnghieu
hieudung
dungtrung
trungbinh
binhnaonao do
d6 gay
gay ra
bai 1)0
boi khung cac
bp khung cac hat
hat nhan va caccac electron
electron con
con 14i.
lai. Co hoc
hoc Wong
lupng tir bO khung
goi bp
tu gpi
triOng ty.
do la trudng /qv.
tu hap.
- Theo cach
each lap luan nhu tren, nguOi ta co
nguPi ta có th£
the xac
xac djnh
dinh dupe
dttqc trang
trang thai ri6ng
rieng
le dm
le cua electron
electron chuydn dQng trong
chuyen dpng trongdipn
dien truPng
trung hieu
hipu dung
dung cUa
cua phan tit.
tir. Trang thai
dO duoc m6
do dupe mOlatabang
bing mot
mot ham
ham song tivp goi la MO. Noi each
cach khac, MO bieu
bidu thi trang
chuydn dpng
thai chuyen Ong cita
cua timg
timg electron trong
trong phan
phan tit.
tu.

2.
2, Gian do MO
Giin
WO
Mot each
each dinh tinh,
ti'nh, sau
sau khi
khi giai
giaiphut:mg
phuong trinh
trinh Schrodinger vai 2 nghiem
Schrodinger vpi nghipm
quan trong la fling
ning luting
lupng E va\fa ham
ham song
song vpy ta the bilu
la co th^ bidu diPn
dien kPt
ket qua nay
nay tr€
tren
n gian
do
d6 nang
nhng luting chang han cho ion phan tu
lupng cac MO, chSng to hidro H2
H2 dm%
duPi day:

•t 1
a-
"-Pt

a
lsa
isa

aa ++ 13
P" as

133
133
 Theo gian do
Theo d6 nay
n^y ta nhan
nhan thay
tha'y MO
MO lien
liftn ket
k^t twang
tucmg Cmg mix nang
umg mure nang luong
Wang tha'p
thip
ky hieu
hidu IA a l , (dan
la aj,. (defn gian la
la ctas);
s); MO phan lien
liftn ket
kf?t vai
vdi mite
mdc nang
nang Ittcmg cao ky hieu
lirang cao
IA (ais8 hay
la(oi as ).
hay a').

3. MO cho Oat)
ph^n tux c6 hai
tit co hai hat
hat nhdn
nhan giong
gi6ng nhau
nhau dang A2

a)
a) Phep to hop
Phip to hap
- MO dirge
— MO duac thief
thi^t lap lA dosir
la do su16t6 hop
hap tuy&i
tuyen tmh
tinh cac
cac AO
AO hoa
hoa tri (cac electron
phan Idp
phan lap ngoai
ngoAicung).
cling).Sir
Srt6t6 hop
hap cua
cua nn AO
AO se
se din
din den
d^n hinh
hinh thanh
thanh nn MO -12 MO
MO ((— MO

n
lien k^t
lidn va —
ket va 2 MO phan lien ket ).
k^t).

—Cac
- CacAO
AOt6t6hop
hapdirge
clitqcphai
phaituan
tuantheo
theoclc
cac dieu
dieu ki6n:
kien:

+ CO mtrc nlng
Co mire nang Wang
Itrong )(Sp xi nhau;
xlp xi nhau;

+ Co
COkha
khanlng
nang xen
xen phu
phi nhau ud mot
m6t mire dOdang
mire d6 ding k^;
ke;

+ Co ding
ciing tinh
tmh d6i
dO'ixdrig
xihig vOi truc lien ke't.
vcri true ket.

b) kit cr
b) Lien kit vd lien kit
avd ket n
—Tuy
- Tuytheo
theohudng
htterngxen
xenphu
phuciia
cuaede
cacAO
AO ta
ta se
se c6:
+ Neu 2 AO xen phu
phu doc
doc theo
theo true
truc lien
lien kft,
ket, ta
ta c6
c6 cac
cac MO-o
MO-0 ;
+ Neu
N^u 2 AO xen phu theo
theo hai
hai ben
ben suttn
sudm lien
lien ket,
ke't, ta
ta co
c6cac
cacMO-1c.
MO-tt.

c) Ctic loqi
c) Cdc loai gian do
gidn d6
Gian d6
do MO cho cac
cdc phan
phln tit thuOc chu
tir A2 thu6c chu ky
kY22 nhu
nhu sau:

D6i vai
vdi O2, F2 do hai phan mac
02, F2 mire nang
ndng luang
luong ss va
vl pp xa
xa nhau
nhau khOng c6 tuong
khdng co axing
tac
tdc nen gian d6 MO
MO cila
cua chi ng thuOc
chiing thudc loai I.

1361 vaicdc
DO'i vdi cac phan
phan tir
tit tfif Lit den N2 c6 gian d6 MO loai
tit Li2 loai II,
II, do
do or cac phan
0 cac to
phln tu
nay c6 cdc
nay co cac phan
phdn mac
mire nang
ndng Wang AO-2s va
luong AO-2s A0-2pzz rat gin
va AO-2p gin nhau
nhau va va c6
c6 ding
cung tinh
tinh
chit
chit d6i
ddi ming
xihig nen c6 Wang
tuong tac.

134
134
 AO MO AO
MO AO AO
AO MO AO
MO AO
QZ
E c z'

2p y

\ "H fy / /
7y, \\Vnx Tty V// I

2s • 2s
a
s

GiCra AO-s v^i

Giita va AO-p
AO-p khdng
kh6ng c6 ti/ong
Wong tic (loai I)
tic (Ioai GiOra AO-s va
Giita vi AO-p c6 Wong
tUOng tac
tic (Ioai
(loai II)

d) S6
So lien ket
^ * S 1 *
S6 lien ket N diroc
So lien duoc xac Binh theo bi6u
dinh theo bieu thufc:
thitc: NN == —
— (n
(n —
-n )
2

4.
4. MO
MOcho Oat'
cho tit tur
phan có co
haihai
hat nhan
hat nhSnkhfic
khacnhau
nhau dang
dang AB
AB

—V6
- Venguyfin
nguyentic
tic cach
each xay
xiy
AO (A)
AO (A) MO (AB)
MO AO (B)
dung cac MO
dimg cac MO d6i
ddi voi
vdi phan
phin tit
tu
Bang
dang ABAB hoan
hoan town
loan giong
giO'ng voi
vdi as
phan tit dang A2.
phin lir /:i:\
//' «y \\
—Trong
- Tronghai
hai nguyfin
nguyen tijr
tit A va
ss
B thl
thi nguySn
nguyen tu tit nao
nao co
c6 d6 amim dien
diftn 2p (A)
hon se c6 mdc nang Wong AO
hon se co muc ning luong AO /
/ 2p (B)
2p (B)
S\ 11 /C
ben
bdn hon
hon va &rocduoc bieu dien difin that,
tha'p \X
‘ x C Y //'
\ — — -- — —//
hon
hon tren
trfin gian dO d6 MO. Xuat Xui't phat
phat s

13.
tir cac nguyen
tir cac nguyfin tictic neu
neutren,
trfin,totaCO
co , ,— — -- — —,
■
the
the lap
lip gian do d6 MOMO cho
chophAnphin tir ,
•••
CY . \
\
••• \
AB yeti gia sir B co
vdi gia c6 d0
d6 Am
im dien
difcn lam
16n
28 (A)
29 (A) \ 5
hon
hefn AA theo
theo hmh
hinh ben sau diy:day: 2s (B)
29
as

135
135
 @Au hei nit
@au ItAi bid tat
ou bid :z
I tip

1.1. Cho bid't

Cho biet nhirng
nhilng gia
gia thuy^t
thuyet gin
On dung
dung cua
dm phuong
phuang phap MO va
phi) MO va phuang
phuang phap
phap
MO -LCAO.
2. Di^u kiln
Dieu kifin d@cac
cac AO
AO t6
t6 hdp
hap duoc
dirdcvdri
vai nhau
nhau va
va de
de sir
su t6
t6 hcrp
hap co
c6 hidu
hieu qua la gi?
Ve gian d6 nang luting
lircmg cac MO dmcua phan
phSn tit
tu A2
A2 thu6c
thu6c chu ky 11 va chu
chu ky 2.
kj, 2.
Tir do
d6 viet cac day nang
nang Wang
lucmg tang
tang dan
d5n cac
cac MO
MOciia.
cua chung.
3. Nguyen
Nguydn tAc dien cac
tic di^n cac electron
electron vao
vao cac
cac MO nhu th£;
the nao?
4. Vi^t Ong
Viet c6ng thtic
thuc tinh
tmh s6
s6'lien
lien lc&
ket d6i
d<5i vai phan
phSn tittir hai nguyen
nguyen tit
tir theo phuang
phuong
phap MO. Lay
phap MO. Lly vi du minh hoa. Quan he gala s6 lien ket va c10 ben lien ket
minh hoa. Quan hfi gifia s6' lien k6't va d6 bSn li6n
nhu thS'
nlitt the nao?
5. B2 va
132 02 deli
va O2 c6 tmh
deu co tinh thuSn
thuan tir,
tit, hay
hay giai
giii thich
thi'ch tai sao?

6. Giai thfch
thich su tao thanh
thanh ion
ion H2 bang
blng phuang
phuong phap
phap MO.

7. Tai sao khOng ton tai cac phan tit

khfing t6n He2 va Ne2 theo phuang
tir Het phuong phap MO.
MO
, 2+2-
8. Theo phuong
Theo phuang phap
phi') MO
MO thl co the ton tai cac ion sau khong: B2 va
khdng: B22+ va F22
F2 ??
VIsao?
Vi sao?

9. Philo/1gphap
Phuong phapMO
MOcocóthe
thegiai
giaithfch
thichduqc
duacsusut6n
tontaitaicua
dmion
ionHe^
He khOng?
khdng? Tai sao?

10. Dua
10. Dua vaophuang
vacs phuongphap
phapMO MO hay
hay xay
x&y dung
dung giin
gian d6
d6 MO,
MO, viet
viet cat'
clu hinh
hinh electron
cho tiring phantir,
ttrng phln tit,tmh
tinh s6
sOlien
lienket
ketva
vacho
chobid't
biertir
tirtinh
tinhcua
cuacac
cac phan
phan tir
tit khao sat
cho cac trucmg
tru6ng hop sau day:
a) BO, CN,
a) BO, CN, CO (CO
(Co 99 electron
electron hoa
hod tri)
+
b)
b) NO , CO,
NO+, CN- (Co
CO, CN (Co10
10electron
electron hoa
hoa tri)

c)
c) NO (CO 11
(Co 11electron
electronhoa
hoi tri)
Cho:
Cho: BB (Z
(Z == 5);
5); CC (Z
(Z == 6);
6); NN (Z
(Z==7);
7);O0 (Z = 8).
8).

11.
11. Hay
Haysososanh
sanhc10
d6 ben
b£n lien ket trong
lien ket 02 va
trong O2 va trong F2 xuat phat
F2 xult phat tu
tit kdt
ket qua thu
duac khi )(ay
duqc dung gian d6
xay dung do MO cho 2 phan
phan tu
to nay.
nay.

12.
12. Can
Can Cacu"vacs
vao phuang
phuong phap
phap MO,
MO, xem
xem xet
xet cac
cac phan
phan tit
tu sau day phan tit
tir nao ton
t6n
tai, phan tit
tai, tir nao khOng ton tai:
khdng tdn tai:
Lie, Be2.
Li2, Bee, Bj.
B2, C2.
C2,N2.
N2,O2,
02, Fj,
F2, Ne2,
Ne2, NO,
NO, CO.
CO.

136
136
13.
13. So sanh dO dai, nang ltrong
d6 dai, luang lien ket cua cac
cac ion
ion phan
phan tir
tir va
va phan
phan tir
tu thuOc
thuoc cac
day sau:
+ 2
(a) 0
(a) 2. 0
02, 2 . O^,
02+, 02 , 0
022
2 ; (b) N2, N2+;
N2, N2+; F2+;
F2, F2+;
(c) F2,
+ +
(d) CO,
CO, CO
C0+;; (e) NO,
NO, NO
N0+; : H2+.
H2, H2+.
(f) H2,

14.
14. Mo
MO ta
ti va !feu
neu tinh
tinh chat cac lien
lien ket
ket HF,
HF, HC1,
HC1, HBr,
HBr, HI theo phtrong
phuong phap MO.
Co the
CO the giai
giai thich
thich tinh thuan tir
tinh thuan tir (hay
(hay nghich
nghich tir)
tir) cua
cua cac
cac phan
phap tir
tir 0 2, NO,
02, NO,
BN...
BN. .. nhi.r the nao?
nhirthenao?

15.
15. Giai thfch tai sao khi F2
thich tai F2 mat mot F2+ thi dO
mot electron thanh F2+ ben lien ket
dp ben kfe't tang
len, con khi N2 N2+ thi &Oben
N2 chuyen thanh N2+ dp bdn lien
lien ket
ket lai
lai giam xudng.
xu6ng.

137
 &tilting
OhUditQ, 6
6

LIEN KETgiCa
li£:n k£t GIfiAcAc
CACphan
PHANtit
it
Muc tieu Can ndm virng:
yang:
chuong
chiromg 6 1. Dic didm
1. DSc di^m dm
cua lien
li6n ket
k^t glib
giuacac
cac phan
phan tir
tijr - lien
li6n ket
kS't y^u.
2.
2. Lien ket Van
Lifin ke't Van der Waals: Bin chat
Waals: Ban chit va
va su
sir hinh
hmh thanh cac tucrng tic
tuang tac
cita ket.
cua lien k^t.
3.
3. Lien ket hidro:
hidro; Su
Sir hinh
hinh thanh vava dac thu.
thii. Cac
Cac dang
dang lien
lien ket
ketva
vaAi)
ap
dung no di
dung no gidi thich
giai cac
thich cachien
hienWong
tuong hod
hoa hoc.

Mot soso Lien ket yeit

yen Lien kit
Lien kit H
H ngi
noi phOn tti
phan tu
tit khod
hhod Lien kit
Lien kit hidro Lien kit
Liin ket H ngoai phOn
phan tutti
Lien kit
Liin ket Van der Waals Lien ki't
Liin ket H trong
trong ntteic
nude ddda
MOt cich khai quat,
M6t each quit, trong
trong hoi
hoa hoc,
hoc, ngu6i
ngucri ta
ta phan
phan thanh
thanh hai
hai nhOm
nhom lien ket:
—Nhom
- Nhorn lien
lien ket
lc&manh
manh bao
bao g6m
g6m lien
lien ket
ket cdng
cling hoa
hoa tri,
tri, lien
lien ke't
ket ion v6i
vdi nang
lucrng 16ntur
luqng Idn tit200 kJ.mol 11 trill
200 kl.mol tro len.
—Nhom
- Nh6m lien
lien ke't
ket ye'u
yeti g6m
g6m tuong
trong tac
tic Van
Van der
der Waals,
Waals, lien
lien ket
ke't hidro.
hidro. Nang
Nang
luctng cuanh6m
luqng cua nh6mlien
lienke't
ketnay
naybe,
be,nam
namdudi
duoi40 kJ.mol l1..
40kJ.mol
Sau day ta khao sat nh6m
Sau day nhdm lien ket did
thu hai.

6.1.
6.1. Lien
Lienket
ketVan
Van der
der Waals
Waals

Gic
Cac s6
sd lieu
lieu thttc
thuc nghiem
nghiem chi
chi ra
rarang,
rang, gifra
gitra cac
cac phan
phan tir
tu (phan
(phan cuc
cue va
va khOng
kh6ng
phan cuc) luOn
phan cue) luen co
c6 su tuong
ming tic
tackhong
khdngkern
kem theo
theo su
su truyen
truydn electron.
electron. Loai
Loai luc
luc twang
tuong
tic
tac nay
nay duoc
duqc dat ten
ten nha
nha bac
bde hoc
hoc nguoi
ngucri Ha Lan nghien
Ha Lan nghien cihi
cau diu
diu tien la Van
Van der
der
Waals.

6.1.1. Bin chit

6.1.1. Ban chat dm
cua luc
luc Van
Van der Waals

Theo Van der Waals

Waals thi
thi luc
luc nay
nay co
c6 ban
bin chat twang tic tinh dien g6m luc but
tuong tac hut
va luc d<iy.
va luc diy.

138
138
A. Luc
A. Luc hut
but
a) Luc
a) Luc dinh
dinh hu&ng
huong
Thong tac
Tuung tac nay
nay xuit
xua't hitt'
hi6ngiria
giSacac
cacphan
phan tit
ttrcó
cocuc
cue(IA
da có
co sin
sSnmOt
m6t momen
momen
Wang cue.
lu&ng cuc. Cac
Gic phin
phan tit
tu trong
trong truong
truang hcrp dinh hu&ng
hap nay dinh haang lai
lai v6i
vai nhau
nhau theo
theo m6t
mot trat
trit
to xac
tu xac dinh
dinh (hlnh
(hInh 6.1).
6.1).

Hinh 6.1.
HInh 6.1. Tuong
Turing tie cuc •- Iu3ng
ludng cue
tic Wong cut
Wang cue

Gia tri cua

cua luc
luc do
doIA:
la:
21.14
IU=
Udh =- 6 (6.1)
3r6kT
kT

trong do:
trong do: µp -- momen
momen Wang cuc;
ludng cue;
r - khoang
khoing cach
each giira
giua hai phan
phin tit;
tu;
T - nhitt
nhi6t dO tuytt d6i;
d6 tuydt d6'i;
k - hing
hang s6
56 Boltzmann.
Boltzmann.

b) Luc cdm
cam ring
vmg
Khi
Khi mOt
m6t phanphin tutit khfing
khOngphan
phin cuecuc ti&i
tin 14i gin phin
lai gan phan tit
tu phin
phancuc
cuethi
thiditch
dudi tac
tie
dung
dung dm
cua ditn
di6ntruZ:tng
trucmg dbrphanphintiftitnay,
nay,phan
phin ti
tit khdng
khOngphan
phin cue
cuc hi
bi phan
phin cuc
cue hoa,
hoa,
nghia
nghla la xuit
xua't hitn
hifcnlktc
luc cam
cam Ung.
umg.

C
Hlnh 6.2. Tuong
HInh Turing tic
tic luang epe - Wang
ludng cuc ludng cut
cue cam
cim Ong
Ung

Ghia
Giua hai phin
phan tit
tu phan
phan cuc
cue va
va bi
hi phin
phan cuc
cue hoa
hoa but
hut nhau
nhau tao ra luc
luc cdm
cam sing
ting va
duac xac
xic dinh
dinh (hinh
(hinh 6.2)
6.2) nhu
nhu sau:
sau:
,3412
Uc
Uc=- = 2 (6.2)
ru
trong
trong d6
do aa IA ht s6 phan
la he phin cuc
cue hoa.
hoa.

139
c) Luc
Luc khuech
khulch tan
Trong phan tu,
tir, cac
cac electron luon luon
luOnchuyen
chuydnd6ng.
Ong, hat nhan nguyen
nguyfin tir
tu cung
dao dOng quanh vi
dong quanh vi tn'
tri can bang
bang nen
nfen skr phan bd
sir phan bs cac dien tich
tfch throng
dircmg va
va am
am thuOng
thirdng
xuyen
xuyen bi
bj lech khOi vi tri can bang
khdi vi bang lam
lam xuat
xua't hien
hifin nhirng
nhffng Wang
lirong circ
cue tam
tarn thOi
thdi trong
trong
phan tu
tir (hinh
(hinh 6.3).

CID -.-

Hinti 6.3. Tuong

Hinh 6.3. Trong tic
tac Wang cuc - Wang
ludng cue cuc tam thoi
ludng cue thdi

Do
Do sir xuat hien
su xua't hifin cac Wang
ludng cuc
cue tam thOi nay ma
thdi nay ma cac phan
phan tir
tu khOng
khdng coc6 cue
cut
cling
cung có
cd the
the hilt
hut Ian
lln nhau.
nhau. Loai
Loailkrc
luc but
hut nay
nay goi
goi lalaIkrc khuich tan, c6
luc khuech co gia tri
tri nhu
nhau va duqc
dtroc bidu
bidu didn
dien theo
theo he
he thdc
thin sau:
3hvoct2
Uh = (6.3)
(6,3)
4r6
vc,
v0 -- tan
tan sd
s6 dao
dao ddng
Ong arcing tIng vdi
tuong thig vOinang
nangluong
bongod didm
diem 0;
h -- hang s6
sd Planck.
B. Lqc day
B. Luc
Khi cac phan to tu den
ddn grin nhau, ngoai
gdn nhau, ngoai luc
lkrchiit,
hut,cac
cacobitan
obitanxen
xenphu
phi lan
lin nhau se
lam xuat
xua't hien
hifen lilt
luc day.
day.Lktc
Luc day
ddy tang
tang nhanh
nhanh khi
khi giam
giamkhoang
khoangcach
eachgiCra
giua cac tarn
tam cua
ciia
hai phan tu.
tir. Theo
Theo tmh
tinh loan,
toan, luc
lilt day co
c6 gia tri:
trj;
B
Ud = -7
1 (6.4)

trong d6
do B D
la hang s6,
sd, n la he
hd s6
sd nen
nen có
cd gia tri a, 12.
gia triA. 12.
Nang luong
luong Wang
tuong tac
tac toan
toanphan
phdnIA:
la:
(
B 414 2aµ2 3hv0a"2
3hvocc
Utp
U, = Ud Uu = —
ID + Uh n++ - 6
3r6 kT
3r kT r6 4r6
B A
hay u = 1. 6.5)
U tP = 7
'p r r6
C. ciia Ilan
C. Bien thien cua luong theo r
nangWong
Dim vao cdng
Dua vao Ong thirc
thurc (6.5)
(6.5) to
ta có
cdthd
thlbidu
bieudidn
didnthrOng
dudng cong
cong nang
nang Wong
luong phu
thuOc vao khoang
thuoc vao khoang each
cach rr (hinh 6.4). Tren d6do thi, nang
nang Wong
luong cuc
cue tie'u U0 ling
tieu U0 ung v5i
vdi rro0

140
co gia tri nhO
nho hcfn
hemnhi6u
nhieukhi
khiso
sosanh
sanhvoi
vOidirong
dung cong tuong
lirong to
tir cho lien ket
k6't cong
c6ng hoa
hoa
tri hay lien ket ion.
U

U. X Uh

Hlnh 6.4.
Hinh 6.4. Su
Subien doi UU theo
bie'n d61 theo r

6.1.2. D4c
Dac diem cUa
cua !tic
lire turcmg tacVan
tuong tac Vander
der Waals
Waals

Qua nhieu
Qua nhidu nghien
nghien curu ngucri ta
eau ngu6i ta rut
rut ra
ra mot
mot s6
so diem
did'm cUa
cua luc Van
Van der
der Waals
Waals
nhu
nhir sau:
sau:
-- Luc tirong dOi
Luc Van der Waals wring doi yeu,
yeu, nam
nam trong
trong khoang
khoing 2 -MO co
± 10 kJ/mol, no c6
tinh chpn
chon lac
loc cao.
- Khi
Khi khoang
khoang each giira
giira cac phan
phan tit
tir tang
tang thl
thi Luc Van der Waals giam
lire Van giam khd
kha
manh.
Gic
Cac luc
life Van
Van derder Waals
Waalsguy&
quyetdinh
dinhsusirbut
hutnhau
nhaugiCta
giira cac phan tit t6 hpp
tir va su td ticip
cac chat,
cha't. khi bi6t
biet duoc
diroc luc
lire nay se gitip cho ngubi
giup cho ngubi ta
ta hieu
hieu diroc
duoc ban
ban chat
chit cua
cua hien
hien
tuong chuyen tir
lirpng chuyen tit trang
trang thai khi sang long hoac mot m6t s6 hien tuong
tirong hod
hoa ly
ly khac nhu
nhir
hien tirpng
along hap
ha'p phu.

6.2.
6.2. Lien
Lienket
ket hidro
hidro

6.2.1. Khal
Khai niem

phan tir
Xet phan to X-H,
X-H, trong
trong d6
do XX la
la nguyen
nguyen totirco
co dO
d6 am dien
di6n 16n nhu F,
lorn nhu F, O,
0, N,...
se but
hut electron
electron ve phia minh lam
lam cho nguyen
nguyPn tit
tir H mang di0 tich
mang didn tichducrng.
duong. Nguyen
Nguyen
tit c6 kha nang lien ket
tir H co ket phu
phu voi
v6i twit
m6t nguyen
nguyen tit
tir khac c6
co dO am di6n
d6 am dien cao. Vi du:
F - H... F-H
F-H... F-H
Kieu ket phu nay dttoc
Kieu lien k& dupe goi a
gpi la lien ket hidro va ducic
dupe ky hieu bang
bang ba
ba clau
da'u
charn
cha'm (...).

141
141
 M6t cach
each khai quit
quat ta
ta c6
co the
th^ bieu
bi^u dien
didn lien
li6n kel
kd'thidro
hidro nhu
nhu sau:
X - H... Y
X-H...
trong d6 X, Y la nhiing
trong do nhirng nguyen
nguyfin tit
tir c6
co dO am difen
d6 am dien cao.
Lien lc&
Lifin hidro thudc
ket hidro thuOcloai
loai lien
lien ket
k6t y^u,
yeti, nang
nang luang
lirong dm
cua no
no vao
vao khoang
khoang
8^ kJ.mori1 (xem
÷ 40 kJ.mol (xem bang
bang 6.1).

Bang
Bing 6.1.
6.1. Gla
Gia tr.
trj! Eva
E va dd cua
cuamOt
mot so
sd'Ilan
Il6n k6t
ket hidro

Kieu
Kie'u lien
lien ke't
ket d, A
A E, kJ.moi11
E, kJ.mof
lz 20
0

2,6
2,6 -- 2,8
X

0 - H ... 0 «20
o

2,8
1

0
0 --H
H ...
... N 2,7 -- 2,9
2,7 25
N - H ... N
N-H... 2,7
2.7 -- 2,9 23
F - H ... F
F-H...F 2,5
2,5 -- 2,7
2.7 28

6.2.2. Phan
Ph^n loai

Ngttoi
Ngircri ta chia lien ket
ke't hidro thanh
thinh hai loai chinh:
chinh:

a) Lien ket
a) Lien kit hidro ngogi to (giva
ngoqi phdn tii (giua cdc
ede phdn tti)
tu)
Vi du, phdn nit6c 6a nhUng
phan tit nude diet' kien
nhutig didu kien xac
xac dinh
dinh de
de dang
dang qulin
quan hop
hqpdirdi
ditaiiang
dang
(H2O),
(H20)nn, v(i
vdfi nn =
= 2 hoac
hoac 3.
H\ /H
H
\ /H
O—H . . .O
O—H ... 0
\H
Phan tit axit
Phan tir axit focmic
focmic cung
cling de dang
ding dime hoa:
O—H ...O.
X)—H ...0
H—C /—H
H
. . . H —0

b) Lien ket
b) Lien kit hidro
hidro not
noi phdn to
tu (trong
(trong cling
cung mot phdn tit)
td)
Lo4i lien ka
Loai ketnay
nay thuang
thixcmg ton
t6n tai
tai a6 cac
cic din
dinxuat
xuit hidrocacbon v5ng a
hidrocacbon yang 6 vi tri wto.
cclo.
Vi
Vf du, o-nitrophenol: _ H
H

C.1?

o'I1/2
andehit
andehit salixylic
142
6.2.3. Ban chat lien
6.2.3. Ban lien ket
k6t hidro
Ve ban chat
Ve ban chat lien
lien ket
ket cua
cUahidro
hidroda
dadtroc
duqc nhieu
nhieu ngtxdi
ngtrai de
de cap
cap tdi,
tai, song
song cho
cho toi
tai
nay moi
mai dirng laida nhirng
dimg lai nhirng gia dinh
djnh chua
chua c6
co mat
m6t 1Y thuy6t that
ly thuye't that chat
chat che.
Ta hinhdung:
Ta hinh dung:
X -XHH
... Y
Y
Lien ket hidro
Lien ket hidro dirge
&roc hlnh
hinh thanh,
thanh, theo
theo da
da s6
s6 yy kien
ki6n cua
caa cac nha nghien
nghiSn cite
ciru
cho rang chung
cluing co
c6 ban chat tmhtinh difin.
dien.
8-
Lien k6t XX -- H bi phan
Lien ket cut X
phan cue H5+. Hidro H.
X^~-- H8+.
ttrong tac vdi
tuong tac vai nguyen tir coc6 d6
da am dien
diSn lam Y cua phan
Ion Y q . . . H-0
0 q
tit ben canh
tu bSn canh d^
de tao
tao ra
ra lien ket phu
lien ke't phu - lien ket hidro. VIVf /
H/
H \H H
du:

6.2.4. Tim
Tam quan
quan trong
trong cim
cua lien ket hidro

Loai lien ke't

Loai lien k& nay
nay kha
kha pho
ph6 bien
bien va
va dong
dong vaivai tro
tr6 quan trong
trong trong hoa
hoa hoc.
hoc.
Nha co
Nho c6 hidu bi6t v6 lien
hi^u bie't lien ke't
ket hidro
hidro ma
ma ngiroi
nguai ta
to giai
giii thich
thi'ch &roc
dugc hien tuvng
tugng xuat
xua't hien
di6m
di^m sOi bat binh
soi bat binh thuang
thucmg cua cua cac
cac hop
hop chat H2O, NH3 NH3 NIAva HFHF(xem
(xemhlnh
hinh 6.5
6.5 va
bang 6.2).

is
H2O
100

H2Te
0
H2S
NH3 \ \H2S H2Se
SbH1
HI
SnH.4
PH3
-100
Siat
Xe

-200
A1
.77.Kr Kh6ilirong
KhO'i lacingphan
phan tir
tit

Hlnh 6.5.
HInh 6.5. Diem
Diem soi
sal cua mat so
cua mot so hop
hop chat
chit

143
143
 Bang
B£ng 6.2. Nhi.t
Nhietcle)
do soi (ts)
(ts) cua mot s6
so hdp chit
hop ch£ft

Hqp
Hdp isA Hdp
M is Hq
Hdpchat
cha't M t Hcip M iss
chat
cha't 5 chat
cha't

NH3 17
17 — 32,5
-32,5 H2O
H20 18
18 + 100
100 HF 20 +10,5
+ 10,5

PH3 34 — 87,0
-87,0 H2S
h2 s 34 — 60
-60 HCl
HC1 36,5 —84,0
- 84,0
AsH3
ASH3 78 — 54,5
-54,5 H2Se
h2s& 81
81 — 42,5
-42,5 HBr 81
81 — 66,0
-66,0

SbH3 131
131 — 17,0
- 17,0 H2Te
H2Te 130
130 — 2,0
-2,0 HI 128
128 —35,0
- 35,0

Lien
Lien ket hidro
hidro c6
co tinh
tfnh dinh
djnh htrang,
hucmg, vi
vl vay
vay no
no anh
anh htrang
huong den
den qua
qua trinh
trinh lc&
ket
tinh va ca'u
cau tnic
trtic tinh thd. VI du
th^. Vi du sir
su hinh
hinh thanh
thanh tinh
tinh the'
thdnude
nu& da
da (xem
(xem hinh
hlnh 6.6).
Nguyen tir tu oxi dtrqc
duqc bao
bao quanh
quanhbari
bcri 4 o
nguyen
nguyen tu to hidro.
hidro. Cau trtic cua
Ca'u true cita nude
nuac da
di x6p
xdp /iX
/ H \
trong su6t. Khi
trong sud't. Khi tang
tang nhiet
nhiet d6,
dd, lien
lidn ket
kd't / i \
hidro pha va, nuerc di tan
hidro bi pha vd, nude da tan ra. Lien ket
Lidn k^t / \
hidro c6
cd anh
anh htth'rng
hudng khakha Idn
lan den
den qua trinh / h \
hoa tan
tan ran
lln nhau
nhaugiCra
giua cac chat
cha't lOng.
long. VI
Vi du / X
H
rucruetylic
ruou etylic va
va nude
ntrqc hoa
hoa tan
tan vao nhau theo / h " • .h \
1
bat kj, ty
batky tj, le nao.
Ngay
Ngay nay,nay, nhieu
nhilu nghien cult da
nghien ciru di chi
chi
(10 °
r6,
ro, lien ket
ket hidro
hidro dOng
ddng mOt vai trd
mdt vai tth rat quan "O
trong5 trong haat
hoatdOng
ddng sting
sdng cita
cua co
cd the'
th^ sinh
, " , Hinh 6.6. Tinh the nuOc
nude da
vat,
vat, nhu cau trtic cUa
cau true cua axit ADN c6 canh
ADN cd canh
quat xoin dd
quat xoan t40taothanh
thanhcaucSun6i
ndihidro.
hidro.

QlIt ling ttlini

riatiing ' dunk
ittem cIt in It yi:u.
giii ehttrittg
elttiong 6

Nhorn lien ket

Nhdm lien Vt yeti
ydu gOm wan tac
g6m tudng ticVan
Vander
derWaals,
Waals,lien
lienket
kethidro.
hidro.Nang
Nanglucmg
lugng
cua nhdm
nh6m lien
lien kdt
ket nay
nay be,
be, nam
nAmdudi
dtrai4040 lamoll .
kJ.mol

1. Lien ket Van der Waals

Theo Van der Waals thl

thi luc nay c6
cd ban cha't
chat tudng
tuong tac
tac tinh difn
dien g6m
gdm lur
lie but
hut
va luc
lire day.
diy. Nang
Nang Wong
ludng arcing tac toan phdn
tudng tac phan la:

144
144
 B A
Utp
U,p = Ud
Ua + Uh
Ub hay
hay Utp = n " 4
U,p=4
r r6
trong do: A
trong do: A va
va B
B - hang s6;
s6';
nn -- he s6 nen
nen c6
COgia
giatritri« 12.
12.
- khoang
r- khoang cach
each giira
giffa hai
hai phan
phSn tit.
tir.
Dac
Dae diem
difi'm cita
cua luc
life Van der Waals la:
la;
- Lire
Ltrc Van
Van der Waals
Waals tircmg
tuong d6'i
d6i yd'u,
yeti, khoang
khoang 2^-10
2 ÷ 10 kJ/mol,
kJ/mol, no
no co tinh chon
loc
Ipc cao.
- Khi
Khi khoang
khoing cach
each glib
giira cac
cac phan
phan tit
tir tang
tang thi
thl luc
lire Van
Van der Waals
Waals giam
giam kha
kha
manh.

2. Lien ket hidro

Nguyen
Nguydn tit có kha nang lien kft
tir H co ket phu
phu vdi
vai m6t
mot nguydn
nguyen tutit khac
khac co
c6 d6
d0 am dien
cao. Vi du:
cao. Vf du: FF -- HH ... F -- H.
H. Mot
M6t cach t6ng quat:
each t6ng quit: X
X -- H
H ...
... Y.
Y. Trong
Trong do
do X,
X, Y
Y la
nhting
nhffng nguyen
nguydn tit
tir co
co (10 am didn
dd am dien cao.
Kieu
Ki^u lien ket
k4t phu nay
nay duvc
dirpc goi
goi la lien
lidn ket
k^t hidro va &roc ky hidu
diroc ky hieu bang ba dgu
da'u
charn
cha'm (...).
Lien
Lidn ket
kd't hidro thu6c
thudc loai lien
lidn ket
kd't yeti, nang lirpng
yfe'u, nang luting cua
dm no vao khoang 8 ÷ 40
-1
kJ.mol '..
lamol
Nguari tatochia
Ngucri chia lien
lien ke't
ket hidro
hidro thanh
thanh hai
hai loai chinh:
-- Lien
Lidn ket
kd't hidro
hidro ngoai
ngoai 'Alan tir (giiJa
phan tir (gift cac
cac phan
phan tit);
tir);
- Lidn
Lien lc& hidro n6i
kd't hidro n6i phan tir
tit (trong cung
cimg m6t
mot phan tit).
tir).
Ngay nay, theo nhieu
Ngay nhi^u nghien
nghidn cttu
cuu da chi
chi ro,
ro, lien
lifin ket
kft hidro
hidro dOng
dong mot
mdt vai
vai trO
tro
rat quan trong trong hoat d6ng
Ong s6ng
sd'ng cua
cua co
co the
th£ sinh
sinh vat
vat nhu
nhir cau
ca'u trtic
true cita
cua axit ADN
co canh
earth quat
quat xoan
xoin de
dd tao thanh cau
cdu n6i
nb'i hidro.

(?«// Atli
6411 ea bid
ItAi lUi but lap

1.
1. Luc Van der Waals la gi?
Lire gi? Cac
Cac yeti
yd'u t6
to anh huitng den lire
hircmg dd'n luc Van
Van der Waals la
gl?
gi? Cho vi
vf du.
2.
2. Dieu kien
Didu kidn tao thanh lien
lidn ket
kd't hidro la gl?
gi? Anh twang
htrbng dia
cua lien
lien lc&
ke't hidro den
de'n
tinh
tmh chat cita
cua cac chat nhtt
nhir the
the' nao? Cho vivf du.

.45
1 45
3. Tai sao not
n6i lire
luc Van derder Waals
Waals va
va lien
li6n lc& hidro anh
k€t hidro anh hirong
twang chu
chit yen
yeu den
den tinh
chit
chat V
ly hoc
hoc dim cac chat?
cua cac chit?
a) Phan
Phan bi6t
biet cac
cac loai
loci tirong
won tac
tacgiaa
giuacaccac phan
phan tit.
tu.
b) Phan
Phan bifit
biet lien
lian lc& hidro vdi
kat hidro yeticac
cac loai
loci lian
lien ka't
k6t ion,
ion, lian
lien ka't
ket c6ng
cling hoa tri.
Lien
Lian ket
k^t hidro
hidro có
coanh
anhhttong
hirongnhtt
nhuth6
thanao
naoc1611 tinhchat
dan tinh chitcua
caa cac
cac chat.
4. CO cac chat
Co cac chit sau (dude
(duoc vi6t
viat theo thir lit til
thir tu tit tren xudng)
xu6ng) trong nhora:
nhom:
IVA: CH4, SiH4,
SiH4, GeH4, SnH4;
SnH4; VA: NH3, PH3, AsH3,
AsHj, SbH3.
VIA:
VIA: H2O, H2S,
HjS, H2Se, H2Te;
HjSe, HjTe; VIIA: HF,
HF, HC1, HBr, HI.
HCl, HBr,
Tai sao nhiet
nhiat dt)
d6 n6ng
nong chay
chay va
va nhiet
nhiatc10 soi tang
d6 s6i tang din
din tir
tir CH4 Mil SnH4 trong
dan SnH4
nhom IVA,
IVA, nhtmg
nhung ora cac nhom con
con 14i
lai thi nhiet
nhiat c10 !longchay
d6 nong chayvava nhiet
nhiet do
d6 s6i
giam tir
tir hop
hop chat
chgt thd
thtinha't
nhgtda'n
denhop
hopchat
chatthu
thtihai,
hai,sau
saudodomdi
maitang
tan din
din da'n
den cu6i
cuO'i
nh6m.
nhom.

5. Hay giai thich

thfch dinh tinh tai sao
sao kh6i
khdi ltrong rieng ciia
luong riang caa nude
nit& di
da 14i han kh6i
lai be hon kho'i
Wong riang
luong rieng (tit
(ty kh6i)
khdi) cita
cua nude
nude thtrOng.
thudng. Biel rang phan tit
Biat ring tir nuOc (la cd
nude da co ca'u
cau true
nhtr mot tu
nhu mdt to dian
dien dau.
deu.
6. Bang phuong
Bang phucmgphap
phi) nghiem
nghiam lanh ngttoi
ngudi to
ta di
da xac
xac dinh
dinh dtrac
duoc kh6i
khoi lacing
luong phan
to
tir cita
cua axit benzoic (C6H5COOH) la 244,
(Cg^COOH) la 244, cao
cao hon
hornkhoang
khoing22 lln
lin so
so vai
vdi tinh
town
loan 1^thuy6t.
thuyat.Giii
Giaithich
thfchnguyen
nguyln nhan?
nhan?
7. Hay giai
Hay giai thich
thfch vi
vi sao
sao gift
giua22d6ng
ddngphan
phanhinh
hinhhoc
hoclalao-nitrophenol
o-nitrophenol va
va
p-nitrophenol có
cd cac tinh
tmh chit
cha't vat
vat V
ly khac
khac nhau.
nhau. Cho
Cho bi6t:
biat:

o-nitrophenol p-nitrophenol
is 0
ts((°C)
C) 45,3 114,9
II (D)
P(D) 3,1 5,05

146
146
 @kiting 7
OhMitg, 7

DINH LUAT BAO

DINH LU^T BAOTOAN,
TOAN,CHUY^N
CHUIIN HOA
HOA
NANG LUtiNG VA
NANG LlTONG VA CHIEU
CHl£u H •ONG DI^N
Hl/CNG DIEN BlfiN
BIfN
CUA
CUA CAC QUA TRINH
CAC QUA TRINH HOA
HOA HOC
HOC
Muc tieu Cdn
Can tap
tap trung
trungvcio
vdo ccic
cdc van de:
chtrcmg
chucmg 7 i1. Cac
Cac khai
khai niem
niem va dinh
va dinh nghia
nghia cd
co ban
ban trong
trong nhidt
nhiet d6ng lire hoc:
Ong luc hoc: He
H6
va
va cac loci 4 thucmg
loai he thtrOnggap.
gap.Trang
Trangthai
thaiva
va trang
trang thai
thai can
can bang.
bang. Nei
N6i
nang. Cbng
06ng va nhiet. Him trang thai va ham qua trinh...
nhiet. Ham
2. Nei dung
2. N6i dung nguyen ly, I: Phat
nguyfin 15 Phat bidu
bi^u nguyen
nguyfin ly.
ly. Bidu
Bi^u thtic
thurc dinh
dinh ltrong.
luong.
1'
Y nghia
nghia dm
cua AU va AH.
AU va H. Met M6tsos6'ting
ungdung
dung dm
cuanguyen
nguyfin ly
ly I:I: Dinh
Dinh luat
luat
he qua
Hess va h6 qua cua
dm no.
3. Nei dung
3. N6i dungnguyen ly H:
nguyfin1$/. II: Phat
Phdt bidu
bi^u nguyen
nguyfin ly. Bidu
Bi^u thdc dinh luong.
Y nghia cua entropi.
4.
4. Xet chieu htrang va
chiSu hudng va gidi
giai han
han qua
qua trinh xay ra trong he
h6 c6 lap th6ng
thdng
qua giatri
qua gia triAS.
S.
5. Nang Wong
5. Nang luong tu4.rdodoGGvavaapdpdung
dungham
hamtrang
trangthai
thainay
naydt?
a xet
xet chi6u
chidu
htrang
hudng qua trinh hod
hoa hoc.

MO so He, he
He, ma, he
he mo, he kin, Hieu rang
ling nhiet AU, AH Ndi ming
N6i nang
he
he c6
cd kip
lap Sinh
Sinh nhiet Entanpi
tit khod
Tham
Tham s6" trang thcii
s6 trang thai Thieu nhiet Entropi
Cling.
Cdng. Nhiet Dinh luat
Dinh ludt Hess Entropi tuyet
tuyet d67
dd'i
Ham trang thai Chu trinh Born-Haber Nguyen 157
Nguyen ly IINDLH
NDLH
Ham qua trinh Qua trinh tu
Qua trinh todiin
diin bie'n
&in Nguyen ly II NDLH
Qua trinh ddng
dang nhiet Qua trinh
trinh khdng
kh6ng tu
to diin
thin ly 111
Nguyen IS, NDLH
III NDLH
Qua trinh ddng
ding tich Nit!
bie'n Nang lacing to do
luong IU
Qua trinh dang
ddng dp
ap Qua
Qud trinh thudn nghich Gibbs
Qua trinh doan nhiet Qua trinh
trinh khans
khdngthud'
thudn n Chieu httong
huong phdn
nghich Ung
ting

147
7.1.
7.1. Cac
Cackhai niem ma au
khai niOn ddu

De
De hieu clugc m6t
hie'u duac mot qua
qua trinh
trinh hoa
hod hoc,
hoc, nghla
nghia lala qua
qua trInh
trinh nay xay
xay ra
ra trong
trong
nhang dieu kien
nhung didu kifen nhu the
the nao
nao vava dien
dien !Dien
bien rarasao
saochung
chimgtata phai
phai xay
xay dung
dung cac
cac ccco so
sa
ly thuyet
1$, thuyeft lien
lien quan.
quan. D6Do la ly, thuyet nhiet
la 15 nhift &Ong
dong lireluc hoc.
hoc. Co
Co so
so chmh
chinh cua ly
ly thuyet
thuyel
nay gamg6m nguyen
nguydn 1y ly I IA
va nguyen
nguydn 1$, II.Trudc
ly II. Trtrackhikhi xet
xet noi
nOidung
dung 22 nguyen ly
ly nay
nay va
cac ting dung cua
img dung cila chung
chting trong
trong hoahod hoc
hoc chung
chung tata diem
diem qua
qua cac
cac khai niem chung.

7.1.1. He nhi4
nhietdOng
dqng

He nhiet clang (goi tat la he)

dong (gpi he) la tap
tip hop cac dai
doi tuong
tirqng nghien
nghidn cdu
cdu gioi
gidi han
han
trong khu vuc
vac khOng gian xdc
khdng gian xdcdinh
dinh va
vatach
tachbidt
biet vdi
v6i m6i
mai trudng
twang xung quanh. He
He bao
gam:
g6m:

-- He mó la he
He md hd CO thetrao
co the' traod6i
d6icacachft
chitva
va nang
nang lixqng
lacingv6i
vaim6i
mgitruemg.
twang.
Vi du,
du. phin
phan Ling
ung nung vai (CaCOj -> CaO
v6i (CaCO3 CaO + CO21)
CCM) thuc
thirc hien
hidn tror.g
trorg mot
mot
la ha. Ngoai
16 ho. Ngoai nang
nSng luting CO2 lien
luong trao d6i, khi CO2 lien tuc
tuc chuyen
chuyen tir
tir he
he ra
ramOi
moi :rubng
trudng
ben
bdn ngoai.
ngoai,

He kin la 4
-- He hd chi co trao
trao do). nang luong
ddi nSng Wang ma
ma khdng
khOng trao
trao doi
d6i chat
chat vri m6i
moi
twang
trudng ben
bdn ngoai.

Vi du, cac phin

phan Ling thu hay
ung thu hay phat
phat nhidt
nhiet thong
thdng thtrang,
thudng, thuc hien
hidn trong
trong phong
phong
thi nghiem.
tht nghidm.

- Ilf
He c6
c6 lap
lap la
la he khOng trao
hd kh6ng trao doi
d6i ca
ca cha't
chit lAn
lln nang
nang Wong vai mai
luong vdi m6i :ruang
truong
ben ngoii.
bdn ngoai.

Vi du, cac
VI du, cac phan ung thuc
phan ung hien trong
thuc hidn trong bmh
binh phan
phin ling kin, each
ung km, cach bidt
biet v'h
Oi mai
m6i
twang
trudng ben
bdn ngoai
ngoki bang
blng 16p va cach
Idp vo each nhiet.
nhidt.

7.1.2. Trang thai cim he

cua he

Trang thai
Trang thdi cua
cua m6t
mot hd
he dupe
dugc xac
xac dinh
dinh bdi
bai m6t
mat tap hop cac tham sa
tftp hap so trang
traig thai
nhu* nhietd6dO
nhu nhidt T,T,
apapsuat
suitP,P,th^
thetich
tichV...
V... Nhu
Nhu thd
the trang
trang thai
thai dac
(lac trung
trung cho
cho tip hap
hop
cac tinh cha't
cac tmh chit vi m6 dmcua he.
hd. Neu
N^u thay
thay d6i
ddi Wit
m6t trong cac tham s6 s6' trang thai lay
ray thi
he se chuyen
hd se chuyensang
sangmdtmattrang
trangthaithaikhac
khacungvaivdi
mat mdttaptaphgp
hoptinh
tinhchat
cha'tmai.
mdi.Trong
Trong
twang
trudng hop noi 4
hop nay ta not hd a
dathuc
thuchien
hidn mat
m6t qua trinh. Cac
qud trinh. tham sd
Cac tham s6 trang thai
thai ien he
vai
vdi nhau bang mdtmat phuang
phttang trinh trang
trang thcii
thai cho khi lyly tuang
tudng du6ri dang:
dudi dang:
PV = nRT

148
 Cac tham s6
Cac lham diroc chia thanh hai loai: tham
so trang thai duoc tharn so
soctreing
cudng dO
dp la nhang
nhiimg
tham s6
so khOng phu thuoc
khong phu thuOc vao
vao luong
lacingcha't
chk nhu:
nhir: nhiet d0,
d6, tip
ap suet,
suat, tY khOi...; tham
ty khoi,..; tham so"
so
khuech (10 dp) la nhang
dp (dung dO) nhCrng tham
tham s6
so phu
phu thuOc
thuoc vaovao Wong chat nhu:
luong cha't nhu; kh6i
khoi luting,
lupng,
the tich,
the tich, not
noi nang...
nang... Viii
Voihe
heIYly Wang,
tuong, tham
tham sos6' khuech
khufi'ch dO co tong
d6 c6 cpng tinh,
tinh, nghla
nghla la
khuech dp
khuech d6 cua ca he bang tong
long khuech d0
dp cac hop phan.
V7i dir.
du: Kh6i lacing
Khoi cua he
lupng cua he bang
bang tdng
tong khoi
kh6i luting
lupng cac thanh phan:
phan;
m
m == Xnij
1mi
Noi
Npi nang cua he bang tong npi nang thanh phan:
tdng cac not
U = IU;

7.1.3. Ham trang thai

Gic
Cac ham
ham trang
trang thai
thai la
la cac
cac ham
ham nhiet
nhiptdOng
dpng ma
ma bien
bidn thien
thi6n cua
cua cluing
chiing chi
chi phu
phu
thuoc
thupc vao trang thai ddu va (rang
trang thcii claii ma khOng
thai cudi phu thuPc
khong phu thuOc vao
vao each
each tien hanh
bien ddi
d6i trang thai, nghia
nghla la
la khOng
khong phu thuOc vao duong
thupc vao dikingdi
di cua
dm qua trinh.
Nhu vay,
Nhu vpy, nOi nang U
npi nang U la mot
mot ham
ham trang that, nguoc lai
thai, ngupc lai nhiet
nhiet Q
Q cang
cung nhu
cOng A ddu
cong A deu khong
khOngphai
phai lala ham
ham trang
trang thai ma la ham qua trinh.

7.1.4. Trang thai can bang

Wit he doge
Mpt dupe coi la o
6 trang
trang thai can bang khi thanh phan
phdn dm
cua he
he phai
phai &Mg
ddng
nhai va khong
nhat va khOng thay
thay ddi
d6i theo
theo thdi
th6i gian
gian tai mpi
moi didm
diem cua he.
hp.

7.1.5. Mtit
Mpt sti
so' qua trinh bien d61
ddi trang thai thutmg
thuong gap

Khi he chuyen tit

Khi he tir trang thai nay sang
sang trang
trang thai
thai khac,
khac, nghia
nghla la
la se
se c6
co su
su Wen
bien
d6i cua mpt
ddi cua mot hoac
hoac mPt
rn6t vaivii tham
tham so'
s6 trang
trang thai.
thai. Trong
Trongtrudng
truing hop
hopnay
naytatonoi
nothp 4 da
da
thu'c hien
thuc hi ducatmpt
en dupe motquaqua trinh
trinh bien
bien ddi
doi trang thdi. Gia du sau mot mpt so
sd bien d6i
ddi qua
nhieu trang
nhieu trang thai
thai not
noi tiep,
tidp, hehp lai tr6
tro ve
vP trang
trang thai
thai dau,
dau, thi
thi qua
qua trinh
trinh nay
nay dtroc
dupe goi
gpi la
chu
dm trinh, ngupc
noqc lai
lailalaqua
quatrinh
trinhm6.
md.SauSau day
day la
la mot
mPt so
sd qua
qua trinh
trinh hay
hay gap:
gap;
Qua
Qua trinh xay
xay ra
ra or
6 nhiet do khOng
nhipt dp d6i (T
khPng ddi (T -- const) duoc goi
const) dupe gpi la qua trinh
tieing nhiet.
ddng nhiet.
Qua trinh
trinh xay
xay ra
ract
o Ai) suetkhdng
ap sua't kh6ng ddi
d6i (P
(P -- const)
const) dupe
duoc gpi
goi la qua trinh ddng tip.
dp.
Qua trinh
trinh xay
xay ra
ra ct the tich khOng
6 thd d6i (V
khong ddi (V - const) la qua trinh ddng rich.
tich.
Qua trinh xay
xay ra
ra khong
khPng trao
trao d6i
ddi nhiet
nhipt (Q
(Q == 0)
0) yeti
vpi moi
mPi trtamg,
trudng, nhung lai c6
co
the trao ddi
d6i cling
cdng (khi gian net) duoc gpi
nd) dupe goi la qua trinh doan nhiet.

149
149
7.1.6.
7.1,6. Nang luting.
luong. Cong va nhiet

Chting deu bier

Chung ta d6u bift co nhieu
nhilu dang nang
nang Wong.
luong.
nang la dang nSng
DOng ndng
Ddng nang lucmg
luting dac
dac trimg
truingcho
chom6t
matvat
vatdang
dangchuy^n
chuyend6ng:
Ong:
11
c =— 2
Ed my2 .
2
The nang he trong tmcmg
ndng cua hfi twang ltrc duoc xac dinh theo he thdc:
luc diroc thiirc:
Et = mgh.
E,
Dien nang mot dang nang
ndng la mfit nang lucmg
luting bilu
bib hien
hiensir
su chuyen
chuy^n d6ng
d6ng dinh
dinh hating
huong cUa
cua
cac ti.611 phantfch
ti^u phan Lichdien
dien(electron,
(electron,ion...).
ion...).
Wong gan
Nang luong gan lien
lien voi
vai qua
qua trinh
trinh bi^n
bien d6i
d6i chat
chit ciia
cua mot
m6t phan
phan tIng
irng hod
hoa hoc se
co h6a nang.
ndng.
Nhu the nang luong phan cua
luting toan phin dm mot
m6t he bao g6m:
- D6ng nang
nang cita
cua toan
toan 1)0
b6 he;
- The'
The nang
nang cua he
he trucmg
truing luc
luc ngoai.
ngoai.
Trong truing hop
Trong trucmg hop nay ro rang tOng the nang cua he duoc
Ong nang va the'
t6ng ddng duqc goi la
ngoai nang.
ngoaindng.
Nang luting trot ben
luong du trff ben trong cUa (n6i ndng
cua he (ndi nang- U)
U) g6m:
nang lucmg
+ nang luting hat
hatnhan
nhanva
vanang
nanglucmg
lung cua
dia cac
cac electron trong nguyen al;
nguydn tu;
+ nang Wong
luong hut day cUa
but d^y cac ti^u
cua cac ti6u phan cau
ca'u tao
tao thanh
thanhItO;
he;
+ nang Wong COth^
lucmg co thechuyen
chuy6ntirtitdang
dangnay
naysang
sang dang
dang khac;
khac;
+ nang luomg
Wong hoa
hoa hoc,...
hoc, ...
Trong thtrc to t6n
thuc te ton tai 2 cach
each chuyen hod
hoa nang 'Yong
luong nhu sau:
sau;

a) Ndng
Nang luting
luong &car
duac thyv
thuc hien
hienclic& dang cong A
du&i dang
VI du: Khi
Vi du: Khi nang
nang m6t
m0t vat
vat Idn
len cao
caophai
phaisan
sanra
ram6t
motcdng
Ong hoac qua trinh gian no
chat khf
khi de chd'ng
chOng lai
lai ap
tipsuat
slat ben ngoai cung
cling can co
có m6t
mot cdng.
cling.
b) Nang Wong
b) Ndng luong &lac
duac thus
thuc hien
hien diteri dang nhiet
du6i dang nhiet Q
Neu su chuyen
Neu chuyen nang
nang luong
Wongcoc6 lien
lienquan
quan de'n
den viec
viec tang
tang td'c
t6c dd
d6 chuyen
chuyen ddng
Ong
cUa phan to thi trong truing hop nay nang Wong chuyen sang clang
cua phan tir thi trong trucmg hop nay nang luong da chuye'n sang dang nhiet.
Hai
Hai qua
qua trinh sinh
sinh nhiet
nhiet va
va cong
cdng On
gan lien
lidn vOi
vdi nhau,
nhau, cluing
chung phu
phu thu0c
thudc vao
vao
cach tien hanh.
each tidn Trong trucmg
hanh. Trong hop nay chung ta
truing hop ta thuOng
thucmg nOi:
ndi: nhiet va cdng
Ong lala cac
cac
ham qua trinh. Nang Wong
lucmg la
ia thuQc tinh mot
thudc tmh 4, no
mdt he, noc6comot
mdtgia
giatri
trixac
xacdinh
dinhd6i
dd'iveri
vdi
l
mOi trang thai
mdi trang thai cua
dm he.
he. Nhiet va cong
cdng khOng phai ia
khdng phai la cac
cac ham
ham trang thai. Trong khi

150
(16 n6i nang
do n6i nang la ham trang caa he vi su
trgng thai cua sir ben
bien thien
thidn caa
cua dang
dang nang
nang luong
luong nay
nay chi
phu thu6c trang thai dau,
phu thupc dSu, trang thai
thai cu6i
cu6i cua
cua he
he chit
chir kh6ng
khdng phu
phu thuQc
thuoc vao each
cach tien
0
hanh.
hanh. Vi du khi tha tha hat
hat kern
kem vao
vao dung
dung dich
dich CuSO4
CUSO4 ct diet' kien
b diSu ki6n chuan
chuiin (t° 250C,
(t = 25°C,
P == 11 atm)
atm) thi phan img
img xay ra:
CuSO^dd) --+
Zn(r) + CuSO4(dd) Cu(r) + ZnS04(dd)
-> Cu(r) ZnSO4(dd)
va toa
tea ra mot nhiet luring 231,02 kJ/mol,
luong 231,02 kJ/mol, nghla
nghia la nang lupng
luting cua
dm h£
he giam
giarn 231.02
231,02 kJ/mol.

7.2. Nguyen
Nguyenlylythir
thurnit&
nhatcua
cuanhiet
nhietOng
dongluc
lirehoc
hocva
vaAp
ap dung
dung that
cua no

7.2.1. NOi
Noi nang

Nhu tren da n6i,

Nhu tr6n noi, n0i
n6i nang cua
cua mot 4 la tang
m6t h6 tdng nang
nang Wong ton tai ben
luong tdn b6n trong
cila he. N6i
ciia he. N0i nang U khOng xac dinh dupe
khOng xac duoc chmh
chinh xac, ngay ca motmpt 4
h6 dcm gian nha't.
don gian nhat.
Tuy
Tuy nhien, trong nhi6t
nhiSn, trong nhiet d6ng
Ong luc
luc hoc
hoc ngu6i
ngucri ta
ta kh6ng
kh6ng can
c^n xet
xet gia tri
tri tuyet
tuydt d6i
dpi cita
cua
n0i nang ma
n6i nang ma chi
chi cin
can xac dinh bien
bi6'n thien n6i nang
thidn cua n6i nang AU
0U trong qua trinh bien d6i dai
he tir
tit trang
trang thai nay sang trang thai
thai khac
khac th6ng
thdng qua cac dai
dai lugng
lupng do
do &roc
dupe nhu cdng
cong
va nhiet.

7.2.2. Nqi
Npi dung nguyen ly

Dua vao cac

Dua vao cac du
dit lieu
lieu thuc
auk nghiem
nghi6m ngtkti
ngucri ta co the
thl Oat
phatbidu
bibu nguyen
nguyen 41ly I nhu
sau:
sau: floi
Doi vdi
vai moi
moi he nhiet dong
hi nhiet clangdiudiuton
tantaitaimdt
matham
hamtrang
trangthai,
thai, duor
duoc gpigoi
la nai
npi
nang U, ma trong
trong qua
qua trinh
trinh bier! dSi he ta
bie'n &Si tic trang thai (1)
trang thai (1) sang
sang trang
trang thai
thai (2),
(2), bien
biin
thien nai
npi nang AU bang tang
tSng nhiet Q va cang
cdng A trao dSi
dai vdi
voi mdi
mai tru&ng
twang ben
ben ngoai.
ngodi.
Dieu nay
nay co
c6 th^
the bilu
bieu diSn 4 thirc
diet' bang hb thtic sau day:
AU
AU ==U2 —U1i=Q
U2-U =Q++ A
A (7.1)
(d6i
(doi vett qua trinh
vPi qua trinh v6
vo cimg
cling nho
nh6 ta co: dU = SQ
8Q + SA)
5A)
Nhu vay,
Nhu vay, nguyen
nguyfin 15
ly, I, ye thitc
I, vb thuc
chat, la
la dinh
djnh Ludt
luat bio
bao town
toan nang
nang lucmg
lupng
voi
voi su chap nhan n0i
cha'p nhan nPi nang
nang la m6t
mPt hamham Qp
trang thai. Tir
trang thai. Tit he
he thirc
fink tren,
tren, ta thay
tha'y d6i
ddi A
vai
vdi he coc6 I4p
lap (4
(apdung
dung chocho he4 vi m6) ^
I
^
II
kh6ng
khdng c6 co su
su trao
trao del
d6i c6ng
c6ng voivPi moi
m6i
thew ben ngoai (Q = A = 0) thl bi6n
trucmg ben ngoai (Q = A = 0) thi bi^n Uj
Ui U2
thien
thien n6i
n6i nang
nang DU AU = 0, 0, nghia
nghla la la nOi
n6i
nang dm
cua he
he dugc
dupe boo
bao Wan.
toan. Hlnh 7.1. U2
Hlnh 7.1. U2--Ui
U, =AU
= AU == Q
Q+ A

151
151
 De minh hoa chocho yy net" tren ngueri
n6u trfin ta thurong
ngiroi ta thutmgxetxeth6
henhifit
nhietd6ng
Ong don gian nhat
gam
g6m met
mdt khei
kh6i khi
khi xac
xac dinh
dinh dung
dimg trong
trong mot
m6t xi-lanh
xi-lanh thing
dong kin
kin bang
bing met
m6t pit-tong
pit-tdng
chuyen Ong to
chuy^n d6ng tu do: Phe = Png
do; Phe Png = const,
const. Png
Png la Ai) suet ngoai
ap sua't ngoai.
trang thai
6 trang thai II he c6
co nei
n6i nang
nang U1
U!,, khi cung
cung cap
ca'p cho he mot
mdt nhiet
nhiet lirong
lumig Qp
Qp
nhiet d6
de dm
ciia he
he tang,
tfing, khi
khi gian
gian n6
no tir
tir the
th^ tich V
V,i den
dfn the
th^ tich V2. tir do he thtrc
thuc hien
met
m6t Ong
c6ngAA==— - Pngng(V2 - V1
( V2 - ).
V,).
He chuy^n
chuyen sang trang thai II co net có:
n6i nang la U2, theo nguyen ly I ta co:
AU=U2 -U11 =Q+
AU = U2-U =Q + A
A

7.2.3. Nguyen
Nguyen IS,
ly I. KIthi
Khai niem entanpi

a) Nhiet
NhiOtdang
ddng dp,
ap, entanpi
entanpi
Trong so de
Trong d6 tren,
tren, vi
vi pit-t6ng
pit-t6ng chuyen
chuy^ndOng
ddng to
tu do
do nen
nen Ai) suet PP cua
ap sua't cita he luen
lu6n
luen
lu6n bang
bang ap suit
sua't khi
khi quyen
quy^n va
va khOng
khfing d6i:
d6i: P1
Pi =
= P2
P2 = const
const Nhiet
Nhiet trao
trao dei
d6i trong
trong
qua trinh nay
nay goi
gpi la
la nhiet
nhietdang
dangAi)
ap Qp.
Theo nguyen ly I:
AU = Qp
Qp++A
A
da bie't
Nhu da biet he
he thuc
thuc hien
hien m6t
met c6ng:
Ong:
A = -P(
-PCV - V1 )
V22-V,)
Vey
Vay AU = U2
AU = Qpp-P(V2-V
- U1l=Q
U2-U - P(V2 - V11))
do do:
dodo: Qp= U2 - U
Qp=U2- i + PV2 - PI!) ==(U
U,+PV2-PV, (U22+PV2)-(U
+PV2 ) - (U1i + PV11))
Bing
Bang dinh nghia
nghla ngueri
nguoi ta ky hieu:
H = U + PV
suy ra: Qp
Qp = H2
H2 -- H1
Hj == OH
AH (7.2)
Dal
Dai Wong
lupng HH == U
U + PV la t6td hop cila
cua cac
cdc dai luting
lupng trang thai nen cung la dai
*mg trang thai va dupe
lupng trang duoc goi
gpi la entanpi, ihig
trng vdi
v6i mdt
met trang
trang thai
thai xac
xac djnh,
dinh. H co mdt
met
gad tri xfic dinh. Cang
gia tri xac dinh Cung nhu nOi nang U,
n6i nang U. entanpi H la ham dm
ham cua cac hien se trang thai
bien s6 trang
nen entanpi H throe goi la ham trang thai. H cung co
dupe gpi co dcrn vi nang Wong.
defn vi lupng.
Tit bieu thirc
Tir bi^u (7.2)
thuc (7 nhiet cfring
2) ta nhan thay nhiet ddng dpap Q
Qpp bang bien
Bien thien
thien entanpi cua he,
vi vay trong cac
ede qua
qua tenth
trinh clang
dang ap ngueri
nguoi ta
ta thudng
thutrng thay
thay Q
Qpp bang (AH = AU + PAV).
Dei vet
D6'i vdi met
mdt qua
qua trinh
trinh bien
bien del
ddi vi
vi phan
phan (v6
(vd ding
cungnhO)
nho) ta cung c6
co
8Qp
5Qp = dH

152
152
b) NhiOtdang
b) Nhiet ding tick
tich
Cung tir di6u
Cung tir dieu minh
minh hoa
hoa tren
tren neu
nd'u ta gni
giO cho
cho pit-tOng dung yen
pit-tong dung yen de
de th^
the tich
tfch VV
khOng (V1 == V2)
d6i (V!
khong doi V2) thI d6i cua he la qua trinh
thl qua trinh bien ddi trlnh Bien d6i dang
bien ddi ding tich
tfch va
va
nhiet trao doi
nhiet trao d6i la
la nhiet
nhiet dang
ding tich
tfch Qv.
Qv.
Theo nguyen
nguydn 1j
ly, I: AU
AU = Qv + A song do AV = 0 nen
AV = nen A
A == 0 tu
tir do
d6 nhiet
nhiet dang
ding
tich Qv se la:
tfch Qv
Q,
Qv == AU
AU (7.3)
Nhu vay, nhiet ding
dang tich
tfchbang
bangsir
subien
bifi'nthien
thiennOi
noinang
nangdia.
cuahe.
h6.Trong
Trongtrue:mg
tructng
hop nay
nay nhiet cung cap
ca'p hoan toan
loan duoc
duqc sir
su dung lam tang nOi cita he.
noi nang cua
D6i
Doi vai
voi qua trinh
trinh bien
bien d6i
doi vo
vo citing nh6 ta cung
ciing nho cling co
c6 the viet:
45Q
5QVv =
= dU

Bai
Bai tap an
ap dung
dung7.1:
7.1: Biel
Biet 11 mol
mol ntroc
nude hod
hoa hai
hoi o 100oC, Ai)
6 100°C, suit cd
ap sua't c6 djnh
dinh la
101325 Pa ha'p
101325 Pa hip thu mot luting
lucmg nhiet la 40,58 kJ.
- Neu the tich
tfch mol cita nu6c long
cua nude long la
la 0,019
0,019 L 6
d 373 K, con
con the
the tich
tfch nay
nay cita
cua
hai
hoi nu*
nudelala30,605
30,605LLthi
thlcOng
cdng sinh ra la bao nhieu?
- Tfnh
Tinh AU cita qua
AU ciia qua trinh
trinh chuy^n
chuyen hoa nay.
Lai
Loi giai:
giai: Phan
Phant:mg
dng hod hai cita ntrac
hoa hoi nude
H2O(!)
HjCK/) -->
^ H20(h)
HjOlh)
Theo dau
d^u bai 6d 373K
373K AV
AV==30,605
30,605— 0,019 == 30,586 L
- 0,019
- PAY
A=— PAV==-101325x30,586.10^
—101325x30,586.10 ==—
- 3.1
3,1 kJ
Mat khac
khac AU
AU= =AH
AH—- PAV
PAV thay
thay s6
sd vao
vao ta c6:
cd:
AU 40,58 + 3.1
AU = 40,58+ 3,1 = 43,68 kJ
c) Quan
Quan he
h0 giua
eta: nhiet phdn ting ding tich
ling dang tich vd
vd nhiet
nhiet phdn ang
ling (king ap
dang dp
Ninachung
Nhu chtIngtatada
dabi^t,
bier,cdng
c6ngtrao
traoddi
d6ilidn
lienquan
quan chat
chat che
the den
ddn bi6n
bidn thien the
tich hd. 6
caa he.
tfch cua Q qua trinh dang ding tich, vi the
th^ tich
ti'ch V khdng
khong d6idoi ndn
nen cdng
Ong trao
trao d6i
d6i bang
bang
khOng.
khdng. ConUm d6 quaqua trinh
trinh dang
ding Ai), Ong (co hoc) trao d6i se khac
ap, cdng khac khOng nen cd
khdng nen c6 su
Wen thien th^
bid'n thidn the tfch
tich cua
cita hd.
he. Trong
Trong caccac phep
phep tinh ta can chit chti y la:
la: so yen the tich mol
vdi th^
cua
cua cac chit khi
cac chat khf thi
thi the
thd tich
tfch mol
mol cua
cua cac
cac chit
cha'tranranvavalOng
long (pha
(pha ngtrng
ngung tu) rat ra't nh6
nhd
khOng clangk^
khdng dang IcevaNIAdo do d6 th^the
tfchtich
cuacita
caccac chitran
cha't ranvavalong
longcung
cungnhunhu bid'n
bien thien
thien th^
the
Lich caa chung
tfch cua chung trong
trong cac
cac phan
Lilianung
(mghoa
h6ahoc
hocduoc
ducxcoi coibang
bang khdng.
kh6ng. ViVI vay,
vay, khi xet
Ong
cdng caco hoc
hoc tata chi
chi can
can chi,
chu yy den
ddn Wen
bid'n thien
thidn th^ the tfch
tich cua
cua cac
cac chit
cha't khi
khf tham
tham gia gia
phan ang.
phan dng.

153
153
 Vi du,
du, phan
phan tog:
tIng: C(r)
C(r) ++ fyCXk)
H20(k) ->•
-4 CO(k)
CO(k)++ H2(k)
H2(k)

0
" Vo
V
y
o Voo +
V + Vo
V'o
The
Th^ tich
ti'ch cua
cua cacbon
cacbon ran
rto dtrac
duac coi
coi bang
bang khOng.
kh6ng. Nhu v4y,
vay, d6i
d6'i vai
vdri phan
phan (mg
tog
nay ta co;
c6:
AV
AV = V2 - V1i = (2
V2-V - 1)Vo0
(2-1)V

Tir bieu thuc

Tir bieu thtic (7.2),
(7.2), (7.3)
(7.3) va
va phuong
phucmgtrinh
trinhPV
PV== nRT
nRT tata co
co thfe
the tim
tim ra m6i
md'i
quan he
hfi girra AU va
gi5a AU va AH
OH nhir
nhu sau:
OH
AH == AU
AU++AnRT
znRT hay
hay Qp ==Q+v +AnRT
AnRT (7.4)
Bai tap
tSp lip 7.2: 6
ap dung 7.2: d 298 K
K va
va &
a the
th^ Lich khOngd6i
ti'ch khbng cl6ikhi
khidd't
d6t chay
chay 11 mol
mau
nxcm metylic
metylic theo phan
phan (mg:
tog:
CH3OH(1)
CH30H(/) ++3/20
3/202
2 CO2
C02 ++ H20(1)
H20(/)
se giai phang
phong ra met
m6t Wong nhiet la 726, 25 kJ.
lumig nhi6t Id. Tmh
Tinh OH cua phan
AH ciia phin (mg.
tog.
Ltri
Lbi giai: Ap
Ap dung cong
cdng thtic
thto OH
AH = AU
AU + AnRT cho
chophan
phanCmg tren ta co:
tog trto c6:
OH
AH == -- 726,55 + (1
(1 -- 3/2). 298.8,314. KT33 = -
3/2). 298.8,314.10 - 727,79
727,79 kJ/mol
kl/mol

7.2.4. Khai niem

7.2.4. Khai niem ve
ye nhiet
nhi0 dung.
Nhiet dung la nhiet Wong can thifi't
luong cto thief dd
de ning
nang nhiet
nhiet d6
do cua
cua m6t
met cha't
chat ISn
len 11 d6
de (1
(1 K).
Nhiet dung mol (ding tich Cy, hoac
ti'ch C, ding ap Cp) la nhiet lugng
hoac ding lirong can thief
thiet de
nang nhiet d6
nang nhiet do cua
cila m6t
met mol
mol chit
chat len
len 11 do
de (1
(1 K).
K). Ta
Ta co
c6 the
thebieu
bieudiin
din khai
khai niem
niem nay
nay
bang bleu thirc town hoc sau
bing bito thto loan hoc sau day:

C (7.5)
<7 5)
P T '

=
Cv=^ (7.6)
Cv AT
trong d6 Qp, Qv la nhiet lung
trong do lucrngtrao
traod6i
d6iding
dingAL)
ap hay ding
ding tich
tich d6i
d6i yeti
vdri 11 mol
mol chat,
AT = Tj
T1 -- T2
T2 la bie'n
bin thien
thien nhiet
nhiet de.
d6.
8Q
C - • r =- P (7 7)
(7.7)
Cv Cp (7 7)
v ~= dT
dT' CP ~ dT -
trong d6: 8Qp,8Qv
trong do: 5Qp,8Qv la
lanhiet
nhietluong
lir<?ng trao
trao d6i
d6i vi
vi phan
phin va
va dT
dT la
la bien
bito thien
thien vi
vi phan
phan cua
nhiet d6.
do.
N6i chung, nhiet
Noi nhiet dung
dung mol
mol phu
phu thuOc
thu6c rat It
it vac) ap suit
vao ap silk nen
nin thuOng
thirtog duoc
duac coi
la khOng cl6itai
khdng d6i tai cac
cac ap
Ai)suit
suatkhac
khic nhau.

154
154
 Ngucti
Ngiroi tatada
da chumg
chang minh moi lien
lien quan giira
giua Cp va Q
C, bang he mac
thitc Mayer:
Mayer

CpP -- C
Cv==RR(=
(=8,314
8.314 J/mol.K)
J/mol.K) (7.8)

7.3.
7.3. Nhiet
Nhiel hoa
hoa hoc
hoc

7.3.1. Nhietphan
7.3.1. Nhiet phin ung
ang
Ta
Ta biet
biet rang nhiet
nhiel phan
phan ang
ung la
la nhiet
nhiet trao
trao d6i
doi glib
giuahe
heva
vam6i
mditrailing
trucmg xung
xung
quanh. Trong mdt
quanh. Trong mot phan ling
irng hod hoc ngu6i
hoa hoc no:A tatathuOng
thuong noi:
"Nhiet
''Nhiet lacing
luang tPa
toa ra hay
hay hcip
hap thu clia phdn (mg
ciia mot phan h6a hoc dupe
ung hoa dttoc gpi
goi ld
la nhiet
phdn sing"
phan ung" Theo quy frocuoc chung:
chung-
-- Neu phan ung
Neu phan dog la thu nhiet ta ghi dau +;
-- Ngu
Neu phan
phin ang
umg la
la phat
phat nhiet
nhifit (toi
(toa nhiet)
nhiet) ta
ta ghi
ghi dau
da'u
De
De xac Binh
dinh nhiet
nhiet phan
phan ang
umg ngtrOi
ngucri ta dung nhiet luting
luong ke.
ke. Nhiet
Nhiet Wong
lucmg ke
duoc
duoc thiet
thiet ke
ke' sao
sao cho
cho kh6ng
khbng coco su
sutrao
traod6i
doinhiet
nhietvOl
v6i m6i
m6i qui/fig.
trucmg. NONo gom
g6m mat
m6t
thOng lOndung
thiing lorn dungnude,
ntroc, trong
trong do
dOco c6nhung
nhtingngSp
ngap 11 bom
born nhiet
nhiet luong
ltrong ke,
ke, noi
noi thuc hien
Ethan anghoa
phan umg h6ahoc.
hoc. Trong
Trong thung
thing con cóco nhiet
nhiet ke
ke' do
do sir
su thay
thay ddi
d6i nhiet
nhiet d6
d6 cUa
cua ntrac,
nude,
que khua'y
khugy duy
duy tri can bang nhiet trong he.
Thut
Thuc nghiem
nghiem cho
cho bier
bie't yeti
vdi m6i
mdi phan
phan ang,
umg. gia
gia tri
tri nhiet
nhiet ltrong
lucmg do
do dtroc
duqc plat
phu
thuOc vao nhidu
thuoc vao nhieu yeu
yeu td
t6 khac nhaunhau nhu
nhu cach
each tien
tien hanh
hanh dodo&a trong
trong diet'
dieu kien
kidn clang
ding
tich hay ding
tich hay ding ap,
ap. tai
tai nhiet
nhiet d6
dd nao,
nao, trong
trang thai tap hop cua
dm cac chat
chit la trang thai gi...
Neu
Ne'u nhiet phis)
phan ling
ung do
do & dieu kien (tang
d didu ap thl
ding ap thi ta cd bii'n thien entanpi AH
có bien
clia
cua he
Neu nhiet phan Ling
Ne'u do aa dieu
ung do dieu kien clang tich thi
ding ttch thl ta
ta có
co bien thien n6i
noi nang
ndng
AU ciia
A(J ctia he
Nhu vay AU
AU va AH gpi
goi la hieu itng
Ceng nhiet ctia phdn ttng
cua phan ung
Vi du: 2C0(k)
Vidu: 2CO(k) + 0
022->
--) 2CO2(k)
2C02(k) ; AU == -563,50
AU - 563,50 kJ
2C0(k) +0
2CO(k) + 022 -4
-> 2CO2(k)
2C02(k) ; AH == -- 565,79 kJ
AH
Mai
Md'i lien he glib
gi&aOH
AHva
vaAU
AU da
da duoc
dupe chiming minhd abi^u
chumg minh bib thurc
flak (7.4).
Phuong
Phuong trinh phin
phan ang
umgcó
cdkern
kern theo
theohieu
hieuang
umgnhiet
nhietcUa
cua phial
phan ling
umg duoc
dupe goi
gpi la
phitang trinh
phuang trinh nhiel
nhiet hoa hoc.
Vi du:
C + 02
02 -)
-> CO2
C02 ; AH == -395,40
AH - 395,40 kJ
U
Kimcuong
Kim cuong(linh
(tinhth^)
the) (khi)
(khf) (khi)
(khQ

155
155
 C +
+ 02
Ot —>
—> CO2
CO-i OH
AH = — 394,05 kJ
- 394,05
Graphit (than chi) (kW)
(khi) (khi)
(khf)
Khi vier phirong
Khi vi^t phuong trinh
trinh nhiet
nhiet hoa
h6a hoc
hocngifdi
nogi to
ta can
c^n tau
liru yy tai
t6ihe
hes6
s6cUa
ciia phuong
phirong
trinh,
trlnh, vi du:

1
H2(k) — 02(k)
H^k) ++ 2
^0 —> H
2(k)-> H70(/)
20(/) OH
AH = — 258,84 kJ
- 258,84

2H2(k)
2H2(k) +
+002(k)
2(k) —> 2H
2H20(1)
20(/) ; OH
AH = — 517,68 kJ
-517,68kJ

Cac phin ung hoa

Cac phan hod hoc
hoc thirang
thugng tien
tien hanh
hanh trong
trong phong
phong thi
thi nghiem
nghiem diroi
&rot ap
ap suat
suit
khi quy^n
guy& kh6ng
khdng d6i
ddi nen
nfin hieu
hieu img
irng nhiet
nhiet thtrgng
thirdng dung la OH.
AH.

Theo quy trgc

irdc qugc
quoc to
te hieu
hieu (mg
img nhiet
nhiet cUa mgt qua trinh
cua m6t trinh hod
hoa hoc
hoc dugc
dupe do
do er
d
0 0
trang thai chugn. Trang thai d6
chu^n. Trang do dugc
dupe giu a&ap
apsuat
suit P = 11 atm; t°
t = 25°C
25 C hay 298 K.
Hieu
Hi6u (mg
img nhiet /1H
AH trong trugng
trucmg hop
hopnay
nayducrc
dupe ghi
ghi la:
la: 41-1298
AH^gg hay
hay don
don gian
gian hon
hon la
AH0, vi du:
AH°, du;

1
H2(k) + —02(k)
H2(k)+~0 —> H20(1)
2(k)^H 20(/) ; 4l-298
AHSqq ==— 258,84 kJ
- 258,84
2
Bai tap ap dung 7.3: Xet phan
phan utig
(mg hoa
Ma hoc
hoc sau:
sau:

Fe203(r)
Fe203(r) + 3C0(k)
3CO(k)—> 2Fe(r)
2Fe(r) + 3CO2(k)
3C02(k)
biet rang khi
khi khir
khir 53
53 gam
gam Fe2O3 bang CO
Fe203 bang CO co
c6 thoat
thoat ra 9,414 kJ nhiet
nhiet lugng
lupng trong
trong
diet'
didu kien ding
dang ap.
ap. Hay
Hay tinh
tinh hieu
hieu img
img nhiet
nhiet cUa phan ung.
cua phan (mg. Cho
Cho O0 = 16;
16; Fe = 56.
Lori
Lai giai: Khi khir Fe2O3
khir 11 mol Fe 203 thi nhiet ltrcrng Oat ra la:
lupng phat la:
160
x 9,414 == 36,945 kJ
— x9,414
53
hi6u (mg
Vay hieu irng nhiet
nhifit cita
cua phan (mg:
ilmg:

Fe203(r) 3C0(k) ^ 2Fe (r) + 3CO2(k)

+ 3CO(k)
Fe203(r) + 3C02(k)
se la
la OH
AH == — 36,945 kJ.
- 36,945
0
dung 7.4:
Bai tap ap dung 7.4: Tint'
Tinh hieu
hieu ung
(mgnhiet
nhietdang ti'ch DU
ang tich AU cua
ciia phan (mg
ling sau o
g 25 C.
25°C.
2S02(k)
2S02(k) ++ 0
02(k) —>2S03(k)
2(k)-> 2S03(k) ; OH
; = —196,145
AH =-196,145 kJ
kJ
Ltd giai:
Ltri Ap dung
giii: Ap dung cling
cong thk:
thirc:AU
AU==OH
AH—
- AnxRT
Gia tri
Gia tri An
An== 22—
- 33==-1
-1
Do do AU == — 196,145 ++ 1.8,314.10 33.298
- 196,145 .298 == —
- 18367 kJ
kJ

156
 fle
De xac
xac dinh
dmh gian
gian tiep
tiep hieu
hieu (mg
umg nhiet
nhiet phan
phan (mg
ung ta con co
co the
the sir
sir dung
dung dinh
dinh
lot
luat Hess
Hess

7.3.2. Sinh nhief

7.3.2. Sinh nhiet - Nhiet phan htiy
hiiy - Thieu nhiet

a)
a) Sinh nhiOt
nhiet
Sinh
Sinh nhiet (con goi
nhiet (con goi la nhiet
nhidt tao
tao thanh)
thanh) cua
cua mQt chit la
m6t chat la hieu
hieu Ong
umg nhiet
nhiSt caa
cua
phin
phan (mg tao thanh
ijrng tao thanh 11 mol
mol chat
chit do
do tir
tack
cacdon
donchat.
chat.Neu
Nfe'ulalasinh
sinhnhiet
nhietchugn
chuan thl
thl pilau
phan
0
(mg phai tuong
umg phai wing Ong
umg yeti trang thai chuan
vcri trang chugn (25°C:
(25 C: 11 atm)
atm).
Vi du
du;:

C (graphit) + 02(k) --4 CO2(k)

02(k)-> C02(k) . Afr = - 393,62
AH^s'nn (CO2) = 393,62 kJ/mol

1
H2(k)
H2(k) + -02(k)
^ 02(k) -4
-»• H20(k)
H20(k) ; AH'
^H°s'nn (1120)
(fyO) = -- 241,82
241,82 kJ/mol
kJ/mol
2
Sinh nhiet cua
cUa mot
mot so
so hop
hap cha't
chit ao dieu
diet' kien chan
chuan dtroc
duoc ghi & phan phu
a phSn phu luc
luc.
Theo dinh nghia
nghia tren
tren thi
thi sinh
sinh nhiet
nhiet cua
cuatat
ta'tca
cacac
cacdam
don chat
chat br trang thai chudn
a trang chuan
deu bang kitting.
khong.

b) phdn huy
b) Nhiet phan htiy
Chting
Chung ta d6u
deu biet
bifit phin
phan Ong nghich cua
umg nghich cua phan
pith Ong
umg tao thanh throe
dirge gal
ggi la phan
Ong phan huy
umg phan hug/.Vl
VIvay,
vgy,tataco
cothe
the hieu
hieu hidu
hieu umg
OngnhiSt
nhietcua
cuaphan
plan (mg
umg tao thanh va phan
Ong phan huy
umg phan hay CO tris6
co trj sotuy^t
tuy4 doi
d6i nhtr Mau niumg
nhir nhau nhimg trai
trdi clau
dau.
VI du:
Vidu:

C (graphit)
(graphit) ++ 002(k) -+ CO2(k)
2(k)-» C02(k) ;OHn
; (CO2)
AH° =) -= 393.5
n (C02 - 393.5kJ/mol
kJ/mol

CO2(k)
C02(k) -> C
C (graphit)
(graphit) ++ 0
02(k)
2(k) ;; AHphh (CO2)
AH° (C02) == ++ 393,5 kJ/mol

c) nhi
c) Thieu nhiet
Thieu
Thieu nhiet (con(con goi
gpi la
ia nhiet
nhiet d6t
d6t chay)
chay) lalahieu
hifiuOng
umg nhiet
nhiet caa
cua phan
phan Ong
umg (tat
dot
chay
chay 11 mol
mol chgt
chat bang
bang oxi
oxi phan
phan tutir (02) de
(02) d^ tao thinh cac
tao thanh cac oxit ben
b6n voi
vch hoa tri cao
nhgt caa san phAm
nhat ciia ph^m chaychay ben
ben nha't.
nhgt.Ne'u
Neuialathieu
thieunhiet
nhietchudn
chart thi phan umg phai tircmg
phan img tucmg
0
Ong vOitrang
umg vdi trang thai
thai chuan
chugn (25 C 11 atm).
(25°C:
V{ du:
Vi du:
7
C2H6(k)
C2H6(k) ++ -- 02(k)
02(k) -4
-» 2CO2(k)
2C02(k) ++ 31120(1) AH°tnn (C2H6)
3H20(/);; Af (C2H6) == -1558.4
-1558,4 kJ/mol
2

157
157
 0
Bing 7.1.
Bang 7.1. Thi§u
Thlaunhift
nhlit (nhlft dd'tchay)
(nhlit d't ch4y) cua
cua mot
mdt sd'
s6 chift huru co (Z5
chit hitu C, 11 atm)
(25°C,

Chat C6ng thiic

CEng thtic Memn (kJ/mol)
AH° (kJ/mol)

Metan (k) CH4

CH4 -890,355
Etan (k)
Etan qHg
C2H6 -1558,400
Propan(k) C3H8
C3H8 -2220,030
n-Butan
n-Butan (k) C4Hlo
C4H to -2878,510

Etylen (k) ^2^4

C2H4 -1410,970
Axetilen (k) C2H2 -1299,630
Benzen (1)
(/) C6H6 -3293,640
-3293.640

Saccaroza (r)
Saccaroz0(r) ^121122011
C12H22°11 -5643,788
Elanol (1)
Etanol (/) C2H5OH
C2H5OH -1366.910
Axit axetic (1)
(/) 04300014
CH3COOH -871,690

7.3.3. Dinh hip Hess

Djnh luat Hess

Dip
Dua vao
vao 1Y thuy6t nhidt
ly thuyd't nhit dOng
d6ng luc
luc hoc
hoc va
va cac
cac s6
so li@u thus nghi6rn
lifeu thirc nghidm thu duck
dupe
G.I.
G 1 Hess da phat
Hess da phat minh
minh ra
ra dinh
dinh luat
lust co
ca ban
bin dia
cua nhi4t
nhi6t hod
hoa hoc vao nam 1840.
1840
Dinh lust phat
Djnh luat phat bieu nhu sau:
Hieu ting
Hieu ang nhiet
nhiet cua
ctia qua
qua trinh
trinh hoa
hoa hoc
hoc xdy
xdy ra
ra aa dp
ap sud'i
suit hay
hay the
theLich
tick khong
khdng
dO'i chiphu
dot chi phuthudc
thudc vao
vao ban
bdn chat
chdt va
vd trqng
trang thai
thcii cua
cda ede
cac chat
chat ban
ban ddu vet sdn phdm
vd sdn
thu &tor
duqc chit khOngphu
chti khdng plu thudc vao
vao cac
ede giai doan
doqn trung gian
Dieu nay cung
Diefu nay ding co
c6 th^
the diln
dien giai
giii m6t
mot each
cachdon
din gian:
glin:
N6u co nhi6u
N6'u co nhieu each
cach dl
de chuy^n
chuyen cac chat ban dauclaunhu
nhunhau
nhauthanh
thanh cac
cac san
sin pham
cu6i
cuP'i ding
cung gi6ng
gidngnhau
nhauthi
thihi41.1 tIngnhiSt
hifiu umg nhi6tt6ng
tdngc6ng
clingtheo
theoeach
cach nao
nao cung
cling nhu nhau.
BM tap ap
Bai tap tip dung tu SO3 Lao
dung 7.5: Phan tit thanh tir
tao thanh tit SSva
vaO2
02 c6
co the
th^ ti6n
ti^n hanh theo
hai each
cach khac nhau:
-- hoac
hoac bang
bang cach
each truc
true ti6p
tie'p
Cfich
Cach WA:
mot:
3
S(r)
S(r)++ - 02(k) -) S03(k)
l02(k)^ S03(k) ; AH
AH,1 = -1653,510 kJ/mol
=-1653,510
2
-- hay
hay qua
qua hai
hai giai
giai doan
Cach hai:
158
158
 S(r) +
S(r) 02(k) -4 S02(k)
+02(k) S02(k) AH2 ==-1242,648
-1242,648 kJ/mol
kJ/mol
1
S02(k)
S02(k)++ -02(k) -÷ S03(k)
- 02(k) -> S03(k) ; AH3 = ?
2
Xuat
Xua't phat tit
tir cac dir
dff kien
kifin tren hay
hay tinh gia tri
tri AH3.
AH3.
Lai Oil:
Lai giai:
Vi hai cach
each neu
n6u tren
trdn deu
deu xuSt
xua't Oat
phat tit
tu trang
trang thai
thai dau
d^u de
de di
di den
den trang
trang thai
thai cu6i
cuoi
nhtt
nhu nhau nen
n6n theo dinh
dinh luat
luat Hess
Hess ta
ta co
co thd
th^ viet:
Ring Ong: OHS
Tong c6ng: AH] ==AH2
AH2 ++ AH3
AH3

Tir do
d6 suy
suy ra: AH3 = AH1
ra: AH3 AH] -- AH2
AH2

AH3 = --1653,510 - (- 1242,648)

1653,510-(- 1242,648) == --410,862
410,862 kJ/mol
kJ/mol
Dieu
Didu nay c6
co the minh
minh hoa
hoa theo so d6 sau:
sau;
AH1
3 SO3
S + -021
2 2

AH2

1
S0+- 02
SO + -O2
2 i

7.3.4.
7.3.4. He qua
qui ctia
cua dinh
dinh luat Hess

Tit dinh luat

Tir djnh luat Hess
Hess chiing
chting ta
taco
c6 thd
thdrut
rutraracac
cachfi4 qua
qui sau:
sau:
He qui 1:
He qua Hieu Ling
1: Nieu nhietmot
ting nhiet mot phdn
phdn ting
ftng bang
bang tSng
Ong sink
sinh nhiet
nhiet (nhiet
(nhiet tao
thanh )cua
thanh) cda ede
cac spn
scinphd'm
pharntrti
tradidi tSng
tang sink
sinh nhiet
nhiet cua
cda cac
cac chat ddu (co kern
hem theo cac
so)
he so)
All IAHsn
AH = 2AH sn (sin phdm) -- 2:AHsn (chat diu)
(san pham) dau) (7.9)
(7.9)
Bai tap fip
Bai ap dung
dung7.6:
7.6:Can
Can cur vao gia
cir vao gia tri
In nhit
nhifittao
taothanh
thanh caa CaCC^, CaO,
cua CaCO3,
CO2 hay tim hi4u
hieu (mg
irng nhiet
nhidt cua phan
phin (mg.
utig.
CaO(r) + CC^k)
CaCO3(r) -> CaO(r)
CaC03(r) CO2(k) ;; AH°pu = ??
A^py
0
AH (kJ/mol) -288,5
(kJ/mol) -288,5 -151,9 -94,1
-151,9 -94,1

L6igiai:
Ltri AH®U =
giii: Aficiu = AHs AHs0p (C0
AH°Pp (CaO) ++ A1-14, (CO2)
2) - (CaCO3)
- AH^CaOty

= -- 151,9
= - 94,1 + 288,5
151,9-94,1 288,5
= + 42,5 kJ/mol
kJ/mol

159
159
 He qui
qua 2: Hieu ang
2: Hieu ung nhiet
nhiet mOt phan lung
mot phdn bang tSng
Ung bang tong (hieu
thieu nhiel
nhiet (nhiet
(nhiel dot
chay) cria cac chat &lir
cua cdc trit di long
ddu tritdi tong thieu
I hieu nhiet ceta cac sari
cua cdc phcfm (co
sdn phdm (có kern
kern cdc
cac he so)
OH tn (chat dau) —
ZAHin
AH = 2AH /Alitn(san
- SAH tn(san phgm)
pham) (7.10)
Bai tap
tap Ai)
ap dung
dung 7.7:
7.7:Tim
Timhi6u
hieuCmg nhi6t cua
irng nhiet cUaphan
phan img
dng este
este h6a
hoa sau day khi
biet nhi6t d(5t
biet nhiet d6t chay
chi), cUa cac chat da cho:
cua cac
CH3COOH(1) C2H5OH(/) CH3C00C2H5(1)
CH3COOH(/) + CjHsOHtf) H20(1);
CH3COOC2H5(/) + H AH0pu = ?
20(/); AH°pu

AH0tn(kJ/mol) —-871
AH°tn(kJ/mol) 871 —1367
- 1367 — 2284
-2284
Lori Oil: Theo he qua 2 cila
Lcfi giai: cua dinh lust
luat Hess
Hess ta
ta c6
co thd
th^ tinh
tmh OH
AH cua
cua phan
phan (mg
irng
tren:
AHP°Uu ==—
AHp 871 -—1367
- 871 1367++2284
2284==++46
46 kJ/mol
kJ/mol

7.3.5. M6t
Mot s6 irng dung cua dinh WO
so Ong luat Hess

Xeic dinh
a) Xdc dinh hieu
hiOu ting
ang nhiet
nhiOt cua
ceiaphdn
phdn ting
ung
Doi
Doi vai
vcri nhiing
nhSng phan
phan king kh6 hoac
irng kho hoac khong
kh6ng the
the xac
xac dinh duqc
ducrc bang
bang thuc
thuc
nghi6m ngueritatathudng
nghiem ngucri thu6ng van
van dung
dung cac
cac he
he qua
qua cua
cUadinh
dinh luat
lust Hess.
Bal
Bai tap Ap hi6u irng
dung 7.8: Xac dinh hieu
ap dung (mg nhiet
nhi6tcua
dm qua
qua trinh:
C (r) -» C(r) ; AH = ?
Than chi Kim
Than chi caceng
Kim cUOng

Bi6t:
Bie't: C(r)than chi
C(r)than chl + CO2(k) ;; OHS
02(k)C02(k)
4' 02(k) AH, = — 394,052 kJ/mol
-394,052 kJ/mol

' C(r)km, CU(yng +

C(r)kini cuong 02(k) ->
+ 02(k) C02(k); ; AH2
-4 CO2(k) - 395,405
AHj ==— kJ/mol
395.405 kJ/mol
Lbi giai: Ta co the
th^ hinh dung cac qua trinh nhu sau:

OH t
than chi C(r) CO2(k)
C02(k)

2
C(r)
kim
kirn cucmg
cirong

Theo dinh luat

lust Hess ta co:
OH
AH = OH1
AH, — AH2
- AH2
=— 394,052 ++ 395,405
- 394,052 395,405
= 1,353
1,353 kJ/mol

160
160
 Bai tap
Bai tap ap
ap dung 7.9: Phan (mg
duny 7.9: CO2 tit
iimg tao thanh CO2 iti C va 02 co
va O2 co the
the tien
tien hanh
hanh
then hat
theo hai each khac
khac nhau:
nhau:
-- hoac
hoac la
la tien
tien hanh
hanh truc
true tier):
tiep; C 02 -> CO2
C ++ O2 CO2 yeti hieu (mg
vdi hidu nhiet ding ap
ung nhifet ap la
la
W
AH = - 393
AH° 391 kJ/mot
kJ/mol
-- hay
hay la
la qua
qua hai
hai giai
giaj doan.
doan
1
+ -02 CO
O-Oo
C voi
-» CO voi Affj
AH?
2
1
va CO + -0
C0+- 022 -4 CO2
CO^ ;: AH3
AH? == --283
283 kJ/mol
kJ/mol
2 "
Tfnh gia tri AH'1.
Tinh AH?.

giai: Vi
Loi giii:
lLtd Vi hai each do ding
cung xugt
xuit ph&
phat tit trang thai
tir trang thai diu
dau va
va cung
ding di
di den
d&n
trang thai
trang thai cu6i
cuA'i gi6ng
gidng nhau
nhau nen
nen theo
theo dinh luat Hess,
djnh lust Hess, hieu
hifeu (mg
umg nhiet
nhidt trong hai con
con
dutrng
ducmg do deu nhtr
nhu nhau, nghia
nghla la: AH0 == AHj
la; AH° AH? ++ AH(
AH?2)

Trang thai dau o Trang thai cudi

cu6i
(1auA1-1°
02 1
C ++ O2 CO2
0
111(1' 2

CO
co++ ^02 1
0,
Trang
Trang thdi
thai trung gian

Trong neu biet

Trong vi du nay n6u AH0 =
biSt AH° = -- 393
393 kJ/mol
kJ/mol va
va AH?
AtI3 = - 283 kJ/mol
- 283 kJ/mol ta de
da

dang tinh &roc

dang AH? (phial
duac Af1j) (phan tIng
ung nay
nay kilo
kho xac
xac dinh
dinh hiCu
hieu ang
ung nhiOt phan ring
nhiat phan bang
ung bing
thuc
thuc nghiam)
nghiem)
Vay
VA)/ ta co: AH1 AH0 - AH3
AH?) == AH° AH2 == -- 393
393--(-
(-283)
283)= -- 110
110 kJ/mol

b) Xac
b) Xcicdinh
dinh nhiet
nhiet tqo
tao thdnh
thcinh II chat
Bai tap
Bai tap Ai)
ap dung 7.10:
7.10: Tim
Tim nhiet
nhiat tao
tao thanh
thanh cUa ruou etylic
ciia ruou etyhc tit dic kien
tu cac du
sau

C2H sOH(/) ++ 30
Clii5011(/) 2(k) -> 2C0
30,(k) 2(k) +
2CO2(k) + 3H20(/); AHpu
3H20(/); = -1368
AH u = -1368 kJ/mol

AH (kJ/mol)
(kJ/mol) 0 -394 -286
Lcri
Lifi giai: Ap
Ap dung
dung he
he qua
qua11 (-Ala
cua dinh
dinhluat
lust Hess
Hess ta
ta co
co:

161
161
 AI-1°
AH°pUu == 2(-394)
2(-394) ++ 3(-286)
3(-286) --A1-
1°(C2H5OH) == -1368
AH^HsOH)

Rtit ra: AH^C^H^OH)

Rut ra; Ale(C2H5OH) == 2(- 394) + 3(- 286) -- (-1368) = --278
394) + 278 kJ/mol
kJ/mol

c) Xac dinh ndng

c) Xdc ming luting
luomg lien ket
kit
Hieu
Hifiu ting
umg nhiet
nhifit phan
phan Cmg tinh theo
umg tinh theo nang Wong lien ket la:
luong li6n la:
AHpu = SAH
AHpU = IANlk(chat
(chatdau)
dau) --ZAHlk(san
XAHu-fsan phAtn)
ph^m) (7.11)
Bail
Bai tapblipap
tip dyng
dyng 7.11:
7.11: XacXac dinh nang
nang luong
luctng trung
trung binh
binh cua
cua cac lien
lien ket
ket
0O --HHtrong
trongphan
phantir
tunuctc,
nude, bidt rang nang
bie't rang nang lucmg
hrong li6n
lienkS't
kdtHH-- HH va
vaO0 == O
0 tong
tucngCrng
umg
--435,9
435,9 va
va --498,7
498,7kJ/mol,
kJ/mol,khi
khid6t
dotchay
chay22mol
molH2
H2 t6a
toa ra
ra 483,68 kJ/mol.
LOi giii:
Lcri giai:
2H2(k) ++ 02(k)
02(k) -* 2H20(k)
2H,0(k) ; AHplI==- -483.68
AH 483.68 kJ
kJ
CO thdtinh
Co th^ tinh hifiu
hieu umg
(mg nhiet
nhiet phan iimg
ring theo
theo nang
nang luong
luong lien Ica:
ket:
AHpU = SAH^ (chat
AHpu /A1-11k(san pham)
dau)-- XAHj^san
(chat dSu)
V4y:
Vay: -- 483,68
483,68 =
= 2(-
2(- 435,9)
435,9) --498,7
498.7 --4AHik
4AHlk (0-H)
(O-H)
1
Allik(0-H) - [(2.(-
AHlk(0--H) == 4
j [(2.(-435.9)
435.9) --498,7
498.7 ++ 483,68)1
483.68)]

= -- 463,545
463,545 kJ/mol

d) Xcic dinh
d) Xdc dinh ndng
nang luong
luting mang
mqng ltteri tinh the ion
lu&i tinh
Nang
Nang luotng mang ludi
luomg mang Itr6i ion
ion la
la nang lacing &roc giai
lucmg dupe giai phong
phong ra
ra de tao
tao thanh
lhanh
mang tinh the
th^ hop
hop chat
chation
iontir
tiircac
cacion
iontrai
traidata
da'uaotrang
trangthai
thaikhi
khiben
ban%ging.
vung.
ap dung 7.12: Hay xac dinh nang
Bai tap tip nang lacing
lupng mang Itrai
luoa ion ciia
cua tinh the
mu6i an NaCl
mudi an NaCI theo
theo phan
phin ting
umg sau day:
Na+(k) ++C1
Na+(k) Cl(k)
(k)-»•NaCI(r)
NaCl(r) ; OH
AH = ?
Cho cac
cac cac duf
du kidn
kien sau:
sau-
Nhiet thang hoa cua Na:
Nhidt
Na(r) Na(k); AH1
AH, =
= AH.
AHS== 109 kJ-mof'I
109 kJ.mol

Nang luting phan

Nang lupng phan ly
ly lifin
lien kdt
kdt C1
Cl -- Cl: 1 2(k)
— C1-
CNtk) Cl(k)
C1(k)
2
AH2
AH2 == AH
AHD kJ-mof1
= 238 kJ.mol
d =

Ai luc
lac vai
vpi electron ctia
cua Cl: Cl(k)
Q(k) + e -> CI
Cl (k)

Ee = - 348
AH3 = Ee
AH3= larnol 1I
348 kJ.mor

162
162
 Nang luqng
lugng ion hoa natri: Na(k) —
Na(k) Na+(k)
- e -> Na (k)
AH4 = Ie
AH4 Ie = 491 kJ-mof'I
491 kJ.mol
Nang lacingluoi
Nang lugng Itr6imang
mangion: Na+(k) +
ion: Na+(k) + C1
Cl (k) -> NaCl(r)
AH = U0?? =
AH=Uo =
1
Nhiet hinh thanh cua phan ling:
Nhi8t ung: Na(r)
Na(r) ++— C12(k) NaCI(r)
C^Ck) -> NaCl(r)
2
AHf = —410
AH = AH1= kJ.mol 1I
-410 kJ.mof
Lai Xet
Ltri giai; the NaCl,
Xet tinh thl NaCI, ta
ta tiS'n
tin hanh
hanh mot
m6t boat
loat cac bien
bifi'n d6i theo mat
mot chu
trinh mang
mang ten
ten chu
chutrinh
trinhBorn
Born—- Haber ditqc bieu din
dugc bidu difennhu
nhu sau:
sau;

Na (k)
iNa CI (k)
Cl(k)

Ie Ee AH s 1/2AHD
1/2AHD

Na+(k)
Na+(k) Cl-
cr (k)

Na (ran) CI2 (khi

C12 (khi))
0
(Giai deli)
(Giai doan dSu)

NaCI tinh th^

NaCl the

(Giai doan cu6i)

Chu trinh Born - Haber

fle
De thu &roc
dugc tinh th^the' NaCl
NaCIngucti
ngtr6itatati&i
tiro hanh
hanh theo
theo hai
hai each;
cach:
—Cach
- Cach thin nhat
thiir nhait
Tir natrikim
Tu natri kim loai
loci thanh
thanh natri
natri6a dang
dang khi
khi c^n
can tidu
tieu tdn
tan mat
m6t nang lucmg AH
nSng lugng AH,S -
—
do la
la nang
nang Wang
lugng chuydn
chuydn tit
tir trang
trang thai
thai ran
rln sang khi
khf — nang lugng
- nang lacing thang hoa. Phan
PhSn tit
tu
clo chuydn sang nguyfin
chuy^n sang nguyen tir
tit clo
do ding
cimg trang
trang thai khi cung
cling doi
(lei hoi mat
m6t nang Itrqng d^
nang lugng de
lam dut
dirt lien
lien kft
kit Cl
C1 — Cl.Do
- Cl. Do la
la nang
nang lugng
litcrngphan
phanlylylifen
lienk6't: AHD = — OHCI
kit: AHD AHCi2.
2 2
Tiip theo ta phai chuydn
Ti^p chuy^n nguyen
nguydn tit
tir natri
natri va clo & thdkhi
6 tht? khi sang
sang dang ion:
+
Na(k) —
Na(k) Na+(k)
- e -> Na (k) can
cfin fiat'
tifiu tan
t6n mat
m6t nang
nang Ittcmg ion hoa Ie.
lugng ion Ie.

Cl(k)
Q(k) ++ e -> Cl
Cl (k),
(k), Cl(k)
Cl(k) nhan them 11 electron
nhan them dd thanh
electron de thanh ion
ion clo
do can
cSn mat
m6t
nang Wang,
lugng, do IA Ailuc
la ai lac vdi
voi electron Ee.
Ee.

163
 Tit Na+(k)
Tir Na+ (k) va Cl
C1 (k)
(k)ket
kethop
hopvaivcrinhau
nhausesegiai
giaiphOng
phong rarame
mott nang
nang Wong.
luong.
Theo dinh nghia,
nghla, nang lacing
lirong UU.0 chinh
chi'nh la
la nang
nang luting
lupng mang
mang WM
ludi ion.
— Cfich
- Cach thtir hai
thur hai
Ngueti
Ngudi tatacung
cungco
cóthe
thechuy^n
chuyentmctritctiep
tieptirtic natri
natri kim
kim loci
loai NaNa(r)(r)
va va
tir tic
CItCl,the
d the
;Thh tinh
khi Danh tinh the
the NaCl.
NaCl. Qua
Qua trinh
trInh nay
nay lien
lien quan
quan de'nden nhidt
nhiet hinh thanh AHf.
Nhu vay, theo dinh luat Hess
Hess ve
ve nhiet hem hoc ta co
hoa hoc có the viet:
viet;

AHf = AHs + II,

AHS + e ++— AHq ++ E.,
!AHD Ec ++U
U.
0

AH
hay U.0 = AHf -—AH
U AH,S —
-UI, —
"— D—
21 AHD
^ " EE,e

Thay cac gia tri tuong

tirong ling so vao
umg bang so vao bieu
bieu thiifc
thdc nay ta thu dirqc;
duoc:
1 -1
U.=
U00 =—-410
410—- 109 - - 238
— 491 —
109-491 238++ 348
348 == —
-781 kJ.mol 1.
781 kJ.mof
2

7.4.
7.4. tIng
0ngdung
dungnguyen
nguyen IS,
ly II
11 nhiet
nhiet thing
dong Itte
luc hoc vat) hoa hoc.
vao hoa
Chieu dien
di£n bien cUa
cua qua trinh hoa hoc

phan 7.1
6 phdn 7.1 ta da xet
xet nguyen
nguyen 15/
ly I Iciia
dia nhiet
nhiet dong
thing lire
luc hoc
hoc va
va va
va da
da xac dinh
&roc hieu irng
dtroc hieu dng nhidt
nhiet cua cac qua
qua trInh
trinh hod
hoa hoc nhung
nhirng chu'a
chtra doan nhan dtroc
duoc chieu
di8n
difen bien cUa qua trinh
cua qua trinh tir
to nhien cdng
cung nhu cUa cac phan (mg
cua cac irng hoa hoc.

7.4.1. Qua trinh to

tir dien
dlln hien
bien va
va qua
qua trinh
trinh kitting to dien hien
khong tir bien

Ta bi6t trong tir

biS't trong to nhien
nhidn ton
t6n tai hai
hai qua trinh chi'nh:
chinh:
Qua trinh
trinh tut« diin Khi he
thin bien: Khi kh6ng can
h6 khong có su
cSn co sir "can
"can thiep
thiep tit
tir ben
bdn ngoai",
ngoai",
nghia
nghla la khOng can tieu
khdng ctin thu c6ng
ti6u thu Ong tit
tir ben
ben ngoai,
ngoai, ma
ma khi
khi k6t thtic van
ket thiic van co có the sinh
sinh
cling se
c6ng se din den qua trinh 41' dien Wiz. Minh hoa
trinh tu dien bien. Minh hoa cho dieu nay neu
nay n6u cho vat A cc-
vat A co)
nhiet dC)
d6 TTAa tip
tie'pxtic
xiicvoi
voivat
vatBBLing
irng v6i
vdi TTBB (gia sit TA
sir T TB)
A > T thl nhiet se truyen
B) thi triiydn tit
tir vat
A sang vat B cho d6n
de'n khi nhiet d6
do cita
cua vat A va
va vat
vat B
B nhu nhau.
Qua trinh khOng
khong ty* chin bien: Cling
tu diin v6i vi du
Cung voi du tren
tren n6u muon cc')
neu mu6n qua trinh
co qua
nguot
nguoc lai, tdc
tire la
la nhiet
nhiet tit
tir vat
vat B truyen sang vat
truyen sang vat A thi
thi dtrang nhien chting
duong nhien chung ta phai
phai
thuc hien mdt
thuc hien mot c6ng
Ong tit
tir ben
ben ngoai
ngoai vao.
vao. Nhu
Nhu vay, khi he can co su sir "can thiep tit
tir ben
nghia
ngoai", nghla la phai tieu t6'n c6ng ta se co
Lieu ton cling ta se" có qua trinh khOng
khong 41'
tu dijn
diin bien.
Tit vi du
Tir vi du vira
vita xet
xet tren
tren day
day da
da chi
chi cho
cho ta
ta biet d6i voi
bie't doi vdi met
mot qua trinh
trinh to
tu nhien
nhien
hay hep hon
horncho
chom6t
motqua
quatrinh
trinhhoa
hoahoc
hoclalam6t
mot qua
qua trinh
trinh co
co the
the se
se xay
xay ra theo chieu

164
nao, desdat
nao, da dattai
tai trang
trang thai
thai can
can bang
bang hay
hay chira?
chua? De
De lam diet'
difiu nay
nay can
can mOt
mot ly thuyet.
Ly thuyet mu6n
muon not noi a day chinh la nguyen
nguy6n ly II nhiet d6ng
dong lire
life hoc.
Truck khi de
Trudc khi dd cap
cdp den
den nOi dung ciia
noi dung cita nguyen
nguyen ly
ly II
II chting
chiing ta diem qua khai
khai
niem
niem ye
vc qua trinh thuan nghich va va qua trinh khOng thuan nghich
khdng thuan nghich vi
vi 22 qua trinh nay
c6
co lien quan ten
tdi nOi dung cua
noi dung cita nguyen ly.

7.4.2. Qua trinh

trinh thu4n
thuan nghich
nghich va
va qua
qua trinh
trinh khOng thu4n nghich
khong thuan

Gies sirqua
Gia sir qua trinh
trinh di
di tu
tir A
A den B dirqc
dtroc goi la thuan nghich nenneu nlur ngtrai ta co
nhir nguoi
the
the thuc hien
hien duqc
duqc qua
qua trInh
trinh ngtroc
nguqc tir
tir B
B ye
ve A 10 lai
A lap lai y het
het nhtr
nhir Ian
Idn di theo
theo chieu
chi^u
thuan,
thuan, sao cho khi he he tra
trd ve
ve trang
trang thai
thai ban
ban dau
dau thi
thi khOng
khong con ton tai
tai mOt bien doi
mot bien dei
nao trong
trong chinh heh6 ding
cung nhu
nhumed. twang.
m6i truefng.
Khi he va m6i
moi twang
truongkhOng
khong the the' trot
trd lai trang thai
thai ban
ban dau
dau sau
saum0t
motboat
loat flitting
nhirng
bien d6i
doi duerc g9i la qua trinh khong thuan nghich. Neu mu6n
diroc goi muon dtra
dua he ve
v6 trang thai
ban dau thi cluing
chung ta phai thay dei d6i trang thai cua mOi twang, chung
moi trircmg, chang han co the lam
mat bot
bdt nang luong cita
ctia mOi twang. Tinh
moi trudng. Tinh cha't
chit thuan nghich va va kitting
khong thuan nghich
nhiet d6ng life
nhiet dong luc hoc
hoc dm
cua qua
qua trinh
trinh dtrac
duqc guy& dinh boi
quyet dinh bai cac dieu kien va cach each tien
hanh qua trinh. Khi mat qua trinh nao co ma
hanh qua trinh. Khi mot qua trinh nao co ma sat xuat
xua't hien thi qua trinh do
trinh do deu
deu
khong thuan nghich, bai
khong thuan boi vi trong su ma sat co c6 mot
mdt phan c6ngcong chuyen thanh nhiet.
nhiet,
Nhiet d6ng
dong lift
lire hoc
hoc des
da chi ro:
ro; chi trong qua trinh
trong qua trinh thuan
thuan nghich
nghich cong
cong sdn
sin ra
do khi gidn
guht no'
na meri
mai Id la cong
cong cue
cur dqi.
dal. Dining
Duong nhien d a day phai hieu Ong tieu
phai hieu c6ng ti6u thu de
nen
nen khi la cling
cong ckrc nett.Vay
cue tieu. Vayqua quatrinh
trinhthuan
thuannghjch
nghichco coliSn
lienquan
quan gigi vdi
vii qua trinh
can
can bang?
bang? NhinNhin chung
chung quaqua trinh
trinh thuan
thuan nghich
nghich deu den la
la qua trinh
trinh can
can bang.
bang. TuyTuy
nhien, khOng
khong phaiphai bat
bat kykYqua
qua trinh
trinh can
can bang
bang nao
nao cung
cling d^u
deu la
la thuan nghjch
nghich ca, vi du
it
d nhiet
nhiet dod6 khac
khac nhau
nhau khikhi tien
tien hanh
hanh rat
rat cham
cham cua dm qua
qua trinh
trinh trao
trao ddi
d6i nhiet
nhiet gida
gift
nhirng
nhirng vatvat the
the trong
trong motm6t he &roc
duqc xem xem lala can
can bang,
bang, nhtmg
nhung khOng
khdng phai
phai la thuan
thuan
nghich,
nghich, vi tir trang thai cu6i
tir trang cud'i he khOng
khong thethe trd
tra lai
lai trang
trang thai dau
ddu ne.0
neu khOng chu)4n
khdng chuye'n
Ong
cdng tir
tir ngoai
ngoai vao.

7.4.3. Khai quit

quat ye
venguyen
nguyen IS,
ly II nhiet
nhiet dong
Ong life
lire h9C
hoc

7.4.3.1. Khai quest

7.4.3.1. Khcii qudt chung ve
ve nguyen ly
ly 11
II
Cang
Cung nhtr
nhu nguyen
nguyen ly I, nguyen
nguyen 1Y ly IIII chi
chi co
c6 the
the rut ra tir
tir kinh nghiem
nghiem thuc
tien.
tien N6i
Noi cach
each khac,
khac, nguyen
nguyen 1Yly IIII dugc
duqc xem nhu la la mOt
mot tien de dd khOng the cht-
khdng th<£ mg
chung
minh bang con clueing
dudng lyly thuyet.
thuyet. Trong
Trong khudn
khuOnkhd kh6ciia
citanhiet
nhietdong
d6ng lire
luc hoc kinh dien
then
des conhi^u
da co nhieucdng
Ong trinh nghien
nghien ciru
cati de
de cap
cap de'n
den van de nay.
va'n de nay. M6tMdt trong nhting nguai
nhung nguoi
co cling
cdng xay
xay dung
dungnguyen
nguyenlylyIIIIlalaClausius.
Clausius.Ong
Ongdes chi ro
da chi ro dd'i
d6i vdi
yetimdt
m6t qua
qua trinh khip
khep
kin,
kin, tong
t6ng bien
bie'n thien
thien cua
cua mOtmdt ham
ham trang
trang thai
thai bit
ba't1(5,
ky du
d6ubang
bangkheng,
khdng, chung
chang han
han

165
165
 Q
AU2 = 00 nen
AU 'j ++ AU2 nentir
ttrhe
hedi&
thucnay,
nay,Clausius
Clausius(la
dadi
di den
de'n ket
ket luan — phii
luan la — phai la
la bi6u
bie'u th(rc
thirc

dien ta c10 bienthien

d6 bi^n thiencua
cuam6t
in0t ham
ham trang
trang thai
thai nao
nao do
do trong
trong m6t
met qua trinh bien d6i thuan
nghich. Dai luting
luong nay ducic Clausius gpi
duoc Qausius goi la entropi
entropi va
va ky
k/ hieu
hieu la S.
Tit
Tir lap luan tren, Clausius due
dira ra m6t nguyen 1/
ly &roc goi la
duoc goi la nguyen
nguyen ly
1/ II ciia
caa
deng Ittc
nhiet dOng lire hoc.
Trong hinh thtic
thirc luan cuacita nhiet d6ng
Ong luc
luc hoc,
hoc, su
sirton
t6n tai
tai cUa trang thai S
cua ham trang
cling %red
cung vcri dinhnghla
dinh nghiacua citanonoduoc
&roccha'p
chipnhan
nhannhu
nhulalam6t
met tien
tien dide bao
bao ham
ham trong
trong noi
nei
dung dm
cua nguyen
nguyen 1/ly II. Co nhieu cach
II. CO each phat
phat bi6u
bi^u nguyen
nguyen 1/ ly II,
II, duOi day la
dudi day la mOt
met trong
nhiing cach phat
nhimg each phat bi<?u
biiu do.
7.4.3.2. Not
NOidung
dung nguyen
nguyin ly II
061
Do'i vol
vdi moi he nhiet dpng desu
nhiet dOng ton tai mOt
den tdn ham trang thcii
mot ham duor goi
thai duac go' la entropi
S ma:
ma\
- Trong qua trinh bien ddi
dSi thuan nghich, blitz
bien thien entropi ciia
cua he dupe
duoc xdc
xac
bang he thuc:
dinh being mar:
8Qt
dS = ^a- n (7.12)
T
- Trong qua trinh
trinh bien
bien &Si
dSi khong thuan
thuan nghich,
nghich, bien
bien thien
thien entropi clja
cua he
thda
thoa mdn
man belt
bat clang
dang that::
thirc:

SQktn
dS > 8Qktn (7.13)
T
(trong
(trongdo,
do,AOIll
5Q ktn,8Qtn
- -,ktn 8Qtnlalanhiet
nhiettrao
traod6i
d6igift
giirahehevavamei
m6itrtrimg
trucmgben
ben ngoai de
ngoai tai nhiet d6
T, ting vai qua trinh thuan nghich hay Idiong
img vdi khdng thuan nghich)
Neu
NeU xet town b6 qua
toan bd qua trinh bidn
bien d6i cila
cua he tir trang thai (1) sang trang thai (2) thl
thi
- d6i
ddi yeti qua trinh
vdi qua trInh thuan
thuan nghich ta cd:
co:
2
es = 18Qtn (7.14)
JT

- con dd'i
d6i yen qui trinh kh6ng
vdi qua khdng thuan nghich ta co:
cd:
2
As
AS >> f8Qktn (7.15)
J T

Vi entropi
VI entropi la mdt ndn AS chi phu
mot ham trang thai nen phu thudc vao trang
thOc vao trang thai
thai dau
dau va
trang
trang thai 'cu6i ma khdng
cud'i ma kh6ng phu
phu thuec
thudc vao
vao cach
each tien
tie'n hanh
hanh thuan
thuan nghich
nghich hayhay kh6ng
khdng

166
thuan nghich. Vi
thuan nghich. VI vay
vay neu
neucac
cac trang
trang thai
thai dtiu
dau va
va cac
cac trang
trang thai
thai cu6'i
cu6i gi6ng
giong nhau thi tir
AS trong hai
AS trong hai he
he thuc
thirc(7.14)
(7.14) va
va(7.15)
(7.15) bang
bang nhau
nhau se
se dSn
dan den:
den:
2 2
fOQtn 5Qktn hay
hay 801
5Qtn >80
- -"An> -6Qktn
JT J
> f T
11 1
Dieu do
Dieu do co
c6 nghia la nhiet trao d6i
doi qua trinh
trinh thuOn nghich Idn
thuSn nghich lan hon nhidt trao
d6i
doi qua trinh khOng thuan nghich.
khong thuSln
- Cac
Cac he
he thirc
that (7.12),
(7.12), (7.13),
(7.13), (7.14),
(7.14), (7.15)
(7.15) thtrang
thircmg &roc viet g6p lai:
duqc vi6't
SQ
dS
dS>^ (7.16)

2
SQ
AS > (7.17)

Da'u = danh cho qua trinh

Dfiu trinh thuOn
thuSn nghich.

Dau >> danh

Dau danh cho
cho qua
qua trinh
trinh khdng
kh6ng thuSn
thuan nghich.
Doi voi
vai twang
trudng hap
hgfp ma
ma trong
trong su6t
suot qua
qua trinh
trinh xay
xay ra,
ra, nhidt
nhiet d6
do khOng
khong d6i
doi thi he
thCrc (7.17)co
thurc (7.17) códang
dangdon
don gian
gian sau:

AS > —
T
Doi vai he
Doi voi hd co
co Dp
lap vi
vi nhiet
nhidt trao
trao ddi
d6i blng
bangkh6ng
kh6ngn6n
nentir
tircac
cach6
4 thtic
thuc trop
trfin ta c6
co
the viet:
dS
dS s00hay
hayAS
AS zs 0 (7.18)
Dieu
Dieu dodo co
c6 nghia
nghia la
la d6'i
d6i vrii
vai he
he c6
c6 Dp,
lop,entropi
entropicua
caahe
4 chi
chi co
co thd
th^ la kh6ng thay
d6i hay la tang chti khOng he
chi} khdng he giam.
giam. Do
Do cung
cang la cdch
cach phat bidu
bieu caa
ciia nguyen
nguyOn15ly, II.
Vi cac
VI cac qua
qua trinh
trinh tu
to phat, deu la
Oat, den la cac
cac qua
qua trinh
trinhkh6ng
kh6ng thuOn
thuftn nghich nen
nOn trong
he c6
co Dp
lOpnay
naychi
chixay
xayraratheo
theochieu
chiduting
tangcuacaa entropi.
entropi. Khi
Khi entropi
entropi cua
caa he
hd dat
dat gia tri
ctrc dai nghia
cue dai nghia la
la den
den khi
khi bien
bien thien
thien ciia
dia entropi bang
blng khOng
kh6ng (dS = = 0)
0) thi he dat trang
thai can bang. Trong
can bang. Trong qua
qua trinh
trinh bi&i
bi6n d6i
d6i trang
trang thai dm
cua he,
he, ndu
n^u co
c6 skr
su trao d6i nhiet
vai
vdi mOi twang ben
moi trucmg ben ngoai
ngoai thi cung
ding vOi sir bi^n
vcri su bien thien
thien entropi
entropi cua
cua he
he co su bidn
bien thien
entropi caa moi
entropi cua m6i truong
twang ben ngoai.
Ne-u goi AST
Neu ASp lalatdng
t6ngbien
bienthien
thienentropi
entropicua
cuahe
heva
vam6i
mai trucmg
twang ben ngoai thi ta
co th6
the viet:
vie't:
AST
ASt = AShe + ASmtr
ASmtr

167
167
 Neu trong binh phin
phan Ung
ung hOa hoc, chang
hoa hoc, ching han
ban dtrac (lat trong
duoc dat trong m6t
met nhiet Wang
luong
ke thi nhiet
nhidt luting
luong ke tao
tao thAnh m6i trucmg
thanh m6i twang benb6n ngoAi dm he hoa hoc.
ngoai cua hoc. He
He hOa
hoa hoc
va nhiSt
nhiet luting ke tao thAnh
luong kg' met hfe
thanh m6t he c6
co lap
lap va
va nhu ta da bier.
big't.
- D6i
Doi vdi
vii qua
qua trinh
trinh thuan
thuan nghich:
AShe
ASj,^ + ASmir
ASf,,,,. = 0

- Doi
Ddi vai
vdi qua trinh kheng
kh6ng thuan nghich:
AShe +
+ ASintr > 0
>0
7.4.3.3. Min thien
7.4.3.3. Bien thien Entropi
Entropi trong
trong qua
qua trinh
trinh thay
thayddi
dditrang
trangthai
thaivat
vat135 ctia mat
ly cua mot
chat nguyen
nguyin chat
Trong
Trong qua
qua trinh
trinhthay
thayclei
d6itrang
trangthai
thaivatvat
15/ly(ran
(ran,------
^' long;
long; long
long ^ hoi;
ran hoi, Wen
hoi, dei qua lai gifia
bi&i ddi giua cac dang Chu hinh)cua
thu hinh) cUacaccaccha't
chitnguygn
nguyen cha't
chit tai
nhiet de khOng
nhigt d6 thay ddi,
khdng thay ddi, nhigt
nhiet ddng
dung luc
luc hoc
hoc da chi rang:
rang:
Neu qui trinh
Ng'u qua trinh thuan
thuan nghich
nghich xay ra o
xay ra 6 ap suit
sua't kh6ng
khOng el&
ddi thi nhiet
nhigt trao
trao d6i
ddi
Qp = AH.
Qp = AH.
Ur
Tit do ta co:
cd:
AH
es
AS =
=— (7.19)
T
Bai ap dung 7.13:
Bat tap tip 7.13: Xac
Xac Binh bin thien
dinh bien thignentropi
entropi AS
AS trong
trong qua trinh
trinh hoa
hoa
hoi met mol
hoi m6t nark &
mol nude 373 KK (nhigt
d 373 (nhiet hoa
hoahoi
hoicua
dm mdt
met mol
mol nude
mak 6d 373
373 K tai tip suit
ap sua't
P0
P0 = 11 atm,
atm, IA:
la: Qp AH = 40,7 kJ/mol).
Qp = AH
L6i giii: Tir
Ldi giai: th(rc (7.19)
TCr hg thdc (7.19) ta cd:
co:
AH
AH 40 7.103
40,7.10
AS = = ' • =109 J /mol.K.
= 109 J/mol.K.
T 373
7.4.3.4. Bien
Min thie'n do thay ddi
thien entropi cua mot chat khi nhiet dp
Qua trinh
trinh nay
nay thudng
thing xay
xayra
rabddiet'
didu kiln
kignap
apsuit
sua'tkhOng
khdng doi nen ta
ddi ngn ta cd
có the
the vig't;
via:
SQ
5Q = dH = nCpdT
(n = sd
s6 mol cha't,
chit, C,
Cp IA nhiet dung
la nhigt dung mol
mol cua
cua mdt
met cha't
chit cSn
can xet).

dH
dH nC dT
nC-dT nCpdT
•nC
dS = P AS = P (7.20)
T T

Neu
Ndu ap
ap suit
sua'tdtrqc
duqccoi
coiIA
la khOng
khdng ddi
ddi thi
thiAS
ASducrc
duqc tinh
tinhtheo
theocOng
cdngthCrc
thdc don
gia.n
gian hon.

168
 AS
AS == nC
nCpln^- (7.21)
P
Neu qua trinh
Neu qua trinh xay
xay ra ita diet,
dieu kien
kien dang
ding tich
tfch thi
thi ta
ta cilng
cung có
co cac
cac cOng
cong thin
thurc
atcrng
tucfng tir.
TrirOng hap
Trirong hop Cy thay d6i theo nhiet db.
dp.
T2
T2
AS = inCv^
AS=JnC dT (7.22)
T
T,
Triterng hop Cy
Trifcmg hop C, dupe
dttoc xem
xem la kh6ng
khOngd6i
d6ithl
thi AS
ASse
sexac
xic djnh
dinh theo c6ng
cong thtic
thuc sau:

AS
AS == nCv In— (7.23)

Bai tap ip
Bai tap ap dung
dung 7.14:
7.14: Xac dinh Wen
Xac dinh bien thifen entropi cua 11 mol
thien entropi mol nuOc
nude khi
khi
dun
dun ming to 273
nong tir (0oC) len 373 K (100°C).
273 K (0°C) (100oC). Cho nhiet dung cita
cua mart
nude khOng
khong d6i
doi
Cp
Cp = 75,3 J/mol.K.
Uri
Loi giai: Ap dung bidu
bieu thtic
thuc (7.21) ta co:
T, 373
AS = CDpIn — = 75,3^—
75,31n = 23,5
= 23,5 J/mol.K.
J/mol.K.
P Ti
Tj 273

7.4.3.5.
7.4.3.5. Y nghia cua
ctia entropi
Nhu nguyen lY
Nlm ly IIII da cac qua
di chi ro cac qua trinh
trinh tit
tu phat
phat (khOng
(khPng thuftn
thuan nghich) trong
mot he co
m6t he c6 lap chi xay
xay ra ra theo
theo chidu
chi6u tang
tang cua
ciia entropi.
entropi. Nhu the to ro rang
rang khi
khi entropi
entropi
tang se keo theo six chuydnd6ng
su chuy^n Ong hon
h6n don
d6n dm
cua cac
cac Olin
phin tit
tirtrong
trong he.
h6. NOi
Noi cach
each khac:
khac;
Entropi la thadc
Entropi thuac do mac
miic dO do hdn
hon don
don cua
caa cac
cac phdn
phdn tutti trong he. Do
Do chinh
chinh la
layy nghia
nghia
cim
cua entropi.
Ta thir
Ta thit la'y
liy v!
vi du
du minh
minhhoa
hoacho
chodi^u
didu khang
khing dinh
dinh tren.
tr6n. D6'i\Poi
voi ding
cung mot
m6t chit
khi
khi he cr trang
h6 a trang thai
thai long
long thi
thi cac
cac phin tit
tu chuydn Ong hon
chuyen ddng hdn On
d6nhcrn
hon khi
khino
noeld thd
the ran
rin
>
(Siong>
(Si6ng Deii yeti qua trinh ming chay, dun ming AS > 0, nghia la se lam
vdi qua trinh nong chay, dun nong AS > 0, nghia la se lam tang tang
stt chuydn ddng
su chuyen &brigcua
cuacac
cacphin
phantu
tittrong
tronghd.
he.Trai
Trailai,
lai,khi
khithuc
that hidn
hien qua trinh k&
ket tinh,
ha nhiet dd,
db, nghia la lam giam
giam mire
ink dfidd chuydn
chuyen Ong
ddngh6n
hdndbn
ddncila
cuahe,
hd, AS
AS < 0.

7.4.4. Dinh
D|nh luat
lu^t Nernst
Nernst hay
hay nguyen
nguyen lY III nhiet
ly III nhiet ddng
Ong luc
lire hoc va entropi tuyet d6i
ddi

7.4.4.1. Khdi
Khai quilt
qudt chung
Khi mot
mdt trang thai hoan
hoan toan trat
trSt to
tu thi
thi entropi dat duck
dupe gia
gia tri
trj cut
cueti'du.
tieu. Day
la trang
trang thai cua mot
mdt tinh
tinh thd 6 0 db
thl hoan hao CI tuyet dd'i
dd tuydt d6i (0 K). Trong tinh the hoan
169
169
hao, mai nguyen
hao, mdi tir, phan
nguydn tir, phan tuar hay
hay ion
ion chid'm
chiem m6t
mot vi
vi tri
tri xac
xac dinh
dinh trong mang tinh the
va co
c6 mot nang
nang lac:mg ctrc tidu
lirong circ tieu nhu nhau.
Dieu nay co
c6 nghia la tinh the c6
co mot mire
MCCC (16 hartdon
do h6n don cue
cuc tieu
tieu ve
ve vi tri cling
cung
nhu vd
ye nang luong
ltrang cac hat.
Luan diem nay
Luan di^m nay trong
trong nhidt
nhidt ddng
Ong Itrc
luc hoc
hoc con dtroc goi la dinh
duoc goi dinh luat
luat Nernst
Nernst
hay nguyen
nguydn 1/
ly thti
thir III cUa Ong Km
cua nhidt d6ng &roc phat bieu
lire hoc va duoc bi'eu nhu sau;
sau:
Or
O nhiet d6
do tuyet
tuyet ddi
dot (0 K), moi
(OK), moiclan
don chcit cling nhu
chat cung nhtt mpi
moi hop chat
chat ód clang
dang tinh
the' ham hdo
the hoan hdo diu
de'uc6
coentropi
entropibeing
bang khOng (ST=0
khong (Sj = 0).
=q =

VI entropi cua
Vi entropi cua cac
cac don
dan chat
cha't (Cgmphit,
(Cgraphlt, Ckim
Cki[n „rang, 02) cling
cuong, O2) cung nhu hop
hap chat
chat
(CO2, ...)
...)&a 00 K
K deu
d6u bang
bang 00nen
ndndinh
djnhluat
luatNernst
Nemstcling
cung c6
conghia
nghiala,
la,6akhOng
khbng dO
do
tuydt d6'i,
dai, bieu
bidn thien
thidn entropi
entropi AS-F.0
AS^-q trong cac qua trinh !lien
bid'n dai
doi tinh
tinh the
th^ 66 clang
dang tinh
the
th^ hoan hao dlu
clau bang
bang khdng,
khong, chang
ching han:

C ++ 0
022 -+ COj ; ;ASO
-> CO2 AS0 = 0

7.4.4.2. Entropi tuyet doi cua cdc

ede chat
Ta da xet cac
cac phep
phep tinh
tinh lien
lidn quan
quan den
dd'n six
su bien
bid'n thien
thien entropi
entropi AS
AS khi
khi nhidt
nhidt dO
d6
cua cac chat
cha't thay dai
d6i va
va cach
each xac
xac dinh
dinh bi6n
bid'n thien entropi
entropi trong
trong qua
qua trinh thay
lhay dai
d6i
trang thai (ran ^ long; long ^ hoi,...)hoi,...) cua
cua cac
cac chat.
cha't. VI
Vi vay,
vay, tren
tren ca
cos6socUa
cua dinh
luat Nernst ta c6
co the
the' tinh
tinh dtroc
duqc entropi tuydt dd'i
dai ha cac
cac chat
cha't 6acac
cacnhidt
nhidt(16
do va trang
thai khac nhau:
AS = sr —Sse,0 == Sr
S-j— S-p —- 0 = Sp
Sr
Mu6n xac
Mud'n xac dinh entropi
entropi cua
ciia hoi
hoi nuerc 200oC ngu6i
nude 6 200°C nguai ta tinh
tinh AS
AS theo
theo cac
cac
NJ&
budc sau:
sau:
Sr=o(r)
Sx=o(r) S2 73(r) -> S( 73(/) -> S373(0
8273(0 8373(0 --0 5373(k) -+
-> 8373(1^) S(,1) 73(k)
-> S473(k)

2273
73 373 473
dT , dT AHhh dT
S°
4 73(k)= Jcp(r)f
S5,3(k)= (r)— f jc p«)f |c Cp,l.,f
(k) —
P T ++Tn
— ,
nC
+
+ 'P") T+
+ T
-hh
hh
P T
0 273 373
Entropi tuydtddi
Entropi tuydt dai cua
dm hat, het cac
hau hd't cac cha't
chat da duqc
duqc xac dinh
djnh va
va duoc
duqc tap
tap hop
hop
thanh cac bang
thanh cac bang (xem
(xem Phu
Phu luc), cac gia
luc), cac gia tri nay thu6ng
thudng duoc
duqc xac dinh
djnh oa dieu
di^u kidn
kidn
chuin
chuan (P
(P = 11 atm;
atm; T = 298 K) va chrqcky
va duqc 4 hidu 8299 .• Dtrai
la: S298
hidu la: Duoi day la mat
m6t so vi du
minh hoa:
hoa:
S298 (H20, 1)
8^98 (H2O. 0 = 69,5 J/mol.K; S^
69,5 J/mol.K; S 98 (H20, k) = 188,7
9E3(H20, 188,7 J/mol.K.

98 (C,
8293
S2 (C, graphit)
graphit) =
= 5,7 8299 (kim
5,7 J/mol.K; S298 (kim arcing)
cuong) == 2,4
2,4 J/mol.K.
J/mol.K.

170
170
 Ta
Ta dida Net
bietentropi
entropi dac
dactrang
trutigcho
chomix muredO d6hein
h6n d¢n
d6n cUa
cua phan
phdn tir cac cha't
tir cac chit hay
hay
cua mot he. Vi Vl viy,
vay, d6i
dd'i vol
vcri ding
cungmot m6tchit
cha'tlieu
neuctdnhiet
nhiet dO thi cha't
dp cao thi chit dodo có
cd entropi
entropi
IOn hon laIAkhi
Idn hon khiaarnhiet
nhietd6 dOtha'p.
thip.OCJtrang
trangthaithaikhi
khicha't
chitdodo co
có entropi
entropi 16nlan hon
hen khi b
trang thai !Ong. Chat co
long. Cha't có entropi be nhitnha'tlalac1 trang thai ran.
6 trang

entropi trong
7.4.4.3. Bien thien entropi trong cac
ede phdn
phdn ling
ung hoci
hod hoc
Vi
Vl entropi IA mot ham
la mot ham trang
trang thai nen
nfin ngutri to sir
ngirbi ta sir dung
dung tmh
tinh cha't
chit nay
nay de'
di xac
xac
dinh bien thien entropi trong cac phin
phan (mg
umg hoa
hoa hoc
hoc (gi6ng
(gib'ng nhu
nhir viec
viec sir
sir dung
dung dinh
djnh
luAt Hesstrong
luat Hess trong viec
viec xac
xic dinh hieu Ong phin irng):
img nhiet phan tmg):

AS(phin ling)==Ss
AS(phan umg) ES (san
(sin pham)
phdm)-- ES
ES (cha't
(chit d^u)
diu)
Bien thien entropi chuan A S 98 (don giin
Bien thidn gian IA AS0) cua
la AS°) ciia phin
phan (mg
iimg bing
bang tong
t6ng
entropi chudn
chu^n cua cac san phdm
ph^m trir di t6ng
tang entropi chu^n
chudn ciia
dm chit
cha't phin
phanLing.
iimg.
= ZS:p - ZSd (7.24)
<724>
Voi phin umg: aA ++ bB
Vbi phan bB ->
-› cC
cC + dD

to co:
taco: AS°puu=(cS^+dS?
= (cSre' + dS(6))-(aS^+bSg)
)-(aS°A + b5i3' )

BM tap Ap
Bai tap dung 7.15:
ap dung Xic dinh
7.15: Xac dinh entropi
entropi chudn
chu&t tao thanh cua NH4C1.
NH4CI. Cho
bier
bie't

S0(N2) =191,5
S°(N2) = 191,5 J/mol.K; S°(H2)
S^Hj) = 130,6 J/mol.K.

S0(Cl2) = 2237 J/mol.K;

SACI2) S0(NH4C1) = 94,6 J/mol.K.
S°(NH4CI)

Uri
Lcri giai: Phan
Phan ting:
iimg:
1
—N
- N2 + 2H2
2 +2H + - C12 ->NH
2 +—CI2 NH4C1.
4C1.
2 2

AS°av(NH
ASci S0(NH4C1)
4Cl) = =
(NH4C1) - [1
(NH4C1) -[is 0
2 S° (N22)) ++ 2S
(N 2S°0
(H22)) + is0(Cl
(H (C12)
2)

=:94,6-(95
= )75 +
94,6 -(95,75 + 261,2
261>2 ++1118,5)
1118,5) =-1380,85
= -1380,85 J/mol.K

BM tap ap
Bai tap ap dung
dung 7.16:
7.16: Xac
Xic dinh
dinh bin
bi&ithien
thidn entropi pv cua
entropi 6,S°
ASp^ cua phan
phan img
iimg sau:

2CH3OH(l)++ SOjCk)
2CH30H(/) 2CO2(k)
302(k) -> 2C02(k)++ 4H20(k)
4H20(k)
Cho biet:
bie't:

S0(H20,k) = 188,6
SAH20,k) 188,6 J/mol.K;
J/mol.K; S0(C02,k) = 213,6 J/mol.K.
e(CO2,k) J/mol.K.

S0(CH30H,/) = 126,8
SACH3OH,1) = 126,8 J/mol.K;S0e(02,k)
J/mol.K; (02,k) = 205,0 J/mol.K.

171
 Lori
Ltri giai:

{4S0(H20,k)++2e(CO2,k)
AS°a = 4e(H20,k) 2S0(C02,k)}) — 0
(CH30H,/)+3So(02,k))I
2e(CH3OH,/)+3e(02,k)
- {2S

= (4.188,6
(4.188,6 ++ 2.213,6)
2.213,6)— (2.126,8 ++ 3.205,0) = 313 J/mol.K.
- (2.126,8

7.5.
7.5. Entanpi
Entanpitotudo
dova
vachieu
chieudien
didnbien
bien ctia
cua cac
cac Olin
phan Ong
urng hoa hoc

7.5.1. Entanpi to
tu do va chieu often Biencua
diin bien dmcac
cat qua
qui trinh
trinh tu
to plait
phat

Ta di bier,
Ta da biet, trong
trong m6t
mot he c6
co lap,
lap, cac
cac qua
qua trinh
trinh to
tu plait xay ra
phat xay ra theo chieu tang
tang
cua entropi AS >> 0.
entropi AS
Cac qua trinh hoa ly
ly thuerng trong cac 4
thudng xay ra trong he kin, có so
kin, co sir trao
trao d6i nhiet
nhiet va
cling
cong v6i
voi m6i
moi trifling
trucmg ben ngoai.
Trong to nhien ta cung con
Trong tu con gap
gap nhieu
nhieu qua
qua trinh
trinh ttl
tu phat, chuyin he
phat, chuyen he tir
tu trang
trang
thai
thai co nang
nang luting
luong cao ye
vi. trang
trang thai
thai có
co nang
nang luting
luong thap kern theo sir
kem theo so giam
gram entropi
entropi
(AShe
(AShg < 0).
Vi du
du thultng
thucmg gapgap &1St
nha't la
la cac qua trinh
trinh hinh
hlnh thanh
thanh cac phan
phan tu, cac tinh
tinh the
tir cac nguyfin
tir cac nguyen tutir hay
hay cac
cac ion rieng re.
VI
Vi vay, ngiferi ta can
ngucfi ta can ket
ket hop
hop hieu ang
ung nang
nang lucrng va hieu
luong va hieu Ong entropi de tim
ung entropi
dieu
di^u kien
kifin duy nhat,
nha't, xac dinh chieu dien
di6n bien cUa qui trinh
cua cac qua trinh to
tu phat.
6
6 day,
day, ta xet cac qui
qua trinh
trinh xay ra tai
tai mot
m6t nhiet
nhiet do
d6 va
va tai
tai mot
mot ap
ip suit
sua't khOng
khong
d6i,
d6i. &roc goi la cac qui
duqc goi qua trinh
trinh ding
dang nhiet,
nhiet, ding
dangAi).
ap.
D6i
Doi voi m6t 4
vdi m6t he kin
kin ta
ta cdn xet t6ng
can xet l6ng bien
bien thien entropi cua 4
thien entropi va dm
he va ciia mai
moi
trifling ben ngoai:
truong bSn

ASt6ng
AStong
=
AS + AShhe£
mtr +
ASmtr (7.25)
(7.25)
Vi moi truong
VI mOi trtaing bao g6m mot
bao gom khong gian Idn
mot khOng 16nnennensir
so trao
traod6i
d6inhiet gift 4
nhietgiua he va
truong ben
m6i truqng ben ngoai
ngoai khOng
kh6ng anh huong den trang
anh htrang trang thai
thai can bang cua m6i truerng
bang cim truong
ben ngoai Vava do do qua trinh bi6n doi cua m6i
bien ddi moi toeing
truongben benngoai
ngoailuOn
luon luOn
lu6n duac
duoc coi
la qua
la qua trinh
trinh thuan
thuan nghich nhu vay,
nghich va nhu vay, d6i
doi vOi cac qua
v6i cite trinh dang
qua trinh ding nhiet
nhiet dang
ding ap,
Ai),
bien
bie'n thien entropi
entropi cita
cua mOi
m6i trtr6ng
trucmg ben ngoai deu
deu dtrqc tinh theo he thtic:
duqc tinh thdc:

ASmir = AHTmtr (7.26)

(7-26)

D6'i vdi nhiet trao d6i

D6i vai ddi giita
giua he
he va
va m6i
m6itruerng
trudng ben ngoai ta luon
lu6n luOn
luon co:
AHmtr
AHmtr = — AHhe
- AH hj (mOt ben thu,
(m6t ben thu, m6t ben phat).
Tir &
Tu. do ta co the viet:
ta có viel:

172
 AH hg
^i6ng == AShe +
AStdrig + ASmir = A
^^mtr (7.27)
T
Nhan ea hai
Nhftn ca hai ve
v6ivai
—- TT ta
ta c6:
co:
— TASt6ng
-TAS l6ng = AHh
AHhe— TAS1h,
-TAS (a)
Vol
Vai T -- const, ta co:
AH — TAS == H
- TAS H22 — H1 —
- H, T(S2 —
- KSj Si ) = (H2
- S,) (H2— TS2) —
- T^) (H1 —
- (H, TS1 ) (b)
- TS,) (b)
Vi H, S deu la
VI la cac
cac ham
ham trang
trang thai
thainen
nent6tohop
hopcila
cuachting
chiing(H(H—TS)
-TS) cung
ding la mot
ham gang thai.
ham trang thai. Tir
Tu do nguoi
ngucfi ta dinh
djnh nghia mot ham
nghTa m6t ham trang
trang thai
thai mai,
mai,14
ky hieu
hieu la
la G
G vdi
G=H— TSduoc
- TS dtpc goi la entanpi ticdo,
tu do, the
the dAng ding Ai),
dang nhiet dang hay nang
ap, hay ming lupng
lining tu
ticdo
do Gibbs.
So di nang
Sc nang prong
luong nay
nay ducic
dupe goi
gpi la
la nang
nang lacing
lupng to
tu do vi
vi phan
phfin nang
nang lacing
lupng nay
co the "tkr do" chuyen
"tu do" chuydn thanh
thanh cong,
cOng,trong
trongkhi
khido
do phan
phancon
con lai
lai (TS)
(TS)dupe
duct gpi
goi la nang
luting
lupng "lien ket", chi
chi co
co thd
th<: chuydn
chuyen thanh nhiet.
V6i
Voi dinh nghia
nghla do,
do, he
he th(rc
thuc (b) co thd
the viet:
AH — TAS == G
AH-TAS — G11 == AG
G22-G AG
hay AG == AH
AH—- TAS (7.28)
Trong he
hp thCrc nay, AG,
thuc nay, AG, AH
AHva
vaAS
ASdeu
delichi
chihen
lienquan
quan den
den he
he din
can xet.
So sanh he th(rc
thdc nay
nay yeti
vdi (a) ta c6:
co:
AGhe
AGhe = — TASt6ng
-TAS t6ng

nguyen ly, II, d6i

Theo nguyen1}' d6i veri
vai mot
mpt qua
qua trinh
trinhkb:31.
1g thuan
khong thu4n nghich
nghich hay tu
to phat:
AStong >
AStdng > 0,
0' hay
ha — TASt6ng <
y _ TAS^ng < 0,
0, do
do d6
do AGhe <0
AGhg < 0 (7.29)
(7.29)
DO
Do la la dieu
diet, kipn
kien duy
duy nha't
nhit cho qua
qua trinh
trinh tu
to phat
phat xay
xay ra ra khi
khi ap ap sua't
suit vava nhiet d6
dp
khOng d6i. NOi
khong d6i. Noi each khac,
khac, d6i
do'ivai
vdimot
mptqua
quatrinh
trinhdAng
dangnhiet,
nhiet,dAng
dangAL), chieu dien
ap, chieu didn
bien cua
cila qua trinh to tu phat
phat la
la chidu
chieu didn
dien Wen
bien ma nang luting
lupng to tu do cita 4 gam.
cua he giam.
ta i_: k r\ i ait t'ao r\ ' ao A Hh
AH 11
hv g i-he- j . «.trang„ a _
Khi AG AG = 0 hay AH AH - TASTAS == 0, ta co AS},5 =
cd AShe nen
nen he dat thai can
• T
bang.
bang. Nhu vay, vay. tir
tu nhiing didu trinh
nhung dieu trinh bay
bay tren
tren day
day tata cd
c6 the torn tat ket ke't qua
qua trong
trong
bang sau day:
Didu
Dieu kien
kipn to
tu phat
phat cho
cho mot
mptqua
quatrinh
trinhclang
dang nhiet
nhiet clang
dang ap:

AG Qua trinh
trinh didn
dien Wen
bie'n
<0 Tu phat, didn
dien Wen
bien theo chieu thuan
=0 He dat d6n
den trang thai can bang
>0 KhOng to phat,
Khdng tu phat, qua
qua trinh dien Wen theo chieu nghich
bien theo

173
 Bai tap an
ap dung 7.17: M6t cach
7.17: /Wit cu the,
each cu the, ta
ta xet
xet qua
qua trinh
trinh chay
chi), lOng caa nuoc
long cua nu&
0 o 0
di
da tai
tai 33 nhiet
nhiet d6
d6 khac nhau: t = 1°C, 0°CCNIA
1 C, 0 va -— 1°C.
1 C. Hay tinh
tmh AG tai 3 nhiet do
AG tai d6 nay
Nth chobiet
va cho bietnhan
nhanxet.
xet. Biet
Biet ring:
rang:
H20(r) H20(l)
H20(r) -> AHnc = 6007 J/mol, AS
H20(/) ;; AHnc AS = 21,99 J/mol.K.
Lei Oil: K6t
Lai giai: Kfe't qua tinh
tfnh town ditoc ghi
loan duqc ghi trong
trong bang
bang dudi
du6i day:

Nhiet DO K AH AS — TAS
-TAS AG
0 Dd K Chat'
Chay long
d6
dd °CC • J/mol J/molK J/mol J/mol

1,0
1.0 274,15 6007 21,99 — 6029
-6029 — 22
-22 Tu phat
phit
0,0 273,15 6007 21,99 — 6007
-6007 0 Can bang
—1,0
-TO 272.15 6007 21,99 — 5985
-5985 +22 Kh6ng to phat
Khdng tu Oat

o
Khi t > 0
0°C, AG <<00qua
C, AG quatrinh
trinhchay
chaylong
lOngnude
nu&dadidi6n
din ra to
tir phat;
o
Khi t = 00°C, AG == 00 ta
C, AG ta co
c6 he
he can
can bang:
bang: nude
nu& di,=-1- nuac;
da ^ nude;

Khi 0oC, AG
Khi t < 0°C, AG >> 0 qua trinh chay long khOng to phat;
khdng tu phat; qua trinh ngtrac
nguoc lai
la qua trinh
trinh k€
kett tinh nude
nu6c da
di (AG
(AG < 0) xay ra to phat.
tu phat,
VI AG == AH
Vi AG AH -—TAS
TASn6n
nenkhi
khiAH
AHvavaAS
AScung
dingda'u
clanthi
thicdc6the
thecd
c6hai
hai kha
kha nang:
nang:
- He chuyen sang
sang trang
trang thii
thaicó
cdnang
nangluceng
luong thap
tha'p cling
cung \raj
vdi su
su giam
giam d6
do h6n
hdn dein
don
cila he;
cua hS;
- He chuyen
chuye'n sang trang thai
thai co
cd d6
dd h6n
hdn dOn
ddn cao.
Khi dO, t6 thur ba la nhiet dO
yeu td'
dd, yd'u sequye't
dd se quy&dinh
dinhchidu
chieu dien
dien bie'n
bien cua
dm qua trinh.
Dau cua AG
Dlu cua AG se
se phu
phu thudc
thu6c vao dau cua AH
vao dlu va AS.
AH va AS. Didu
Dieu nay
nay cung
cling cdc6 the
the they
tha'y ro
trong bang sau;
sau:
All AS AG (=
(= AH
AH—- TAS) Bi6n
Bie'n d6i

— + — Tu phat
+ — + Kh6ng to phat
Khdng tu Oat
— — —d6TT tha'p
- thap Tv
Tu phat

+6Tcao
+ d T cao KhOng tu
Khdng to phat
+ + + d6 TT tha'p
till) Kh6ng to phat
Khdng tu Oat
+Cacao
+ d T cao Tu phat

174
174
7.5.2. Bien thien
7.5.2. Bien thien entanpi tu
tir do
do trong
trong cac
cac phin
phanLing
umg hoa hoc

7.5.2.1.
7.5.2.1. Entanpi tu
tu do chucin cua phdn
chudn cua phdn ung
ang
Entanpi tu do
Entanpi tir do tao
tao thanh AGf cua
thanh AGf cua mot hop chat
mot hop chit la
la bin
bienthien
thien entanpi
entanpi to
tir do
do
trong !Than Lingtao
phan ling tat)thanh
thanhhop
hopchat
chitdo
do tir
tircac
cac don
don chat.
chit. Neeu
Neu lala entanpi
entanpi tir
tu do chudn
chuan
0
thi phan irng
thl phan (mg phai
phai tirong
won ting
irng vdi
vdi trang
trang thai
thai chudn (25 C; 11 atm) va duoc
chuan (25°C; dutqc ky hi'eu
hieu la
AG? (don gian
AG° gian la AG0). Can
la AG°). Can luu
liru y rang,
rang, vOi dinh nghla
vdi dinh nghiatren,
tren, AG®
AG? cua
dm cac
cac don
don
chat 6d trang
chit trang thai
thai chudn
chuan (gi6ng
(gidng nhu
nhirAFI?
AH®)) deu
d6u bang khong:

Vi du: AG?
Vidu: AG®(graphit)
(graphit)==0;
0;AG?
AGf(Cu,r)
(Cu,r) =
= 0.

AG?
AGf (12,r)
(l2,r) = 0 ; AG? (02,k) = 0.
AG^(O2,k)

Phttang phap thu6ng

Phuong thirdng sir AG0f la dkra
sir dung de xac dinh AG°f vao cong
dira vao c6ng thirc;
thdc:

AG?
AG® = AH?
AH® —
- TAS?
TASf (7.30)

Bang each
Bang cach do
d6 ngtrOi
ngudi tataxac
xacdinh
dinh AGf
AG? ciia
cua hop chat va
va tap hop lai thanh bang
Lill (xem phu luc).
tra Ccdu

Bai tap
tap ap
apdung
dung7.18:
7.18:Cho
Chophan
phanLing:
irng:
CaCO3(r) CaO(r)
CaC03(r) -> CaO(r) +
+ CO2(k)
CC^k)

Biet
Biet A1-1298 cUa phan
AHogaciia phan irng
(mg la
la 178,24
178,24 kJ/mol;

AS 98 phan
AS^gg phan ling
irng bang 160,60.10 33 kJ/mol.
bang 160,60.10
Hay tinh
ti'nh bie'n thien entanpi tu
bien thidn tir do chudn
chu^n cua phan (mg
dng va cho bier
bi6't chieu
chidu cua
ciia
0
phan ang
irng nay
nay & 25°C.
0 25 C.

Ldi giai: Ap dung

dungbie'LL
bieu thirc
thtic(7.28)
(7.28) ta
ta cd:
c6:
AG298 (pu)
^^298 (p11) == OH298
AH298 —
-TT AS298
AS 98
178,24 —
= 178,24 298x 160,60.10 33
- 298x160,60.10
= 130,38
130,38 kJ/mol
Aq98
AG298 (pu)
(ptr) >> 00 nen
ndnphan
phanLing
umg phan huY CaCO3(r) khOng
huy CaC03(r) khdng xay ra.

Cung nhu
nhir nhiet
nhietphan
phanLing
umg AHpu,
AHp,,- bin
bi6'nthien
thienentanpi
entanpitotudo
dodm
ciiaphan
phanLing
ung bang
tong
tdng entanpi
entanpi to
tu do tao thanh
thanh cua cac
cac sin
san phdrn
pham trir
trir di tong
tdng entanpi to
tu do tao thanh
cua
ciia cac chat phan
phan img
irng (co
(cd kern
kem theo cac he s6).
sd).

AG(phan umg)
Ong) == EaG
EAG (san phdm) —EaG
pham) - EAG(cha't
(chatd^u)
din) (7.31)

175
175
 Bai tap ap
ap dung
dung7.19:
7.19: Xac
Xac dinh
dinh AG 98 cila
AG298 cuaphan
phanLing
umg sau:
sau;

2S02(k)
2S02(k) +
+ 02(k) -> 2S03(k)
Cr 298 K,
6 298 K, AG(
AG^2)98
98 (kJ/mol) --300,37
300,37 0 -- 370,37
370,37

Uri
Ldi giii: AG^gg cua
giai: AG298 cuaphan
phan(mg
img de
dedang
dangclucic tinh nhu
duac tmh nhix sau:

Aq98
AG^98 == 2 (SOj.k) - 22AG^
Aq98 (S03,k)
2 AGggg Aq9898 (S02,k)
(S02.k)

= 2(- 370,37) - 2(-

370,37) - 2(-300,37)
300,37) == --140
140 kJ/mol.
kJ/mol.

7.5.2.2. Chu trinh nhiet

nhiet dOng
dqng hoc
Vi
Vi entanpi to do
entanpi tir do la mot
m6t ham
ham trang
trang thai nen
nfen cling
cung nhu cac ham
nhir cac ham trang
trang thai
thai
khac,
khac, Bien thien entanpi
big'n thien entanpi tkr do AG
ty do AGchi
chi phu
phu thudc
thu6c vao
vao trang
trang thai
thai dam va trang thai
d5u va thai
cuoi:
cu6i:
AG(qua trinh) = AG(cu6i)
AG(qua trinh) - AG(dau)
AG(cu6'i) - AG(dSu)
ma kh6ng phu
ma khdng phu thudc
thu6c vao
vao cac
cac trang
trang thai
thai trung
trung gian
gian. Vi
Vi vSy,
vay, neu
neu co
co hai
hai each
cacti di to
tii
trang thai
thai dau
dau den trang thai cuoi
cu6i thi ta
to co
có the:
the bieu
Neu dien chiing
chimg theo
theo so d6 sau
sau:

AG
Trang thai dau
d^u Trang thai cuoi
thdi cud'i

AG A G2

' Trang
Trang thai
thdi trung
trung gian '

Ta se co
c6: AG AG! ++ AG2
AG = AG! ^2
Chfi v: Cac
Chu y: Cac mui tdnten phai
phai cimg
ding xuat Oat tir
xuait phat tir trang thai
thai dau
dau va
va ciing
ding huang,
huang. di
theo hudng
theo huang v6
ye trang
trang thai
thai cudi.
cu6i.Trong
Trongtnrcmg
thew hop
hc^Dphai
phai d6i
doi huang
hucmg cUa
cua mot
mdt qua trinh
thi phai d6i dau cUa
cua AG.
Bai tapap
Bai tap ip dung
dung 7.20:
7.20:Bid't AG0 (CO2)
Bit AG° - 394.4
(C02) = - 394,4 kJ/mol;
kJ/mol.
AG7 (CO) = -- 137,2
AG?(CO) 137.2 kJ/mol.

Xac dinh
Xac dinh AG2
AG2 cua
dia phan Ling:CO
phan umg: CO + ^^2
02 CO2

Loi
LOri giai: AG°
C ++ o
c 022 CO2
-0,
C ++ io
c -+CO
2^co . AG?
2
AG( \ \ /AG3
1 C0
va -0
CO ++ ^ 022 ---)
—> CO2
2
2 1
CO+ -0
CO + Y 0-)
2
2

176
176
 Theo so d6
Theo so do b6n
ben ta
ta co
có the
the vie't: AG0 = AG'
viet: AG° AG°++OG2 . Tir
AG2. Tir bieu
bieu thdc
thuc nay
nay ta
ta de
1
dang suy
suy ra
ra gia
gia tri AG2 (CO -02 ) nhu
(CO ++^02) nhir sau:
2
AG0 -
AG2 = AG° - oGi
AG°==- -394,4
394,4--(-137,2)
(-137,2)==--257,2
257,2 kJ/mol.
kJ/mol.

rithibeg &hit1 chink

QUtu'ttg. (Tien chin It viu. eheieng.
tjitt cltn'oenj 7

1. Dinh luat bao toan va chuy4n

Djnh chuyen boa nang
nAng Wong
liromg

1.1. Noi dung &la

1.1. NO cua nguyen IS
ly I

mot
Mot he
hi nhiet dang
ddng khi trao
trao ddi
dSi nang
ndng luting
luang vol
vaimai
niditruang
truangxung
xung quanh
quanh der&
dudi
Bang
dang nhiet Q
Q va
va cong
cong AA thi
tint long
'Ong dqi
dai so
so"QQ++ AA ludn
luan luan
luon la
la mat
mot hang
hang sa',
so, chi
chl phu
pint
thuac
thuqc vao
vdo trang
(rang thai
thai ddu
ddu va
vd trang
trqng thai
thai cuai
cuoictia
cuahe,
he, hoan
hoan loan
loan khong
khdng pity
phu thuac
thupc vao
vdo
(Wong di. Do
dudng di. D6 Id
la not
noi dung ctia
cua nguyen
nguyen ly ly II nhiet d'
ddng
Ong hie
Ittc hoc.
hoc. Ta ca
co the'
the hinh dung
qua trinh
trinh bun
bie'ndoi
doinay
tidybang
bangmat
motsoso do
do sau:

(Trang thai dau) A 1 --s ■

D-•BB(Trang
(Trangthai
thai cutfi)
cu6i)

Met cach
M6t each uing quat:
tdng qudt:
AU
AU == Q + A
Day la bieu
bi^u fink
thurctown
toin cua
cuanguyen
nguyftnly"
ly I uo dang
dang huru
h&u han. D6i
D6'i vai
vdi nhUng
nh&ng qua
trInh
trinh ve
v6 cling
cung nhO,
nho, bieu
bi^u thdc
thirc hCru handa tren
h&u han tr6n tr&
trd thanh:
dU = 8Q
6Q + SA
5A
Trong ba dai lucmg nhiet d6ng
luong nhiet d6ng U,
U, A,
A, Q
Q chi co dai lugng
luang U
U la
Id ham
ham trang thai;
thdv,
2 dai lucrng con lai
luang c6n lai la
la nh&ng
nhung ham
ham qua
qua trinh,
trinh, tuc
ttic la
la chung
chting phu
phu thuAc
thu6c vao
vao ducmg
doing di.
Quy uoc
udrc ye
vA cltu
da'u cita
cua nhiet va cAng:
cong:
- Nhiet Q va cong
cAng A duvc
duqc tinh la
ia throng
duang (Q > 0; A > 0) n6u
ne'u he nhan nhiet va
nhan cAng
cong tir
t& ben ngoai.
- Nhiet Q
Q va
va cong
cAng AA ducrc tinh la Am
duqc tmh (Q << 0;
am (Q 0; A
A < 0) neu
n^u 4
henhtrOng
nhucmg nhiet
nhiet va
sinh cong
cAng cho ben ngoai.

177
177
 Tir bieu thiic
Tir bie'u that tren
tr6n to
ta thay
tha'yrang
rangd6i
doivdi
voih@
he c6 lap
lap (khong trao
trao clOi gi vdu
doi gi Oil ben
ben
ngoai) Q = 0, A = 0, do do AU == 0. 0. V§y
Vey trong he c6 lap
lap noi
not nang duqc
duoc bao
bao town.
toan.

1.2.
1.2. KM niem
Khai niemvevehieu
hieuOng
umg nhi0
nhiet va
va nhi4
nhiet dung
dung

a) &tor xtic
a) Nhiet dung C ducrc xdc dinh nhu sau
sou

Dieu kien
ki6n V - const P - const Quan he Cp va Cv
Q

8Qv SQ
P
Nhiet
Nhifit dung Cv =
Cv =-
dT
Cp
C v = dT P — C.,v = R
CD-C

b) Vtin
b) Van dung nguyin y
dung nguyen Ij lUffng
ly I cho khi ly tiding

Dieu
Didu kien V - const P - const
2 2
Hieu Ung
Hidu irng nhiet Cv fdT
AU = Qvv == Cv jdT AH Qp
AH = Q = Cpp fdT
p=C jdT
i 1i

c)Vei
c) Vdidiiu
dieukien
kien ding
dangnhiet
nhiet (T
(T -- const)
const)
Nei nang U va entanpi H
N6i ['tang H cua
cua khi ly, tuqng
khi 15 tirong chi
chi phu
phu thuOc
thudc nhiet
nhiet dO,
dp, kheing
khong phu
thuOc vaotht?
thufic vao theti'ch
tichcung
ding nhu ap
ap sua't,
silk, do d6:
do:
AUT
AUt = AHT =0
AH-p —

d) Quan he givca
gitla Qp
Qp vtl
vd QQvv ctia phdn ting
cua phdn ung hod
hod hoc
hoc dien
dien ra
ra trong
trong pha
pha khi
Qp
Qp =
= Qv
Qv + AnRT
+ AnRT
Voi An
Vdi la hidu
An la hieu s6 giOa
giita sd
s6 mol
mol kht
khi cua
cua cac
cac san
san pham
phdm phan
phan dng
ting va
va sd
s6 mol khi
dia
cua cac
cac chit
chat tham
tham gia
gia phin
phan (mg.
ung.

1.3. Hieu
HieuOng
umgnhiet
nhietcua
cuaphin
phanOng
umg hoe
hoa hoc

a) Dinh lutit
lu&t Hess
bieu: Hieu itng
Phat bidu: Ceng nhiet phdn
phdn ang &tor (hue
i(ng duoc that hien
hien a the
thi tick
tick khong
khong doi hoac
hocic
o ap sud't
a dp suit kh6ng
khong doi va khong thucMyr hien cong
tong nao
ndo khdc ngoai
ngoai cOng
cong caco hoc,
hoc, chi phu
phy
thu6c
thudc vao trang thiti ddu (trang
trqng thai (trqng thai ctia
cua cac theft
chat tham gia phdn itng)
Ung) vci trang thai
vd trqng thdi
cudi (trqng thcii
cud'i (!rang caa ede
thai cua cac san phd'm
phdm phdn ung), khong
khOngphu
phu thudc
thu6c vao
veto cac
Mc trqng
trang thai
trung
(rung gian (nghia
(nglua ld khong phu thuOc
Id khdng thudc vao qucingduang
vao qudng &tangchuyen
chuyin tit
to trqng
trang thai ddu
din
den trang
trqng thcii cudi).
thai cud'i).

178
178
 Trang that
thai ddu
dau Trang thdi cudi
cu6i
A H°
rcC ++O202J co2
AH

+ -O,
CO + 02
2 ^

Theo dinh
Theo dinh luat
luatHess:
Hess: AH
AH == AH1
AH! ++ AH2
AH2

Cdc he qud
d) Ctie qua cua
cua dinh
dinh Ludt
ludt Hess
-- Hieu
Hi6u ting
img nhiet cua phin
phanCrng
umg bang
bang tdng
tong sinh
sinh nhiet cua cac san phdm
pham trir di
tong
t6ng sinh nhiet cua
cua cac
cac chit
chatdau
dautham
thamgia
giaphan
phanCrng kern cac
img (co kern cac he so):
s6):
AH=LAHsi,
AH = X ^Hsn (sp)
(sp) -- ZAH
Afisn
sn (cd)
(cd)
Hieu
Hieu timg
ung nhiet caa
ciia phan (mg
umg bang
bang tdng
tong thieu
thieu nhiet (nhiet
(nhiet d<5t
d6t chay) ciia
cua cac
chat diu
chit dautham
thamgia
giaphan
phanting
umgtrii
trirdi
dit6ng
t6ngthieu
thieu nhiet
nhiet cua
cua cac
cac san
san phdm
ph^m phan
phan (mg
umg (co
kern cac
kern cac he so);
s6):
AH = V yHtn(cd)-^AH tn(sp)
(cd) - Alltn (sp)

Tir hieu ring

iirng nhiet cua phan img
tmg hoa hoc co the
the tinh
tinh &roc
dupe nang luring
lupng lien ket
ke't
cua cac chit
chat co
co mat
mat trong
trong phan
phan (mg.
ung.

AH
AH = Z nang Wong
lupng hen
lien ket
ket cac
cac cd I
cd -- Z nang lacing
luong hen
lien ket
ket cac sp

2. Chien
Chieu va gi6i
gioi han
ban to
tu dien
diln bien
bien cua cac qua trinh

Theo nguyen ly
ly I1 cua
cua nhiet
nhietdOng
ddng lut
luchoc
hocngtrOi
ngudi ta
ta cla
da xac dinh cluqc
dupe hieu img
urng
nhiet
nhiet cua cac quaqua trinh
trinh hod
hoa hoc
hoc nhung
nhung chua
chua doan
doan nhan
nhan &roc
dupe chieu
chi^u dien
dien bien cuaciia
qua
qua trinh
trinh ttr
tu nhien
nhifin ding
cung nhunhu cua
cua cac
cac phan
phan Crng hOahoc
ung hoa hoc DdDe lam
lam di6u
diet' nay
nay ta xetxet
nguyen IY II, nguydn
ly II, nguyen lyly III
III cua
cuanhiet
nhietdOng
dpng Itrc
luc hoc
hoc va
va ket
ket hop
hppca
cayeti
vdi nguyen
nguydn IY ly 1I se
cho phep
cho phep ta xet dieudidu kien
kidn can
cAn bang
bang va
va chieu
chi^u (lien
diln bidn ciiacac
bin cua cacqua
quatrinh
trinhtkr
tu nhien
nhidn
cung nhu cua
ciia cac phan (mgumg hoa hoc.

2.1.
2.1, Entropi
Entropivavastr
sutinh
tinhEntropi
Entropitrong
trong mot
mot s6
so qua
qua trinh

a)
a) Trong hinh
Trong hinh thtrc
thtic luSn
luin cua
cua nhiet
nhiet dPng
Ong lut
luc hoc,
hoc, su
su ton
t6n tai
tai cua
ciia ham
ham trang
trang thai
thai S
cimg
cimg vc'‘i dinhnghla
vdi dinh nghia ciia
cua no
no dupe
&roc cha'p
chap nhan
nhan nhu la mQt tien d^
mpt tidn de bao ham
ham trong
trong nOi
nPi
dung cua
ciia nguyen ly II.
II. Mot
Mpt cach
each t6ng
t6ng quit
quatbieu
bieuthtic
thucLoan cua nguyen ly II
toan ciia 11 la:
la;
.c SQ §Q
T

179
i79
 Dau
Da'u = dac
dac trong
trufng cho
cho qua
qua trinh
trinh thuan
thuan nghich, dau >> cho qua
nghich, da'u qua trinh
trinh khang
khong
thuan nghich.
b) Co nhieu
nhidu each Oat
phatbieu
bi^unguyen
nguy6nIY
ly II. Chang han: DOi
II. Chang vai 'not
Doi vert mgi he
he nhiet
nhietdOng
dong deu
deu
ton tai
ton tqi mot
motham
ham tn.:mg
trqng thai
thcii ducfc
dupegpi
goi la entropiS.
0 entropi S.
Khi he nhiet Ong
ddngduoc
duoc gap
g6pvdi
vdri mai
m6itruo.ng
trucmg xung lam thanh
xung quanh lam thanh mot
mat he ca
c6
lap
lap thi
thi ASh
ASjjge CO
c6 jjp
tap==(AS^g
-ne nhiOt dCmg+ASmOi
(AL AS^j trutmg)
trudng) >0.
^
Neu
N^u trong ht
he ca
c6 lap
lap chi
chi dien
difin ra
ra qua
qua trinh
trinh thuan
thuan nghich thi:
AS
AShe up = 0
co lap
hec6 3 S - const
0->S-const
Neu trong he c6
ca lap chi dien ra qua trinh khang
khong thuan nghich thi:
A
AShe CO lap:>>00 (S2 > S))
^hec6iap S1)
c) Veyy nghta
c)Ve vat ly: entropi SS dac trtmg
nghia vat trimg cho
cho tinh
tfnh hOn
h6n clan cila he
d6n cua he nhiet d6ng.
AS cho mfit
AS cho mat s6'
s6 qua trinh:

Dilu kien
Dieu V - const P - const P,T - const

T A
AS AS = C,vh3
ASv=C In AS = C In –1
Sp=Cplni AS = —
AH
Ti
1
l P P TT1 T

2.2. Entropi
2.2. Entropituyet
tuyet dpi
doi

Entropi cua
a) Entropi caa cac
cac chat
chit nguyen chat dudri
nguyen chat duai dang
dang tinh
tinh th^
the hoan
hoan chinh
chinh dd khang
khong da
d6
tuyet de'i
tuyet dai bang
bang kh6ng: Sr .
khang: Sp _0 0.
0 = 0.

Tien d6
Tien de nay &roc goi la nguyen
duoc goi nguyen ly III
III ciia
cua nhiet
nhiet clang luc hoc (dinh
dong lire (dinh luat
luat
Nernst).
Nemst).
b) ST
b) Sp cua loan be
dm town ba qud
qua trinh:
trinh:
Neu trong
Neu trong qua
qua trinh
tint' dun
dun ming
nong ca
co su chuyen pha (chang han nong
suchuyen ming chay,
chay, soi)
sai) thi:
thi:
Tn,
d T +n AHnc dT AHs dT
ST='j
Sr = nC
"Cp(r)—
(r)f+ +]nC
+ nCp(/)
«)f ++n + ]nC
+ inCp(h)
(h)f
0 P T TTIC
nc I'm P T Ts
3
T,
P T

2.3.
2.3. Su bien
Sir Win thien
thien entropi
entropi trong
trong phan
phin Ung hoi hoc
ung hoa

AS==IS(sp)
AS ZS(sp) -– XS(cd)
ES(cd)
0
Neu dC:r
Neu diet'kien
didu kienchuin
chudn(P(P= =1 Iatm
atm va
va tt == 25 C) thi entropi
25°C) entropi chudn, ky hieu
chuan, ky
qo
s
52 98:
298-

180
180
 A 6298 -
^^298 E S'1 98 (sp)
= ^^298 (SP)—- E S( 98 (cd)
(cd)

2.4.
2.4. Entanpi
Entanpittttirdodovavachieu
chieuthin
dienWin
biendm
cuacac
cacphim
phan(mg
utig hoa
hoa hoc
hoc

a) Trong hoa
hoa hoc
hoc thubng
thucmgkhOng
khong gap
gaphehec6c6lap,
lap,ma
mathuOng
thuong gap
gaphe
hdclang
dang nhiet
nhiet -- clang
ding
ap. Won
Muonsirsirdung
dung(jell
tieuchudn
chuinentropi
entropideddxet
xetcaccacqua
quatrinh
trinhnay
nayphai
phailc&
kd'thop
hopveri
voi AHAH
thanh mot
m6t ham trang
trang thai
thai tn6i
moi GG duqc
dupe goi
gpi lalathe" nhiet dpng
thd' nhiet Ong va
va ducic dinh nghla
dupe djnh nghia nhu
sau: GG ==HH—- TS.
The
The' nhiet Ong
dpngGGcon
conclugc
dupegoi
gpilalaclang
nang locing ttr do
lupng tu do Gibbs
Gibbs hay
hay nang lupng
lugng tu
to
do hoac entanpi ttr
tu do.
D6i
Doi v6i
vdi qua
quatrinh
trinhhau
huuhalt:
han:AG
AG==AH
AH—- TAS
Ham
Ham G ducrc ldy lam
dupe lay lam tieu
tidu chuan
chuin clang gia chidu
dang gia chieu hudng
htr6ng cua
caa qua trinh. Dieu
Didu
nay c6 the'
nay co the torn
tom tit
tat nhu sau:

AG Qua trinh dien

didn bien
bid'n

<
<00 Ttr phat, didn
Tu phat, dien bien
bid'n theo chidu
chieu thuan

=0 He dat Mr.
den' trang thai can bang

>
>00 KhOng ttr phat,
Khong tu phat, qua
qua trinh
trInh didn
dien bidn
bien theo
theo chidu
chi6u nghich

b)
h) Su bien thien
thidn entanpi
entanpi ttr
tu do trong
trong phan
phan (mg
irng hoa hoc.

AG = E
S AG
AG (sp)
(sp)— EAG (cd)
- SAG (cd)
Neu
Nd'u 60 diet'
dieu kien
kidn chudn (P == 1
chuan (P 1 atm va tt = 25° C)
atm va C) thl
thi AG
AG chudn,
chuin,141
ky hieu
hidu
AG^gg hay AG?
AG298 AG° hoac AG0:
hoSc AG°:

AG0 =
AG° =Y^ AG0san
AG: in phsm
. ph^im
, . -"
Y AG 0
. &.f d&u
AGc%ift
ch&t ds..
or day, AGf
a day, AG? la
la bid'n
bi6n thidn
thien nang luqng ttr do
lupng tu do chuin
chuin cua su tao thanh hop chat
chit tit
tir cac
don chdt. D6i vai
chat. D6'i vdi cac dcin AG0 = 0.
chdt AG?
don chit

c) Chu
c) trinh nhiet
Chu trinh nhiet dpng
Ong hoc
VI entanpi tu
Vl entanpi ttr do
do la mot
m6t ham
ham trang
trang thai
thai nen
ndn ding
cung nhu
nhu cac
cac ham
ham trang
trang thai
thai
khac, bien
biPn thien
thidn AG
AG chi phu thu6c
thudc vao trang thai diu
dau va trang thai cuPi;
cu6i:
AG(qua trinh)
trinh) ==AG(cu6i)
AG(cuoi)—
- AG(dau)

181
 dan hoi eta
oil hat tap

1.
1. Dinh nghia
nghla hd,
he, mei
m6itruerng,
trirong, hd c6 lap,
h6 CO lap, hd
h6 kin,
kin, hd h&, hd
h£ ho, he doan
doan nhidt.
nhiet. Cho
Cho
vi du.
2. Thd
The nao la tham
tham so
sotrang
trang thai,
thai, tham
tham s6
sokhudch
khuechdO
d6 va cirong
cuong (10? Cho vi du.
dd? Cho
3.
3. Ham trang thai
Ham trang thai la
la gi? NOi nangU,
N6i nang U, cong
cong A, nhidt luong Q,
nhidt lirong Q, nhiet
nhidt ding
ding ap Qp
Qp
va nhi6t
nhidt ding tfch Qv c6
ding tich co phai
phai tat
ta't ca la nhiing
nhung ham trang thai khong?
kh6ng?
4. Bi^u thuc
Bidu thirc loan nguyfin ly II cua
toan cua nguydn cila nhidt
nhidtd6ng
Ong lire
luc hoc la gi?
5.
5. Thd
Th6' nao la nhidt
nhiet phin
phan Ung
ung ding
ding ap,
ap, nhidt
nhiet phis'
phan Crng ding tich?
ung ding tich? C6ng
COngthuc
that lien
4
he giita
giOa hai dai
dai ltrong
luong nay?
6.
6. Dinh nghia
nghla phan
phan Ong toa nhidt,
irng toa phan iimg
nhiet, phan img thu
thu nhiet.
nhidt. Quy
Quy udc
u6c dau
da'u c6a
cua hidu
hieu
ting nhidt ddi
irng nhiet d6i yeti hai loai phan
vdi hai ling nay the'
phan ling thd nao?
nao? Liy
Lay vi du.
7.
7. Rik
Phatbidu
bi^udinh
dinh1114
luat Hess va cac hd qua cua
he qua dm no. Lay
Liy vi du minh
minh hoa.
hoa.
8.
8. Dinh nghia
Djnh nghla nhidt dung mol
nhiet dung mol ding
ding ap va
va ding tich
tkh cua
cua melt chit.
m6t chat.
9.
9. Vidt bidu
Viet bi^u thdc
thuc toan hoc cila
cua nguydn
nguyen 15/
ly IIIInhiet
nhidtddng
Ong lire
luc hoc. Tidu
Tieu chudn to
chuin tu
din
dienbidn
biencua
ciiamot
motqua
quatrinh
trinhtrong
tronghd
he co
c6lap
laplalagi?
gi?Khi
Khinao
naothi
thihd
hedat
datten
toi trang
trang
thai can bang?
bing?
10.
10. Tai sao entropi
Tai entropi dia
cua melt
m6t chat
chat ao trang thai khi bao gib
trang thai gib ciing
cung 16n
Ibn ham
hon 6
b trang
trang
thai lOng
long va
va 16rn hornnhi^u
Ibn hon nhidukhi
khino
nob0 trang
trang thai ran?
rin?
11.
11. bieu nguyen
Phat bidu ly III nhidt
nguyen 15, Ong hoc.
nhiet dbng hoc. Ung
Uhg dung
dung c6a
cua nguydn
nguyen 15,
ly nay la gi?
0
12.
12. Thd
The' nao la entropi chudn
chuin cua mot
mbt chat
cha't ct 25°C?
b 25 C?
13.
13. Tieu
Tieu chuan
chuin to
tu dien
difin bidn
bie'n va
va glen
gibi han
han dmcua qua
qua trinh
trinh xay
xay ra
ra ob nhidt
nhiet dO
d6 va ap
suit khOng ddilalagi?
khbng d6i gi?Ynghia
nghiavat
vat15,
ly dm
cua AG?
AG?
14.
14. Ti'nh
Tinh entanpi chuan AH0 cua phin
chuin AH° phan Ong
irng nung
nung v6i:
CaCO3(r)
CaC03(r) -> CaO(r)
CaO(r) ++ CO2(k)
C02(k)

Cho bidt
biet A1-17 (kJ/mol) —
AH" (kJ/mol) - 1205,0 —635,0
- 635,0 —
- 393,5

Dap s6:
s6: 176,5
176,5 kJ/mol
kJ/mol
0
15.
15. 25°C
6 25 C phan irng
Lingsau:
sau: 2H2(k)
2H2(k) ++ 02(k)->
02(k) --> 2H20(h) toara
2H20(h) toe ra mot
m6t nhidt
nhiet luong la
483,66 kJ
kJ trong
trong diet'
dieu kidn
kien ap
ap suet
suit rieng
rieng phin
phan cua
cua moi
m6ikhi
khitrong
trongphin
phanCmg
irng
bang
bing 11 atm
atm va phin
phan img
irng thuc
thuc hidn
hien bu ap
ap suit
suit la hang
hing s6.
sb. Nhidt bay hoi
Nhiet bay hai cua
dia
0 -1
nuac
nubc long CI 25°C
b 25 C va 11 atm la
la 44,01 kJ.mol
kJ-mol I..
- Tinh
Ti'nh sinh
sinh nhidt
nhiet chudn
chuin cua H20(h)
H20(h) va
va H20(06 250C;
^0(0 b 25°C;

182
 -T lac
lira i dung 6 g adephan
phanCrng
umg tao thanh H20(/)
D
Da s : AH^CXh)
Ale(H20,h) == --241,83
241,83 kJ/mol;
kl/mol;
AH°(H20,1)
AH^HjO,/) == --285,84
285,84 kJ/mol.
kJ/mol.
0
16.
16. T n thien entanpi
en entanpi chudn
chu^n & 25°C
a 25 cila phan
C cua phan img
ang sau:
C 2)2(r) + H20(1)
HjOCO -)•CO2(k)
COjCk) + 2NH3(k).
B gg tro ding diet'
cung dieu kien
kien có
co Sly bin thien
su bien thienentanpi
entanpicua
cuacac
cacphan
phanCrng
img sau:
C 0(h) ->
OCh) > CO2(k)
C02(k) + H2(k); A
AH =
= 1, 3 J
C 2
2 ) --> COCl
COCl2(k);
2(k): Afq == --112,
AH^ 112 kJ

C k) + 2
k) 3(k) -+ CO(NH2)(r)
COCNHjKr) + HC1;
HC1; A113
AH3 ==-- 201,0
201,0 kJ.
8
8 C
C = -- 92,30
92,30 k .mol
.mol I , nhiet
nhiet hoa
hoa hcri cua ntreic
hoi cua trong cung
nirdfc trong ding i
: AH4
AH° ==44,01
44,01 kJ.mo
0
:; °
17.
17. T el
t lla c trinhtrinh Born
Born -- Haber
Haber de
de tinh
tmh nang
nang Wong
lirong mang
mang hreri ion cua
ludi ion dm
C ,W ran
bie rang
- ett hinh thanh CaC
Ca 2j 1a
la AA 88,8g = -7 f11

hang hoa A
ang hoa AH a

Ca(r) -+
-> Ca(k) ; AH: == 192
AH° kJ.mof1I ..
192 kJ.mol

trig
ong ion
ion hoa
hoa Ca:
Ca:
Ca(k)
Ca(k) -- 2e
2e-> Ca2+(k)
-+ Ca2+ (k) ;; I t ++ 12
I, I2 = 1745 kJ.mof11.
1745 kJ.mol
- Nang luqng
luong phan ly
ly lien
lien ke't Cl -- CI
ket C1 C1 trong Cl2
CI2 IA lamol 1I
243kJ.mol
la 243

- Ai lt,rc vOielectron
luc voi electron E
EAA cua Cl:

1
Cl(k)
Cl(k) ++ le->
le -+ Cl (k)
CHk) ; E = -364
-364 kJ.mol
kJ.mof1..
6:: U 24
2 m
mo .

18.
18. 2 98 va
29S 4q98 cua
va AU^gg cua Olin
phan tIng
ung sa ;:
4Cg1
4Cgr + 3H2(k) 202(k)
3H2(k) + 20 -+ C4H604(r).
2(k) -> C4H604(r).

nhie chay
nhiet chay cua
cua Cgr;
Cgr; (k)
(k) va
va C4H
€41 ann te l
285,8 va -1487
85,8 va -1487 kJ.mo
kJ.m C
Co ac khi tr
t n phan
phan ting
img la
la $,
y ttrifin
tuon
: AH
AH -
- ,, m l

183
183
19.
19. Phan ling:
tfng:
1R
15
C6H6
CgHg + ^ 02(k) -4 6CO2(k)
02(k) -> eCCtyk) + 3H20
SHjO ad300
300 K
K co Qp
Qp -- Q
=v 1245
= 1245 JJ

Hai
Hoi C6H6
C6H6 va H2O trong phan ung
utig ab trang thai lOng hay hoi?
long hay hai?
s6: An
Dap s6: An = 0,5

C6H6
C6H6 va H2O deu a hm.
ddu 6 trang thai hoi.

20. Tinh bun

20. Tmh bi^nthien
thifinentropi
entropiAS
ASciia
ciiaphan
phanCmg:
ung:
CaCO3
CaC03 —>CaOCaO++CO2CO2 tai
tai nhiet
nhifit de 250C
d61t = 25°C
Cho S0(CaC03) = + 91,7 J/K.mol; S
bit S°(CaCO3)
Cho bie't 0
S°(CaO)
(CaO) = 39,7 J/K.mol
S°(CO2) = 213,6 J/K.mol.
S0(C02) =
Dap s6: AS0=
s6'; AS° = 161,6
161,6 J/K.mol

21.
21. Tinh bi8n
Tmh thien entanpi to
bifi'n thidn to do d6i
ddi viii
vcri phan utig:
CO + H20
HjO-->-> CO2
CO2 + H2
1
Biet
Bift rang: CO
CO ++—- 0202 -3
-> CO2
CO2 ; AG == -- 257,3 kJ
AG
2
1n u
H2 ++ —- 02 —>
Li -> H2O ; AG == -228,6
AG - 228,6 kJ
2
Dap s6:
s6: AGAG == -- 28,7 kJ
22.
22. Tinh AG0 cua
Tmh AG° dm phan
phan (mg:
ung: CH4(k)
CH^k) ++ 202(k)
202(k) ->
-› 2H20(/)
2H20(/) ++ CO2(k)
C02(k)
Cho bift:
bitt: AG7
AG" [kJ] cua CH4(k):
CH^k): -- 50,7;
50,7; H20(1):
^0(0: - - 273,0; - 394,4.
273,0; CO2: - 394,4.

Dap
Dip s6: AG0 = --817,7
s6\ AG° 817,7 kJ
23.
23. Tmh AG0 cila
Tinh AG° cua phan ung: C + 2H2(k) --> CH4(k)
2H2(k)CH^k)
Cho biet: AH?
Cho bi6v. AH° (CH4) = -74,81 S0(CH4) = 186,3
-74,81 kJ/mol; S°(CH4) 186,3 J/mol.K

S0(Cgr) = 5,74 J/mol.K ; S°(H2)

S°(Cgr) 8°^) = 130,7
130.7 J/mol.K
Dap AG0 = -50,72
Ddp s6: AG° - 50,72 kJ.
24.
24. 2Fe2O3 ++ 3C
iing 2Fe203
Phan ung 3C—>4Fe
4Fe++3CO2
3CO2 ducfc sirdung
duoc sir dungd^
desan
sin xua't
xuat sat.
0 0
Cho biet
bi£:t Wen thien entanpi AH°
bifi'n thifin AS = 560,3 J/K.mol.
AH = + 467,9 kJ/mol; AS°
HAy cho bi€
Hay cho biert phan
phan ung
(mg phai
phai duoc
duqc thuc
thuc hifin
hien 0a nhiet
nhifet de
d6 nao
nao de
de phan
phanCrtg
ikg c6
co
the
th^ xay ra tu
to phat.
5620C
Dap s6: t > 562°C

184
184
25.
25. AG0 cua
Tinh AG° cua phan
phanumg:
dug:- N2
N2 ++ -H2
Hj->
-> NH3(k)
NH3(k) & 0
25°C.
a 25 C.
2 2
Cho bi6t: AH?
Cho biet: iH? (NH3) = -- 45,9 S0(NH3) = 192,5
45,9 kJ/mol; S°(NH3) 192,5 J/K.mol;

S0(N2) =191,5
S°(N2) S0^) = 130,6 J/K.mol.
= 191,5 J/K.mol; S°(H2)
Dap so:
so: -16,35
-16,35 kJ/mol.
26.
26. Cho biet
biet phan
phan irng:
ting: C2H4(k) C2H50H(h) va cac s6
C^H^k) + H20(h) -> C2H5OH(h) so lieu:

C2H5OH(h)
C2H5OH(h) C2H4(k) H20(h)
AG 98, 9 (kJ.mol
AG298,s I)
(kJ.mol ') -168,6 68,12 -228,59
-1.mo1-11 ) 282,0 219,45 188,72
188,72
8298,3 (J.K
S98,, (J.K^.mor )

a) H6i dieu kien cua phan

a) Hoi phan (mg
umg nay la dieu kien
ki6n ntut
nhir the nao?
b)
b) 6
d diet'
dieu kien
kidn chudn 250C phan
chu^n va 25°C phin ling
umg di theo chi6u
chieu nao?
c) 2)98 cUa
c) Tinh AH(
AH29R phin Ling.
cua phan Phanumg
umg. Phan angtoa
toi nhiet
nhiet hay
hay thu nhift?
nhiet?
Dap so:
s6: a)
a) P,
P, T - const;
b) AG << 0 theo chi&i
b) AG chieu thudn;
thuan;

c) AH0 = -
c) AH° - 45728,66
45728,66 JJ <
< 0 toa nhiet.

185
185
 eitittistg
QhUetng, 8 8
CAN
CAN BANG
BANG HOA HOC
HOA HOC

Muc tieu Can

Can nOm
ndm ',Ong cac van
vitng cdc van de:
de:
chiccmg
chuomg 8 1. Dinh nghia
1. nghla ye
v6 can bang
bang hoa
boa hoc.
hoc. Sir
Six dung phtrong
phirang trinh clang
dang nhiet
chieu hding
de xet chifeu hucmg va
va gi6i
gi6i han
ban cua
cua phan (mg hoa hoc.
img boa
2. Hang so can bang.
2. Hang Quan he
bang. Quan he gitta
giila cac
cac dang
dang hang
hang so
so can
can banh Kc
Kc
Kx. Cach xac dinh hang s6
Kp, Kx. s<5 can bang.
3. 1\10i
3. dungnguydn
N6i dung nguyenlyly chuy^n
chuyen dich
dich can
can bang Le Chatelier.
Chatelier. D.ra
Dira vac)
vao
nguyen
nguy6n ly nay de xet anh htthng cua cac
hudng cua cac yeu
yeu to
t6 nhir nong do,
nhu nong d6, ap sua't,
suat,
nhiet
nhifet c10 len sirchuyen
dd I6n ski chuyendich
dich can
can bang.
4. Khai niem
4. ni6m ye
\i can bang
bang pha:
pha: Pha.
Pha. Cau
Ca'u tu.
tit. Bac to do. Quy tac pha
B4C tix pha
Gibbs.

Mot
MOt so Ceng thudn nghich
Phdn Ong Dinh Ludt
Dinh ludt tcic
tdc dung Pha
tit
td khoii
khod Cqh bang
Ccin bang hod hoc
had hoc khoi luang
khOi loong Cau til'(
Cdu n

Hang so"
Hang sd' can bang Su chuyin
chuyen dich gdc to
Bdc tl( do
do

can
can bang Le
Le Chateier
Chateier „ ,^ ,,
Hangso
thing socan
can bcing
bang Kc
Kq,, Quy tdc
Quy lac pha Gibbs
Phuong trinh ddng
Phoong dang nhiet (jjdn d(j jui
KP,K
Kp, K xX Gidn do pha
Van't't Hoff
Van Hoff ^

8.1.
8.1. Phin
Phantirng
umg thuan
thuan nghich
nghjch

D6
Do IA phan ting
la phan ringxay
xay ra
ra theo
theo hai
hai chieu
chieu ngtxoc
nguqc nhau
nhau trong
trong ciing
ciing mot
m6t dieu
kien.
VI du:
Vt du: ta
to xet
xet phan
phin (mg
irng sau:

H2(k)+
H2(k) + I2 (k)÷-'2HI(k)
I2(k)^=i2HI(k)

Ben canh phan

Bdn canh phan ting
ing tren,
trfin, trong
trong hem hoc c5n
hoa hoc con t6n
ton tai
tai loai phan (mg
ting chi xay ra
theo mot chieu xac
xac dinh
dinh dugc
dirgegoigoiIAla phan img kh6ng thuAn
thrtg khdng nghich. Vf
thuan nghich. VI du:

186
186
 to0
2KC103(r) M^ 0 >
> 2KC1(r)
2KCl(r) ++ 30
3022 (k)
Mn 02

Trong phan
Trong phin (mg
ung thuan nghich,
nghjch, cac chat tham gia phan
phan irng
dng tac
tic dung vdi nhau
tao thanh cac sansan phdm
pham phan
phan Cmg, clangthdi
irng, d6ng thaicac
cacsan
sanpham
phdmcung
ding tac
tic dung v6i
vai nhau
tao 14i cac chat
lai cac chat dau.
dau. Khi nao Wang
lircmg cac chat phan img mat di theo phan tingung thuan
bang
bang lacing
lupng cuacua chung
chtIng ducfc
cluac tao
tao thanh
thanh theo
theo phan
phan umg
img nghich
nghich thl
thi ta
ta not
noi rang phan
(mg da dat
umg da dat toi
tai trang thai can bang.
Nhu vay, d
a trang
trqng thai
thai can
can bang
bang hod
hoahoc,
hoc,ham
hamluong
lucmgcac
cacchcit
chat phdn
phan Ong
ung cling
cung
nhtt
nhu helm
ham Itto'ng cac san
luang cac san pham
phcim ton tai
tqi kheing
khong doi.
Day
Day la can bdng
bang dOng vi phan
ddng vi phan Crng thuanva
ling thuan va phan
phan ling
(mg nghich
nghich vln
van xay
xay ra
nhung yen t6c do
v6i tdc da bang nhau.

8.2.
8.2. Phttang
Phiromgtrinh
trinh ding
dangnhi0
nhietVan't
Van'tHoff.
Hoff. Hang
Hang s6
so can bang Kp
Kp

phin (mg
Xet phan ung trong h6 khi ly tucmg:
tuang:
aA + bB —>
—> cC + dD
duac
duoc dux
thirchien
hienara nhiet
nhiftt do
d6 khOng
kh6ng d6i
Tit phirang trinh
TCr phucfng trinh phan
phan ung
(mg trfin
trentatatha'y
theykhi
khiaamol
molchat
chatAAtac
tic dung
dung voi
vii b mol
chat B se cho c mol chat CC va d mol chat D.
Vi entanpi
VI entanpi tir
tu do ciia
cua he phu
phu thuOc
thudc vaovao luong
lacingcha't
chit cua
caa cac cau
ca'u tir
tu nen trong
V • ' *
qua trinh
trinh nay
nay bien
bienthien
thienentanpi
entanpitirttrdo
dodm
cuah@ he durac tinh theo
dtroc tinh theo he
he thirc
thttc :
p'c P p'dd
P°
AG = AG°
AG" + RT1n
RT In C , D
p;:a .pi3b
PaPB1"
PA , , PD lalatip
Pa,Pb...Pc,Pd ap suet
suatrieng
rieng phan
phan caa
cuatirng
tung chat
chatkhi
khttucrng
tucmg (mg khi phan
ung khi phan
(mg
ling chua dat tai
ten trang thai
thai can
can bang
bang tai
tai nhiet
nhiet dr)
d6 T.
Neu cac cha't
Neu chat khf
khi. A, B,... C, D
D dirac
duoc lay
la'y ct
a di^u
di6u kien
kien chu^n;
chuan:
PA
P =PB
A = PB =
= PC =PD
= PD =...=1
= - = 1 atm
atm

AG0 == (cAG`6
AG = AG° (cAG£ + dAGg,
dAG?:) +
+...)- (aAG^ + bAGg
bAG`ii +...)

AG0 lalabier'
AG° bienthien
thienth6
the'ding
dingtip
apding
dingnhiet
nhiet(entanpi
(entanpitotudo)
do)dm
ciiaphin
phanCrng
ting ct
d
dieu kien chudn.
chuin.

' Neu xet ky theo g6c

xet 107 goc da
d6 h6a
h6a151
ly tataphai
phaide
decap
captdi
tai kMi
khdi nifem
niem h6a the'
th6 pi.
187
187
 Tit
Tir do ta co:
pC pd
P^.P^
AG AG0+RTln^E-
AG = AG° + RT1n C• D (8.1)
P1.1313
Pa-PB
Khi phin irng dat trang thai can bang thi AG
phan Ung AG == 0,
0, do
do do ta có:
co:
Pc
pd
AG°
40° == —RTln
-RTlnSAt D '8.2.)
8.2.)
P1.1)13
Pa-PB
Trong
Trong he thtic
thirc tren PA, B, Pc,
pB,
PA, P P^ 1a
Pc, PD Ai)suat
la ap suatrieng
ring ph^n
phan ciia
cua cac khi A, 0,
B, C,
D khi he dat trang
trang thai
thaican
canbang
bangnon
nen&Doc
diroc goi
goi la
la Op star can
dp suat can bang.
D6i
DAi viii mOt phan
vdi m6t phan img
ling cSn
can xet
xet tai
tai m6t
mot nhiet
nhiet d6
dO TT xac
xac dinh, AG0 - cons:.
dinh, AG° cons*. Do
do, tCr
tit he
he thiic
thdc (8.2) ta co:
pg-pg
P•Pb1 = Kp
Kp = const (8.3)
P1.11
Pa-PB
diroc goi la hang
Kp dirgc hang so'" can bang,
so can bang, chi phu thuOc
thuoc vao nhiet
nhiet dO.
dp.
Tai mot
mot nhiet
nhiet dO
dp xac
xdc (firth, khi mot
dinh, khi mot phan
phdn ling
Lingxdc
xacdinh
dinh dat
dat trang
trang thd
tha can
can
bang thi Kp c6
co mot
mdt gia
gid tri
tri xac
xdcdinh
dinhkhang
khongddot.
67.
DO la n6i
Do la nOidung
dungcuadm djnh
dinh luat quen thuOc trong h6a
thudc trong hoa hoc va
va duroc
dirpc goi la dinh
141
ludt teic dung khoi
tdc dung khoi hfpng
litong hay
hay dinh
dinh luat
luat Guldberg
Guldberg -- Waage
Waage (1867).
Thay (8.3) vao (8.2) ta co:
c6:
AG0 ==-RTlnKp
AG° —RT1nKp 8.4)
'8.4)

Thay (8.4) vao (8.1) ta dtroc:

dupe:
( pc pd
AG
AG = RT
= Rlf-lnKp In Pc
Kp ln 'PD
C• °,_ 1 8.5)
I■ .P)3
Pl-PgJ
He thuc
auk nay
nay duoc
dupe goi la phuang
phiwng trinh dcing nhiet Van't
dang nhiet Van't Hoff.
Bei ap dung 8.1: Trong phin
Bai tap fip phanUng
umg F12(k)
H2(k) + 12(k)
^(k) 21-11(k) ducicreu
2HI(k) dupe reu 66
tren, 16c diu co
luc d^u I2, cr
có 11 mol H2 va 11 mol 12, 1000 K
b 1000 K chi
chi co
co 0,735 mol H2 tac
tac dung
dunj voi
vpi
0,735 mol 12
I2 tao ra 1,47
1,47 mol HI. Hay tinh s6 can bang Kp
tmh hang s6' b dieu kien not
Kp br noi trth.
tr-n.
Uri giii: 6
Led giai: 6 trang thai can
can bang
bang ta
ta co
co 1,47
1,47 mol
molHI,
HI,(1(1—
- 0,735) = 0,265 mcl
md H2
■

va 0,265 mol
va 0,265 mol I2.
I2.Tdng
T6nglupng
Wongchat
chatn n==2 2mol.
mol.Goi
Goix xlalaphan
phansos6mol:
mol: Xj
x1 =
= ni
ni
i

188
 0,265 i
Ta co:
co: xh2 =
xH2 = 2 = 0,
= 0,^325; xl2 =- 0,1325;
i325; x12

1,47
1 47
X
HI
xHJ =
=-^— = 0,735
= 0,735
2
Theo
Thco dinh luat Xj.P, vi ap
pj = x1.P,
luSt Dalton pi Ai)sua't
suit chung
chung PP == 11 atm
atm nen ta co:
c6:
pHJ = 0,735.1
Pl^j 0,735.1 = 0,735
0,735 atm; ph2 =
atm; pH2 = p12
pj^ ==0,1325.1
0,1325.1 == 0,1325
0,1325 atm

Phi (0,735)2
0 735 2
Tir do ta co: Kp
Tu do Kp =
= PHI
D1
—= = —l51 - ) = 30,7
= 30,7
p^.p^
pH2 .p/2 0,1325.0,1325
0,1325.0,1325

Bai tap al)

ap dung
dung 8.2:
8.2: Hang
Hang s6
s<5 can bang cua
dia phan
phan ling:
CO2
COj ++HH2
2 ^CO
CO++H2O
H2O

850oC bang 1.
60 850°C 1.
1\16ng
Nong doc10dau
daucua
cua khf
khi CO2 va
va H2
H2 la
la 0,2
0,2 va
va0,8M.
0,8M.Tim
TimriCing
ndng (10
d6 44 chat
chit or th6i
a thbi
diem can bang.
Uri
Lcri giai: CO2 ++ H2
H2 ^ CO + H2O
+ H2O
Ban ddu:
Ban diu: 0,2 0,8 0 0
Phan (mg:
img:
Can bang: (0,2-x) (0,8-x) x
x2
Ta co: — r =1.
= 1.Tir
Tir day
day rut ra:
ra; x = 0,16
(0,2 — x)(0,8 — x)
{0,2-x)(0,8-x)

Dodo
Dodo:: [CO]
[CO] == [H20]=
[H2O] =0,16M
0,16M

[CO2]
[CO2] = 0,2 — 0,16 == 0,04M
- 0,16
[H2] = 0,8 — 0,16 == 0,64M
0,8-0,16 0,64M

8.3.
8.3. Cac
Cac hang s6
so can
cSn bang
bang Kp,
Kp, Kc, Kxx
Kc, K

Xet phan irng:

Xet phan Cmg:aAaA+ +bBbB^e cC
cC + dD
ta nhan
nhan thiy,
tha'y, trong
trong bidu
bieu th(rc caa hang
thirc cua can bang
hang s6 can bang (8.3),
(8.3), thanh
thanh ph^n
phan cua
cua cac
cac chat
chit
tham gia phan img a o trang thai can bang clugc biduthi
duoc bi^u thiqua
quacac
cac ap
ap sua't
suit rifing
rieng phan pi
pj
cua chung, vi vay hang s6
s6' can bang du6c
duqc ky hieu
hifiu la Kp.
Kp.

pC pd
t>c
Kp == C. D (8.6)
piz.q33
Pa-PB

189
189
 N6ng d6
Nong do cua
cua m6t
mot chat
chit &roc Neu thi
duoc bieu thi bang
bang hf
he thuc:
th(k: C = -^-(mol/L),
mol / L), trong

do Ili
Hj la s6
so mol chit
cha't cua
cua ii va
va V
V la
la the
th^ tich
tfch chung
chung cua h6n
h6n hop.

Mat khac, ta
ta ciing
cung da
da bi6t,
bia't, d6i
d6'i voi
vdi khi
khf 15
ly, ttrOng: pi == V
tuong: pj RT == Ci
^-RT RT , chang
CiRT,

han, d6i vdi

han, d6i vai chat
chit A:
A: pA
pA == CA.RT d6i voi
CA.RT do'i vai cac
cac chat
chit khac
khac ta cang
cung có
co cac he
he thik
thuc
tirong (mg. Thay
tuong img. Thay cac
cac gia
gia tri nay vao (8.6) ta co:

K
.111,
PS-Pg C^.Cg, (RT)C.
.0 (RT (RT J
.(RT) (87)
(8.7)
KPP PA.Pg CA
PA-PB .Cg •(RT)
Ca-CB (RVa .(RT)b
.(RT)b
Neu thanh phan
phSn cua
cua cac
cac chit
chattham
thamgia
giaphan
phanCmg
ling &roc
duoc bieu
bia'u thi
thj bang
bang ruing
n6ng d6
C thi hang s6'
s6 tren
trfin &roc ky hi6u
duoc ky hieu la K
Kc.
c.

c - [c] [D]d
K. = (8.8)
Ca
A.CIA
Cl.Cfe [A]a[B]
[Ala [Blb
Nhir vay he
Nhu vay he thirc
thlic (8.7)
(8.7)co
có th^
the viet:
via:
((c+dHa+b)
dH,t
Kp == KKc.(RT)
c.(RT) " '"
1
hay Kp
Kp == K
K6RT)
c(RT)' " (8.9)
v6i An == (c
vdi An (c ++ d)
d) -- (a
(a ++ b).
b). DO he thiic
Do la hS thlic Ii6n
lien h6
he giva
giua Kp va
va K
Kc.
c.

Ta can km y, rang, vi
luu 5 vi & day PP thudng
6 day thtrong tmh
tinh ra
ra atm,
atm, V
V tinh ra lit nen:
R IV,
P V 1.22,4
1 22 4
R = ^2-^ - ' = 0,082 L.atm/mol.K
T.
T0 273,15
273,15

Bai tap fip

ap dung 8.3: Cho can bang:
COCtyk) ^ CO(k) ++ C12(k)
COC12(k) Cl2(k)

& 550° C, P = 11 atm

6 550° atm di
codO
d6 phan
phanhuSt
huy cua COCI2 la aa == 77%.
cua COC12 77%. Tinh
Tinh Kp
Kp va Kc.
Kc.
Lori giai:
Ldri
COC12
COC1. CO
CO +
+ C12
CU

dau:
Ban dSu: 1 0 0
Phan Cmg: a
Phan img: a a
Can bang: 11 -- a
Can b^ng: a a
T6ng s6 mol
mol c1 trang thai
d trang thai can
can bang la:
la: 11 + a
a 1-a
PCO =pr^
= PC122 =
PCO=PCl ;
; PCOCI
Pcoci ==p
P^
1+a 2 1+a
2

190
 2
PcoPcij2 = P. a
PCOTC~~ a"
ta co: Kp-
Kp = -K -
2 •
Pcoa,
Pcoci, 1-a
I -a

Thay s6'
Thay só vao
vao ta
ta thu
thu ducfc:
duoc:

2
(0,77)
Kp= 1
1 C'77)2 = 1,456
2
1-(0,77)

Kc
Kc
C
KpVy(RT) 11-1,456
==Kp(RTr = 1,456 ^-.823
22'4 .823) 1 0,0215
0,0215
' .273
273

Trong qua
Trong trinh tinh
qua trinh tinh toan
toan thirerng
thuang thanh
thanhphdn
phancac
cac chat
chat trong
trong h6n hop can
h6n hop con

dupe bieu
&roc bieu diln
dien qua phan s6
qua phan s6' mol
mol xi
Xj cita
ciia cluing
chiing xj
xi = n6n to
nen ta se tim md'i lien
tim moi lien
Eni
he giua
he giiia Kp va Kx
Kpva Kx..
Theo dinh
Theo dinh luat
luat Dalton;
Dalton: p,
pi =
= x^P,
xiP, trong
trong do
do P
P la
la ap
ap sua't
suat chung
chung cua
cua h6n hop khi.
h6n hop khi.

Thay PA
Thay p A =
= xAP; PB == xBP;
xAP; pg xBP; p(-=
pc = x cP... vao
xcP... vao he
he thilc
thdc cua Kp ta
dia Kp ta diroc:
dupe:
Pc pd c vd _c „d
Kp C "P =_ Xx.x1 P .pd
C XD1) pc P
r = (8.10)
/31 pi3
pa pb0 xaY
x A
a x b pa
a .pbb
a b p p
Khi thanh
Khi thanh ph^n
phan ciia
cita cac
cac chat
chat dupe
&roc bieu
bieu thi
thi bang
bang phan
phan s6
so Xj
xi thi hang s6
thi hang s6' can
can
bang not
hang noi tren
tren &roc
dupe k
ky hieu y
la K
hieu la Kxx..

xc X dD
K x - XC-•x
Kx D (8.11)
x „a „bb
Xa X
A B
Nhu vay he
Nhayay hp thtic
thuc (8.10) co th(; viet:
the viet:

= Kx p(c+d)-(a+b)
is -v
Kp D(c+dHa+b) hay Kp = Kx.pAn
KP = KXP hay KP = KX.P (8.12)

voi An
An =
= (c+d)
(c+d)-- (a+b).
(a+b). Do
DOla
lahe
hethiic
thiklien
lienhe gift Kp va
hegiua Kxx..
va K

Tir (8.9)
Tu va (8.12) ta
(8.9) va tha'y rang
ta thay rang khi
khi An
An == 0,
0, nghia
nghla1a
la ri6u tong cac
n^u tdng hee sa
cac h s6' ty
tY

lupng
Itrong ung vPi
vOicac
cacchat
chat khi
khi tham
tham gia
gia va
va hlnh
hinh thanh
thanh d
o hai ve cua
hai ve phuong trinh
cua phtrang trinh phan
phan
ung bang
(mg bang nhau:
nhau: (a
(a +
+ b)
b) =
= (c
(c +
+ d)
d) thi
thi Kp = K
Kc
c== Kx.
Kx.
Tit
Tu (8.12) ta tha'y rang
ta thay rang n
neu
eu
' ap suit
ap sua't chung
chung PP cua
cua tion
h6n hop
hop khi
khi bang
bang don
don vi
vi
(P =
(P 1 atm)
= 1 thi Kp = K
atm) thi Kxx..

Vi
Vi Kp chi phu thuQc
chi phi' thupc vao
vao nhiet
nhiet det
dp nen Kc
nen Kc cung chi phi
cang chi phu thuOc
thuPc vao
vao nhiet
nhiet dp.
Tu he
Tir thurc
he thtic (8.12) cho tha'y, ngoai
cho thay, ngoai nhiet dp T,
nhiet d6 T, Kx
Kx con
con phi'
phu thu0c
thuPc vao
vao ap
ap sua't
suit

chung P
chung P khi
khi An
An *
# 0.
0.

191
 Bai
Bai tap fip
ap dung
dung 8.4:
8.4: HI
HI dun
dun !long
n6ng phan huj, thanh 112
phan huy H2 va
va 12.
I2. Tai mot
m6t rhiet
nhifet
d0
d6 xac dinh có
co K = 1/64.
1/64. HOi co bao
Hoi co bao nhifiu
nhieu %% HI
HI phan
phan huy
huj, a nhiet
nhift d6 nay?
Ltri giai:
Ltrigiai:
Led giai: 2111
2 HI .K—
2HI ^ H2HH2 ++ 12
I2

Ban diu:
dau:
dSu: 2a 0 0
Phan ting:
img: 2x x x
Can
Cfln bang: 2(a-x) x x
2
2
1
x
ta co: ,= x = 0,2a
[2(a x)]2 64
[2(a --x)i- "

LtIc dau n6ng d6 HI

Luc dSu HI lala 2a
2a(mo1/110, khi dat
(molAIt), khi dat can
can bang
bang co
có 2x = 0,4a
0,4a mcl
mol phan
phan
hug. Vay HI
huy. Vay HI bi
bi phan
phan huy
huj, la 20%.

BM tap fip
Bai tap dung 8.5:
ap dung 8.5: Cho
Cho phan
phan (mg:
ling:
H2(k) + I2(k)
^(k) ^ 2111 (k)
2HI (k)

eo. sTT== 1000

1000 KK va
va PP == 11 aim
atm co
có Kp = 30,7. Hay tinh
tmh Kc
Kc va Kx.
Kx .
Lai
Lcri giai:
gial: Trong
Trong trtrimg
tnrcmg hop nay On
An == 22 -- (1 + 1)
1) = 0 nen
nfin Kp = K (RT)C =- K
Kcc (RT)°, Kc,
c,

nghia
nghla la Kc
Kc = 30,7. VI
Vi An = 0 nen
n6n Kp = Kx
Kx hay Kx Kx = 30,7.

Bai tap ap
ap dung
dung8.6:
8.6: Xet
Xetphan
phan (mg:
utng:
N2(k)
N2(k) + 3H2(k) ^ 2NH3 (k)

biet
bie't rang d
6 T = 673 K va P = 11 atm thi Kp
Kp = I^.IO"4.Hay
= 1,64.10. Hay tinh
tmh Kc,
Kc, Kx.
Kx.
Ltni giai: D6'i
Lbi giai: D6i vdri
voi phan
phan umg
(mg n6u
neu trfin
tren ta
ta co
co An
On==22-- (3
(3 ++ 1)
1) == -- 2
2
VA),
Vay hang s6
s0' can bang se la: Kp = K
Kc(RT)
C(RT) 2

hay Kc
Kc = Kp=2 = Kp (RT)22 =1,64.10-4
Kp (RT) = 1,64.10"4 (0
(0,082.673)22
)082.673) = 0,5
(RT)-
(RT)

Theo d^u
dau bai khi P = 11 atm se din d6n
d&i Kx
Kx = Kp
Kp ==1,64.10^.
1,64.10.

8.4. M6t
Mot s6
so phucmg phi!) xac dinh hang so can bang
phuomg phap

8.4.1. Xac
Mc dinh
djnh hang
hangso
socan
cin bang
bang tit
tir nong
nong do
do can
cin bang
bang ctia
cua cac chat

Bai
Bai tap
tip fip
ap dung 8.7: Ta xet phan
phan (mg:
irng; 12
I2 + 112
H2 ^ 2HI, 21-11,xay
xayrara 0ct 10X)
10)0 K.
Ngtr6i ta cho 11 mol 12
Ngudi ta va 11 mol H2
I2 va H2 vio
vao m6t
mot binh phan tfngting v6i
yetidung
dung tfch
tich lala 1Ilit
lit va

192
192
tin
tienhanh
hanh phan
phan img.
umg. Sau
Sau khi
khi phan
phan img
irng kdt
k6't thtic
thuc ta
ta thu dtroc
duoc n6ng d0 cna
n6ng d5 cua HI
HI la
la
1,47
1,47 mol/L.
mol/L, Hay xac dinh hang so cSn
can bang Kp Nth Kc.
va K c.

Lm
Lbi giai: Ndu
N6'u goi
goi xx la
la lilting
lircmg chat
chat dm
cua12
I2 va ding
cung lalaltrcing
luong chat cila
cua H2 da tieu
tiSu
thy,
thu, thi ta có
co thd
the bidu
bi^u didn
didn phan
phan erng trdn nhu sau:
img trfin
I2 + H2 ^ 2HI

Nong
N6ng d6 ban dau [mol/L] 1 1 0
Wing d0 Wen
Nong do thien [mol/L]
bien thien -x — xx
- +2x
Nong dO can bang
d6 can bang [mol/L] 1—
-x 1—
-x 2x

Do 2x == 1,47 mol/L nen

Do 2x nen xx = 1,47 :: 22 = 0,735 mol/L
Tit do:
Tu do; 11 —
- xx == 11 -
—0,735
0,735== 0,265
0,265
[HI]2 2
(1,47)
Kc = = 30,7
[H2 ][I21 0,265.0,265
[H2][l2] 0,265.0,265

Mat khac ta
ta lai
laibidt
bie'tAn
An==00ndn
nSnd@
dl clang suy ra Kp
dang suy Kp = K
Kc
c = 30,7.

Nhtr the,
Nhu the",khi
khi bi^t
bidt n6ng
ndongd6
ddban
bandau
dau cua
cua cac chat
chat phan
phanting
irngNth
va nang
ndng (10
d6 can
bang cita mdt
bang cua mot trong
trong cac
cac chat
chit tham gia phin
phan (mg
img chung ta se xac dinh
dinh &roc hang s6'
duoc hang s6
can bang
bang cua
dm phan
plan (mg.
irng.

8.4.2. Xfic dinh hang so can bang tir

Xac djnh tir cong
Ong thdc
thiirc

Dd xac dinh hang s6 can bang Kp khi da bidt

Dd xac AG0 chting
bi6t gia tri AG° chung ta có co thd
thi? ap
0 0
dung cling
cdng thdc
thirc AG°
AG = — AG thuong
RTInKp ma AG°
- RTlnKp &rocxac
thudng duoc xacdjnh
dinhtirtirh6thtitc:
thirc:
0
AG°
AG AH0 —
= AH° TAS°0
- TAS
ap dung 8.8: Xet phan (mg:
Bai tap fip irng;
C02 (k) + H2(k) ^ CO(k) + HjOik)
CO2 H20(k)
xay ra ix
a TT==298
298 KK va
va PP == I1 atm
atm (di6u
(didu kifin
kiln chuAn). tinh Kp.
chuan). Hay ti'nh
Voi
Vdi phin
phanLing AH0 = —
img trdn: AH° 41160 J/mol;
- 41160 AS0 = 42,4 J/mol.K.
J/mol; AS°
0
Lori
Lbi giii:
giai: Gia
Gia tri AG°
tri AG AG0 = —
se la: AG° = -41160
41160—
- 298.42,4
=— 53795,2 J/mol
- 53795,2 J/mol
53795 2
3795,2
5
Tir (8.4)
Tir (8.4) ta
ta co;
co: lnK
lnKp
P
P
== 7, == 21,71.
21,71.
(8,314.298)

Nhtr vay h^ng

Nhu vay hang s6' 2,69.1099
sá can bang Kp = 2,69.10

193
193
8.4.3. Xac djnh
8.4.3. Xac dinh hang
hang so
s6 can
can bang
bang phan
phin (mg to cac hang
umg tir hang s6
so can
can bang
bang ctia
cua cac
phin
phan (mg
umg lien
lien quan da biet

Xac dinh hang s6 s6' can

can bang
bang dm
cuamot
m6tphan
phan ting
ung khi
khi bier
bi6't hai
hai hang
hang sO
so can bang
cita phan ling
cua hai phan (mg li6n
lien quan
quan thircmg
thu6ng ngudi
ngu6i ta dung phep 16
t6 hop
h6p hai phan (mg
irng da cho.

Bei
Bai tap ap dung 8.9:
21
Cho phan
phin ung: 2C0 ++ O2
2CO2 ^ 2CO 02 Kp
Kp = 4.10
=4.10 21 (1)
(1)

2S02 +
2SO2 02 ^ 2SO3
+ O2 2S03 ; K.; == 3,45
Kp 3,45 (2)
(2)

Tinh
Ti'nh Kp cua phan (mg:
ling: SO2 + CO2 ^ S03
SO3 + CO (3)
(3)
Ca ba phan
phan tmg
(mg d^u
deu xay ra
ra 6d cung
cling m6t
mQtnhi6t
nhietd6
d0TT== 1000 K.
1.61
Lbri giai:

P&-1302
Pco-Po2
Tir (1) ta
ta viOt
viet:: Kp =
Kp 2
PCO2

p2
SO3
Tir (2) ta viet: Kp =
Kp
302 D
Pso
SO22Po
'E 02
2

PSO3 PcO
Hang s6 can
Hang s6' can bang
bang cua
dm phan
phanuttg
(mg(3)
(3)c^n
canti'nh
tinhsese"
la: la:
KpKp
= =Pso3.Pco
Pso2
Pso2 .Pc02
•Pco2
p2 .Pqq
, ,
- se dan d^n ; Kp. „ PL3.P30
f03—-—
P2
Neu nhan Kp
N&i nhan Kp Voi
vdi Kp Se
- din cl6n : KT, . Kp
Kp = p2 = Kp
2
r
sot
so2 co2
co2

Ta d8
de clang thay rang:
dang tha'y ring: Kp = Kp.Kp

hay Kp ==3/1^]^
Vici).K•p.==V4.10-21.3,45
>/ZlO^~M5 = 1,176.10-10
= 1,176.10 10

Bai tap fip 8.10:

ap dung 8.10:
Cho phan
phin umg: 2NOCl(k)
2NOC1(k) 2N0(k) ++C12(k)
2NO(k) C^lk)
ring khi cho 2,00
Biet rang 2,00molmolNOC1
NOC1 vac)
vao m6t bmh 1,00
mat binh 1,00 LL thi
thikhi
khican
canbang
bangducrc
duoc
thiet nong (10
thie't lap, n6ng citaNO
d6 cua NO lala 0,66
0,66 mol/L. Tinh Kc &298
Kc 6 298 K
K (dieu
(dieu kien thi
thl nghiem).
[NO]2 [C12]
L61 giai: Theo dlu
Liri giai: dau bli
bai ta
ta viet:
viet: Kc - [^^1
Kc =
[NOM]2
[NOC1]

Mat khac, xet

xet n6ng
ndng d6
d6can
canbang
blngcUa
ciia cac
cacchat
cha'ttheo
theophan
phanLing:
umg:

194
194
 ENOCII
[NOCI] (NO)
[NO] [C12]
[Cl2]
NOng d6 cin
N6ng dp can bing
bang (M) 2,00 0 0

NOng do bie'n
NPng dp bien bien
bien doi
dei (M) --0,66
0,66 + 0,66 - (0,66)
+ -(0,66)
2
NOng d6 cin
NPng do can bing
bang (M) 1.34
1,34 0,66 0,33

K (0,66)2
(0.66r(0(0,33)
33) =0080
Kc = 0,080
(1,34)`
(1.34)

8.5. Phurang
Phuofng trinh
trinh ding
dangnhiOt va chieu
nhiet Van't Hoff va thin bien
chieu diln bien
ciia phin ang
cua phan irng boa
hoa hoc

O 8.2 ta da xac
6 muc 8.2 xac lap
lap phucmg
phumg trinh
trinh ding
ding nhiet
nhifet Van't
Van't Hoff
Hoff (8.5)
(8.5) co dang:
dang
( pc pd
P.138
AG
AG == RT
RT --InKp
ln Kp ++ In
In— b

P.1-)61
Q = PcPp
vai Q
vdi
.1)it
I'S-I'S
se den bieu thixc
din den bi6'u thdc tdng
t6ng quit
gnat sau:
sau:
AG RT In Q
AG == RTln-^-— (8.13)
KP

Dai lucrng Q dupe

lifong Q dtroc gpi thurmg so
goi la thuang khi cac
so phdn ung khi cacapapsuit
suatPjtrong
trongbleu
bi^u thdc
thuc
cua Q kh6ng
khPng phai
phai IA cac ap suit
la cac suet can
cin bang
bing ma
ma IA cac ap
la cac ap suit
suet 6o cac trang thai bat
ba't kjr.
ky.
Dua vao
Yao bi^u
Neu thirc
fink (8.13) ta
ta co
co the
thexem
xemxet
xetcac
cactrureing hop li6n
trucmg hpp lien quan 66n
den su
dich chuyg'n
chuyen can bang:
bing;
Q < 11 ->
Neu —
— AGAG
< 0<thi phan
0 thi tingung
phan )(ay raratotuphat
xay phatchuy&
chuy^nyevitrang
trangthai
thai can
cin bang.
bing
K
Q
Neu — = i AG == 00 thi
AG thl phan img
ung dat trang thai can
cin bang.
bing
K

Neu Q >1
N€u —
— AG
AG >> 00 thi phan
phan (mg
urng khOng tit phat
khdng tu phat theo
theo chiSu
chieu thuin.
thuan.
K
Trong truerng hop Q
trudng hop Q << K,
K, nghia
nghla 1a he chua
la he chua cin
can bing
bang thi phan ting
ung se tiep
ti^p tuc
dien
diin bien chieu: chit phan
bifin theo chieu. phan dng
irng -> san phim cho
cho den
de'n khi
khi Q
Q ==K,
K,nghia
nghlaIAla den
khi phan limg
khi phan (mg dat
dat dupe
duoc trang
trang thai can
cin bang.
Trong trucmg
Trong trtking hpp
hop Q
Q >> K
K thi
thi phan
phan (mg
ung se tiep tuc
tuc dien
dien ra
ra theo
theo chieu:
chieu; san
san
pham chat
phim -> phan
chit phandng
ungcho
choden
denkhi
khi Q
Q == K
K
195
195
8.6. Stur chuyin Bich
Sir chuyen can bang.
djch c^n bang. Nguyen
Nguyen ly
ly le Chatelier

8.6.1. Su
Sir chuydn dich cSn
chuyen djch can bang
Xet phan ting:
img; aA + bB ^ cC + dD
Khi he dat tai
toi trang thai cftn
can blng
bang thi ta
ta co
có bie'u
bidu thirc:
that:
' DcDd
pc pd ^
AG ==—-RT
AG RT ln Kp .0 D =0
lnKp-In^£-2-
pa pb

Wu he
Ned he dang
dang abtrang
trang thai
thai can
cAn bang
bang ma
ma ta
ta thay d6i mat
thay d6i m6t trong cac tham
trong cac s6
tham so'
trang thai cua
trang thdi cita he
h2(P,
(P, C,
C, T)
T) thl
thi noi
not chung
chung he
he thuc
thirctren
trensesethay
thayd6i
doi(AG
(AG^#0)
0) va
va he
he se
chuydn
chuyln tdtir trang
trangthai
thai can
can bang
bang sang khOng can bang
khdng can bang va
va se
se tien
tied tridn de dat tai
trien de' ten trang
trang
thai can bang mai ang vii cac gia tri mai dia ap suit rieng phin (n6ng dO)
thai can bang mdi utig vdi cac gia tri mdfi cua ap sua't rieng phdn (n6ng do) cua cac
chit
chat tham
tham giagia va
va san
sin pham.
phial.
Su chuydn tir
Sir chuyen mot trang
tir m6t trang thai
thai can
can bang
bang nay
nay sang mat
mot trang thai can bang khac
dtrai anh hudng
dtrdi anh Wang tac
tic dOng cita cac
dbng cua cac yeu
ydu t6'
t6 ben
ben ngoai
ngoai len
len he
he dugc
&roc goi
goi la
la su
sir chuyin
chuyen
dich can bang.
Sau day chung
cluing ta xet
xet cac
cac ydu
y&t t6
tdanh
anh hu'ang ddrisu
htrdng ddn su chuyen
chuydn dich
dich can
can bang do.
htding cda
a) Anh hudng cua nhiet
nhiet dO
dp
Di tir
tir he thtic: AG0 = —
thdc: AG° RT1nKp,qua
- RTlnKp, qua mat
m6t s6s6phep
phep binddi
bie'n d6itataseseco
co he
he thuc
that ::
ddlnKp aH0
In KP AH°
_ _ /Q\A\
(814)
dT RT2
He thirc nay cho
thdc nay cho bidt
bidt sir
su phu
pha thudc
thuac cua
dm hang
hang sd
s6 can
can bang
bang KK vao
vao nhiet do (khi
ap suit PP kh6ng
khdng d6i)
ddi) dtroc goi la he
dugc ggi he thiic
thac dang
ding dp
dpVan't
Van't Hoff
Hoff.
0 d ln K
- N6u
Ndu AH.H° >> 00 (phan
(phan dng thu nhiet)
dng thu nhiet)thi
thi dT > >0 0,
, nghia
nghla la
la khi
khi nhiet
nhiet d0
d6
dT
tang thi gia
tang thi gia tri
tri cua
dm hang s6 can bang cung
h^ng sd ding tang. 4 dang ct
tang. Khi he trang thai
6 trang thai can bang,
ndu ta lam
ndu ta lam tang
tang nhiet
nhiet do
d6 cua
dm he thi vi hang so
sd can bang tang nen phan ang lai tiep
phan ung tie'p
tuc dien
(lien bidn
bin tir
tutrai
trai sang
sang phai
phai cho
cho ddn
ddn khi dat toi
tdi trang thai
thai can
can bang
bang mai.
»T^ . T *0 . r t 1 * ... * . . v . . v d III .i ».
- Ndu
Ndu AH°
AH << 00(phan
(phan ung
ung phat
phat nhiet) thi dinK << 0, hang
nhiet) thi hang s6
sd can
can bang
bang K
K
dT
bidn thien
thidn ngu'oc
ngugc chidu vai
vdiskr thien cita
su bidn thidn cua nhiet
nhidt (10.
d6.
Khi 4
he dang cr trang thai
b trang thai can
can bang
bang ndu ta lam tang nhiet
ndu ta d0 cua
nhiet dd dm he thi
thi can
bang
b^ng dm
cua phan
phan trng chuyin dich
ung chuydn dich tir
tir phai sang trai.
trai.

196
196
 - N6u AH0 = 0, phan
NSu AH° phan img
umg khOng thu hay
khdng thu hay phat
phat nhiet,
nhiet, thi
thi hang
hang s6'
s6 can bang
b^ng K
khong phu
phu thuOc
thudc vao nhiet
nhiet dO.
do.
He thirc ding Ai)
thifc dang Van't Hoff co
ap Van't có the
the viet
vier dudi
dudi dang
dang tich
tfch phan:
KT
. K T2 T2 a h0
AFI'D
ln---g
nK - = r, dT (8.15)
KT,
Ti Jrt^
T1 RT`

Trong khoing nhiet d6

Trong khoang do hep (T2 — T1 ) có
- Tj) AH0 bang mot hang s6,
co the coi AH° sd, khi
do bleu
bieu thirc
thirc (8.15) co dang:

KT AH0 'l1 1
In 2= (8.16)
KT, R R JiTi T2
thdc nay thuting
He thuc thirong dtroc sir dung
dixoc sir dung mot
mot each
each ph6
ph6 bi6'n
bien di
de tfnh
tinh hang sd
s6 can bang.
Bai tap at)
ap dung 8.11:
Xet phan ung:
img: H20(k)
H20(k) ++ CO(k) C02(k) + H2(k).
CO(k) ^ CO2(k) ^(k).

690 K
6 T = 690 K co
co Kp
Kp== 10,0.
10,0. Tinh
Tmh KpOT
Kp 0 T = 800
800 K.
Biet
Biet rang, trong
trong khoang
khoang nhiet
nhiet (16
do nay, AH0 &roc
nay, AH° dupe coi la kh6ng
khdng d6i va
va bang
bang
—42676,8
- 42676,8 J/mol.
J/mol.
Lei
Lbi giii:
giai; Ta
Tadp
ap dung
dung bieu
bieu thirc
thirc (8.16) se din
dan teri ket qua sau:
tdi kdt sau;

in
In K800
Ksqq = 42676,8 r( 11
— 42676,8 11
==_
—102 3
1,023
K
K690
690 8,314
8,314 690
1690 800
800J)

—* ^sop 0>359--o K800

K800 ==0,359 = 0,359.10
K8oo = 0,359.10 == 3,59
3,59
K690
690
Ke''t quacu6'i
Ket qua cuoi cimg
cimg cho
cho bidt,
bik, ar 800 K
6 800 K hang
hang sd
s6 Kp = 3,59.
Nha
Nhu vay,
vay, do
do lalaphan
phanLing
iimg phat nhiet AH0 < 0 nen khi nhiet d6
nhiet AH° dd tang, hang s6
sd
can bang giam.
giam. Can
Can bang
bang cila
cua phan
phan Ling chuyendich
ung chuydn dich \6
ve phta
phfa trai,
trai, san
sin pham
phim (CO2,
H2) thu dupe giam.
b) Anh hiding
hucmg cua
cua dp
dpsun':
sud't
Xet phan
phin ing
ung cr phakhi:
a pha khi: aA
aA + bB cC + dD
& day An
a day An == (c +d)
+d) — (a+b).
- (a+b).
Mat
Mat khac,
khac, to
ta 14i
lai bi6t
bidt rang:
rang: Kp, Kc chi
Kp, Kc chi phu
phu thu8c
thu6c vac)
vao nhiet
nhiet dO,
dp, rieng
ridng

Kxx = P-con phu

= —con phuthu6c
thuPcvao
vao ap
ap suit
sua't chung khi An
chung P ciia he khi An^0,0,nghia
nghla la
la khi
khi co su
PA"
khac nhau giira s6 mol
gitfa sd mol khf
khi cua
cifa san
sin phiSm
phim va s6 khi cua cac chat
sd mol khf phin Ong.
chtft phan img.
197
 Kp
_ Kp
Kx = Pon

Tir bi^u
bidu thiic
thirc nay ta nhSn
nhan thgy:
tha'y:

Neu PAn = 11 -> Kx = Kp, do do

An = 0 -> PAn
N6'u An Kx khOng
d6 Kx khAng phu thu6c
thuAcvao
vaoAL) suit.
ap sua't.
Khi
Khi An
An >> 0 neu Kx giam,
nA'u P tang thi Kx giam, nghia nc, nD
nghla la no giim, nA,
nD giam, nA, nB tang. Ket
nB tang. Ka
qui
qua la
la can
cSn bang
bang chuydn
chuyen dich
djch ve pith trai.
vd phfa
Neu Kx tang, nghia
NAu P giam thi Kx nc, nD
nghTa la no nD tang, nA, nB giam va kAt
nA, nB ket qua
qui la can
bang chuyAn
chuydn dich
dich vA
ye phfa
phia phai,
phii, lam
lam tang
tang thAm
themlucmg
lutingchat
chitsan
sin pham.
phim.
Neu
NAu An < 00 ta
ta CO ket qua
co kAt qui ngtrgc
ngtrpc lai yeti twang harp
voi truAng An >> 0.
hop An
Bai
Bai tap tip
ap dung 8.12: inh twang
8.12: Xet anh huong cua tip
ap sua't dAn cac phan irng sau day:
suit den
2CO2(k)
ICCtyk) ^ 2C0(k)
2CO(k) ++ 0
022 (k) (a)
N2(k) + 3H2(k) ^ 2NH3
2NH3 (k) (b)
C(r)
C(r) ++ 02(k)
02(k) ^ CO2 (k) (c)
Lori giii:
Lai giai:
Twang
TruAng hophop(a)
(a)An
An == 33 —
- 22 == 11 >> 0,
0, khi
khi tang
tang ap
tip sua't
suit P, can bang chuydn
chuyAn dich
ye trai, khi giim
vA phia trAi, giam Ai) suit, can
ap suAt, cAn bang chuyAn
chuydn djch
dich vA
ye phia
phia phai.
phii.
Twang
TruAng hap
hap(b)(b)An
An==22— - (1
(1 + 3)
3) = —2
-2 <<0,0,khi
khitang
tang ap
tipsuAt,
suit, cAn
can bang chuydn
chuyAn
dich ve
vA phia phii, khi
phfa phai, khi giam
giam tip
ap suit
suAt can
cAn bang
bang chuydn
chuyAn dich ye phia trai.
vA phfa
Twang hqp
TruAng An == 11 —
hop (c) An - 11== 0,
0, ap
Ai)suAt
suitkhAng
khonganh
inh huang
hung den
dAn can
cAn bang
bang
phin
phan (mg.
ting.

huihig cua nong do

c) Anh hu&ng
Xet phin
phan Crng sau: aA + bB ^ cC + dD
umg sau:

Khi cAn
can bang dugc
duoc thief
thiA't lap tai nhiAt
lAp tai nhiet d6
do xac
xac dinh
BinhtataviAl:
via :
c d
CCd
C
Kr=
= ^ PD -
= const
const aTT-- const
const
KC CaCAC1A
Tit he thuc
TA hA thircnay
naytatanhan
nhanthAy
thy nAu
neuhAdang
dangd A trang
trangthai
thaican
cAnbang
bangmamata ta them
thAm
mot
mAt trong cac
cic chgt
chAttham
thamgia
giava
vagiu
giucho
chothd
thAtich
tfchNth nhiet d6
va nhiAt do khOng d6i thi cAn
khAng d6i can bang
qc ^-td
Ca f
phii
phai chuydn chi& giu
chuyAn dich theo chiAu sA - — ^ = const, theo
giO cho ty s6 theo chidu
chiAu tir
tu trai sang
CACB
C C
A B
phii,
phai, nghia
nghla lala chieu
chiAu lam
lam giim
giamn6ng
n6ng do
d6 cua
cua cac
cac chit
chAttham
thamgia
giava
valam
lamtang
tangn6ng
n6ng dO
d6
cUa cac san
cua cac sin phAm.
pham.

198
198
 nei4 mot
Vgy neit he dang
mot he dang d irang
trang thai can bang ma
ma ta thay doi tieing do cua
nong do ctia mot
cac chat thi can
trong car can Wing
bang ctia phan ling
cua phdn Si chuye'n
ung se dich theo
chuyen dich theo chieu ctia
cua phcin ang
phdn Ung
nao (15 tcicdung
co lac dungchdng
cho'nglai
!atsu
sttthay
thaydoi
ddi do.
do.

8.6.2. Nguyen ly
8.6.2. N};uyen IS, chuyen
chus4n dich can bang Le
djch can Le Chatelier
Khai quat h6a
Khai hoa cac
cac yeti
yeu to
to (nong
(n6ng dO,
d6, ap suet,
sua't, nhiet
nhiet dO)
d6) gay
gAy anh huerng
hudng den sir
su
chuydn djch
chuyen dich can
can bang da dtroc Le Chatelier
duqc Le Chatelier phat
phat bi^u
bidu thanh
thanh m6t
mot nguydn
nguyen ly
ly chung
sau day:
day:
Neu InOt dang 6a trang
mot he dang thcli can
trqng thai can bang
bcingma
matatathay
thaydoi
dotmot
mot trong
trong cdc
cac tham
so"trqng
so trang thai
thai cua
ctia he (dp sua't,
suet, nhiet do, nOng dO)thi
nong do) thican
can bang
bcingsesechuyen
chuyin dich
dich theo
chiett co
chieu có bac dung chdng
tdc dung ch6ng lai
!at su
Su thay
thay doi
doi do.
Nguyen IY
Nguydn Le Chatelier
ly Le Chatelier khdng
kh6ng nhung
nhitng chi
chi dung
dung cho
cho cac
cac phan Ung h6a hoc
ihig hoa hoc ma
con thing
diing cho moi qua trinh
trlnh bat ky khac.

8.7. Khai niem ye

8.7. Khai ve can bang pha

8.7.1. MOt
Mot so khai
khai niem
niem co
coset
so

Tren co sor lYthuyet

so ly thuyetcan can bang
bang hoa
hemhochocda
daduqc
duocxac
xaclap,
lap,chung
chting ta
ta tid'p
tiep tuc xet
sir can bang cac he
su can he di
di thd,
thi, c6
co nghia
nghla lalatrim
t6n tai sir chuydn dich
su chuyln dich trang
trang thai gifta
giua cac
chat trong mot qua trinh.
trlnh.

Truck
Truoc het
hit ta xet mot
m6t s6
s6' khai niem.
nilm.
Pha: Pha la phdn
ph^n thing the cua
d6ng thi dm he
hi c6
co thanh
thanh phdn,
phln, tinh
tfnh chgt
chat lY hoc, h6a
ly hoc, hoa hoc
gi6ng
giong nhau
nhau 6a moi
mpi didm caa phdn
dilm cua phan ding
&rig thi
thd do
do va
vaco
c6bl
bemat
matphan
phanchia
chiavdi
vaicac
cacphdn
!lan
khac cUa
cua he.

Vi du: Nark
Nude da,
da,nuac
nudelOng
long va
va hoi
hoi nudc
nude trong
trong mOt he g6m
mdt hi gom ba pha.
Dung dich NaC1
Dung dich trong nude
NaCl trong ntrdcva
vahoi
hai nude
nude trln
tren mat
mat dung
dung dich
dich g6m
gem hai pha
pha
(pha lOng
long va pha hoi)
Ceitr tu la
Cdu tr't Id phAn
phdn harp thanh cua 4
hop thanh he c6
co thd
thi ducrc
duqc tech
tach ra
rakhOi
khoi he
hiNIA ton tai
va ton tai duqc
duoc
d ngoai he.
Vi
Vt du: Dung dich KNO3 trong narkgdm
trong nude gomhai
hai cau
cdu KNO3 va
tir:KNO3 va nude.
So
So cc/14 t0 doc
cdu tut lap K la se
dc,c lap si nh6
nho nhgt
nhdt cac cau
cdu tit
tu du dl xic
da de xac dinh thanh phdn
phin caa
cua
tat
tdt ca cac pha
pha trong he.
Vi du: Mot
Mlt he
he gom
glm ba
bacau
cdutit
tirnarn
ndm can
cdnbang
bdng vOi
vdi nhau:

199
199
 2HI(k) ^ H2(k)
H2(k) + I2(k)
^(k)
VI cac cS'u
Vl cac cau tir nay
nay phan
phin (mg yetinhau,
tfng vdi nhau,nim
namcan
canbang
bangvoi
vii nhau
nhau nen n6ng
n6ng do
dd
cua chtIng co m6'i
chung co m6i lidn
lien h6
he thdng
thong qua hang s6
s6' can bang:

Kc=
[H2 ][12
Kc — 2
[HI]2
Vay khi biet
bift dtrac
dirqc n6ng dd
do ciia
cua hai ca'u
cau tir
tir thi
thi ta
to co
có th6
the se
se suy
suy ra n6ng do cua
ndng d6
cau
ca'u tir dui ba.
tu thii
Nhu vay he
h6 nay co s6
sd cgu
ca'u tir
tu R = 3.
Nhu'ng s6 ca'u
Nhung s6' cgu tir d6c
dOc lap
lap K
K = 2.
Nghia
Nghla la: K ==RR-
la:K — q == 33-
— l=2.
1 = 2.
q - s6
sd phucmg trinh li6n
phuong trinh lien he gifla
giira n6ng
nong d6
do cac
cac ca'u
cgu tu
tir trong
trong he.
Neu
N^u he he can bang
bang tren
tren duac
duqc thiet
thie't lap
lap xugt
xua't phat
phat tir
tir HI
HI tinh
tinh khiet
khie't (ltic
(luc clau
dau
khOng
khdng co 112
H2 va 12),
I2), hoac tir H2 va 12 theo ty
I2 theo tj, le s6
s6' mol 11 : 11 thi q = 22 vi
vi them
them motm6t
v
phucmg trinh lien he n6ng dO:
phucmg trinh d6: [H2] = [12]
[I2] vaa
K == 33 —
- 22 == 1
Neu
Ne'u trong he
he nao
naodo
dokhOng
khfing CO phucmg trinh
co phucmg trinh lien
lien he tieing
n6ng d6dO cac
cac ca'u
cgu tir
tu thi
= 0nghia
q= nghlalala R
R== K.
K.
Vi du:
du: Dung dich KNO3 trong nuoc
nude co R = K = 2
Beic tu
Bgc to do
do cua
clia he
he C la s6 t6i thieu
thi^u cac tham s6
s<5 trang thai cuing
cucmgclO
d6 xac dinh
trang thai
thai can
can bang
bang cua
dm mot
m6t he.
du: Cho can bang:
Vi du:
Nu&
Nude long ,=x
long—^ Hai
Hoi nu&
nude

co bac to
tu do bang 11 vi ii
a mot
mdt nhiet clO xacdjnh
d6 xac dinhthi
thiapapsua't
suithoi
hai nude
nu& nam can bang
vai
vdi ntr6c lOngialaxdc
nude long xac dinh,
dinh, nghla
nghia la
la chi
chi can
can bie't
Eliamdt
mottrong
trong hai
hai tham
tham sd'T,
s6 T, P la xac
duac
dinh duqc trang thai
thdi can bang dm
bllng ciia he.

8.7.2. Quy tdc

8.7.2. Quy tic pha
pha Gibbs

Quy
Quy tic pha
pha Gibbs dua ra nam 1876, 'tic dinh he tit&
1876, xac thirc lien
lien he
he giira
giua bac tu do
C, s6
sd cgu
ca'u tir
tu dOc
ddc lap K Nth s6pha
vi sd pha (1) dm he.
tb cua
Theo quy
quy tic
tic pha Gibbs:
Bdc tu
Bgc to do cua
ctia mdt
trOt he
he can
can bang di the bang sd'
s6 cciu tti ddc
cdu tu dOclap
Idpcua
ctiahe
hetrCcdi
try di so
so
pha vet Ong them 2.
va cdng

200
 Phat bi^u
Phat bieu nay co
c6 th6
thd diroc
duoc minh hoa bang
bdng bidu
bi^u thtic sau:
thirc sau;
C=K+
C = K + 22-0
- (t> (8.17)
D6i vbi
vOi hfe
h@m6t
motca'u
au tir
tu ma ta cid xet thi;
da xet thi:
- Khi he
h6 ton
t6n tai hai
hai pha
phacan
canbang:
bang:CC==1I++22—
- 2 = 11
- Khi he ton
t6n tai ba
ba pha
pha (diem
(di&nba):
ba):CC=l
= 1 ++22-
— 33 = 0
-- Khi
Khi he ton
t6n tai mot
m6t pha
phaduy
duynhat:
nha't:CC==11++22—
- 11 = 2
Ta da bier, didm ba la didm
biet, di^m die'm c6 dinh d'i
dd'iv6i
vdrimoi
m6ichat,
chat,VV==00h@ he khi do
do la
la vi)
vo
ne'ubien
bien, neu bie'ndoi
d6ihoac
hoacnhiet
nhiet d6,
dO,hoac
hoacap
apsuat
suethay
haycaca hai
hai thl
thi he
he se
se khdng
kh6ng con tont6n
tai 6 trang thai can bang ca
ca 33 pha
pha nira.
nffa.

Bai tap ap dung 8.13: Xet trang thai can bang

+ O2
2H2 + 02 ^ 2H20 1000oC. Xic
2H2O o61t >> 1000°C. Xac dinh
dinh bac
bac to
tu do cita
cua he.

a)
a) Trong tru6ng nu& (v6i
truang hap nude (vdi ham
ham Wong H2, O2
luong H2, 02 bat ky);
14);
b)
b) Trong truOng hop phan
trucrng hap phanly
lynude.
mac.
Liri Vai t >> 1000°C
Lcri giai: Vdi ton tai 6d pha
1000° C he t6n pha khi
khi (I)
<1) = 1.
1.
a)
a) VI co mot
Vl cd mdt phuong
phuang trinh phan ang nen K = 3 -
phan dng - 11 = 2
DodoC=2
DoddC = 2 ++2-1=3
2- l = 3
b) Ngoai plurcmg
b) Ngoai trinh phan
phuang trinh phan (mg 2H2O ^ 2H2 +
dng 2H20 + 02,
O2, trong
trong phan
phan Ling
ung
phan ly nude
phan ly nu& ta
ta cd
co he th6c
thdc [H2] = 2[02] nen ta
[H2] = ta cd K= 3-
co K -1-
- 11 = 11 va do do
taco C=1
ta cd C = 1 +2—
+ 2 - 11=2.
= 2.

8.7.3. Can bang pha trong he mot eau

cd'u tit
tu

a) Gidn do pha
Trong he mdt
Trong he mOtca'u
au tit, nha't theo (8.17) bang 3.
s6 pha nhieu nhat
tu, sd

Mot chit nguyen

Mdt chat tuy diet,
nguydn chat tit), dieu kien
kien ap
ap suit
sua'tva
vanhiet
nhietdO
dd co
cd thd
thd ton
tdn tai
tai odmQt
mdt
trong
trong ba trang thai
ba trang thai ran,
ran, long
long va hai. Do d6 xac dinh trang
dd dd xac trang thai
thai cua
dm he he can
can phai
phai
Nit
bie't ap
ap suet
sua't va
va nhiet
nhiet clO. Trang thai
dd. Trang thai cua
caa he
he duac
duac xac dinh bdi
bai mot
mdt diem tren gian dd d6
bidu thi susir phu
phu thudc
thuOccua
cua ap
ap sua't
suit vao
vao nhiet
nhiet dO. Didm dd
dd. Didm do duoc di e'm bieu diin
duoc goi la diem
cua he.
cila
Khi trong
Khi trong he
he cd
co hai pha
pha nam
nam can
can bang v6i nhau
bang vdi ta se thi6t
nhau ta thidt lip
lap dtroc
duac cac
cac
trerng
trudng hap
hop sau:

201
201
 Ran
RSn (R) LOng
Long (L)
LOng
Long (L) Hcri (H)
Hoi (H)
Ran (R) Hot
Hoi (H)

thibactudocUaheC= 1 —2 ++ 22=
thi bac tu do ciia h6C=I-2 = 1.
l.

C = 11 nghia
C = nghla la trang
trang thai
thai can
can bang
bang giira hai pha &roc
giira hai diroc dac trung
tnmg b6i
bdi hoac
hoac
nhiet
nhifet dd
d6 hoac Ai) suit. Cu
ap sua't. Cu th^
the la:
-6
(!) AL) suitnha't
ap sua't nhit dinh
dinh chat
chit nguyen chit ming
nguydn chat nong chay, sOi hoac chuyen
soi hoac chuyen dang
ding tinh
the o met
th^ 6 m6t nhiet
nhiOt do
d6 nhit
nha't dinh,
dinh, &roc
diroc goi
gpi la
la nhiet
nhiSt dg
d6 chuyen pha, TTcf.
cf. Nhiet dd
dp nay
khOng bi bi^n
khOng bi bion d6i
d6i trong
trong suO't
suet qua trinh chuyen
qua trinh chuyenpha.
pha.Khi
Khiapapsua't
suitbiS'n
bin d6i
doi 'fa
Tcf phai
bin
biend6i
d6i theo.
theo. Vi
Vi du:
du: 66ap
apsuit
sua't11atm,
atm,nu6c
nude nguyen
nguySn chit
chat ding
d6ngdac
dac6o0°
0°CC va
va s6i
s6i 6
1000 nhtmg b6 2 atm thi
100° C, nhimg thi no
no d6ng
d6ng dac
dac6o—0,0076° C va
-0,0076° C va s6i
sdi o6 120° C.
- 6(!) nhiet
nhidt dd
d6 nhit
nha'tdinh
dinhhoi
hoinam
nSmcan
canbang
bang v6i
voi long
long hoac
hoac ran
ran c6
co Ai) suit nhat
ap sua't nhit
dinh &roc
dupe gpi goi la ap
dp such
sua't hori bdo hda.
hai bao hoa.
Cdc cluing cong
Cac duPng cong bi^u
bieu thj
thi su
su phu
phu thupc
thudc cua
cue ap
ap sua't
suit hoi bao
flea cUa pha
hoa cua pharan
ran vao
vao nhiet
nhiet dp,
dd, cua
cUa pha
pha long
long vao
vao nhipt
nhiet dp
dd va nhiet ~~s,
do
dp ruing chi), vao
nong chay vao ap suit
sua't cat
cat nhau
nhau tai
tai mot
mdt diem,
diem, duoc
dupe goigpi la
la
diem ba. 66 diem
di^m nay
nay ba
ba pha
pha R,R, LL va
va HHnamnam can
can bang
bang va
v6ii nhau ^
có the
co thi hinh dung nhu hinh ben:
bdn:
Khi do
d6CC == 11-3
— 3 ++ 22 == 0,
0, nghla
nghia la vi tri
trl cua
cua diem
diemba
bakitting
khPngphuphuthudc
thupcTTNthva P,
no chi phu
no chi phu thupc
thudc vao
vao ban
ban chat
chit dmcua chit
ch^tnghien
nghiOn ctiu.
ciru. Diem
Diem nay
nay la
la mot
mpt hang
hang s6
sP' dac
trung cua
cUacac
cacchat
chit nguyfin
nguyen chat.
chit. Thi du diem
dilm ba cua nutic chit la
nuoc nguyen chat la 273,16
273,16 K
va 4,56 mmHg.
Tap cac &Jiang cong P = f(T) va Tric
duong cong Tnc = f(P) tao thanh mot
mpt gian d6 trang thai hay
gian d6 trong toa
tpa do
dp PP— T.Co
- T. COthethedjnh
dinhnghla
nghiagian
giand6
d6 pha
pha nhu
nhu sau:
P [atm]

Pc

Ran (1) Long (2)

Po Khi' (3)

to tcc t0C
t°C

202
 Gian dO pha la hinh anh
d6 pha anh bang
bang do
do thi
thj cua
cua su
sirphu
phu thubc
thu6cgiCra
giua cac dai lacing
luong dac
trang
trimg cho trang
trang thai
thai cUa
cua he
he va dac
dac trang
trimg cho su sir chuyen pha
pha trong
trong he.
he. Diem
Diem nay
nay
cang
cung co the
th£ hinh
hinh dung
dung tren
tr6n gian
gian (16 trang thai
d6 trang thai ciia
caa 11 chat
chat nguyfen
nguyen chat.
De cu the
th^ hoa
hoa horn nia tata xet
hon nira xet gian
gian(16
d6 trang thai cUa nu6c.
cua niroc.

P [atm] B C
II /
I. /
1,0 'E
\ /

nuac
nude(IA
da \ nuac
nude (2) III
111
/
(1)
(i) \
0,12
3 hai
hoi rnrOc
nude
6.10 }\0
1 i (3)
i 1
t 1
A i 1
1 1
0,01 100
100 t0C

b) Duong
Owing cong
cong can bang long - hoi
Wong
Dircmg III
III bieu
bi^u din
di6nstrsirphu
phuthu0c
thubc cUa
cua ap
ap suit
sua't hai
hoi bao
bao hoa
hoa cua
cua pha
pha long
long
vao nhiet do
vao nhiet dot)vavanhunhtrtatadadabi^t,
bi6t,ducmg
duangbieu
bieudi6n
thennay
naygoigoilaladircmg
dang cong can bang
bang
long - hcri. Tirlyly thuy6't
hoi. Tir thuy6t nhifit
nhiet ddng
Ong luc
lire hoc
hoc ta da rut
rut ra
ra he
he thirc
thdc Clapeyron-Clausius
Clapeyron-Clausius
c6
co dang sau:
dP AH
— = -^- (8.18)
dT
dT T.AV T.AV
dP .
— cho biet d0 d6 dac
ddc cua
cua duting
ducmg cong P = f(T).
dT
- vi AH
AH >> 00 (qua
(qua trinh
trinh hoa
hoi hai
hoi thu
thu nhiet)
dP
- va vi AV
AV = Vk - - V1
V| >
>00 (tang
(tang the
the tich)
tich) nen
nen — luOn ludn luOn
lu6n &rang
duong (dtrang
(dudng
dT
dT
cong di len khi
khi T tang)
tang) tuy
tuy nhien
nhien vi
vi AV
AV d mau so
a mlu s6' Ian
Idmnen
nfin(10
d6 clOc kh6ng lam.
d6c khdng lorn.
Du6ng cong long
Ducmg cong lOng--hoi
hai bat
bit dau
diu tit gpi la diem ba va charn
diem O0 goi
tir diem chain dtit
dirtC'r diem
6 di&n
C dupe gpi la diem tai
claw goi tdi han vOi nhiet
hqn voi nhiet dp
(10tuong
ttrangting
Crnggpi
goilalanhiet
nhietdp
d6tPi
tai han tc, ap suet
han tc, sua't
twang Onggpi
tuong irng goi la
la ap
ap sua't
suit ten Pc.
tdi han P c.

S6
So di diem
di^m nay (lilac goi la
dupe gpi la diem tai han
dilm tdi han vi tir nhiet
nhiet d0
dp tc
tc ngtr6i
nguPi ta kh6ng
khdng
phan
phan biet duac
dupe pha pha lOng va pha
long va pha hoi,
hai, he chi
chi tPn
ton tai
tai m6t
mot pha thu6ng duac coi la pha
thudng dupe pha
vii t > tthi
khi vPi duduc6cotang
c thi tangapapsuit,
sua't,pha
phalong
long ding
cungkh6ng
khong ton
tPn tai.

203
 Tu gian
TO gian do
do trang
trang thai cua flock,
nude, ta
to tha'y
thgy khi 100oC thi ap suat
khi tt = 100°C suit hoi bao
bao hoa
hoa
o
P == 11 atm,
atm, khi
khi t == 50 C thi
50°C. thi PP == 0,12
0,12 atm.
Vi nhiet
VI nhiet do s6i cua mot
d6 soi mot chat long
long la nhiet
nhiet dO
d6 mama tai
tai do sua't hoi
do ap suit hoi bar)
bao
hoa bang ap sua't tac
hoa bang Ai) suit tic dung Itin mat chat long nfin du6ng bieu
len mat chat lOng nen doting bieu dien difin nay (n6u coi
(nfeu
T = f(P))
f(P)) ciing
cung cho
cho bi&
biet su
su phu
phu thuOc
thudc cua nhiet
nhiet do
d6 s6i
s6i vao
vaoAi)
ap sua't: dir6i
dudi ap tip sua't
suit
11 atm.
atm, nude
nu& s6i
sdi d 100oC. ditch
6 100°C, dudi ap suit
suat 0,12
0,12atm,
atm.nuerc
nude sOi
sdi er o
50°C.
d 50 C.

c) Dacmg
Dttong cong can being
bdng ran - hoi
Mai
M6i diem
die'm tren
trdn dung
dudngcong
cong1,I,Ong
dng veri
vdi mot
mdt nhiet
nhidt dO
dd vava mdt
mot ap
tip sua't
suit hoi bao
hoa tucrngimg
hoa tuong Ongbieu
bieudidn
(lienmdt
mottrang
trangthai
thaimamatai
tai dd
do cd
c6 su
su tOn tai ddng
ton tai d'ng theri
thdi hai pha
ran,
ran, hoi
hoi narn
nam can bang
bang v6i
vdi nhau.
nhau. Vi
Vi vay,
vay, clueing bieu didn
dudng bidu (lien nay
nay duoc goi la &tong
dugc gpi dudng
cong can bdng
bang ran - hai (hay doting
dudng thang hoa).
- vi
vi AH
AH >> 00 (trong
(trong qua
qua trinh
trinh thang
thang hoa,
hoa, hd
he thu
thu nhiet);
dP
- va vi AV
AV > > 0 (Vh
(Vh > Vt.) nen —
Vr) nen luon lueon
— ludn docrng(dudng
ludn duong (dotingcong
cong di
di len khi
dT
nhiet dO
dd tang).
fluting cong
Dudng cong can bang ran
ran -- hoi
hoi c6
cd dang
dang gi6ng
gtd'ng nhu
nhudoting
dudng cong
cong lOng
long -- hoi.
hoi.
Tuy
Tuy nhien,
nhien, vi nhiet
nhidt thang
thang hoa AHlh khac
hoa AHth khac biet
bidt hoa
hoa hoi AHhh nen
hoi AHhh nen hai
hai doting
dudng cong
cong
khOng trongnhau
khdng triing nhauma
macat
cat nhau
nhau (tai
(tai di^m
diem O).
0).

Dating cong can

d) Da&ng
d) can being
bdng rein
ran -- long
Mai
Mdi diem tren
trdn clueing cong II,
dudng cong H, iirng
Ongvdivoimdt
mot nhidt
nhiet dd
dOva vamdt
mot ap
tipsua't
suit can bang
Wong Ong,bidu
tuong img, bieudidn
dien mdt
mot trang
trang thai ma trong do
dd c6
cd su
su ton
tdn tai
tai dong thdi hai pha
ddng theri pha rein
ran
bong ndm can bang vdi
-- long voi nhau.
- vi AH
AH >> 00 (trong
(trong qua trinh chay lOng, he thu
long, hd thu nhidt);
nhiet);
- va
va trong truerng hop chung.
trudng hop chung, qua
qua trinh
trinh chay lOng kem theo
long kern theo su
so tang the
thd' tich
nen AV
AV > 0, do do d6
ddtrong
trongtruerng
trudng hop
hopchung
chungdO dd clOc ducmg (dudng
ddc duong (doting cong
cong di
di len
Idn khi
nhiet
nhidt dO
dd tang).
Tuy nhidn, trong ca hai
Tuy nhien, hai truing
trudnghop,
hop,AV
AV rat
ratnho
nhonen
ndndOdd d6c
dd'c cua.
cua doting
dudng bieu
bidu
di8n
didn co
cd gia tri
tri tuyet
tuydtdOi
dd'i lorn. Doemgbidu
Idn. Dudng bieu didn
dien nay
nay cung
cling gap hai duerng bieu dien kia
dudng bidu
tai
tai ciing m6t did'm
cung mdt diem nen
ndn diem
did'm nay
nay diroc gpi la diem
duoc goi diem ba (0), Ong
ba (O), verimdt
tifng vdi motgia
gia tn
tri xac
dinh cua T va P ca ba trang thai ran, lOng va hoi
long va hoi ddu
deu cung
ding song song On tdn tai
tai va
va nam
can bang veri
vdi nhau.
D6i
Dd'i veri m6ichat,
vdi mdi chat,gian
giandd
do trang
trang thai
thai cd
c6 mdt
mat did'm
diem bairng
baling vii
vdim6t
mdtnhiet
nhietdO
dd va
mot kipsua't
mdt ap Rat hoan
hohn loan
toan xac
xac dinh.
o
du, d6i
Vi du, dd'i%Pt:1i
vdi nude
macvdi
vorit t== 0,
0, 01 C va
01°C 6.10 3 atm
va P = 6.10-3 atm he
hd tOn
tdn tai
tai ca 33 pha;
pha;
o -33
nu&
nude da,
da. nuerc lOngva
nude long vahoi
hoinude,
ntrerc,nhunhu vay
vay ddi&Si
vdivii nuac
nude 0.01 C. pp,0 = 6.10 atm
t0 = 0,01°C, atm,

204
 rithieng din' chin![
QUia'ng itlem dtuth ylu
gi'u ehriting
chitdttq 8

Trong mot phan (mg

irng thuan nghich
nghich khi
khi nao luong
luqng chat tham gia phan
phan ting
umg mat
di theo chieu thuan bang lacing cac chat
lircmg cac chit tao thanh cua
cita san
sin pham
pham theo chieu nghich
thi ngtr6i
nguoi ta not
noi phan irng des dat tdi
da dat tettcan
canbang
bang hoa
hod hoc.

1. Dieu kien can bang nhiet d6ng.

dong. Dinh luat tac dung kh6i
khbi Wong
liromg

a) Dieu kien tang

a) long quest vi can bang ctia
qudt ve cua mat
mot he
he nhiet
nhiet clang
dong
AG == 0 oT,
6 T, P - const.
Neu
Neu he
he nhiet
nhiet d6ng
d6ng la
la phan
phan (mg
irng hoes hoc diln
hoa hoc dien ra
ra ct T, PP - const
o T, const dtrai
duoi dang
dang
quat:
tdng qual:
tong
aA
aA ++bB
bB^dD
dD++ eE
eE
thi hang s6
s6' can bang diroc
dugc xac dinh ::

Trong dung dich d6 pha kill

khi 6
d pha khi qua phan s6
so mol

ic _ id [Cde D d .D e vd
vd ve
Y = 1[CD] d e K ,_ iD 'E;
.V-V K. _ a
TZ :__ D aE
rID.-"E
Kc ill [CE] K
xVp -
r Da «^X V a
Vu U
C [CA .PBbb
AaPB
PA ."B X1.4
a
a-ab
[CA]]aa [CB b
[CB] '

Nhtr vay tai

Nhu tqi mot
mot nhiet
nhiet xac
xac dinh,
dinh, khi
khi mot
mot phdn
phan itng
ung dat
dat fixing
trang thcii
thai can
can bang thi
KP,K
Kp, cb mot gid
Kc ca
K x1,,Kc gia trt
tri xac
xac dinh
dinh khong
khong doi.

b) Giita Kp, Kc,

b) Giua Kx
Kq, K x có
cd mei
mdi lien he:
An
Kp = K
Kc.(RT)An
c.(RT) Kx.PAn
= Kx.PAn
Vdri An
V6i An = I
E (mol khOsp
khOSp -
–E£ (mol khOcd
khOc<j

An == 0 thi Kp = Kc
Khi An = KK,x
Kc =

2.
2. Anh hiking
Anh cua
Huong nhiet
cua d6dodin
nhiet can
den canbang
bangphin
phan(mg
umghoes
hoa hoc

s6 can bang Kp la mot

Hang s6'
Hang m6t ham cila
cua nhiet d6. He
Dd m6 ta
ta su
sir phu
phu thuOc
thudc nay ta
có
co phtrang trinh Van't
phirong trinh Van't Hoff sau:
AH0 'l
KP.T2 AH° 1 1
in -– —_
KP.TI R Tl T2
R Ji

Trong khoang nhiet

nhiet del
do tit Ti d6n
tirTj den T2 n6u AH0 - const.
ne'u xem AH°

205
3.
3. Anh huang cua
Anh hirang cua ap
ap suat
suit den can
can b^ng
bang pnan
phan umg
ung hoa
hoi hoc
K
Tit phucmg trinh
Til phircfng trinh liSn
lien he Kp va Kx
Kx ta co; K
Kxx = — p
PA"
Neu An
An == 00 -> PAAn==11 -4
-* P -> Kx
Kx = Kp, do do Kx
Kx khOng
khdng phu
phu thudc
thu6c vao
vao ap
ap sua't.
suit.
Khi An
An >> O.
0.
Neu P tang thi KxKx giam, nghia
nghla la can bang chuyen dich ye
vi phfa trai.
Neu P giam thi Kx
Kx tang, nghia la can bang chuyen dich
djch ve
v6 phfa
phia phai.
Neu
Ne'u An < 0 ta c6
co lc& qua nguoc
ke't qua ngtroclai
laivoi
v6itruong
twang hop An
An > 0.

4.
4. Su
Sir chuyen
chuyen dich
djch can
cfin bang
bang hofi
hoa hoc.
hoc. Nguyen
Nguyen 1Y
ly chuy4n
chuyen dich
dich can
can
bang hoi hoc
bang hoa

Theo nguyen
nguydn 15
ly, Le Chatelier, khi lam
Chatelier, khi lam thay
thay ddid6i m6t
mot y^u
yeu to
t6 nao d6
do nhu
nhu nhiet
de,
d6, Ai) slat, n6ng
ap sua't, ndng d0...
d6... thi
thi can
can bang
banghod
hoahoc
hocsesebibiinh
anhhtrC'mg.
huong. Nguyen
Nguyfin 15
ly, nay
nay phat
phat
bieu nhu sau:
Neu mot he dang
Niu mat o trang
dang a can bang
trqng can bang ma
ma ta
ta thay
thay doi
doi mot
mat trong cac
cdc sham so
tham so
trqng thai cua he (ap
trang (dp suit,
sua't, nhiet
nhiet do,
dp, nong
ndng do)
dp) thi
thi can
can bang
bang se" chuyin dich theo
se chuyen theo
chieu co
c6 tdc
tic dung
dung chang
chong lai susu thay obi
dd'i do.
Nguyen ly, Le Chatelier
Nguyen 15 Chatelier khOng
khdng nhirng
nhung chi dung cho
cho cac
cac phan
phanLing
irng Ma,
hoa hoc ma
con dung cho moi qua trinh bat ky khac.
a) Xit yea
a) Xet yeuto" do
to nhiet dp
Trong phut:mg
phucfng trinh Van't
Van'tHoff
Hoffkhi AH0 > 0 (thu
khiA1-1° nhiet) thi Kp se ding
(thu nhiet) dong bien
bidn
theo T, can bang dich
theo T, chuyen: trai -> phai.
dich chuyen: AH0 <
phai. Khi AH° < 00 (toa
(toa nhiet)
nhidt) thi
thi Kp
Kp se
se
nghich bien theo T, can bang: phai —> trai.
Con AH0 = 0 thi Kp khdng
ConA1-1° khOng phu
phu thudc
thu6c nhidt
nhiet dd.
d6.
b) Xit yeu
b) Xet yea to
a tip
dp sat
sudthay
hay'tong
nong di)
dp
Trong phutmg
phuong trinh
picl .11
AG
AG ==-RTlnKp RT1n
-RT1nKpr +RTln^^. b
pa pb
.PB
s6
sd' hang thu hai cua ve
vd phai phtrong dtroc dat
phuong trinh duqc dat bang
bang dai luong
ltrong Q.
Q. Khi do:
dd:

AG = RTln-^-
RT ln
Kp

DSu cua
Da'u ciia AG
AG duqc
duoc quydt
guy& dinh
dinh bdi , so' Q .
so
bai ty
Kp

206
 ** Q < Kp -> AG < 0: Phan ting
Kp --> dien ra theo chidu
ung di6n chieu thuan la chieu có
co tac
tac dung
lam Q tang len
len cho
cho tcti
tai khi Q = Kp thi can
can bang
bang&roc
dirocthis&
thife't lap.

** Q
Q> -> AG
> Kp --> > 0:
AG > 0; Phan ung
irng dien
diln ra theo
theo chieu
chieu nghich
nghjch la chieu
chieu có
co tac
tac
dung lam
lam Q
Q giam
giam xu6ng
xuong de
de tien
tientai
toribang
bangKp,
Kp,Vic
liic nay dat tai
toi sir
sir can bang.

eau
(hut hdi
hni oit bid Htp
oil hitl kip

1.
1. Phan biet phan (mgumg thuan nghich
nghich vava phan (mg met chieu. Cho vi du.
ufng m6t
2. Tai sao not
noi can
canbang
bangholt
hoahoc
hoclalacan
canbang
bang&Ong?
dong?
3. The nao la
la su
sixchuyen
chuyendich
djchcan
canbang?
bang?Nhiet
Nhi6tde,
d6,Ai)
ap suat,
sua't, neng
n6ng de
ddanh
anhhirOng
huong
nhu the nao den sitsir chuyen dich can bang? Giai thich.
thi'ch.
4. Phat bieu nguyen
nguyen 1j(ly Le Chatelier. Cho vi dudu minh hoa.
Viet bieu thirc
thirc hang
hang sesdcan
canbang
bangchochocac
cacphan
phanCmg:
irng
a)
a) C2H4(k)
C2H4(k) + H2(k)
H2(k) ^ C2H6(k)
GjH^k)
b) N2(k)
b) N 3H2(k) ^ 2NH3(k)
2(k) + 3H2(k)

c) 4H2(k) ^ 3Fe(r) + 4H
c) Fe304(r) + 4H2(k) 4H20(k)
20(k)

d) CaC03(r) ^ CaO(r) + CO2(k)

d) CaCO3(r) CC^k)

5. Phat bieu
Phat bieu cac dinh nghia:
nghia: pha,
pha, au
ca'utir,
tu,ses6'au tir tu
ca'u dec laplap
d6c NIA
va bac to
tu do
do cila
cita he.
he.
Cho du chirng
Cho vi du cluing minh.
6. Dieu kien de co
Dieu có can bang giua
glib cac
cac pha
pha trong he.
7. COng thCrcloan
Cong thirc toanhoc
hocbieu
bieuthithiquy
quytac
tacpha
phaGibbs?
Gibbs?La'y
LSyvividudum6t
metvai
vaihe4 de
de'
minh hoa.
8. Dun norig
Dun NO22 trong
nortg N0 trong met
m6t binh
bmh kin, sau metm6t thtri gian, t6i
thdi gian, tai met
m6t nhiet d6
de nao
do thi can bang ::
2NO2(k)
2N0 2(k) 2NO(k) +
^ 2NO(k) +002(k)
2(k)

diroc thiet lap.

diroc thiet lap. Tai
Tai thOi
thoi diem
di^m dat &roc
duoc can
can bang
bang ngtr?ri to bie't
ngubi ta biet n6ng
neng ded6
[N02] == 0,06M. Xac dinh
[N021 djnh hang s6'
se can bang K
Kcc cua phan img tren, bi^t
ung tren, biet rang
rang
neng d6
n6ng de ban ddu
ddu cua N02 bang 0,3M.
dm NO2
Dap so:
Dap so: K^
Kc == 1,92
1,92

9.
9. huy theo phan ung ::
PC15 phan huS,
PCI5
PCl5(k) PC13(k) ++ C12(k)
PC15(k) ^ PCl3(k) Cl2(k)

Hay tmh
Hay tinh Kp
Kp cua phan ung
cua phan (mg nay,
nay, bie't
biet rang
rangdd
de phan
phan ly
ly aa caa PCI5 la 0,485
cua PC15 0,485 6
C va
200° C
200° va ap
ap sua't
suat t6ng
tongcdng
Ong cua
cita he
4 khi
khi can
can bang la 11 atm.
atm.
207
207
 Dap s6:
s6': Kp
Kp = 0,307
10.
10. Biet hang s6
Bift can bang
s6'can blng cua
ciia phan ting
ung :
CO(k)
CO(k) +
+ H20(h)
HjOCh) ^ CO2(k)
COjCk) +
+ H2(k)
H2(k)
o
a 850°C
850 C bang 1. 1. Tinh
Ti'nh n6ng
n6ng do
<36 cac
cac chat
cha't hic
luc can
can bang?
bang? Cho
Cho biet
bid't nOng
n6ng dO
d6
cac chit tai thcri
cac cha't th6i didm
di^m ban dim nhu sau;
dSu nhir sau: [CO]
[CO] = 1,0M; [H20]
[H2O] == 3,0M
3,0M.

Dap s6:
s6: [CO]
[CO] = 0,25M;
0,25M; [H20]
[H20] == 2,25M;
2,25M;

[H2] = [CO2]
[C02] = 0,75M.
o
11.
11. 66 1000°C
1000 C hang
hang s6
s6'can
can bang
bang cUa
cua phin
phan (mg:
ling:
FeO(r) + CO(k) ^ Fe(r) + CO2(k)
C02(k)

bang 0,5.
0,5. rim
Timnong
n6ngc10 d6 cita
cua CO
CO va
va CO2
CO2 lac
luc can
can bang
bang nhu
nfiu nong
n6ng (10
dp ban
ban dau
cUa chting tuang
cua chung tucing img
ting bang
bang 0,05M
0,05M vk
va 0,01M.
Dap s6: [CO] = 0,04M; [CO2]
[CO2] =
= 0,02M.
12.
12. Xet phan
Xet ang: 2NO(k)
phan tag; 2NO(k)++ 02(k)
02(k) ^ 2NO2 ua nhiet
nhiet d6
d6 T
T == 1000
1000 K
K có
co
Kc = 1,20.6
Kc 1,20. 6mot
m6ttheri
thai diem
didm nao
nao do
do to
ta co:
[02]
[O2] = 1,25M;
1.25M; [NO] = 2,25M; [NO2]
[NO2] = 3,25M.
Hay cho biS't 4 co &
bier khi do he trang thai
6 trang thai can
can bang
bang khdng?
khong?
Neu kitting
khdng thi phan tIng se ti^p
ihig se tiep tuc
tuc xay
xay ra theo chieu
chidu hucfng
huerig nao?
Dap s6:
s6': Phan
PhanCmg
umg theo chidu
chi^u nghich.
13.
13. Xet phan
Xet plan (mg: 02(k) ^ 2C0(k)
C(r) ++ 02(k)
ling: C(r) 8150C co Kp = 10.
2CO(k) &cr 815°C
Hay tinh
tmh Ai) suit rieng
ap sutft riSng phin
phan cUa cac cha't
cua cac chit khi
khi khi
khi phan
phan img
tbg dat trang thai
thai can
0
bang cr diet' kifin
a di^u kien tt = 815
815°CC va P = 11 atm.
Dap sd:
s6: ppip
Co = 0,92 atm; pro,
pC02 ==0,08
0,08 atm

14.
14. Xet phan
Xet N2(k) + 3H2(k)
phin umg: ^(k) - 2NH3(k)
3H2(k) ^ 2NH3(k)

Biet 500oC thi Kp = 1,44.10

ring ua 500°C
Biet ring 5
1,44,10 5,, hay tinh
tmh Kc.
Kc.
o
Biet
Bid't rang AH
AH = —104,9 kJ, hay
-104,9 kJ, tinh Kp 6b 400
hay tmh 400°C.C.
Dap s6: Kc
s6': K 5,79.10"2; Kp
c = 5,79.10-2; 1,6.104
Kp==1,6.10
15.
15. Xet phan ting: N2(k) + 3H2(k)
ung: ^(k) - 2NH3(k),
3H2(k) ^ 2NH3(k), AG398
AG^g == 32,9
32,9 kJ.
kJ.

250C.
tinh Kp 6o 25°C.
Hay tmh
Dap s6:
s6': Kp 5,9.1055
Kp == 5,9.10

208
 3
16.
16. Xet
Xetphan
phanUng:
umg: —
- 02
O2 ^ 03
O3
2
0
Biel 25°C
Biet rang 6 25 C co 2,47.10'29
c6 Kp = 2,47.10 29.. Hay tinh
tinh 4G(2)98 .
Dap s6:
so; z!,G298
AG^g == 163
163 kJ/mol
kJ/mol

17.
17. Gic phin
Cac Cmg
phan umgsau
sauday
dayxay
xay ra 250C:
ra 6a 25°C:
S(r)
S(r) ++ 02(k)
02(k) ^ S02(k),
S02(k), K1
K, = 4,2.1052
= 4,2.1052
2
SO2(k) 1/202(k) -÷--x
S02(k)++ l/202(k) S03(k), K2 = 2,6.1012
^ S03(k).K2 2,6.10'
Hay tinh
tmh hang s6
s<5 can
canbang
bangdm
cuaphan
phanCrng:
umg:
S(r)
S(r) ++ 02(k)
02(k) ^ S03(k)
1,09.1065
s6: K == 1,09.1065
Dap s6';
18.
18. Ivl'Otbinh
Mot binh22litlitchura
chtia 2,0
2,0 mol
mol B^.
Br2. Biet
Biet rang
rang a6 1755 K thi 1% kh6i
kh<5i luo'ng
luang Br2
Br2
phan
phan ly thanh Br.
Br2(k)
BrjCk) ^ 2Br(k)
Hay tinh Kc o
brnhidt
nhiet d6
d6 trfin.
tren.
Dap s6':
s6: Kc 4.10"4
= 4.10-4
Kc=
19.
19. Tinh
Tinhbac
bateto
tu do:
do:
a)
a) dm
cua can bang
bang 2NH3 ?=i N2 + 3H2
b)
b) cua can
can bang
bang 211I
2H3 ^ H2 ++ 12
I2
c)
c) cua can bang
blng 2H20
2H2O ^ 2H2
2H2 ++ O2
02
d)
d) cita
cua can bang CaCO3
CaC03 ^ CaO + CO2(k)
CC^lk)
Daps6:a)V=2;b)V=1;c)V=2;d)V=1
Dap s5: a) V = 2; b) V = 1; c) V = 2; d) V = 1
20.
20. Duori
Dircri ap
ap suit
sua't 11 atm,
atm, nu&
nude s6i 1000oC. Biet
sdi 66 1000°C. Bi£t rang nhiet
nhifit hoa
hod hcri
hoi cua ntrac
nude
III
AH = 40,65 kJ/mol, hoi hoi du6i
dudi ap
ap suit
sutft22atm
atmntroc
nude s6i
sdi vabao
bao nhieu
nhifiu dO?
dd?
Dap 120.8oC
Ddp s6: t = 120,8°C
21. 66 ntot
nhidldoddsem 80,2oC, dp
sdi 80,2°C, ap sud't
suit hoi
hoi bao
bao hoa
hod ciut 1,013.105 Pa,
cua benzen P = 11 atm = 1,013.105
o
ct nhiet dd
0 nhidt d6 40
40°C,
C, P = 24,458 Pa.
116inhiet
Hoi nhidt hoi
hod hoi
hoimol
mol(AH)
(AH) cita
cua benzen la bao nhieu?
nhidu?
Dap s6: AH
Ddp sd': = 32,58 kJ/mol
AH =
22..
22.. Du6i
Dudi ap
dp suit
sud't P1
Pj == 101,3
101,3 kPa
kPa benzen
benzen s6i
sdi 6
d 353,2 K.
Biet rang nhi8t
Bidt rdng nhidt h6a
hda hcri cita benzen AH
hoi cua AH == 31,80 kJ/mol.
Hay tinh dp
ap sud't
suit hai
hoi bao
bao hoi
hodcita
cua benzen
benzen 60 330 K.
Dap s6: P = 47,6 kPa.
Ddp sd;
209
 eiuteng
Qftutfttg. 9
9

Tdc DO PHAN CNG

TOC tTNG

Muc tieu Cdn ndm

Can ndm yang cdc van
vitng cac van di:
di:
churang
chuang 9 1. Khai niem ve
1. vg toc
t6'c dO phan img.
d6 phan ung. Dinh
Dinh luat
luat tac
tac dung kh6i
khdi ltrong.
lirgng.
2. Hang
2. Hang s6 t6ctdc do
d6 phan
phan ting.
img. DOng
D6ng hoc cita
cua mQt
m6t s6
so phan (mg:
ling: Phan
Phan
(mg
trng bac 11 va bac 2.
3. Anh
3. Anh htrOng
hudng cuacua nhidt
nhiet d6
d6 tdi
tai t6c
tdc d0
do phan
phan (mg.
img. Phtrong
Phuong trinh
trinh
Arrhenius. Quy tac
Arrhenius. Quy tic Van't Hoff.
4. Khai niem
4. mdm ye
ve xtic tic d6i
xuc tac doi voi
voi phan
phan frng
umg hod
hoa hoc.

Mdt sic MC da
Tdc phdn ling
dp phan ung phdn zing
Bac phan ting Phumg trinh
Phuong dpng hoc
trinh dong
to khod ang dong the
Plidn ting
Phan the so tdc
Hang so to'c dp
dd Phttang trinh
Phuong trinh Arrhenius
Phdn
Phan ling
ting di the'
the Chu ky ban hu.);
ChuIcS, huy Nang *lig boat
Ndnglupng hoa
hoathoa
)(tic tdc
Xtic tac

9.1. Khali
Khai niem
niem chung

6
6 cac phan
phdn tren
trfin chtIng
chung ta to da chimg minh rang
chirng minh rang Ong
ddng luc
lifecUa
cua phan
phan (rng
img hoa
hoa
hoc
hoc la mot
m6t loci
loai nang
nang luting
lirong (lac
dac biet
bidt the hien
hien dtroi
dirdi clang the ding ap
dang thd ap -- clang
ding nhiet
nhiet
AG. Mot phan
AG. M6t phan img
ting se
se xay
xay ra m6t
mOteach
cach tuto nhifin
nhien ndu
neu trang
trang thai cu6i,
cudi, tire san phdm,
pham,
có
co the ding ap
thd ding ap ding
dingnhiet
nhifetthap
tha'phcm
hem trang
trang thai
thaidau
dauAG2
AG2 << AG1
AGp.
Nhu
Nhif vay, nhting
nhutig phan (mg
img c6
co AG ductc goi
AG < 0 duoc goi la
la nhiing
nhiing phan img
(mg co
co the xay
ra ye
vg mat nhiet
nhigt dOng luc
ddng lire hoc.
Trong
Trong s6
sd cac phan
phan Cmg
umg co c6 AG
AG<<00 co c6 nhidu
nhieu phan
phan img
(mg xay
xay ra rat nhanh, ttic
turc
th6i,
thdi, vi
vf du nhtr
nhu cac phan
phan (mg
umg nd,
n6, phan
phan Cmg trung hoa,
img trung hoa, phan
phan iimg
(mg kdt
ket tiia...
tha... CO
Co phan
ting xay ra vii t6c d6 vita phai,
umg xay ra vdi tdc dd vira phai, vi du cac phan (mg este hoa, hidro hod... va c6
phan trng este hoa, hidro hoa... co
nhirng
nhumg phanphan iimg
tingxay
xayra
ra ra't
rat cham,
chain, vi
vi du
du cac
cac phan
phan umg
(mgdia
dia hoa...
hod... N6i
Ndi cach
each khac cac
phan (mg c6 thg
iimg co the xay ra yeti t6c dd
vdi tdc d6 khac
khac nhau.

210
 Do do viec
Do do vi6c nghien
nghifen cdu
cuu toc
t6c dO cua cac phan dug
dd cua umg hod
hoa hoc gift
giir mot
m6t vat
vai tr.() het
tro hfi't
sCrc quantrong
sue quan trong. LInh
Linh vuc
vuc hoa hoc
hoc nghien
nghiSn ciru
cuu t6c
t6c dO
d6 cUa
cua cac phan
phan Ung
irng ductc goi la
dugc gpi
dpng hoa
&Ong Nhung nghien cCru
hoc. Nhung
hod 119c. cUad6ng
curu cua Ong hoa
hoa hoc
hoc co
coyynghia
nghia151 thuyet va thuc
ly thuyfi't
tien
li6n to Ian.
16n ChiIng cho phep
Chiing cho phep hieu
hieu ban
ban chat
chat cua
cila tuong
tuong tac
tac hoa
hoa hoc, each
cach thtic
thirc ma cac
phan Cmg
ung xayxayrarava
vado
dodo
dococó the
the di6u
dieu khien
khien phan
phan ling
img theo
then hudng
huOng mong
mong mu6'n.
mu6n.
T6c
T6c dO phan ung
dp phan Cmgtrung
trungblnh
binhdupe
ducicdodobang
bangbien
bin thifin
thien n6ng
nong dp
do clia
cua cac chat
Olin
phan Ling trong mdt
ung trong mat don
dem vi
vj thOi
thai gian.
gian
AC
V = - (9.1)
At
-roc
T6c dO
do trung binh nay se ti6n
ti^n dan
d^n tai
tori t6c
tAc do
d6 tut
tiretheit
thefi khi
khi At
At -> 0.
. AC AC dC
dC
v = lim — —= =— (9.2)
At-30
At-+0 At at
dt
Trong trueing
Trong hop tdng
trucmg hop tong quat
quat big'n
bien thien
thien n6ng
nong dp
do cua
cua cac
cac chat
chat trong
trong hd
he phan
Olin
ting vat nhau
Ung vcri nhau co thP'
the bieu
biPu then
diPn nhu sau:
sau;
Xet phan
Xet phinihtg;
Ung: aA
aA ++ bB
bB cC
cC ++ dD
dD
dCA
dC
A dCB
^ dCB = dC
dC
C _dCD
d
^D (93)
v
v =
(9.3)
adt
adt bdt
bdt cdt
cdt ddt
ddt
T6c dp
T6c clOciia
cuaphan
phanUng
Ungngoai
ngoaisirsuphu
phuthuPc
thuc vao
vao ban
ban chat
chat ciia
dm cac chat tham gia
con
con phu thuOc vao nPng
thuPc vao 'tong dO, nhiet dp,
dp, nhipt dO,susucoco mat
mat cua
ciia chat
chat xtic
xtic tac
tac va
va nPu
neu xay
xay ra
trong dung dich
dich con
con phu
phu thuOc
thuPc vao
vao ban chat
chat clia
cua dung
dung med.
mPi

9.2. Anh
Anhhuimg
htrongcim
cuanong
nongdodplen
lenlitic
toedo)
dp phi!)
phan Ong
umg

9.2.1. Dinh
Dinh Wit
luat tic
tacdung
dungkh6i
khoiluarng
luang

Phdn ung
a) Phan wng dong
(longthe
thi
Xet phin
phan Ung d6ng the
irng dPng thP nghia la plan
phan Ung gitia cac
ung giua cac chat a cling
cung mot
mPt pha khi,
cac chat hoa
hoa tan
tan trong
trong dung
dung dich.
dich. Thuc
Thuc nghiem
nghiPm cho
cho thay
thay t6c
tP'cdO
dP cud
cua phan
phan img
urng t5
ty, le
IP
vat nong dP
ven nPng d6 cac chat tham gia.
Nam 1864,
1864, Gullberg
Gullberg va Waage
Waage (ngueri Na Uy)
(ngucri Na Uy) dua
dua ra
ra djnh
dinh dl
de dtroc
dupe goi
gpi la
dinh
dinh lust
luat tac
tac dung
dung kh6i
khPi 'wing.
lupng. Day
Day la la dinh
dinh lust
luat co
co ban
ban am
cuadOng
dPng hoa
hoa hoc.
hoc. Theo
Theo
dinh de nay t6c
djnh dP tp'c dO cua phan
dP cua phin ang
irng tjf
ty le
IP thuan vat
vcri tich s6
sP nting
nPng dO dm chat tham gia.
dP ciia
Xet phin
phan Ung:
irng:
aA + bB —
-+ pC
Bieu thtic toan hoc cUa
BiPu thuc dinh luat
cua dinh lust n^y
nay co
di clang tong quat sau:
dang tdng

211
 v k[Arn[B]
v == k[A] m
[B]m (9.4)

trong d6
do [A]
[A] va [B]
[B] la
1^ nong d6 mol.L 11 dm
n6ng dO cua chat
chat A
A va
va chat
chat B
B cr th6i diem
a thcti diem khao sat.
- n, m la nhiing s6, n6i
nhffng s6, not chung
chung nn ^a,a,mm# ^b.b.Trong
Trongmot
mots6sdtrueing
truongharp
hop chi so
s6
nay mdi
m6i trung
trong vdi
v6i he
he s6 ty
ty lirpng
luting aa va
va b.b. Chiing
Chungduoc
duqcxac
xacdinh
dinhbang
bangthirc
thut nghiem.
I
T6ng
T6ng m duqc goi la bdc
m + n duoc bgc cua phdn ung,
Ceng, con m
m va
va nn Idn
lan luot
luol la bac cua A
va B,
B, chung
chting cd
co thd
the la
la nguyen hoac phan sd.
s6.
- k: He s6 lucmg phu
ty lupng thu0c
phu thu6cvao
vaoban
banchat
chatcua
cuacac
cacchat
chattham
thamgiagia!Man
phan (mg
ung
va nhiet O.
d6.D6i
Ddivori
vdi mot
m6t phan
phan tIng
ung da
da cho
cho va
va cr
o nhiet c10 kh6ng d6i, no la
do khong doi, no la hang s6 va
so
duqc
dupe goi la hang s6'
s6t6c
toe dO.
do.
Phuang trinh (9.4)
Phuong (9.4) bidu
bieu dien
dien su
suphu
phu thu0c
thuPccua
cuatoc
tP'c(10
d6 phan
phan ung
img vao
vao nong
n6ng(10
dp
cac
cic chat co anh huffing len t6c d6 dttqc
co anh huong len tPc dp dupe goi la phuvng trinh Ong
phuong trinh dpng hoc cila
cua phan ung,
no dupe
duqc xac dinh bang thus
thuc nghiem
nghiem va
va la
la phtrang
phuong trinh
trinh co
co ban
ban cUa Ong hoc
cua dpng hocWirth Mix.
hlnh thuc,
Bai tap
tpp tip T6c d6
ap dung 9.1: TPc dp [Man (mg 2SO2
phan ung 2S02 + 02
O2 —9—> 2S03
2SO3 bien d6i
dPi nhu
the
the' nao khi giam the
thP tich h6n
h6n hqp
hop kill
khf 3 Ian
ian ma van gift nguypn
vln giu nguyen nhiet dp.
Ltri giii: Gia
Lei giai: Gia thiet
thietnong
nPng dO
dp SO2 va 02 truoc
va O2 tnroc khi thay dPi
d6i the tfch
tich la a, b; khi do:
2
2
v = ka b

Gam
Giam the
thP tich
ti'ch 33 lin
Mnthl
thi nong
nPng d6
dp SO2
SO2 va 02 tang len ga'p
va O2 gap ba lan, nghia la 3a, 3b.
Vay tPc
toc dp
do sau khi giam the
thP tich
tfch se la:
k(3a)2(3b) = 27ka2b
v' = k(3a)2(3b) 27ka2b
Do do:
d6: v':
v' : v = 27 hay toc
tPc do
dp tang len 27 lan.
lin.

b) Phdn
Phdn crng
ting di the'
the
Trong tru6ng
truong hqp
hop phin
phan Ling co cha't
ung co chat ran
ran tham
tham gia
gia tht
thl trong
trong phuong
phitcrngtrinh
trinhdpng
Ong
hoc khOng
hoc khPng cP
co mat
mat nPng
nong dP vi nong
d6 chat ran, vi nPng c10
dp chat
chat rln
ran dupe
cluqccoi
coi la
la co gia tri
c6 gia
kh6ng dPi
khPng d6i va dupe
dtrqc dua vao
vac)hang
hangsP
s6tPc
tocdp.
O.
VI du:
Vidu: C(r) + 02(k)
C(r) + Ctyk) -> CO2(k)
C02(k)
v == k'.const.^]
k'.const.[02] == k[0
k[02].
2].

9.2.2. Bac Olin ihig, phan

Bpc phan phPn tit
tu so va co chi
che phin
phanLing
limg

- Bac
Bac phan ung
ting dupe
duqc xac
xac dinh bang tPng
tong sP
s6 m + n trong phucmg
phuong trinh (9.4):
m + n = 1:
1: Phan
Phan ting
tirng bac 11
m + n = 2: Phan
Phan ling
ting bac 2
m + n = 3:
3: Phan
Phan ling
ung bac 3
212
 Ngoai ra ngitOi
ngirdi ta con gap
gap phan
phan ling
umg bac
bac khOng
khCing va
va phan
phan Cmg bac la
umg bac la phan s6'.
s6.
- Phan
Phan Cmg hod hoc ma
ung hoa ma cluing
chung tatathuOng
thirdng viol
vi6't not
noi chung
chung1a la phan
phanCmg
ung tong
t6ng
cong cua nhieu
cbng cua nhi6u giai doan
doan trung
trung gian.
gian. M6i
M6i giai
giai doan
doan trung
trung gian
gian ditoc
diroc goi
gpi la giai
clog~'
(loan sa
so cap. T6c dO
cap. Tdc cua giai
dp cua giai doan
doan so ca'p
cap nao
nao xay
xay ra cham
cham nhat
nha't se quy&
quyd't dinh
djnh t6c
tb'c
dO caa qua
dp cua qua trinh
trinh phan ung.
ang.
Vi du: H202
Vidu: HjOj +
+ 2HI
2HI 2H20 +
2H2O + 12
I2 (a)
(a)
Phan (mg nay xay ra theo hai giai doan so ca'p
urng nay cap sau:
sau:
H202
H2O2 +
+ HI
HI —> HIO+• H2O
-> HIO H2O (b) xay ra cham
HIO +
HIO + HI
HI —> 12
I2 •+ H2O
H2O (c) xay ra nhanh
Tit
Tu do toc
toe clO cua phan
dp cua phan ung
iing (a) la:
2
vv=k[ii
= 14112021[HIf
2o2m]

Trong truong
Trong tritOnghop
hopnay
naycac
cacgia
giatritrimmvavan ntrung
trungvoi
vaicac
cacha4 sd
s6 cua
cia H202
H2O2 va HI
trong phan (mg
trong phan (b), la giai doan quy&
ting (b), dinh vv cua
quyet djnh cua ca
ca qua
qua trinh.
trinh. Bac cia phan
Bac ciia phan img
ting
(a) la hai.
Bang thus nghiem
Bang thuc nghiam ngu&i ta xac
nguoi ta xac djnh
dinh dupe
&roc phuong
phitcmgtrinh
trinhdPng
Ong hoc
hoc cua
dm phan
phan
(mg, tit do
ung, tir dOde
de xua't
xuat cac
cac giai
giai doan so ca'p
cap cua phan (mg, nghia la
ung, nghla la d6
de xuat
xua't co che
cha cua
phan tIng.
ung.
- S6
So cac phan
phan tir
tu tham
tham gia
gia vao
vao mot
mpt giai
giaidoan
doansc1 cap dupe
so ca'p duoc goi phcin tir
gpi la phan tut so'
sd'
phan (mg cua
phan ung cita giai
giai doan.
clop. ViVi du
du phan
phan ting
ting (b)
(b) cham
cham nhgt
nha't xac
xac dinh
djnh bac
bac chung
chung cua
cua
phan (mg (a).
ung (a),
Phan (mg
ling co phan tir so bang 11 &roc
tu sd goi la phan Ong
dupe gpi mOt phan
ung mdt phan tu,
tit, bang
bang 2 la
phan ting
ung hai phan
phan tit.
tu. Phan
Phan (mg
ung 33 phan
phantit
tutroy len rat
trd I6n rat hidm.
hiem.

9.2.3.
9.2.3. Phttang trinhdpng
Phuong trinh Ong hoc cua phin img
cua phan ung

66 mac
muc dO hoa hoc
dp hoa hoc dai citcmg ta chl
cuong ta chi xet
xet phuong
phttcrngtrinh
trinhddng
Ong hoc
hoc cua
dm phan img
urng
bac
bac 11 va bac 2 lam
lam vi
vi du
du minh
minh hoa,
hoa, con
con cac
cac bac
bac phan
phan (mg
ung cao hon se xem xet k9
ky
trong giao trinh hod
hoa ljr s6.
ly co so.
Phdn ring
Phan umg bac 1.
Xet phan ung
(mg phan
phan huy
huj, duOi dang tdng
dudi dang tong quat
quat nhu sau:
A - sinsan
-> phdm
ph^m
Tai thdi
therididm
didmt t==00[ Jo
]0 Co
C0
Tai theri didm tt [[ [t
thdi didm ], C0 - xx
Co x

213
 Theo dinh nghia
nghla va
va dinh
dinh 1114 tac dung
luSt tac dung khd'i
kh6i luang
luvng ta co
ca the
th^ viS't:

d[A]
d A
I ] =k[A]
— u-r A i
v=
= = (9.5)
v dt ^[A]
C,i i
dC
hay - dC =kCvnhoac
kC u ,
hoac dC = -k j.dt
f-
dt
co 0

Lay
La'y tich phan ta co
c6

In -2- = kt
In—= (9.6)
rt
Ct

hoac k 1- 1n C° =
k == -in— 1 ln Cc'
= -In—^— (9.7)
t
t Ct Ct tt C0-x -x

Trong
Trong thkrc te, ngoai
thuc t6, ngoai hang
hang s6
so kk ngue(i
ngucri ta
ta can
con hay
hay sir
sir dung
dung khai
khai niem
niemye
vetheri
thai
huy t1r2, nghia
gian ban huS, nghla la
la khi
khi nOng da con
n6ng d6 can 1/2
1/2 n6ng
n6ng da
do ban
ban dau.
d^u.
1n2
ln2 00693
tt11/2 —
/2 — - '693 (9.8)
k
- t1r2
tj^ khong
khdng phu thudc
thuac vao
vko nang
n6ng da;
d6;
- duOng bleu difin
ducmg bi^u din 1nC
InC = f(t)
f(t) la
la mat
mdt duOng
ducmg thing.

BM
Bai tap Ap
ap dung
dung 9.2:
9.2:Su
Suphan
phanhug
huyphong
phongxa
xatheo
theophan
phanLing
utig sau day:
226o^ v 222p_
222p , 4H
4it_
88Ka->
88 a Kn+2He
86Il
86 +2 e
Day la phan ting bac
phan ung bac ni6t
mat vdi
vai hing
hangs6
s6t6'c
t6c d6
da bang
bang1,38. lO11 ss 1'.. Hay cho
1,38.1011
bi6t
bift chukSr ban phan hug
chu ky bin huy caa
cuaphan
phan Ling
dng nay?
0,693
0 093
Lei
Liri gial: Ap dung
dung c6ng
cong thirc
thtic tj/2
t112 = — ta dd
de dang
ding tinh
tlnh ductc
duac tin
tt/2
k
r\ CQQ
0,693 10ss --÷1590
ti/2 =
t1/2 = ' 5,O2.1O10
„ -=5,02.10 1590 nam
nam
1.38.10'
1.38.10"

Bai tap
tap sip
ap dung
dung9.3:
9.3:Phan
PhanLing
ung phan huy
hug N205
N2O5 trong CC14
CQ4 la phan ling
img bac
bac 1.
2
Biet zingaa==3.10
Bidt ring 3.102M
M sau
sau 4500 giay nang da con la 2,7.10 22M.
n6ng d6 M.
Hay tinh:
tmh:
a)
a) hang
hing VS t6c dd
s6 tdc da k.
b)
b) chu ky ban
bin hug,
huy ttj^-
in.
c) n6u tang n6ng
ndu tang nang d6
da dau len gap
diu Idn ga'p d6i
ddi thi tin
tj^ bang
bing bao nhieu?
nhidu?

214
 Lai giai:
1
a) Phan ung
a) Phan Ling N205 N204 ++ ~02
-4 ^2^4
N2O5 -> - 02 la
^ phan umg
(mg
Lin bac
bac 11 nen
nen tata viet:
via:
2
v = k[N2051
k[N205]
Ap dung cong
cling thuc
thirc (9.7)
(9.7) ta tim duoc
duqc
k 1in Co 1 in 3 _ _5 _1
k = -ln — = —^—In — = 2,33.10-5ss_1 (9.9)
t
t Ct C, 4500
4500 2.72.7

b) t|t 112
b) /2 =1n2/k 0.693/2.33.10'55 = 29740 s
= ln2/k = 0.693/2.33.10
c)
c) Do tt|^
u22 khOng phu thu6c
khdng phu thuOc vao
vAon6ng
nOngd6d0dfiu
daun6n
nenkhi
khitang
tang aa gap
gap d6i
d6i thi t1/2
12
van kh6ng
khdng clei.
d6i.
Phdn zing
Phan bdc 2.
img bac
Xet phan (mg dtrai dang
img duoi dang long
tong quat
gnat nhir
nhu sau:
A ++ B -->
A B sansan
phdm
ph^m
Tai thOi diem t = 0 [ ]to0 aa
thoi diem b

Tai thi diem

Tai thai diem t [ ],
]t aa-- xx bb -- x
Theo dinh nghia,
nghla, phutrng
phuang trinh
trlnht6c
tdcclo
dodang
dangviviphan
phan1A:
la:
v_ d[A] d[B]
v=:-^M = -lH =k [A][131
= k[A][B] (9.10)
<-0 1^
dt dt
dx
hay v ==—
v —= = k(a - x)(b
k(a - x)(b -- x) (9.11)
dt
Lay tich
La'y ti'ch phan
phan phtrong
phuang trinh
trinh (9.11)
(9.11) tatathu
thudtrqc
duocphucmg
phuang teinh
trinh t6c
t6'c d0
dophan
phanLing
img
bac 2 la:
la;
b(a - x) = kt
11 lnb|a-x2 (912)
ln = kt (9.12)
- b a(b
aa-b - x)
a(b-x)

Khi A va
va B
B co
c6 citng
ding n6ng d6 (a = b), nghia
nghla la:
2A -> san pham
thi hic
luc do phtrcmg trinh tdc
phuang trlnh t6c d6
d0 co dang:
dx
v == —— x)2
— = k(a —- x)2
dt
Sau khi la'y
Sau khi lay tfch
tich phan ta co:
có:
1(
I x 1 11 11
= kt
kt hoc
hoSc 7—r - -—7- = kt (9.13)
a a - x) [A]
[A] [A].
K

215
 Chu 14 ban
Chu ky ban huY
buy cita
cua phan (mg
ung bac
bSc 22 &roc
dugc suy
suyra
raIA
la;
1
t1/2 — (9.14)
(9,14)
ak

BM tip itp
Bai Uip ap dung
dung9.4:
9.4:Xet
Xetphan
phanimg
ungxa
xaphOng
phong hoa sau 250C:
sau a 25°C:
CH3COOC2H5
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH->•CH3COONa
+ NaOH CH3COONa ++ CjHjOH
C2H5OH
Cho bit nong
Cho bid't ndng d6
do ban
ban diu
diu cua
cua CH3COOC2H5
CH3COOC2H5 vi
va NaOH
NaOH den
dfiu bing
bang 0,015M.
0,015M.
Sau 20 phut
Sau 20 phut n6ng
nongddd0 ki^m
kiem giam
giam 0.00993M.
0.00993M. Hoi:
MI:
a)
a) hang sa t6'c
hAng sd t6c d6?
b)
b) then gian ban hu51
thcri gian cuaphan
huy cua phin ling?
Lan
Lcri giai:
a)
a) Ap dung phtrong trinh d6ng
phuong trinh d6ng hoc
hoc cho phan
phan ting
ung bac
bac 2 vi
vi nong
n6ng do
d6 ban
ban clan
dau
cua CH3COOC2H5 vava NaOH deu
ddu bang 0,015M:
bing 0.0ISM:
,
if.JL.'Ukthoac
kt hoac±f^L-
1 x =k Uk .
a
a Vaa --xx , to
ta 1aa -- xx
Thay s6 vAo to co;
vao ta c6:
1 0
0,0993
0,00993
k= = 6,53 L.mol -11 .ph-1
ph
0,015 x 20 (0,01500
0,015x20 - 0,00993) 6,53 L.mo1
(0,01500-0,00993)

b)
b) Chu ky ban
ban hug/
huy cua phan
phan Ong
utig la:

t = 1 io,2l phut
phut
t112
lu =
==10,21
0,015 x 6,53
0,015x6,53

9.3.
9.3. Anh hurang cua nhiet
huomg cua nhi0 dO
dp

T6c d6
dp phan
phan grng phu thudc
ufng phu thu6c rat nhieu vat)
rat nhidu nhiet d6.
vao nhiet d6. Th6ng
Thdng thuang
thuctng khi tang
tang
nhiet (10thi
nhiet d6 thitPc
t6cdp
(10phan
phanting
(mgcung
dingtang.
tang.Chang
Ching han
han phan
phan umg
ting 2H2
2H2++O2 02 -+ 2H20
2H2O a 6
nhiet d6 dudri
nhiet dp clan 300 o
300°C thi gan
C thi gin Mu
nhukitting
khdng xay ra. 6
xay ra. 6 nhiet d0 700
nhiet dp o
700°C C thi co
có the
th^ coi flint
nhu
phan ung xay
phan ting xay ra
ra tire
tdc thcri.
tit&

9.3.1. Quy t^c

9.3.1. Quy tic Van't Hoff

Nghien ctru vp
Nghien cuu ye anh
anh huong
huang cua
cua nhiet
nhiet d6
dp den
de'n t6c
tPc d0
dP phin
phantIng,
ting, nhA
nha bac
bac hoc
o
nguai HALan
nguoi Ha LanVan't
Van'tHoff
Hoffda
di nhan
nhin tha'y
thiy ring khi
khi tang nhiet d6 len
nhiet dp len 10°C,
10 C, thi toc
tPc d0
dp
phan ling tang
phan ufng tang len
len khoang
khoang 2-5-4
2 ÷ 4 Ian.
Mn. Do t6c
tPc (10 tj, le thuin
dp ty thuan vat
vdi hang
h^ng s6
sPtOc
tPc d0
dP nen to
ta
co the
thP viet
viPt he
he so
sP nhiet
nhietd6
dpyyIA:
la:

216
 V
vT+10 _ k
T+10 = T+10
kT+10
—Y (9.15)
vT kT

Tu do
Tir do rut ra
1'2 -T,
v
vT2
T2 = vT,V
T| 7 10
vT, -y*
= v-r, Yn (9.16)

Phucmg trInh(9.16)
Phuang trinh (9.16)lalasir
sug^n
gin dung
dung trong
trong khoang
khoang nhiet dp
d6 kh6ng cao.
Bai
Bai tap ip
apdung
dung9.5:
9.5:Phan
Phanling
umg phan
phan hug,
huy trong dung
dung dich
dich 2A
2A —* Sin pham
-> San phim
co hang
hang so t6c
toe dt)
dp la k1 250C. Dua
k| da 25°C. Dua vao quy tac
vao quy tic Van't
Van't Hoff
Hoff hay
hay tinh
tinh k2 & 0
45°C.
o 45 C.
Bi'et yy == 33..
Biet
AT
u- u - AT2020 o_ 2
Lin giai: Ta ky hien
Loft giat: hteu n = — = — =2.
10
10 10 -
11+10 _ k T+1Q _
kT+10
Ap dung bieu
Ap dung bien thuc
thtic(9.15):
(9.15): vT+10 = =
vT kT

Tir day ta
Tu day to rut ra KT
Kj +4. 10
|Q = kTx
k-px y".
Vpi (450C) = 32
VOi yy == 3 —> 1ckj2 (45°C) 32xk,(25 0
C) = 9k1
xk1 (25°C) 9k1(25 0
(25°C)

9.3.2. Phucmgtrinh
9.3.2. Phuang trinh Arrhenius
Arrhenius

Xet cach can than

mot each
Xel mot than sir
su phu thu6c
thudc cita
cua k vao nhipt
nhiet d0.
dp, Arrhenius da dua ra
bieu thtic:
bleu thuc:
dink _ Ea
dlnk Ea (9 17)
2
(9.17)
dT RT2
dT RT

R: s6 khi;
R; hang so khi:
Ea. nang lucmg
Ea: luang hoat
hoat hoa;
hoa: A H 1i
AH (A...B1
(A...B1
L^ ?L
T; nhiet
T: nhipt dO
dp tuypt
tuyet dPi.
d6i. / \
/
TA \ E
Eaa
Nang Wong
Nang luang hoat
hoat hOa Ea cua
hoa Ea cua mot
mpt / \
phan
phan img la nang
ung la nang lucmg t6i thiPu
luang tPi thieu ma cac
chit
chat phai
phai co
co di
d^phan
phanLing có thP
irng co the xay ra. A+
^ + B
^ A H \\ /
OH
AH \
Dieu not trfin
DiPu noi tren day
day có
co the
thP minh hoa
hoa V
qua mot
mpt vi sau:
vf du sau - C
C++D
D
Xet phan ting: TPc
Toc dp
TPc cif) phan ting
phan ting
dp phan
A+B--~
A + B -> C+D
C+ D
-• Hlnh 9.1. Nang
Flinn Nang lung hoat hob
NSng lupng hoi
hoa
vat
vm gia
gta thiet
thidt AH
AH < 0 a » » .

217
 Qua d6
do thi phan (mg ta
phan img ta tha'y
thy rang
rang de
d6' c6
co the
th6' chuyen
chuyfin thanh
thanh san
san pham
pham (C + D)
cac chit
chat phan
phan (mg
irng (A + B)
B) phai
phai vuot
vucrt qua hang rao nang luonglucrng Ea;
Ea; d6
do chinh
chmh la
la dO
do
cao
cao hang
hang rao.
rao. Hang
Hang rao (mgimg v6i
vdri su
su tao
tao thanh
thanh (rang
trang thai
thai trung
trung gian
gian hoat
hoat dOng
dpng
[A... B]. Nhtr
[A...B]. Nhu vay
vay dg'
de chuyen
chuy^n sang trang thai trung gian gian cac
cac phan
phan tic
tir chat tharn
tham gia
phai c6 nang Itrong
phai co du lon
lirpng du a thing &roc
1dm dd' thang duoc ltrc
lire ddy
day lan
lan nhau
nhau giCra chting. Khi san
giffa chung.
phirn
pham hinh
hinh thanh thi chting
thanh thi din dart
chting dan chuyen vd
ddn chuy^n ve trang
(rang thai
thai vung
yang ben ben (C
(C +
+ D)
D)
(hinh
(hlnh 9.1).
Liy tich
La'y tich phan
phan (9.17) ta có
co bleu
bi^u thdc:
thirc:
E.i
_E
E.5 RT
Ink = RT +
lnk = - +In A hay
lnA hay kk == Ae
Ae RT (9.18)
RT
Tit bid'u
Tu bleu thirc
thtic nay ta de
dd dang tinh
ti'nh &roc
dupe Ea
Ea bang dO thi, va
d6 thi, va T cang
cang tang thi t6c
d6
dp phan tIng cling tang.
img (k) cung
Co the xac
CP th^ 'tic dinh Ea cach:
Ea bang 2 each:
E
Cach the
thic 1:
I: Dua vao phuong trinh Ink
In k==— RT
^ + In A
A la dang:
RT
y = ax + b

ta dd
de dang ti'nh
tinh dupe
duoc gia trj
tri Ea
Ea bang cach
each xay dung
dung do
d6 thi
thi phu
phu thuOc
thupc giiia
giOa Ink
Ink va — .

Ccich tha 2: E
Cach thii Eaa duck
dupe xac
xac dinh
dinh bang
bang phucmg
phuong trinh
trinh (9.18)
(9.18) 6ohai
hainhiet
nhidtc10
dp khac
nhau.
du :
Vi du
Eaa
6dTitaco:
T11 ta co: lnkT
Inkx
i
=
RT.
+1nA
-+ lnA
I RT1

6dXTtaco;
T2z ta co: InkT 9
Inkx12 = —+1nA
- + lnA
2 RTRT22
Tit de dang nit
Tir day dd nit ra
ra ductc
dupe bieu
bid'u thtic:
thirc:
Ea 1
ki
ln^k; = ^ —- — (9.19)
kT
k
Tt R RT1
.T1 T1
T2
2.

Nhu vay,
vay, neu
neu bid't
biet k^
kTi va
va kT2
kx2 ct hai nhidt
o hai nhiet dp
d6 Tj
T1 va cling xac dinh dugc
va T2 ta cung Ea.
dupe E a.

Bai tap ip dung

tpp ap dung 9.6:
9.6: Xet phan tIng:
limg:

CH3C00C2H5
CH3COOC2H5 ++NaOH
NaOH-> CH3COONa
CHjCOONa + C2H5OH
CjHjOH

218
 Bik rang06 TT==283
Biet rang 283 K,
K, k =
= 2.3 phut I1
2,5MM ' phth
1
T == 293
293 K,
K, kk == 5,5
5,5MM '.phut
.phut
Tinh nang !gong
Tmh lirong hoat
boat hoa
boa Ea
Ea.
Lbi giai: Ap
Lm Ap dung
dunghe
hethgc
thirc(9.19)
(9.19)tatade
declang
dang xac
xac Binh
djnh &roc
dirpc gia tri nang !gong
lirpng
hoat
boat hod
boa
T T2 /log k
1
TlT2
Ea
Ea = R.2,303 (
=R.2,303f llog^-
T2 -
283.293 55
Ea 8,314.2,303 283,293 log=
E a==8,314.2,303f llog—= = 54340
54340 J/mol
)/mol
293
1,293
( -
- 283)
283 J 2,5
Eaa = 54,34 kJ/mol.
E
Bai tap AI) dung 9.7:
ap dung 9.7: M6t
MN phan gng
ting có
co nang
nang 1u6ng hoat hod
lirong boat boa Ea
Ea = 40 kJ/mol
va
va duoc thuc
thirc hien 60 nhiet
nhiet dO 270C. Hoi
d6 tt]i = 27°C. HOi phai
phaitang
tangI6n
len nhifet
nhiet d6
d0 bao
bao nhifiu
nhieu de t6c
(10 phan iimg
do phan (mg tang
tang gap ddi
kT = Ea
kj Ell 1 1
Lmgiai:
Lbi giai: Ap dung c6ng
Ap dung Ong thilc
that In
In —^ 2 =-^ ~ — .
1(T1
^T, R L T1
K
M T2 h.].

40 103[ 1 11
Thay7 dtr
dg lieu
li^u vao cdng
cOngthilc
that nay
nay ta
ta co:
co: In 22 == 40.103
8,314 300
300 T2
T2

Tic day ta
Tir day ta suy 40,8oC
suy ra T2 = 313,8 K hay 40,8°C
Vay phai tang nhiet
nhiet do
d6 caa
cua phan
phanUng
iimg len 410C.
I6n khoang 41°C.

9.4. Anh
Anhhuriing
huomgcua
cuachat
chat'Lac
xuc tac

Chat )(tic tic la chat lam thay d6i

xiic tac ddi t6c do phan
toe d6 phan iimg
drig nhtmg
nhtmgban
bin than
than cua
cia no lai
duqc
duoc gig
giu nguyen
nguySn sau quaqua trinh
trinh phan
phan ting.
iimg.
Ngu6i
Ngtfdi ta tharng
thuong phan
phan biet
bifit qua
qua trinh
trinh xtic
xuc tac
tac clong
d6ng the
th^ va qui
qua trinh
trinh )(tic
xiic tac
di the .
Trong qua
qua trinh
trinhxtic
xiictac
tacdOng
d6ng the
thechat
chatxtic
xuctac
tactY cang pha v6i
6 cimg voi chat
chat phan
phan (trig.
iimg.
Vi du cac qua trinh
Vi du trinh este
este hoi
hoa(xtic
(xuctac
tacaxit
axit- -bazar),
bazo). xtic
xuc tac oxi hoa
hoa -- khir
khtr trong dung
dich,
djch, xtic tac enzim.
enzim. Xtic
Xiic tac
tac dOng
d6ng the thubng
thuomg dtroc thut hien
dupe thirc hi6n trong
trong pha
pha khi
khiva
va (Jac
dac
biet
biat trong pha long.
Trong cac quaqua trinh
trinh xtic
xuc tac
tac di
di the,
th^, chat
chat xtic
xuc tac
tac iY pha khac
6 pha khac so
so vai
vdi cac chat
phin
phan (mg.
iimg. Thong
Th6ng thu6ng,
thuong, chat xtic
xiic tac 66 pha
pha ran,
ran, con chat phin
phan Ong
iimg o0 pha
pha khi
khf hay
hay
pha long. Su
pha long. Sir oxi
oxi hoa
hod SO2
502 thanh SO3 bang
thanh SO3 bang xtic
xiic tac V2O5 trong
tac V205 trong qua trinh sin
san xuat
xua't

219
axit sunfuric,
sunfuric, su
sir tong
i6ng hap
hopamoniac
amoniactittuN2
N2va
vaH2
H2vat
vdnxtic
xuctac
tacIA
la sat
sat deu
ddu IA
la nhting
nhung vi
vf
du die'n
dien hlnh.
hinh...
..
1 y2o5
SO2 + — 022-^S03
S02+io > SO3
2 t°

Ng F
3H2 + N2 ^o 2NH3
)2NH3

Tat ca cac qua trinh )(tic tic deu

xtlc tac dSu c6
co dac diem sau:
- Chit xuc tac khong lam thay
Chat xtic thay ddi
doi chieu
chieu inteing
Huang caacua phdn singung dtrac
duqc xacxic dinh
bang nhting
nh&ng dac trtrng
trimg nhiet dOng
ddng hochoc (AG
(AG<< 0).0). Neu
Neu gia
gia tri
tri AG
AG >> 0 thl
thi phan ting
ung
khOngbao
khdng bao gicr
gia xay
xay rara du
du yeti bat ky
vai bat 1(5/chat
chitxuc
xictac
tic nao.
nAo.Do Dochat
chit xiic
xtic tac
tic con
con lai
lai
nguyen ven sau
nguyen ven sau phan ang cho nen no khong
ting cho n6n no khdng lam thay doi
d6i cac tinh chat dac trtrng
tmh cha't dac trimg
nhiet Ong hoc
nhi6t dbng hoc cila
cua qua
qua trinh.
trinh. N6i
N6i cach
each khac
khac chit
cha't xtic
xiic tic
tackhOng
khong lam thay doi dei can
bang cUa he. No
ciia hS. N6 lam tang tect6'c de
d6 dm
ciiaca
caphan
phantIng
ung thuan
thuan Ianlln phan
phan Ling nghich a6 mtic
irng nghich mac
do
d6 nhu nhau.
- Sur )(tictac
Su xtic tic co tinh chon
chpn !pc;
loc\ mei
m6i chat xtic tac
cha't xuc tic chi xtic
xiic tae
tac vai
voi met
mot loai phan
Ling haym6t
ung hay met phan
phan irng
img nha't
nhgt dinh.
dinh. Tham
Tham chi
chi chi
chi xtic
xtic tac
tic cho met
mdt (long
d6ng phan
phan nhgt
nha't
dinh. Vi du, khi nhiet phan C2H5OH
nhi6t phan C2H5OH ndiuneu diing
dung xuc
xtic tac
tic A1203
AI2O3 se thu dtrac
duqc etilen va
mr6c, con n^u
nude, con neu dung Cu se thu
thu duac
duqc axetandehit
axetandehit CH3CHO.
CH3CHO. Khi dung hen
Khi dung hon hop
hop xtic
xiic
tic
tac IA
la A1203/ZnO
A^C^/ZnO thi
thi san
san phgm
phdm thu
thu dtroc
duqc lA
la 1,3-butadien.

C2
C2H 5OH Al003 >C2H4
H5OH >C2H4 + H2O
H20
t
C2
C2H 5OH to CH3CHO
H5OH ) CH3CHO + H2
H2

A1203 /ZnO
2C2H50H
2C2H5OH CH2 ==CH-CH
)CH2 CH —CH == CH +2H20+
CH22+2H 20 + H2
H2
to

`Firthchqn
Tinh chonloc
locco
co thd
the hifin
hien ro
re nhgt
nha't trong cac phan (mg
ung sinh hod.
hoa.
- Nguai
Ngucri to
ta cho rang cac chit
cha't xtic
xiic tic
tac lam
lam tang
tang tec
t6'cded6phan
phanUng
ung la
la do
do cluing
chting
lam gidm ndng lu'ong hoot hob
luang hoat hod cua phan ling. That vay, tit phuang
phan ung. That vay, tir phucmg trinh Arrhenius
co the
th^ de
dft clang chting minh rang met
dang chung m6t susu giam
giam nang
nang Wang
luqng hoat hoahoa khOng nhieu (vi
khdng nhi6u
du khoang 40
40 kJ/mop
kJ/mol)co
cothe
th^lAm
lam tang tec
td'c de
dd phin
phanLing
ung hang trieu
tridu Ian.
ISn.
Dei
Dd'i yeti
vdi phan tIng xtic tac dong
img xiic d6ng the viec
vide lam
lam giam
giam nang
nang Luang
luqng hoat hod
hoa &roc
duqc
thuc
thuc hien
hidn bang
bAng cach
each cho
cho chit
cha't ;Ric
xiic tac tham
tham gia
gia vao phdn Ling
vao phdn trung gian yeti
ting trung vdi cac
chit au.
cha't dAu.
VI dei voi
Vi du, dd'i vdi phan ting:
ung:
A
A + BB -->
-> CC+K
+K
Qua trinh co the
thd xay ra nhu sau:
sau;

220
 A
A ++KK AK
AK
AK + BB—>
-> AKB
AKB -->
-> C + K
phcin ifng
Cac phdii taig rrung
trung gian nay
nay deu c6 luang hoat
ming Itto.ng
co ndng hoat dOng
dong hoci
hod thcip ham so
llid'p hern
vai
voi phin
phan ung
irng true
true tiep
tiep gitla
giua cac
cac chat
chat dau.
diiu. Co
Co thd
th6 not
noi rang
rang tac
tac dung
dung cUa
cua viec
vice dung
chat )(tic tac la
xuc tac la thay the motm6t phan
phan Ling motgiai
ung mot giaidoan
doanco c6 nang
nang lucrng
lutinghoat
hoatddngOng hod
hoa
cao bang mot
mot phan
phan img
ung nhi6u
nhicfu giai
giai doan
doanvoi
vdinang
nangluting
luctnghoat
hoatdOng
dpng hod
hoa thgp
tha'p hem.
hem.

rilltiiity
Qlltiitng Mine ' chink
(tlem v(41'
clt/nlt tjeu ehtafng
eltrfdug 9

1.
1. Mc de,
Toe dp ciia
cua phi!)
phan ung
irng boa
hoa hoc

Ric
Toe dodp phan
phan img thir?mgdupe
ung thucmg dtrocdo
dobang
bang dp
dObiPn
Bienthien
thienndng
n6ngdp
d6 cua
cua mot
mot trong
cac chat tham
tham gia
gia hoac
hoac tao
taothanh
thanhtrong
trongmot
motdam
don vi
vi thOi
thcri gian:
C2 — Ci AC
+
— ti At

trong do: vv-- t6c

trong do: toe dO
dp trung binh trong
trong khoing
khoang thoi
thai gian
gian tir
tir tt]i den
den t2;
(2; AC-
AC- sir
su bien
thien n6ng
ndng dO mol.L 1 cila
dp mo1.1.:1 cua chit
chat khao
khao sat
sat tir
tir C1
Cj den
dd'n C2.
Cj. Dgu Ong crag
Da'u cdng ting voi
vdi viec
vipc xac
dinh
djnh vv theo sty Wenthien
su bien thien ndngn6ng dpdOchat
chattao
taothanh,
thanh,con
con da'u
clautru
trirung
ungvdi
vatcha't
chit tham
tham gia.
dC
Khi At —>0 0thithiv vturc
At -> tdcthen
thOila:la:vv==±—.
±— .
dt
Xet phan ting
Xet phan ung trong
trong hp
heddng
d6ngthd:
the:aA
aA++bB
bB++...—>
-)• cC
cC + dD + ...
MOt each
Mpt tong quat, dd
each tdng dd t6c
tdc c10 phan ung
dp phan Lingdadacho
cholaladon
dongia
gia thi
thl phai dua
dtra thdm
them
vao bidu
bieu thtic t6c (10
thuc tdc cac he
dp cac he sd
so`hop
hopthirc:
Uit:
dCA dCB dCc dCD
v=
adt bdt cdt ddt

2. B0c tur so
Bac va phan tit dm phin
sd cua phan itng
irng

Thuc
Thtrc nghiem
nghiem chiing
chting to rang d6i
ddi yeti
vdi phan
phan dng
ung vdi 4 s6
voi cac hp sd hop thtic
thdc d trfen,
o tren,
bidu thtrc tdc
bieu thuc tic dO dugc cho
dp dupe cho bdi
bai phuong
phoong trinh
trinh ddng
Ong hoc:
[A]°n .[B]m...
v =kk[A] .[B]m...

221
221
 k la hang s6 the
toe d6 chi
chi phu
phu thuOc vao nhi6t
thudc vao nhiet d6.
n, m, ... la bac
bftc rieng
rifing phan
phin d6i
ddi yeti chit A
vdi chat A va
va chat
chatBBtucrng
tircmg ting.
irng.
Tong (n + m + ...)
Tdng ..)lalabac
bacLoan
loan phan
ph^n cua phan (mg.
umg.

3. Xfic dinh phirang

Xac djnh phuang trinh
trinh toe
t6c do
d6 cua
con mot
mot so
s6 phin
phan Ong
timg

Phucmg trinh toe

Phuong trinh t6c d6
dOcua
cuam6t
mOtsds6phan
phanirng
linghay
haygap
gapduoc
ducktorn
torntat
tit nhu sau:
Bac Phuang trinh t6c d6
Phuong trinh do
Il Dang vi phan Dang tich phan
dx aa A0]
— = k(a-x)
| ka( - x ) In = kt hay
hay 1n
In = kt
dt a —
<1 -x X [A]
I I

, 0,693
L'2
tl/2 =
- k

2 dx 1 1 1 1
— = k (a - x )2 — —-= kt hoac
hoac jir - = kt
dt aa-x
-x a • [A]
[A] [A0]
[AJ

veri [al == [b]

vdi [a] 1
t1/2 =
[A0]k
[Ao lk

4. Nang lining
Ndng iirong hoat
hoat hem
hoa

Nang
Nang Itkrng hoat hod
lircmg hoat hoa Ea
Ea la
la nang
nang Itrong can thi^t
luong can thi6t di
de dua
dua cac tieu
ti6u phan
phan chat
phan img tdi
phan irng tai trang
trang thai
thai cua
cia mot
mbt phtic
phiirc hoat dOng,tai
hoat d6ng, taiday
dayco
cosir
supha
phi huy
huj, lien
lien ket
ke't de
de'
tao ra cac sin
san phim
phamphin
phanting.
irng.Giira
Gi&anang
nangItking
luonghoat
hoathod
hoava
vahang
hangs6
s6'toc
tdcd6
d6CO
co m6i
4 duck
lien he duoc cho bed phtrong trinh
boi phuong truth kinh
kinh nghiem.Arrhenius:
nghiem.Arrhenius:
E,
RT
k = Ae RT
66 day A la mot
m6t hang s6.
Tir phuong
phircmgtrinh
trinhArrhenius
Arrheniustatoc6
cohai
haieach
cachdi
doxac
xic dinh
dinh nang
Ong lucmg
luong hoat hod
hoa E.
E
E 1 1
Ccich
Cdch I: 1: Dua vaophuong
Dua vao phuongtrinh
trinhInk
Ink==1nInAA- -—2-.—
R T thu6c
thu6cdang
dangdtkrng thing:
duong thang:
R T •
y = ax ++ bb to
ta d@ dang ttnh
de dang tinh duoc
dtkrc gia
gid tri E
Eaa bang cach
each xay
xay dung
dimg d6
d6 thi
thiphu
phuthuOc
thudc gifra
gi&a
1
Ink va —.
—.
T
Cach
Cdch 2: E tam duck ub hai nhiet dO
tim duoc khac nhau Tj
d6 khac va T2 theo he thtic:
T1 va thirc:

222
111
 krr E
kT Ea 1 1 1 1
InA
In 2=- a
C
kT T1 R l Ti1 T2
R T
^2

5. Quy tiic
t6c Van't Hoff
Hoff

Van't Hoff
Hoff da chi
chi ra
ra rang
rang khi
khi tang
tang nhiet
nhiet d0
d6 len 10oC, thi toc
I6n 10° t6'c d6
do phan
phan dng
img
v
T+IO _ kT+10
vT+10 ^T+10
tang len
len khoang
khoang22-4
— 4 Ian.
lan: =Y .•
vT 1%.,T

Pau
@a« kill
/tr)V011
nil hai
Imi I4 fl
tiip

I. Dinh nghia
nghla toc
toe dO
do phan (mg,
umg, hang so toc
toe do
do phan
phan Ong.
umg.
2. Neu va giai thich
thfch cdc
cac y6u
yen to
to anh
anh huang
hudng d6n
den toc
t6c dO
do phan
phan (mg.
umg.
3. Phan biet bac phan
phan img
umg va
va phan to
tu so
s6' cua phan
phan (mg.
umg.
4. Nang litcmg host hod
lirong hoat hoa dm
cuaphan
phanCmg
umg la gi?
5. Phan biet phuc
Phan biet phtc host
hoat Ong
d6ngva
vachat
cha'txuc
xuc tac
tac caa
cua phan
phan (mg.
umg.
6. NOi dungcua
Noi dung cilaquy
quytac
tic Van't Hoff
Hoff ve
vd anh hircmg
twang cua nhiet do tai
nhidt d6 tori t6c
t6'c d0
d6 phan
phan
ling IA gi? Tai
iimg la gi? Tai sao khi nhiet dO tang thi toc (JO
nhidt d6 tang thi td'c d6 phan Ling tang?
umg tang?
7. Pim:mg trinh Arrhenius
Phucmg trinh Arrhenius ve anh
anh hircmg
huimgcua
caa nhidt
nhiet d6
d0 dd'n
den t6'c
t6c d6
d0 phan ang.
umg. Y
nghla
nghia ciia luqmg trong
cua m6i dai luvng trong phdcmg
phucmg trinh do.
8. Cho phan
phan Ling:
umg;
H2 + 12
I2 —> 2HI
-> 2HI
a) Vid'l
a) Vi6t bidu
bi@uthirc
thdct6'c
tocd6
d6 cho
cho phan
phan umg
(mgbidt
bi6trang;
ring:
-- N6u tang thing
Neu tang n6ng d6 hidro gip
ga'p d6i,
d6i, gid
giu nguyen
nguydn ming
n6ng dO iot thi t6c d6 cling
d6 iot cung
tang ga'p
tang Op d6i.
d6i.
-- Nie"u giirnguydn
Neu giu nguyenn6ng
!longd6
dOhidro
hidrova
N/A tang
tang nongdodO
n6ng iotiotIdn
lengap
gap22thi
thi tO'c
toc d6
cling tang
cung tang ga'p
gap 2.
2.
b) Cho
b) Cho bidl
bi6t bac phan ting
umg va phan tu
tit s6 cua phan (mg?
umg?
Dap s6':
Dap s6: a) vv == kCH
kCH22C l2;;
C12

b) Bac hai, Ittemg phan tu

luomg phan to
9. Vi6t bid'u
Viet bieu thdc
thurc toc
to'c d6
docho
chophan
phanting
iimgsau
sauyeti
vdrigia
giathi6t
thidtchtIng
chungIA
la cac
cac phan
phanCmg
iimg
don gian:
don gian:
223
 2SO2 + 02
2S02 4'O2 —> 2S03
—^ 2SO3
PC15
PC15 —> PC13 + CI2
PCI3 + 02
Fe304 + 4H2 —> 3Fe + 4H2O
4H20

10.
10. Cho
ChoOlin
phanttng
imgphan
phanhuSI 2N2O —> 2N2 +
huy 2N20 02 xay
+ O2 xay ra
ra aa nhiet
nhidt dO
d6 1173
1173 K có co
4
hang s6 t6c dO
hang sd d6 kk = 5.104.
5.10 . N6ng do
d6 dau cita
cua N20
N2O la
la 3,2M.
3,2M. Xac
Xac dinh
dinh t6c
t6'c dO
d6
Olin
phan (mg
img ltic
luc dau
d5u va khi co 25% N20N2O didabihiphan
phanhuSt.
huy.
3 33
Dap s6:
s6'; v0
v0 = 5,12.10 3,, v = 2,88.10

11.
11. Phan
PhantIng
umg 2NO
2NO ++ O2
02 --÷
—> 2NO2
2NO2 xay ra tai th6i
then diem
di^m nao do vat
voi n6ng
nCng do
d6 cac
chit:
cha't: CNO
CNo = 0,8M;
0,8M; CO2
Co2 = 0,6M. Neu
=0,6M. n6ng d6
Nfiii tang n6ng dO NO
NO thanh
thanh 1,2M
1,2M va
va O2
02
thanh 0,9M thi t6c
t6c dO phin (mg
d6 phan umg se Wen d6i ra
bi^n d6i ra sao?
Dap s6: V2 : vi
sd; v2 vj =
= 27:
27: 8

12.
12. D6i vatvoi
D6i mot phan
m6t (mg
phan umgphan
phanhujr
huydida
cho,
cho,th6i
thaigian
gianban
banhuSt
huykitting
kh6ng phu
phuthuOc
thubc
vao nong dd
vao n6ng d6 ban (tau
dau va bang 100
100 s.
a)
a) Cho biet bac cua
dm phin
phan Ung.
umg.
b) Tinh thZ:ri
b) Tinh gian de
thai gian d^ 80% chat
chSt dau
dau bi
bi phan
phanhuSI.
huy.
Dap sd:
s6: a) Bac 1; b) t = 233 s.
13.
13. Xet su sir
Xet thus/
thuyphan
phaneste
estetrong
trongmOi
mdi tru6ng
trucmg kiern:
kidm:
RCOOR' + NaOH
NaOH RCOONa
RCOONa ++ R'OH
Khi tang n6ng
Khi tang n6ng d6
do ki^m
kiem ga'p
gap ddi
&Athi
thitd'c
t6cdddod^u
daucung
ding tang
tang 16n
len 22 Idn.
lin. Nhan xet
nay ding duoc
nay cung duac thay
tha'y khi tang n6ng
n6ng dd
d0 cua
cila este
este Idn
len 22 lan.
lin.
a) Cho bid't
a) bier bac
bac cua
dm phan umg va dang
dang cua
cua phirong
phuang trinh ddng
d6ng hoc.
b)
b) Hoa tan 0,01 mol
mol xtit
xiit va
va 0,01
0,01 mol
mol este
este vao
vao11 litlitntrac
nude(coi
(coith@
the' tich
U'ch khOng
khdng
d6i). Sau 200 phut thl
thi este
este bi
bi phan
phanhuSt.
huy. Tinh:
- Hang s6
sd t6c
tdc dO;
dd;
- Thai
Th6i gian
gian ban
ban huy;
ht4;
- Thai a
Th6i gian d^ 99% este bi thuir
thuy phan.
Dap sd:
so: a)
a) Bac
Bac 2
b) k = 0,75
0,75 L.mol
Lmo1-('.phut
.phut ';
I ; tin =
- 133,33
133,33 phut; t = 13.200
13.200 phtit
phut

14.
14. Phan
Phanang
umgphan
phan huS
huy, (CH2COOH)2C0
(CT^COOH^CO xay
xay ra
ra trong
trong dung
dung dich
dich nu&
mrdc la
ia plain
phan
Ling bac 1.1. Tai
umg bac 10oC co hang
Tai 10°C hang s6
sd t6c
tdc d6
dd la
ia 1,080.10-4
1,080.10^ ss I';; con
con 6 60oC la
a 60°C
-2 -1
5,484.10"2s''.
5,484.10 s .

224
 a)
a) Tinh nang
n^ng Ifrqng hoat boa.
lirong boat hoi.
b)
b) Xac dish
djnh hang
bang s6
s6't6c
tb'cdO
d6 phan (mg b 30° C.
img a
Dap s6: a)
Dap so: a) EE == 81,17
81,17 kJ/mol;
o
b) k(30
k(30°C)C) = 1,67.10 33 s_11

15.
15. Phan
Phan(mg
umg phan
phan huj
buy, H202
H2O2 la la phan
phan (mg
umg bac
bac 1. 40oC t6c
1. Tai 40°C tdc d6
d6 ban
ban dam
dau la
55
1,15.10 mol/L.s va
1,15.10 mol/L.s vanOng
n6ng dO
d6 (Mu Co0 = 0,150 mol/L.
d^u C moI/L.
a)
a) Hay tinh hang s6
s6' t6c
tdc do
d6 k.

b) Hay
b) Hay tinh thin
then gian
gian can
can thiet
thift de' 25% H2O2
d«5 25% H202 phan
phan hu5,
huy va
va cho
cho bi6t
bidt t6c
tdc dO
dd
phan (mg
img khi do.
dd.

Dap s6: a)
Dap sd; 7,7.10 55 ss1;
a) 7,7.10 _1
;

= 3736
b) t = 3736 s;s; 8,66. lO-6 mol/L.s.
8,66.10' mol/L.s.

16.
16. Mot
Mdtphan
phan ling, khikhi
img, tang nhiet
tang nhidtdOddtirtit298
298KKlen
Idn309
309KKthi
thihang
hangs6
sdt6c
tdc dO
dd tang
gap
ga'p 22 lan.
lin. Hay
Hay tinh
tmh nang lugng hoat hoa
luefng boat hoi Ea.
Ea.
Dap sd':
s6: Ea
Ea = 52,90 kJ
kl

17.
17. Khi
Khitang
tangnhiet
nhietdO
dd tit
tir t1
t] = 250C l6n
= 25°C 50oC thi hing
len t2 = 50°C hang s6
sd toc
tdc dO
dd cua phan ung
img
1 -1 -3
phan huj, (N205
phan huy -÷ 2NO2++ —
(N2052NO2 02) tang tir
^-C^) tfirkj 3,5.10_5s 116nk2=
k1 = 3,5.10-5s 1,5.10 3ss.
len k2 = 1,5.10 '.
2
Hay tinh nang
nang lucing hoat hoa
luong boat hoi Ea.
Ea.
Dip
Dap s6: Ea = 120
sd: Ea 120 kJ.

18.
18. Phan
Phan ling thuy phan
umg thus, phan cua
cua CH3C1 trong nude
CH3CI trong nuOc la
la phan
phan (trig bac 1.
umg bac 1. Bi6t
Bidt rang
3
nOng
ndng dddo (Mu
dau Co
C0 =
= 2.103
2.10 mol/L
mol/L va
vl sau
sau 7200
7200 giay,
giay, nOng d0 con
ndng dd con lai
lai la
la
1,8.10 33 mol/L. Hay tinh:
1,8.10 ti'nh:
a) fling s6
a) Hang sd t6c
tdc do
dd k;
b) Chu ki bin hu5,
kl ban huy ttj^;
u2;
N6u tang nOng
c) Ndu dOdau
ndng dd dau Idn
len ga'p
gap hai
hai Idn
Ian thi
thi chu
chu ky
ky ban
bin huSi bang bao
huy bang bao nhidu?
nhieu?
Dap s6: a)
Dap sd; a) kk = 1,46.10"55 s-11;;
= 1,46.10
b) ttj/2
u2 = 47650;
c) tt^
1r2 khOng d6i.
khdng ddi.

225
 0trizeng
QlutiUtg, 10
10

DUNG
DUNG DICH
DjCH

Muc tieu Cdn tap

Can tap trung
trung why
vdo cac
cdc vein di:
van de:
chucmg 10
chirong 1.
1- Cac
Cac khai
khai niem
niem va dinh
dinh nghia
nghla ve
ve dung
dung dich.
dich. Cac
Cac each
each bleu
bieu dien
diln
Tieing
n6ng d6dOkhac
khac nhau:
nhau: 1\16ng
N6ng d6 c10%;
%;N6ng
Nong do
d6 dtrong
duong Wong;
lucmg; N6ng
N6ng (10
d6
mol; NOng
Ndng dO [Alin mol...
d6 ph^n
2. Tit khai niem ve
2. Tif vfi d6
do tan
tan phai
phai hieu
hieu &roc
duoc ban chit
chatcUa
cua su
sir giam zip suit
ap sua't
ho'l, str tang
hoi, six tang nhi6t
nhiet do
d6 s6i, susir ha
ha nhiet
nhidt (10 &mg ran
d6 dong ran cua
dia dung
dung mOi d6i voi
mbi db'i
chit
chat tan
tan kh6ng
khftng bay
bayhai,
hoi,khOng
khong dien ly.ly
3. Khai quit
3. quatve
ve can
canbang
bang ion
iontrong
trong dung
dung dich
dich dien
dien ly.
ly. Khai
Khai niem
niem ve
ve axit va
baw
bazotheo
theoBronsted.
Bronsted. Viet
Viet &roc
duoc cac
cdc cong
c6ng thirc cna axit va
thuc cua va bazo
baw lien hop.
hen hop
4. Tinh gia tri
4. Tfnh tri pH
pH cUa
cua dung dich: Axit
dung djch; va bazo
Axit va baw manh.
manh. Axit
Axit va
va bazo
bazo
mud'i don gian... Giai thich
yeu. Cac mu6i thi'ch vi sao pHpH cUa dung djch
cua dung dich df
demm co
pH hail
hdu nhu khOng thay doi.
khdng thay del. Ap dung
dung phep
pile') chudn
chuin d6
do trong hoa hoc.
5. Khai niem Ye
5. tich so
v^ tich s6 tan va ting dung cua
iitig dung ciia no
no de xet qua trinh hoa
hoa
tan va ket
ke't tita.
tua.
6. Can
6. Cdn bang
bdng tao phCrc trongdung
phire trong dungdich;
dich:Khai
Khainiem
niem\t
vephirc
phut chat;
chit; Hang
s6
s6' ben
bfin va hang
hang so
s6 khOng
khOng ben.

Miit so'
Mot so Nong dodOC%, M, N,
C%, M, Hang sO'
Hang nghiem sOi
so nghiim sdi Chian
ChudnclO
do
to
tit khod Xj.molan
xi' molan Hang so nghiim lanh
Hcing nghiem lanh Die'm tuong
Diem tuang duong
&tang
Chat dien
Chcit dien ly Dinh luqt Henry
Dinh luOt Henry Chat chi thi mau
man
Hcingsd'dien
Hang s6 dien ly Dinh luOt
luqt Raoult DO thuy
D6 thug phdn
phan
pH Dinh luOt
luqt pha locing
lodng Hang sd
Hang so thuy
tht4 phan
phdn
pK
pK Ostwald Tich
Tich sci. tan
sd tan
Tich se ion ciia
sd'ion Axit - baza
cua nude Axit" zO theo
theo Bronsted
ba
Bronsted DO tan
Do tan
Dung dich boo hoa Cap axit -- baza
Cap axit bazo lien
bazo hop
lien hop Hang sci.
Hang fren
sd bin
Ap sudt
Ap suit dam
thdmthciu
thdu Dung dich
Dung dem
dich dim
dem Hang so
sd khOng ben
khong bin

226
10.1. Tinh chat
10.1. Tinh chit chung
chung cua dung dich
djch

10.1.1. Dinh nghla.

10.1.1. Dinh nghia. Cach
Cach bieu
bieu dien
dien nong
!long do
do cua
cua dung
dung djch
dich
Dung
Dung dich la he
h6 (long the g6m
d6ng the g6m hai hay nhi^u
nhieu cau
ca'u tir
tif ma ham Wong cua chting
lucfng ciia chung
c6
co the Bien
bien d6i trong mot
m6t gigi
gioi han
han rOng.
rdng.
Dung dich co
Dung dich c6 tmh
tinh d6ng
&rig nha't
nhat va
va co
c6 thanh
thanh ph^n
!lan thay
thay d6i.
d6i. Tinh
Tmh dong
d6ng nhat
nha't lam
cho dung
dung djch
dich gio'ng
gi6ng hop
hop chat
chat hoa
hod hoc,
hoc, nhimg
nhtmgkhac
khachop
hopchat
chat hoa
hoi hoc 6o ch6 la no co
thanh phan thay
thanh phan thay ddi.
d6i. Trong
Trong tmh
tinhchat
chatcua
cua dung
dungdich
dich co
c6 th^
the nhan
nhan tha'y
tidy nhieu
nhi^u tinh
tmh
chat cua cac
chat cua cac cau
ca'u to
tu rieng biet
biSt va dieu
dieu nay kh6ng
khdng thay
tha'y co trong eac
cac hop
hop chat
chat hod
hoa
hoc.
hoc. Dung dich gid'ng
Dung djch giong h6n
h6n hop
Op co co hoc
hoc ct ch6 no
o ch6 no co
c6 thanh phan
phSn thay d6i, nhtmg
nhimg khac
hon kip co
h6n hop co hoc
hoc 6o cho
ch6 no
no co
co tinh
tmh (long
dong nhat.
nha't. Vay dung dich
djch chiem vi vj tri
trf trung gian
giira hgp co hoc va
giira h6n hop va hop
hop chat
chat hod,
hoa hoc.
Dung dich co
Dung djch c6 th^
the o6 cac
cac trang
trang thai tap hop khac nhau: nhau: Dung dich
djch khi, dung
dich
djch lOng va dung
long va dung djch
dich ran.
ran. Khong
KhOngkhf khiduoc
dugcxemxemnhunhu lala m6t
mat dung
dung djch
dich khi.
khf. Nugc
Nuoc
bien
bien la dung dich
djch lOng, chtracac
long, chua cac mud'i
mu6i vava cac
cac khf
kill tan
tan trong
trong nude.
ntroc. Dung
Dung dich
dich long
tang
c6
co the duoc
duoc tao
tao thanh
thanh theo
theo kieu:
kieu: lOng
long - khi,
khf, !Ong
long -- lOng
long vava long
lOng-- ran.
ran. Day
Day la he
thtrOng gapnha't
thirdng gap nhatva vaduoc
duocnghien
nghiencufu
cttunhidu
nhieunha't.
nhat.Dung
Dungdjchdich cd
co the
the duoc
dugc tao thanh
khi chat
khi chat khf
khi phan
phan bo b6 deu
deu ("tan")
("tan") trong
trong mang
mang ludi
luai tinh
tinh th^
the cia
cua kim loai, vivf du hidro
trong paladi;
trong paladi; co
co the
thd IA chit lOng
la chat trongchat
long trong chit rin,
ran, vi
vf du nudc
nude trong
trong zeolit.
zeolft. Nhtmg
Nhimg
phan 16ndung
phdn Idn dungdjch
dichrlnranduoc
dugctaotaothanh
thanhtir
titcac
cac kim
kim loai
loai va
va cac
cac chat
chat tinh the
th^ khac.
Hqp kim la dung dich
Hop kim djch ran thugng
thudng gap.
MOt
Mot dungdung djch
dich bat
bat ky
k5' gdm
g6m cdc6 dung
dung mdi
m6i va
va chat tan. Ngutri
Ngudi ta thirong
thudng goi
gpi
dung m6i la
dung mdi la cat,
ca'u tit tao mdi
tu tao m6i trudng
trugng cho
cho cha't
chat tan
tan va
va d8 trang
trang thai nguyen
nguydn chat no co cd
ding
cung trang
trang thai
thai tap
tap hgp
hop vgi
vdi dung
dung dich.
djch. Trong
Trong dung dich
djch Mil dung m6i
khf dung mdi va chat
cha't tan
deu
deu la chat
cha't khi.
khf. Trong
Trong dung dich
djch lOng dung mdi
long dung mOilalacha't
chat long,
long, con
con cha't
chat tan
tan cd
c6 the
thd
la chat khf,
la cha't khi, cha't
chat lOng hoaccha't
long hoac chatran.
ran.Vdi
Val hop
hop kim
kim thi
thi dung
dung mdi
mei vava cha't
chat tan deu
ddu la
chat
cha't ran.
Trong tir nhieu, ddi
tu nhien, dOisdng
songva
vaky
kythuat,
thuat,dung
dungdjch
dich ddng
dong vai
vai trd
tro quan trong. Cac
Cdc
qua trinh
trinh san
sin xuat
xua't cac
cac hop
hop chat
cha't hoa
hoa hoc
hoc trong cling
cdng nghiep
nghidp xay ra trong dung dich, djch,
cac qua trinh sinh hochoc deu
deu xay
xay ra
ra trong
trong co
co the
thd dOng
ddng va thuc
thirc vat.
vat. Sd
Sa dl
di dung djch
dich cd
c6
tinh
tmh ph6 bien nhu vay vi qua trinh hoa tan la qua trinh
phd bid'n trinh to
tudien
didn ra,
ra, nghia
nghlaIA kern theo
la kem
sir giam the
sir giam the clang
dang ap ap -- dang
clang nhiet.
nhiet.ViVIvay
vay ratrat khd
kh6 tim
tim tha'y
they nhiing chat tinh khiet
nhung cha't khidt
trong diet' kidn
trong didu kien to
tu nhieu
nhidn hoac rat khd
kh6 di6u
diet' chd
the chting
chung trong
trong phOng
phong thf thi nghiem.
nghidm.
Trong chtrang
chuong nay, chting
chung ta chi xet
xet cac
cac dung
dung dich
djchnugc,
nude,vivintrOc
nude IA dung mdi
la dung mei
ph6 bien nha't
pho bien nhat va
va da sd
s6 cac phan
phan ung
(mg dupe
dugc tien
tien hanh
hanh trong
trong dung
dung djch
dich nude.
nugc.

227
 Cfich bieu di£n
Cach bieu dien nong dp
d6 cua
ctia dung djch
dich
1\16ng
N6ng d6 c10 cita
cua dung
dung dichlalalupng
dich Wongcha't
chittan
tantrong
trongmot
motluang
lacinghay
hay mot
mat thS
the tich
ti'ch
nhat
nha't dinh cila
cua dung dich
dich hoac
hoac dung
dung mOi.
mdi.
Du6i day la m6t
mot sd
s6 each
cach bi^u
bieu diln
(lien n6ng
nong d6
d0 cua
dm dung dich:
- Along dO phdn
NSng dp phdn tram khdi
khd'i lacing
luang (14
(ky hieu to
la %) &roc tinh bang s6 gam chat
dupe tinh
tan
tan trong
trong 100 gam dung
100 gam dung djch.
dich. Vi du, dung dich HC1 37% co
HQ 37% c6 nghla
nghia la trong 100
100
gam
gam dung
dung dich c6co 37
37 gam
gamHC1HQ tinhtinh khiet
khi^t va
va63
63gam
gamnuOc.
nu6c.Loai
Loaitieing
n6ng c10
dp nay
thttOng duqc dung
thuong dupe dung trong
trong cdng
cling nghiep
nghi6p va thucmg
thuong mai.
Bid
Bai tap fip
ap dung 10.1:
10.1: Hoa
Hoa tan
tan 5,72
5,72 g Na2CO3.10H20
Na2CO3.10H2O vao vao 44,28
44,28 mL
mL nudc.
nude.
Hai
Hoi dung dich thu duqc
dupe c6
co nong
nPng (10 phan tram
dp phin tram bang
bang bao nhi6u?
nhieu?
Liti giai: KhPi
Lcfi Kh6i Wong
lupng cUa Na2CO3 khOng
cua Na2C03 ngam nude
kh6ng ngam nudc la:
la:
m
Na2C03
mNa2CO3 5,72
c^o106 0 10 „
106 2,12
m
Na2C03 = 5,' 72-
= 5 72 g

= ' 90c = 2,12 g

m
Na2CO3.10H2O
mNa2CO3•10H20 28b286

Kh6i
KhPi lacing cila dung
lupng cua dung dich la: mdd = 5,72
5,72 ++ 44,28
44,28 ==50
50g.g.Vay
Vay!tong
ndngc10
dp phan
phSn
tram bang
12
—2--xl00
C%= — x 100 == 4,24%
4,24%
50
250
- Nong
Nong (10 mol (k51
dp mol hieu la
(ky hipu la M)
M) &roc tinh bang
dupe tinh bang so s6 mol
mol chat
cha't tan
tan trong
trong mot
mot
lit dung dich.
dich. Vi du, dung
dung dich
dich NaOH
NaOH O.SM
0,5M co
c6 nghla
nghia la
la trong
trong 1I lit dung dich cd
c6 0,5
mol, hay 0,5
mol, hay 0,5 xx 40 = 20 gam NaOH.
NaOH. Dfi'De pha
pha dung
dung dich
dich nhy
nay cln
can can 20 gam NaOH,
cho vao
vao binh dinh mCrc
mdc cd ca11lit,
lit,them
themnude
nudcd^
de hoa
hoa tan
tan hoan
hoan loan
toan NaOH
NaOH rPir6i dua the
th^
tich dung dich ddn
den vach dinh mdc.
mire.
LW tap ap
Bai tap fip dung 10.2:.Hoa
10.2:.Hoa tan 20 gam NaOH vao
vao nuoc
nude thanh 250 mL dung
dich. Tim C
Cm dm dung djch.
M cua dich.
Uti
Ldi gifii:
giai: Ta cd: nNaoH =
c6: njMaOH 20: 40 = 0,5 mol
= 20:

Vdd = 0,250 lit. Theo dinh nghia

Vdd nghia ye
v6 nong
nPng cl0 to suy
dp M ta suy ra:
C
M(NaOH) = 0,5:
CM(NaOH) 0 5: 0,25
< 0-25 = = 2M
2M

- Along
Ndng dp (16duang
throng him (kS,
luang (ky hieu
hidu la
la N)
N) ductc
dupe tinh bang
bang s6sP ducmg
duong Wang
lupng gam
chat tan trong
cha't tan trong 11 lit dung
dung dich.
dich. Vi du,
du, dung
dung dich
dich NaQ
NaC12N c6 nghia la trong 11 lit dung
2N cd
dich cd
c6 2 duong Wong gam hay
lupng gam hay 22 x 58,5 =117
= 117 gam NaCl.NaQ. Loai nong
nPng d6dp nay
nay thuOng
thuong
duqc
dupe dung
dimg trong hoi hoaphan
phantich.
tich.De
Dehaihaichat
cha'tAAvavaBBphan
phanLing
ung vita
vira dit
du yeti
vdi nhau thi can
cdn
lay the tich cua hai hai dung
dung dich
dichchda
chuaAAva vaBBc6 cdcimg
cung'tong
nPngc10dp ducmg
duong lucmg.
lupng. Neu hai
dung dich c6 cd nong
nPng dO throng lupng
dp duong Wongkhac
khac nhau
nhau thi
thi cac
cac the tich V khac
khac nhau
nhau cUa
cua cluing
chung
duoc lay
dupe la'y theo bidu thdc:
bi&i thuc:

228
 NA
Na-.VA
v = NB. v
A-Nb- VBB (10.1)
(10.1)
Bieu thirc nay cung
Bieu thuc cling &roc sir dung
dircrc sir dung khi
khi cSn
can pha loang dung (Itch den mot nong
djch den n6ng
do
dp nao do nh6
nho hon.
hern.
Bai
Bai tap Ai) dung 10.3: Cho dung dich MgSO4
ap dung MgS04 (M(M == 120)
120) 20%,
20%, kh6i
khd'i lacing
lupng
rieng
rieng cUa dung dich
cua dung dich la 1,22 g/mL. Hay
Hay tinh
tmh nong
n6ng d6
d6 mol
mol va
va !tong
n6ng d0
d6 duang
dircmg Wong
lupng
dm
cua dung dich nay?
ma do a- 20 x1000x1 22
Lqi
Lot giai: - N6ng
Nong moli = 20x1000x1,22
d6 mol ' = = 2,03
2,03 mol/L
mom
100 x 120
100x120
- Nong dq ducmg
N6ng dp ducmg lupng
luting == 2,03
2,03 xx22==4,06
4,06 N
1
(viD
(vi D MgS0
MgSO4 = M
MgS044 )
4 =2iviMgSO

- N6ng
Nong do dp phdn mol (ky hieu la Xj, i la ky hieuhieu chi au
ca'utit
tirdui
thtii itrong
trong dung
dung
dich)
djch) duqc
dupe tinh
tmh bang tY so ciia
ty sP cita so
s6 mol
mol cha't
chit tan (hoac s6 mol dung
dungm6i)m6i)NIA tong s6
va t6ng so
s6
so mol chat
cha't tan
tan N/A dungm6i.
va dung m6i.Vi Vi du,
du, dpi
d6i vpi
vai dung dich g6m hai ca'u
gPm hai au tit
tu (chit
(cha't tan
tan va
dung mOi)
mPi) 'long
nong c10 phan mol cita
dp phan cua m6i
mPi cau
ca'u to
tuIA:
la;
n i4
ni , n2
no
x1
Xi =
= — va
va x2
xo = n +n —
ni + n2
n1+n2 nil + n22

trong d6 n1
trong do n] va lAsP
va n2 la s6mol
molcua
cua ca'u
au tit
tuth(r
thuf nhat va ca'u
nha't va au tir
tirthtl
thd hai
hai trong
trong dung
dung dich.
T6ng s6
TPng so cac nong
nPng d0
dp phan
phtin mol
mol cita
cua cac cau
ca'u tit
tu trong dung dich bang 1.
Mu6n chuyPn
MuPn chuyen d6i
dPi nong
nPng d0
dp tit
tir don vi nay sang don vi khac can
cin phai
phai biEt kh6i
biPt khPi
luong
lupng rieng cUa dung dich.
cua dung

10.1.2. DO
Dp tan

Khi Ilea
hoa tan chat
cha't tan
tan vas)
vao trong nu6c,
nuPc, song song vat vpi qui
qua trinh chuyin chit
trinh chuyPn cha't tan
tan
vao dung
vao dung dich con xay ra qua trinh nguoc ngupc lai, d6do la qua trinh chat tan thoat
cha't tan thoit ra
ra khoi
dung dich va
va ket
kPt tinh
tinh tr& tren be
tro lai tr6n bP mat Wong ket tinh
lupng kel ran. Qua trinh ngtroc
tinh ran. ngupc lai nay
xay ra v6i
voi mac
muc d0
dp cang
cang lonIPn khi
khi nong
nPng d6dp cila
cua dung
dung dich
dich cang
cang 16n.
IPn. Khi t6c d6 cua ca
tPc dp
hai qua trinh bang nhau thi se dat dtroc
hai qua mot can
dupe mPt can bang
bang dPng,
Ong, tai tai d6
dp thanh
thanh phan
phan cua
dung
dung dich
djch khOng
khPng bi thay d6i dPi Oa.
nOa.Dung
DungdichdichUngutigyeti
vdi trang
trang thai
thai nay
nay duqc
dupe goi
gpiIA la
dung dich bcio Wing d6
hod. NPng
bdo hoa. dp cua dung dich bao hoh chinh ala do
hoa chmh dp tan dm cua chat
cha't & dieu
a diPu
kien da cho (nhiet d6dp vava Ai) sat). Neu
ap sua't). NPu khOng
khPng co c6 mot
mpt bien d6i nao
biPn dPi nho xay ra thi dung
dich bao hoh
hoa va luting
lupng du chatcha't ran c6
co the
the ding
cung tontPn tai
tai bao
bao lau
lauthytuyY.y. VI
Vi su
sir khuech
khuech
tan xay ra cham,
cham, chocho nen
nen lap
IPpnu6c
nuPctiep
tiepxtic
xucfilm
true tiep
tiPp yeti cha't tan se nhanh ch6ng
vdi chat chong
duoc
dupe bao
bao hoA. VI vay,
hoa. Vi vay, muon
mu6n hoa hoAtan
tan nhanh
nhanh thithi phai
phai khuPy a
khuay dung dich dP tang nhanh
qua trinh khuPch
khuech tan.

229
 Dung dich chtra
Dung dich lugng chat
chifa lircmg chit tan
tan nhO
nho lion so yeti
hon so lugng chat
vdi luong chat tan
tan trong
trong dung
dich bao hoa
dich bao hoi ct ding dieu
b cung di^u kien duoc goi la dung dich chaa
kifen dugc hoa. 6
chua bdo hoa. 6 dieu kien
kifin
ben
bdn ngoai xac dinh dung
dung dich
dich nay
nay con
con c6
co the
th^hoa
hoatan
tanthem
thSmmet
m6tlucmg
lirongchat
chattan
tanni"ra.
nua.
Dung dich chtia
chua lugng
lucmg chat tan lam hcmso
lorn hon sovdri
vailuong
lugngchat
chat tan
tan trong
trong dung
dung djch
dich
bao
bao hoa or cimg dieu
a cung diet' ki6n
kien duoc
dugc goi
goi la dung dich qua bdo hoa. hod. Cac chat tan
Cac cha't tan nhu
NaCH3C00, Na2S04, Na2S2O3
NaCHjCOO, Na2SO4, Na2S203 v.v...
v.v... khi hoa tan
khi hoa tan trong
trong nude
nu& thugng
thudng de da tao
lao thanh
dung dich qua
dung dich qua bao
bao hoa.
hoa. Dung
Dung dich
dich qua
qui bao
bao hoa
hoa thudng
thuong duoc
dugc difiu
diet' che
the bang cach
each
lam nguei cham
lam ngudi cham met
m6t dung dich
dkh bao hoa ct nhiet dd
6 nhiet de cao
cao va
va khi
khi khdng
kh6ng coc6 mat
mat cac
tinh the cha't
chit tan.
tan. Dung
Dung dich qui
qua bao
bao hoa
hoa lala khOng ben v6
khdng ban ve mat
mat nhiet
nhiet d6ng,
Ong, no narn
nam 6
trang thii can bang gia (AG
trang thai (AG > 0).
0) . N&i
Neu coc6 m6t
met tac
tic ddng
Ong tir
tir ben
ban ngoai
ngoai vao
vao dung dkh
dich
(lac, cho m6t
(lac, cho met vii
vai tinh
tinh the
tha' chat
cha't tan
tan vao,...)
vao,...) thi lap
lap tut
tdc xay
xay ra
ra sty
su ket tinh
tinh va
va lugng
luong
chit
cha't tan
tan du
du se
se dugc
duoc tech
tach ra
ra cho
cho den
d^n khi
khi dat dugc
duoc dung dich bao hoa. Khi d6 do he se
chuyen
chuydn sang trang thai can bang bang thuc
thuc va
va tha'
the dang
ding ap se giam.
VI de tan la neng
Vi d6 n6ng de
d6 ciia
cua chit
cha't trong
trong dung
dung dich
dich bao
bao hoa,
hoa, nen
nan no
no ciing
cung dugc
duoc
bleu dien bang
bi^u diSn bang cung
ding nhiing
nhung cach
each nhu
nhu (tong dO. Vf
ndng d6. VIdu,
du,bang
bang phtin
Olin tram
tram kh6i
khdi lugng,
luong,
bang
bang !tong clOmol,...
n6ng d6 mol,...Thudng
ThuOngngudi
ngtrOi
ta ta bieudian
bilu diendddetan
tanbang
bangsd'
se phdn
phan khd'i
kh6i lugng
luong
chat
cha't tan trong 100
100 pl.
& kh6i
phan khd'ilugng
luong dung
dung mei.
mdi.
DO tancua
Dd tan cilachdt
chit phu
phu thudc
thuOcvaovaobanbancha't
chatcua
cuachat
chit tan,
tan, ban cha't
chat cua
cila dung
dung mdi
mei
va cac dieu
va cac didu kien
kidn ben
ban ngoai
ngoai (nhiet
(nhidt de,
dd, ap
apsuet
sua'tv.v...).
v.v...). Duffri day,chung
Dudi day, thong tata xet anh
huOng citadie
hudng cua cac dieu
diet' kidn
kien ben
ban ngoai d6dd den
ddn clO tancua
dd tan citacha't.
chit.
a) Do tan
tan cua
cia chat
chat khi
khi trong
trong chat
chd't long
Khi chat
cha't khi tan trong
trong chat
cha't king
long thi
thi nhiet
nhiat dugc
duoc thoat
thoat ra
ra (do
(do sty
su solvat hod
hoa cac
phan tut kW). Vi
tir khi). VI vdy,
vay, theo nguyen
nguydn 15ly, chuyin
chuydn dich can bang Le Chatelier, de tan
Chatelier, dd tan cua
dm
khi giam
giam di khi tang nhiet
nhiat c10. Nhungcung
dd. Nhung dingcdcotrudng
truing hop
hgp khi
khi tang
tang nhiet
nhiet dd
de thi
thi dd
de
tan cua
dm khi tang len,
Idn, vi du hoa tan khi tro trong
trong mdt
met sd
s6 dung
dung mdi
mei hint ca.
hihi co.
Vi hoi
VI hoa tan
tan cha't
chat khi
khi trong
trong cha't
chit long,
long, thd
the ti'ch
tich cua
cuakhi
khigiam (AV < 0), cho
gam (AV cho nen
ndn
ap
dp suit
sua't se
se lam
lam tang
tang de
ddtan
tancita
cuaMIL
khi. Sty phuthudc
Su phu thuecdd
de tan
tan cua
ci'mcha't
chit khi
khi vao
vao ap
ap sua't
suit
cila dugc thd
cua no duoc the hidn
hien bang dmh
dinh luat Henry (1803):
d nhift
nhietdddd khOng ddi thi dd tan caa
khdng dSi chat khi
cua chat khi trong chat king 0
chdt long ty le
le vol
v&i ap
dp sat
sudt
rieng cua
ctia nd
ndtrin
tan dung
dung dich.
dich.Dieu
Dieunay
naycdcothe
the dugc
dupe bieu
bieu diin
dien bang
bang bibthifc:
bieu ak:

C=k.pi (10.2)
d day C la
la ndng
!tong dd
de cua
dm cha't
chit khi
khi trong
trong chit
cha't icing;
long;

pi
Pi la Ai) sat rieng
ap sua't rieng cua
cua ng
nd tren
tren dung djch;
dich;
k la he sd
s6 ts,
ty le, phu thudc
thuec vao ban
ban cha't
chat cua
dm khi, cua
cita dung
dung mdi
m6i va nhiet dd.
de.

230
 Bai tap lip
Bai ap dung 10.4:
10.4: C3 0oC clO
C) 0°C tancua
dd tan dm nito
nito trong
trong nude
ntroc bang
bang 23,54 mL/L,
con
con cua oxi bang
bang 48,89 mL/L.
mL/L. Trong
Trong khOng khl co
khong khi' có 79
79 %
% nito
nito va
va 21%
21% oxi
oxi ye
v6 the
tick.
tich. HOi khOngkhf
Hoi khong khida
di tan
tan co
c6 lhanh
thanh ph£in
phin nhu
nhir the'
the nao?
Loi giai; Ap
Lori sua't rieng
Ap suit rieng cua
ciia nito
nitova
vaoxi
oxitrong
trong khOng
khong khi
khi ttrong
tirong (mg
irng la 0,79
atm
aim va
va 0,21
0,21 atm.
atm. VI
Vi d6
dd tan
tan caa
cua in&
m6i khi
khi trong
trong h6n
h6n hop
hop khl
khi tS
ty, le
le vdi
vdi AL) suit rifing
ap sua't rieng
cua
cua khi
khf do,
do, cho
cho nen
nen clO tan ciia
dp tan cua nito
nito trong
trong mr6c
ntroc 66 dieu
dieu kien
kien da
da cho
cho bang
bang
0,79x23,54
0,79x 23,54 ==18,60
18,60mL/L va cua
mL/L va cua oxi
oxi bang
bang 0,21x48,89=
0,21x 48,89= = 10,27 mL/L
=10,27 mL/L .. Tir
Tu
do có
co the xac dinh dupe
duoc thanh phin
phan phin
phSn tram
tram the
the tich
tfch cila
cua khOng kill da
kh6ng khf di tan:
o/0n = 18,60
1M2 xx100
100 == 64,43
64,43
%N2
^ 18,60 ++10,27
10,27
10 27
10,
o/oOoz =
%02 = — xx100
100 = 35,57
18,60+10,27
18,60 + 10,27

Nhu vay, khOng khl da

khdng khf di tan
tan trong
trong mr6c
nude gidu
giau oxi
oxi han
hon khOng
khong khl
khf cr
6 trong
trong khi
khf
quyen, diet' nay
quyen. difeu nay co
c6 loi
lgi cho
cho hoat
hoat dpng
Ong cua cac
cic sinh
sinh vat trong m6i trucmg
trong m6i truing nudc
nude (thus,
(thuy
quyb).
quyen).
Dinh luat Henry
Djnh luat Henry chi
chi diing
dung vdi
v6i cac
cic dung
dung dich
dich tuong
tuong dd'i
d6i loang,
bang, khi
khi ap
ap sua't
suit
kh6ng khOng cd
khong cao va khi khdng c6 tuong
twangtac
tic hoa
hoi hoc xay ra gi&a
girra chat
chit khf
khi tan va dung m6i.
mdi,
VI khdi
VI lupng cUa
kh6i luting cua khf
MUtantan va
va khd'i
kh6i lupng
luting ridng
rieng cua
cila no deu ts, le
d6u tang ty Id vdi
veri ap
suit,
sua't, cho
cho nen the tich
tich ctia
cua chat
chatkhi
khitan
tantrong
trongmOt
motthe
thetich
tichxcic
xdc(firth
dinh khOng phy thuOc
khdng phu thudc
vao ap sua't.
vao dp suit. Chinh
Chfnh vi vay
vay cho nen
nen ngtr0i
ngudi to
ta khOng birsudiln
khdng bi^u diendd
d6tan
tan cua
cila chat
chit khi
khf
bang gam, ma bang s6
bang gam, sd' mililit
mililft khi
khf trong 100
100 mL dung m6i.
mdi.
D6
Dp tan
tan dm
cua m6t
mdt s6
so' chit
chatkhi
khftrong
trong mr6c
nude cr 0oC va
d 0°C 20° C
va 20° C duqc
dupe dtra
dua ra
ra cr
d
bang 10.1.
10.1.

10.1. Dp
Bang 10.1. tan caa
06 tan cua cac
cic chit
chatkhl
khftrong
trong ntroc
nude

Dp tan cua
D6 ciia chat khf
chit khi Dp tan cua
D0 ciia chat khf
chit khi
trong 100mLnude,
trong lOOmL ilex, trong 100mL
lOOmL nu6c,
nude,
Chat khi
Chit khf mL Chit
Chat kill
khf mL
o
0
d00°CC 0
a 20°C
lifC 0
d0 o
0°CC 20oC
6d 20°C

Hidro 2,15 1,8

1,8 Cacbon dioxit 171
171 87,8

Oxi 4,90 3,1

3,1 Clo 461
461 236

Nita
Nito 2,35 1,5
1,5 Metan 5,5 3.3
3,3

231
231
b) Do
Da tan
tan cua
ctia chat long trong chat long
Khi hoa tan chat lOng có th^
long co the xay
xay ra
ra ba
ba trucmg
twang hop:
+ Tan hoan toan.
+ Tan han ch£.
che.
+ Hoan toan khOng
khong tan.
VI du rucru
Vi du ruou vava nude
nuac tan vao nhau theo bat 14 ky tS,
ty le
Id nao,
nao, con
con nuac
nude va
va xang
xang
thi.rctetokhdng
thuc khOngtantanvao
vaonhau.
nhau.Thudng
Thuanggapgaplalatrudng
twang hop
hap hoa
hoa tan tuong
thong hdh6 han chd',
che, vi
du rur6c
nude va va este,
este, nude
ntrac vlva anilin.
anilin. Khi do se xuat
xua't hien
hidn hai
hai lap
Idp chat
cha't 'Ong
long (sau khi dat
trang thai can bang se có sir
se co su phan lap), vi
Idp), vf du trong truang
trudng hop ete - nuac,
nude, lap
Idp trdn la
dung dich nu& nude tan
tan trong
trong ete,
ete, lap
Idpchrai
dudi la dung dich ete tan trong nuac nude va ca hai lop
Idp
deu
ddu bao hoa.
Trong da se sd twang
trudnghcrp
hop su
sirhoa
hoatan
tantwang
tuong116 han che
hd han che cua
cua hai chat
cha't long kern
kem
theo hieu
hidu img
umg thu
thu nhiet.
nhidt.DoDododokhi
khitang
tangnhiet
nhidtc10,
dd, do
ddtan
tantwang
tuong 116
hd da ca
ca hai
hai pha deuddu
tang Idn
tang len va
va thanh
thanh phan
phan cua
c6a hai
hai pha
pha sese gdn
On lailai vai
vdi nhau.
nhau. Den
Ddn m6t
mdt nhiet
nhidt do
dd nao
nao day
da'y
(goi la nhiet
nhidt do
dd tai
tdihan)
han)thanh
thanhphan
phancuacuahai
haipha
phase'
setrot
trd nen
ndn dOng nhat, khi dd
ddng nha't, do he
hd hai
pha se tra
trd thanh
thanh he
hdmot
mdtpha.
pha.D6i
Ddivoivdihehdnude
nude- -phenol
phenolchAng
changhan,
han,nhiet
nhidtclO tai han
do tdi
0
la
ia 66,4°C:
66,4 C: bat dau dau tir
td nhiet
nhidt c10 nay trd
dd nay bit len
Idn nu6c
nude vava phenol
phenol tan khang
khdng giaigidi han
han
vao nhau.
Khi hoa tan chat
cha't long
long vao
vao chat
cha't long,
long, hieu
hidu ling
uttg the
thl tich
tfch khOng xuat hidn
khdng xua't hien ro ret,
rdt,
cho ndn
nenda ddtan
tantwang
tuong h6hd cua
cuacac
cacchat
cha'tlong
longitftphu
phuthutic
thudc vaovao dpap suat
sua't va
va chi tang len
Idn
ret da ap suat
ro rdt sua't rat cao (khoang hang nghin atmotphe).
Neu to
Ndu ta clua vao hd
dua vao he gdm
gam hai chat lOng khang trdn
long khdng trail lan
Un vao nhau (khang
(khdng tan
vao nhau) mat
mdt chat
cha't th r ba
thur baCO kha nang tan duqc
cd kha duoc trong ca
ca hai
hai chat
cha't lOng
long nay thi sau
khi dat trang thai can
can bang
bang hoa
hoatan
tanchat
cha'tthis
thur ba
ba se
se phan
phan 66
bdvao
vao ca
ca hai
hai chat
cha't lOng
long theo
nhang luong t5
nhung ty, le
Id vai
vdi da
dd tan
tandia
cuano
ndtrong
trongmai
radichat
cha'tlong.
long.Su
Suphan
phan b6
bd chat
cha't tan
tan vao
vao
dung mai
mdi khOng trail lan tuan theo met
khdng trdn mdt dinh brat
luat goi la dinh luat phan 66.
bd.
Neu mat
Ni'u mdt chat c6
co khd
kha ruing
nang tan trong 2 dung
dung mai
mdi khang
khdng tran
trdn lan
Idn thi chat do
se dew
duocphan
phanbabd'vao
vdochzing
chungsaosaocho
chot);
ty le
le cac
eden6ng
ndng do
dd ciza
cua no trong hai dung mdi
mai la
Id
hang sd'
.566dnhiet
nhiet dd
do khdng
khang ddi,
doi, khdng
khang phu thuoc
thudc vao
vdo htong
luong chung ctla
cua chat tan va
vd
&tor
dupe biefu thin bang
bieu diin bang he
hi thew:
thdc:

Cl K
^L = K (10.3)
C2

ad day C1
Cj va
va C2 la
ia nong
ndng dO cila cha't
dd cua chat tan trong dung
dung mai
mdi thin
thir nhat mai
nha't va trong dung mdi
thti hai, la he s6
thu hai, K ia hd sd phan 66.
bd.

232
 VI du, he s6
Vi du, sd' phan
phSn b6 bo cila
cua iot
iot clorofom
clorofom CHC13
CHCI3 va va nu&
nude la
la 130.
130. Dieu
Dieu dodo c6
co
nghia IA clorofomdua
la clorofom dtravao
vaomrdc
ntrocdadihoahoatan
taniot,
iot,lac
lichehe nay
nay cho
cho den
den khi
khi dat
dat trang thai
can bang
cfln bang hoa tan, roi adt? yen cho phan lOp NIA xac dinh neing d6 cila iot trong
phan Idp va xac dinh n6ng do cua iot trong moi
m6i
pha lOng thi thgy
long thi tha'y rang ming
n6ng (10
d6 iotiot trong
trong clorofom lern ham n6ng
Idn hon nOngdo d6 iot
iot trong ntrac
nude
130
130 lin,
lan, khOng
khdng phu phu thupc
thu0c vao
vao lirpng
luting chung
chung cuacua iotiot da
da hoa tan. Phuong phap tach
chgt
chat tan rara khOi
khoi dung
dung dich
dichnhO
nho dung
dung moim6ithIr
thuhaihaikhOng
khbngtr•On lan veri
trdn lin dung mOi
vdi dung thd
m6i thu
nhgt dkratren
nha't dua trendinh
dinh luat
lust phan
phan bdb6 dtroc goi la su
duoc goi sit chier. Phuong phap chi&
chii't. Phuong chidt duoc
dupe sir
su
dung Ong
rpng rai
rai trong
trong thkrc hanh tai
thuc hanh tai phong
phong thithi nghiem va trong cOng nghiep hoa hoc.
cdng nghiep

c) DO tan cua
Do tan ctia chat
chat ran
ran trong chat long
king
Skr hoatan
Su hoa tanciia
cdadada so
s6 chat
chgt rin
ran trong
trong cha't
chit lOng kern theo skr
long kem hip thu nhiet. VI
su ha'p Vi
vay, khi tang
vay, khi tang nhiet
nhiet d0
dp thi
thi df)
dp tan tang len.Idn. Day
Day IA throng hop
la truong hop hoa
hoa tan cac mu6i
muPi
AgNO3,
AgN03, KI, KNO3, NH4C1... trong
NH4CI... trong TuyTuy
nuoc. nhien,
nhiPn,c6co
nhung
nhungchit
chatkhi
khitan
tanthi
thi phat
phat
nhiet (do nang Wong hidrat kha
lupng hidrat kha han),
hon), nen (10 tan giam
dp tan giam xuong
xu6ng khi tang nhiet (10,
dp, vi
du khi hoa tan
tan kiem,
kidrn, nhidu
nhiPu mu6i
muPi cua
cua liti,
liti,nhOrn,
nhdm, magie
magie trong
trong ntrOc.
nude.
Su phu
phu thuPc
thu6c dp
d0 tan cua
cila chat
chit ran
rdn trong chit
cha'tlOng
long thtrilng
thudng &roc bidu diln
dupe bi^u dien bang
do thi, dudi
dtrOidang
dangdudng
dung cong d6dp tan (hinh 10.1)
10.1)

190

170 K1

150 KNOT
Pb(N03)2
pb(NO3 )2
130

110

90

70
N»2S04
50

30

10

0 20 40
40 60
60 80
80

Hinh.10.1. Su
Hinh.10.1. Su phu
phy thudc dd tan
thu6c d6 tan trong
trong nurdc;
nude;
C (s6 gam
C (so gam chat
chit tan trong
trong 100
100 gg nude)
nutc) cua mot s6 mu6I
mpt so muol vao nhl6t d6
nhiet dd

233
 Cac during
ducmg cong c10 tan cua
d6 tan cua KI,
KI, KNO3, Pb(NO3)2...
Pb(N03)2... huang
hudng manh len tren do
do tan tang
ting len
len manh
manhkhi
khitang
tangnhiet
nhiet(10
dp (dtrOng
(duong cong doclOtan
tandidilen
lenrat
ratcham).
cham). Duong
Duang
0
cong d6 tan cua natri
cong do natri sunfat
sunfat c6
co dang
dang phdc
phirc tap
tap hon.
hon. Dtroi
Dudi 32°C
32 C duOng cong di len,
dudng cong
den 320C duOng
dd'n 32°C cong bi
dudng cong bi gSy,
gay, sau
sau do
d6 di xueing mot ft.
xuong mot it. Nhu
Nhu viy
vay natri
natri sunfat
sunfat co d6
dp
tan
tan cuc
cue dai
dai o 320C. Su
a 32°C. Su c6
co mat
mat cuc
cue dai
dai la
la do
do dueri 320C hidrat
dudi 32°C hidrat tinh
tinh the
the
Na2SO4.10H20
Na2SO4.10H2O nam
nam can
cinbang
bingvOi
vdi dung
dung dich
dich bao
bao hoa
hoa (su
(su hoa
hoa tan
tan hap
hip thu
thu ninety,
nhiet),
con & nhiet dp
d nhiet dr) cao
cao hon 320C dung
hon 32°C dich bao
dung djch bao hoa nam
nim can
cin bang
bing voi
vdi mu6i
mudi khan
khan
Na2SO4.
Na2S04.
Khi hoa tan chat
chit ran trong nu&
nude the
thetich
tfchcua
cuahe
he thirOng
thudng rat it bi bien d6i. Do do
d6 dm chit
dd tan ciia chatran
rantrong
trongnu&
nudethuc
thuctotekhOng
khdng phu
phu thu6c
thupc vao ap suat.
suit.

10.1.3. Dung dich

djch chili
churachit
chattan
tankhOng
khdngdien
dienly,
ly,khOng
khdng bay lull
hoi

Dung dich chat tan khOng

Dung djch dien ly
khdng dien ly la dung
dung (itch chda cac phan tir
djch chda tif chat tan
trung hoa, vi
trung hoa, vi du
du dung
dung dich
djch nu&
nude cuacua doing,
dudng, ure,
urd, luau
ruou etylic...
etylic... Trong
Trong dung
dung dich
dich
loang cua cac chat
loang cua chit tan
tan nay
nay wring
tuong tac
tac gida
giua cac
cac phan
phan tirtu chat tan
tan va
va phan
phan tir
tir cac chat
dung m6i
mdi la
la rat
rat yet",
ydu, do dddo khi hinh thanh dung dich thuang thudng khOng
khdng kern theo nhung
bien d6i hoa
bidn doi hod hoc
hoc dang
dang ke ke (AH
( AH«00vavaAV AVz-w00).). Cac
Cac dung
dung dich nay c6 cd the
the coi la
la
dung dich ly
ly tudng.
tuang. Viec
Vide nghien ant tinh
nghidn cdu tinh chat
chat cua
cua cac dung dich djch nay dat co so cho
viec
vide xay
xiy dung
dimg 15/ thuyet vat
ly thuyd't vat ly
ly vd
vt' dung
dung dich
dich trong
trong dddo vai
vai tre
trd chinh
chinh khOng
khdng phai la
ban thin
than chat cua cac tidu
titm phan
phan chat
cha't tan,
tan, ma
ma IA s6 lupng
la sd luang cua chung.
Dued day chung
Dudi day chung ta
to xet
xet mot
mot sd
s6 tinh
tinh chat
chat cua
dm dung dich
djch loang
loang chda
chua chat
cha't tan
tan
kh6ng dien ly, khdng
khdng didn kh6ng bay
bay hoi.
hai.
a) Ap sudt
suat hoi bdo
bao hod cua dung dich
Trong
Trong mot
mdt khOng gian kin,
khdng gian kin, do
do su
su bay
bay hoi
hai to
tu nhien
nhidn nen
ndn tren
trdn mat
mat thoang
thoang cua
chat
cha't long nguyen
nguydn chat
cha't luOn
ludn luOn co mat
ludn cd mat hoi
hoi cua
cua no.
no. 6
O trang thai
thai can
can bang
bang "IOng
"long -
hoi", tai mot
mdt nhiet
nhiet d6
dd xac
xac Binh,
dinh, ap suat
sua't hoi
hoi caa
cua no
no duac
dupegoi
gpiIA ap sueit
la dp hai hdo
sudt hai boo hoa.
hod.
Nhiet ddd6 cang tang ap suet d6 cang Idn.
sua't dd lan.
Khi hoa tan vao vao chat
cha't lOng bay hoi
long bay hoi (dung m6i)
mdi) mat
mdt chat
cha't tan
tan ran
rankhOng
khdng diendidn
ly, khdng
khOng bay
bay hoi
hai thi ap sua't
suat hoi bao hoa hoa cua dung
dung mdi
mOitrdn
trendung
dung djch
dich (gpi
(goi tat
tit la ap
suat
sua't hoi bao hoa cua dung dich) se Om xu6ng. SO nhu
djch) se giam xudng. Sd di nhu vay la vi mot phan tu
vi mdt so to
dung mOi tren mat
mdi trdn mat thoang
thoing da bi bi thay
thay the
thd' bOi cac phan
bdi cac to chat
phan tir cha't tan khong
khdng bay hoi,
lam cho sosd' phan tit
tu dung mOi
mdi baybay hoi
hai giam di.
Thkrc nghiemcho
Thuc nghidm chotha'y
illy rang ap suat
sua't hoi bao hoa cua dung dich
djch chda
chua chat
cha't tan
khOng dien ly,
khdng didn ly, khdng
kh6ng bay
bay hoi pA ) ty le
hai (( Pa Id v6i
vdi ruing
ndng do
dd phan
phSn mol
mol cua
cua dung
dung mOi
mdi
(xA
(xA)) trong dung dich
djch co:
cd:

234
 pA
PA == k.xA
k.xA (10.4)
(10.4)
k la he s6
sd ti le.
Doi
D6'i v6i dung m6i
vdi dung mai nguyen
nguyen chat xA =1
chit xA , khi
= 1, khi d6
do kk==pA .

(pA
(P A la
la ap
ap suit
suathoi
hoibao
baohoa
hoacila
cuadung
dungmOi
moi nguyen
nguyen chit)
chat) va
va phuong
phuang trinh
trinh (10.4)
(10.4) có
co
Bang:
dang;
x
PA ==Pa
PAXAa
gpi xB
Neu goi xB la !tong
n6ng d6 ph^n mol cUa
do phan ciia chat xA + xB
chit tan thi xA xB = 11 hay xA = 11 -- xB.
hay xA xB.
Khi do:
pA =Pa(
Pa = p°A(1-
1 xxB) PA - p°Ax
- b):=Pa-Pa xBb
= x
P0
A - PA
Pa Pa = P0A.xB
Pa- b

hay PA -0 PA = xB
Pa^Pa^xb (10.5)
PA
Pa
PIA --PA
lupng p
Dai Wang pA == Ap
Ap duac
ducrc goi la do
goi la dp gidm ap
dp sucit hai bdo hod
sud't hoi hoa cUa
cua dung
o _
dich, con dai
dai lacing
lupng —PA o PA— duac gpi la dp
dupe goi do gidm Nang dm
gidm tuong dai dp
ap sud't
Rat haihoi bdo
bdo hod
hod
PA
pa
cUa dung dich.
cua dung dich. Bieu
Bieu thdc
thtic (10.5)
(10.5) la
la npi
not dung
dung cua
cUadinh
dinhluat
luit Raoult
Raoult I,I, dupe
duac phat bieu
nam 1897 nh.r sau:
nhusau:
Tai mat
mot nhiet
nhiet do,
dp, do
dpgidm
gidmLuang
tuong (I& ap sud't
dd'i dp sucithoi
hai bdo
bdo hod
hoa cua
ctia dung dich bang
'long plan mol
nong do phdn mol ctia
cua chat
chat tan
tan trong
trong dung dich.
Trong trucmg
Trong twang hap
hop dung
dung dich
dich loang
bang va
va ly
ly tuang
tuong dinh
djnh luit
batRaoult
RaoultI I(king
dung yen
voi
moi chat
moi chit tan
tan khong
khPng dien
di6n ly, khong hal.
khdng bay hoi.
Bai
Bai tap 10.5: 6
bp ap dung 10.5: o
20°C
6 20 C ap suit
sua't hcri nu6c bao
hoi nu6c bao hoa la 17,5
17,5 mmHg.
mmHg.
o
Tim ap
Tim ap sua't
suit hai
hoi bao hoa d 20 C dm
6 20°C cua dung
dung dich chtia
chua 0,2 mol
mol throng
duPng hoa tan trong
450 gam H2O.
0
Uri giai:
Lhi Ap dung
giai: Ap dung bbu
bieu thdc
thuc Op = pp°.xB
Ap = song vi
.xB song vi s6'
s6 mol cUa &rang nho
ciia ducmg nha nen
nSn
n2
mot each
m6t cach gin
gandung
diingco
cothe
th^136
bo qua. Vi
Vi vAy,
vay, xxB
B = — tato vbt:
vi6t:
nii
n

Ap po n2 = 17,5. 0,2
(^P = p0~ = 17.5. 0,2 =0,14 mmHg
=0,14 mmHg
e
nt
nj 450:18
450:18

Viy ap
Vay ap suit
sua't hai
hoibao
baohoa
hoacUa
cua dung dich la;
la:
17,5 - 0,14 = 17,36
17,5 -0,14 17,36 mmHg.
mmHg.

235
235
b) Nhiet do soi vd
va nhiet do hod
hoa ran cua dung dich
Nhiet c10soi
Nhiet d6 soivavanhiet
nhietd6
da hoa
hogrdn
ran ciia
cua mot
mat chat
chit có
co quan
quan he
h6 truc
true tiep
tiepvdi
vdiAi)
ap
suit
sua't hoi
hoi bao
bao hoa
hoa cua
cua no.
no. Mat
M6tchgt
chatlong
long sOi
sdi 66 nhiet
nhiet clO, tai do
d6, tai do ap
aft suat
suit hoi bao hoa
hoa
cua no bang
bang ap
ap sua't
suit ben
ban ngoai.
Vi du, a6 ap
Vf du, ap sua't
suit khi quyen I1 atm
atm nu&
nude sOi
soi o I00oC, benzen s6i
a 100°C, 80oC v.v...
soi d6 80°C
Chat Fangnguyfin
Chat long nguyenchatchgtco
cónhifit
nhietd6
do s6i
sai xac
xac dinh
dinh va
va nhiet
nhiet dp
do do
do la kh6ng
khbng d6i trong
su6t
sub't qua trinh
trinh sOi.
soi.
Khi
Khi hoa tan mot
m6t chit
chat ran
ran khong
khong bay
bay hai
hoi vao
vao dung
dung mOi nguyen chat,
moi nguyen chgt, ap ap sua't
suit
hai
hoi bao hoa cua dung
dung dich giam
giam xu6ng.
xudng. ViVI vay,
vay, mud'n
mu6n datdat dupe
duac ap
ap sua't
suit ben ngoai
thi
thi phai
phai dun nong
nong dung
dung dich
djch den
den nhiet
nhiet dO
dp cao hanhon nhiet
nhipt d6
dp sOi
soi dm
cua dung
dung mOi
moi
nguyen chit. Do do nhiet
nguy6n chat. nhidt dt) sai dm
dp s5i ciia dung
dung . d ich luOn
dich luan 16n
lu6n lu6n Ion han
hon nhiet
nhiet dO dp sOi dig
s6i cua
dung
dung moi
m6i nguyen chit. Khi
nguyen cha't. Khi dung
dung dich
dich s6i,
s6i, dung
dung mOi
moi cang
cang bay hai,
hoi, nong
nPng dt) dp chat
chat
tan cang tang,
tang, nen
n6n nhiet
nhietdo
dpsoi
s6itang
tangclan.
din.Nhiet
NhiptclOdp bit
batclau
diu sOi
sPi ditqc
dupe coi
coi lalanhiet
nhietclO
dp
sOi cua dung
soi cua dung dich.
IVIO4
Mpt cha'tchg,t long
long hoahoa
ranran
o ct nhiet
nhiet dp,do,
taitaidodoapAi) suithoi
suit hoibao
baohoahoa tren
tren pha
pha long
bang Ai)suit
bang ap suit hoi
hai bao
bao hoa
hoa tr6n
tren pha
pha ran.
ran. Nhu
Nhir vayvay tai
tai nhipt
nhiet dp
d0 hoa
hod ran
ran cua
dm dung m6i
nguydn chit co
nguyfin cha't có cin
can bang
bang giOa
gift baba pha:
pha: long,
long, ran,
ran, hoi.
hoi. Khi dung mai moi nguyen chgtcha't
hoa ran thl
hoa ran thi nhiet
nhiet dp
d0 hoa
hoaran
ranlalakhPng
khan d6i
doi trong
trong suet
suPt qua trinh hoahoa ran,
ran, neu
neu ap
ap sua't
suit
o
ben ngoai duac
dupe gift
giu nguyen,
nguyen, vi vi du
du 66pp==11 atm
atmntrOc
nuPc hoa
hoa ran
ran or
o00°C,
C, benzen hoa ran
6 5,5° C.
Neu
NPu them
thdm chit
cha't tan
tan khOng
khPng bay hoi va khOng
khPng bi bi hoa
hoa ran
ran vao
vao dung
dung m6i
mai nguyen
chgt, can bang long - hoi se
chit, can se bi
bj pha
pha huS,,
huy, ap suit
sua't hai
hoi tren
tr6npha
pha lOng
long giam xu6ng.
xuPng. Do
do nhiet
nhifit (10 hoa ran
dp hoa ran cua
dm dung dich djch thgp
tha'p hon nhiet
nhiet (10 hoa ran
dp hoa ran ciia
dm dung
dung mOi
m6i nguyen
chgt. Khi dung
cha't. Khi dung djch
dich hoa
hod ran,
ran, cac tinh th^
the dung
dung m6i
mPi duac
dupe tach ra ra cang
cang nhieu,
nhiPu, ruing
nong
d6
dp dung dich cang tang,tang, Ai) suit hcti
ap sua't bao hoa
hoi bao hoa cua
cua dung dich cang giam, giam, nen
nen nhiet
nhiet dO
dp
hoa ran
ran cua dung dich cang thgp. VI vay
tha'p. Vi vay nhiet
nhiet dp
do hoa
hog ran
ran cua
dm dung dich duacdupe xem
Ia d6 tai do tinh the
la nhiet dp thP dung mOi ran dSu
m6i ran (Mutien
tiendupe
duac tach
tach ra
ra khoi
khei dung dich.
Hieu
Hieu sP s6 giita
giSa nhiet
nhipt (10 soi cua
dp sPi cua dung
dung dich
dich va
va nhipt
nhiet dp
do s6i
sdi cua
cua dung
dung m6i
m6i
nguyen chit dupe
nguyen cha't duac goi
gpi la do tang nhiet
nhiet do
dp soi AT
ATsS dm
cuadung
dung dich.
dich. Hieu
Hieu s6
sP giva
giua
nhiet d6 hoa
nhipt dp hoa ran cua dung m6i
mPi nguyen chitcha't va
va nhiet
nhipt cI6 hoa ran cua dung djch
dp hoa dich dupe
duac
goi
gpi la dd
do gidm
giam nhiet do
d6 hob
hod ran ((AT
AT,r) ) dm
ciia dung
dung dich.
dich. Dinh
Dinh lust
luat Raoult
Raoult II
II ve
ve su
phu thuPc
thut)c cua
cua DTs
ATS va AT,
ATr vao
vao !long
nPng clO
dp cuacuadung
dungdich
dichdupe
duac phat
phat biPu
bieu nhu sau:
D6i vai
Doi voi dung dich loang
hang chaa
chita chcit
chat tan khong dien ly, khong bay hoi,
hefi, do
dp tang
nhiet dp
do soi
sai va
vd do gidm nhiet dp
dd giam do hod
hod ran
ran se 4 vai
se ty le vOi nong
nong dp
do cua
ciia dung dich.

236
 Bieu thirc
Bieu thitc loan
townhoc
hocciia
cuadinh
dinh luat
lust Raoult II la:
AT,
ATS == E.C
E.0 (10.6)
ATr
ATr =
= K.0
K.C (10.7)
trong dod6 C la !tong
n6ng d6d6 molan
molan (so(s6 mol chat tan trong 1000 g dung m6i); E va K la he hfi
s6 tj, le
so ty le co
co ten
ten goi
goi tuang
tucfngting
linglalahAng
hang só
so nghiem
nghiem sOi va hang
soi va hang so
s6 nghiem lanh, chting
chung
chi phu thu0c
thufic vao ban chat dm cua dung
dung mOi, kh6ng phu
moi, kh6ng phu thufic
thu0c vao
vao ban
ban chat
chat cua
cila chat
chit
tan. Khi C = 11 molan
molan thi
thiEE==AT,
ATS vavaKK==AT,
ATr,,dO
do la
la yy nghia
nghlavat
vatlylycUa
cua cdc
cac hAng s6
hang so
nay. Bang
Bang 10.2 du'a ra cac
dtra ra cdc gia
gid tri
tri E va
va K
K cua
cila m6t
mot s6'
s6 dung m6i.
VI
Vi AT, va ATr
ATs va ATr thay
thay d6i
doi tY
ty le voi
vdi so mol, ma m6i
mol, ma moi mol
mol chira
club mat
m6t s6
s6 phan
phan tit
tir
nhu
nhir nhau, cho nenndn cdc
cac tinh
tmh chat naynay cita
cua dung
dung dich
djch chi
chi phu
phu thuOc
thufic vao s6
sfi tieu
tilu phan
chit
chat tan,
tan, chit
chir kh6ng
khfing phu
phu thu6c
thufic vao
vao ban
ban chat
chat cita
cua chit
chat tan.
tan. Phep
Phep do
do cdc
cac dai
dai Wong
lirong
AT,
AT S va
va ATr
AT r duqc
duoc goi
goi lalapile')
phep nghiem
nghifim s6i
sfii va
va nghiem
nghifim lanh.
lanh. Chting
Chiing duqc
duoc sir
sir dung
dung
r6ng rat
rfing rai trong hod
hoa hoc
hoc de
de xdc
xac dinh
dinh kh6i
khfi'i lucrng tit ciia
luong phan tir cUachat
chit tan.

Bai
Bai tap Ap
ap dung 10.6:
10.6: Hoa tan 0,980,98 g mot
mfit chat tinh khiet vao 100
100 g benzen,
benzen,
o
dung
dung dich thu
thu duqc
duoc CO nhiet do
co nhiet d0 sOi
sfii tt, 80,3 C. Bi6t
s = 80,3°C. rang, benzen
Biet rang, benzen co
c6 nhiet d6
dfi s6i
sfii
80,1° C va E = 2,65. Tinh
Tlnh kh6i
khfii lucrng
luong mol phan
phan tit
tir cUa chat do.
cua chat

L6i
Loi giai: Ap dung cfing
cling thuc
thtic AT,
AT„ = E— M = E'm
S M ATs
AT,

m kh6i luong
m la khoi luqng chat
chit tan
tan trong
trong 1000
1000 g benzen;

m = 0.98
m 0,98 x 10
10 = 9,8 g
M 2,65 x9,8
2 65x9 _
M= ' '8 = 129,85 «130
,,,130 g/mol
g/mol
80,3 —80,1
80,3-80,1

Bai tap fip

ap dung 10.7: Can bao nhifiu
nhieu gam etilen-glycol C2H4(OH)2 pha vao
6 lit nude
nuoc de
dfi ha
ha nhiet
nhiet d0
dfi hod
hoa ran
ran cua
ciia nude
nude xu6ng Tr = -
xufi'ng Tr 60C (phuang
— 6°C (phuong phdp
phap ch6ng
chfing
dOng nuoc)? Bie't
dfing nude)? Biet MM == 62.
L6i dung cfing
Ltri giai: Ap dung Ong thfic:
thdc:

r .M 6 x 62
AT =K
ATrr = in ---+m=
K— ^ m = AT 200 ggtrong
= __ — = 200 trong1000
1000ggntrOc
nude
M K 1,86

hay
hay 200
200 x 6 =
=1200
1200 g trong
trong 6 lit nude.
nude.

237
 Bang hSng s6
Bang 10.2. Cac hang so nghiam
nghifm soi,
so), nghlem
nghiem lanh,
lanh, nhiat
nhietdc)
do sof
soi
nhiet di)
va nhi4t do hoa
hod ran cila mot s6
rln cua so dung moi
mai

Dung mdi
mai E TS,,0°C
Ts C K Tr,,0°C
Tr C

Anilin C6H5NH2
C6H5NH2 3,22 184,4
184,4 5,87 -5,96
-5.96
Axeton CH3COCH3 1,48
1,48 56,60 2,40 -94,60
Benzen CgHg
C6H6 2,65 80,10 5,12 5,53
Nuc'fc
Nude H2O 0,516 100,00 1,86
1,86 0,01
0,01
Axit axetic CH3COOH 3,07 118,10
118,10 3,90 16,55
16,55
Clorofom CHC13
CHCI3 3,88 61,20 4,90 -63,20
Cacbon tetraclorua
tetraclorua CC14
CCI4 5,30 76,75 2,98 -22,87
Ruqu
Ruou etylic C2H5OH 1,23
1,23 78,39 - -

Bai tap at)

Bai tap ap dung
dung10.8:
10.8:Xac
XacBinh
dinh kh6i
kh6'i luqng
luang phan
phdn tir c6a mot hidrat cacbon,
tu cua
net: khi hoa
neu khi hoa tan 0,9 gam chat
chd't d6
do trong
trong 50
50 gam
gam nu6c
nude thl
thi thu
thu dtrorc mot dung
dugc mdt dung dich cd
c6
o
nhi6t d0 sdi
nhidt dd s6i 100,052°C.
100,052 C.
0,9.1000
Lai Luang chat tan
Ldi glai: Luong tan trong
trong 1000
1000 gam
gam ntr6c:
nude: £ijL1222 =18
= ig gam.
50
VI
Vi khi
khi hoA tan 11 mol
hoa tan mol chat
chit trong
trong 1000
1000 gam nude
nude (dung
(dung dich
djch c6
cd nOng
ndng d6do 11
o o
molan), su tang
molan), su tang nhiet
nhi6t ddd0 sdi
s6i la 0,52°C
0,52 C ((Eh
EH20
20 = 0,52°C
=0,52 C),), su tang
tang nhi6t
nhiet dO
do sOi
sdi

100.052
100.052 -- 100
100 = 0,052 (0C) (mg
0,052 (°C) vdi khi
dng vdi khi hoa
hoa tan
tan 0,052/0,52
0,052/0,52 == 0,1
0,1 mol
mol chat
chit trong
trong
1000 gam nude.
1000 gam nark.
Do dd
Do do kh6i
khd'i Wang phan tu
luong phan tit M
M cua
cua hidrat cacbon la
hidrat cacbon la 18/0,1
18/0,1 = 180
180 dvC.
dvC. Hqp
Hop
chat nay cd
co th^
the la glucozo
glucoza C6H1206.
CgH^Og.

c) Ap sudt
sudft tha'm thait
thdm thd'u

Su thdm
th^m than
tha'u IA ski'khudch
la su khuechtantancac
cacphan
phantirdrdung
dung mdi
mai quaqua mang
mang ban thdmth^m
ngan
ngan cach
each dung
dung dich
dich VA dung mdi
va dung mOinguydn
nguyenchat,
chat,hoac
hoac hai
hai dung
dung djch
dich khac
khdc nhau.
nhau.
Mang ban thdm
th^m la mang
mang cho
cho cac
cac dung
dungm6i
mdididiqua
quavA va giCr lai cac
giu lai cac phan tu
tir cha't
chat tan.
Co
Cd the
th^ che tao mang bang clodion, bong bong b6ng ddng
d6ng vat, mang
mang xd'p
x6p bang su
sir co
cd chtia
chua
mu6i
mud'i Cu2[Fe(CN)6]
Cu2[Fe(CN)5] trong cac 16 nh6... Su
Id nho... Su thang
thang bang
bang ndng
nOngdd d0da hai
hai phia
phia cua
cua mang
ban thtim
thim chi
chi c6
cd the
thd xay
xay ra
ra khi
khi c6
cd sty khuech tan
su khudch tan uu
uu thd
the mdt
m6t chidu
chieu cua
dm dung m6i,
mdi, vi
su thim
th^m thau
tha'u luOn
ludn di theo chieu
chidu dm
cua dung
dung m6i
mdi nguyen
nguydn chat
cha't sang dung dich
djch va
va tit
tir
dung djch
dich loang sang dung dich dac.

238
 Co
Co the minh
minh hoa
hoa hien
hien tuong
tuong thdm
th^m thgu
tha'u bang
blng motm6t dung
dung cucu don
don gian
gian nhu
nhu cr
o
hinh
hinh 10.2. Dung cu
10.2. Dung cu gom
gom mot chic
chiecpheu
pheutrim
tronmieng
miengrOng,rpng, c6
co cu6ng
cuong dai
dai up
lip ngtroc,
ngupc,
mieng pheu
phSu &roc
duoc bit bang mot
m6t mang
mang ban
ban thdin.
thdm. Cho
Cho dung
dung dich
dich duOng
dudng bao hoa vao
pheu, r6i
ph6u, r6i dat pheu vao mot coc ntroc.
phfiu vao m6t cdc nude. Luc Ltic dau dat
dat pheu sao cho muc
pheu sao cho mtrc chat
chat lOng
long
trong
trong pheu
ph6u va trong coc
cdc nam
nSm ngang
ngang nhau.
nhau, Sau
Sau d6
do mot
mot thcti
thdi gian chat king
long dang len
trong cu6ng ph6u
trong cuong pheu do
do c6
cd su
sir tham thgu
tha'u va dimg
dimg lailai do vi
vj trf voi trang thai can
s, img voi
tn's,
bang cira
ciia he.
Dieu
Dieu nay nay c6 cd nghia
nghla lala toc
td'c dOdp
dung mOimdi tirtir ed'e
coc qua
qua mang ban thdm tha'm s

(mn)
(mn) di vao vao dungdung dich
djch bang
bang toctd'c dO
dp : ^
dung
dung mdi m6i qua
qua mang
mang ban ban tham
than' didi ra ^
coc.
ed'e. Ap
Ap suit
sua't cUa
cua ntrirc
nude di di vao
vao pheuphiu \ / Dung
Dung djch
dich
ting voi trang
ung vdi trang thai can bang bang dodo throc
dupe
Nu6c
goi
gpi la ap suetthem
la dp sud't tham than. Ap Ap suitsuat
thdm thgu
tha'u bang
bang AL) suit thuy
ap sua't thus/ tlnh
tinh ciia
cua
cOt chat long
cot chat long cd c6 dO
do cao h. Do Do do do dOdd . .
, , Hinh 10.2.
Hinh 10.2. Dung
Dungcu
cudo
dodp
bp
apsuat
suitthim
tham
thim thau
thiu
cao
cao h cuacua cOtcot chat longlong chinh
chinh la la dO
dd ' ' ,
' , m£ng bin
mang
(mn - mang bdn
ban thim)
tham)
thim)
do ap suat
suet tham
thdm thau.
that'.
Hien tuong
tupng thdm
tham thgu thutrng gap
tha'u thudng gap trong
trong thuc
thuc te,
te, vi
vi du
du cay
cay heo
heo dat
dat trong
trong nude
nu&
thi tuoi 14i. VOtetebao
lai. V6 baocd c6tac
tic dung nhu mot mang ban thdm tham de cho nucknude thgm
tha'm qua
dtroc.
dupe. KhiKhi tha'm
thgm vao
vaotet6bao,
bao,nude
nu& taotao ra
ra ap
ap sua't
suit du trong do, ap
trong dd, ap sua't
suit nay
nay lam
lam cang
nhe vdvOtet6 bao
bao va
va giu
giirno
noao trang
trang thai
thai cang.
cang. Neu
N6u cat
cat dut
dirt cay,
cay, do
do nude
ntrac bay
bay hoi
hoi nen the
tich
ti'ch cua
ciia chat lOng
long ben trong giam xu6ng, xud'ng, vO t6 bao
vd te bao xep
xep di
di va cay heo. N6u
Nd'u nhu dat
cay vim mai heo
vira mdi heo vao nark
nude thi
thi su
suthdm
thlm thgu
tha'u bat
bat dau,
dau, to
te bao
bao lai
lai cang
cang ra
ra va
va cay
cay wed
tuoi
141.
lai. SuSutham
thdrnthau
thancung
canglala mdt
met trong
trong nhung
nhimg nguyen
nguyen nhan
nhan lam
lam ntrac dang len
nude dang I6n theo
than cay de de nuOi
nudi cac to
te bao,
bao, lam
lam chochomat
matnguOi
ngudi bibj cang
cangva vami:r
md di khi Fan du6i sdng
lan dudi song
ma mdma mat...
Khi do ap suit
sua't thArn than cac dung dich khac
tham tha'u khac nhau
nhau ngueri to nhan
ngudi ta nhgn tha'y
thgy rang
ring
gia tri
trj ap
ap suet
sua't thdm
tham thgu
tha'uphu
phuthuOc
thudc vao
vao nOng
ndng dO dung dich
dp dung dich va nhiet
nhidt dOdd cua no,
nhung khOngphu
nhung khdng phuthudc
thu0c vao
vao ban
ban chat
chit ciia chat tan.
ciia chat tan. Van't Hoff
Hoff da da chimg
chung minh
minh
rang dOi voidung
dd'i vdi dung dich
dich loang
loang chua
chtia chat
chat tan
tan khdng
khong dien
dien ly,
ly, ap
ap sua't
suit thdm
tham than
tha'u tuan
theo mot
mdt pinrcrng trinhgid'ng
phuong trinh gi6ng phuong
phuang trinh
trinh trang
trang thai khi:
7i = CRT (10.8)
Cr day 7iIt la ap suit
d day sua't thdm
tham than
tha'u ciia
cua dung
dung dich
dich (atm),
(atm), C
C la
laming
nong dO
dd mol
mol ciia
cua dung
dung
dich, R la hang
hang s6
so khi
khiva va TTla
la nhiet
nhiet(10
dd tuyet d6i.
dd'i

239
 Thay
Thay CC= V —= = — vao vao (10.8),
(10.8), ngtkri
ngudi ta duac
dircrc phucmg trinh co
phucmg trinh c6 dang giong
gidng
V MV
phitang trinh trang thai khi
nhu phucmg khi ly
ly tu&ng Clapeyron-Mendeleyev:
tucmg Clapeyron-Mendeleyev;

/EV
rtV 12
=-RT
= —RT (10.9)
(10.9)
M

trong do V la thi
trong do th^ tich
tfch(lit)
(lit)dung
dungdich
dichchlta
chuammgam
gamchat
chattan,
tan,con
conMMlalakh6i
khd'ilirc.mg
luong
phan tir
tit cua
ciia cha't
chat tan.
Sit tucmgtutogiffa
Su tucmg gift chat
cha't khi va dung
dung dich
dich do
do Van't Hoff tim
tim ra (1887), sau nay
dtrac goi la
duoc goi la dinh luat
lust Van't Hoff
Hoff va dugc
duoc phat bi^u
bidu nhu sau:
Ap sudt
Ap suit thdm thducua
thdm thdu ctiadung
dungdich
dichbang
bcing
dp ap
sudtsuet
gaygay ra chat
ra bai chat tan, niu nhu
tan, neu
a ding
cung nhiet
nhiet do
dp ch6t
cha't tan
tan ncim
ndm da trang
trang thcii khi vd
thai khi va chie'm
chidin mot
mot the
the tich
tich bang the tich
tick
dung dich.
Can
CSn nh6
nhd rang AL) suetkhi
dp sua't khivavaapit)sua't
suit tham
them tha'u
thgu co
c6 su
sir phu
phu thudc
thutic ve
ve s<5
s6 hoan
toan
loan gi6ng
gidng nhau,
nhau, nhung
nhung caco ch6
ch6' cua
cua chting
chiing hoan
hoan toan
loan khac
khac nhau.
nhau. Phucmg
Phucmg trinh
trinh
(10.9) cho phep
(10.9) cho phep xac
xac dinh
dinh khd'i
kh6i luong
Wang phanphantir titM
M cua
cua cha't
chat tan
tan theo
theo tri
tri s6
sd ap suet
sua't
thdm than ciia
thdm tha'u cua dung dich.
djch.
Bai
Bai tap ap dung 10.9: M6t M0t dung
dung dich
dich V
V == 200
200 mL
mL chira
chda 22 gg cha't
chat tan co
c6 ap
0
suit
sua't them
thdm thgu
tha'u it
7t = 1,5 atm 6 25°C.
1,5 atm kh6i luong
25 C. Tinh khdi Wang mol
mol cua
ciia cha't
chat tan.
Ltd
Lbi giai:
mRT
>00 2 2 82 x 0 082 x 298
7t = CRT = —
-ERT
RT = ——
-r-n- RT -» M = = 2 < ,' 8 x 9 =
= _ 163
jgg
V MMV V reV
tcV 1,5x 0,2
1,5x0,2

M = 163 g/mol.

10.2.
10.2. Can
Cdn bang
bang ion trong dung dich

10.2.1. Dung dich

10.2.1. Dung dich cha't
chit dien ly.
ly. Thuyet dien ly cua Arrhenius

Cac dinh lust

luat Raoult,
Raoult, Van't
Van't Hoff
Hoff yev^ dung dich
dich loang
loang ditac
duoc Ai,
dp dung hoan toanloan
dung v6i dung
dung vdri dung dich
dich chira
chita cha't
chat tan
tan kh6ng
khOngdi6ndi4nly.
ly.Con
On khi nghien
nghifin call
cum dung
dung dich
dich
nu&
nude cua
cua axit,
axit, baza
bazo va
va mu6i
muoi ngtrOi
nguoi tatanhan
nhanthdy
thgycaccacgid
giatri
trido
doduoc
dtrac\6 v6d6d0tang
tangnhiet
nhit
c10 s6i,d6
d6 s6i, d6giam
giamnhifit
nh* d0d6 hoe
hod ran...
rdn... luOn
Iu6n luOn Ian hon
lu6n Ion han cac gia
gid tri
tri tinh
tinh duac
duoc&o cling
cung
n6ng d6
d6 theo
theo cac
cac cdng
cling thurc
thtic cua
caa dinh
dinh ludt
lust Raoult,
Raoult, Van't Hoff.
De ap
dp dung cac bidu
bi^u thtic (10.6), (10.7),
thurc (10.6), (10.7), (10.8)
(10.8) cho
cho cac
cac dung
dung djch
dich axit, baza
bazo
va mu6'i,
mu6i, Van't
Van't Hoff da
cladua
duevao
vaohe hieu chinh i goi la he sd
4 s6 hi4u so' dang
dcingtruang.
twang.

240
 ATs ATr APAP n
= = (10.10)
Arcs ATr AP
AP nIT

cac dai luong

lumig & tir s6
a tir s6 la
la cac
cac dai lucing
lucmg dodo diroc,
duoc, con
con cac
cac dai
dai luong
Wong ait mau
miu s6sd la cac
dai luting
luong tinh 15 thuyet theo
ly thuygt theo n6ng
'tong dd
d6 cua
cua dung
dung dich.
dich. Vi
Vi du
du hfe
he s6
s6 ii cua
cua m6t
m6t s6s6 chat
chit
khac nhau: ii == 1,81
1,81 d6i
dd'iv6i
vdiKC1,
KQ, ii==2,79
2,79d6i
ddivOi
vdi MgC12 v.v... No
Mga2 v.v... NO tang
tang Ifin
ten theo
theo su
pha loang
loang dung dich va ti&itien gan den nhang
gSn d^n nhung s6 nguyen
nguyfin 2, 3, 4.
Ngoai ra, dung
Ngoai ra, dich nude
dung dich nu6c ciia
cua axit,
axit, bazo
baza vava mudi
mu6i co
co d6
d0 din
din then
didn tan,
Idn, khac
khac
vai
vdi dung
dung dich
dich nuac
nude cua
cua mot
mdt s6
s6 chat
chat hau
hQu ca.
co. Nhang
NhOng hophop chat
chat cau
ca'u trtic
true ion,
ion, vi
vf du
NaC1,
NaCl, KNO3, CaF2 v.v..
v.v... con
con din
din dien
didn 60trang
trang thai
thai n6ng
ndng chay.
chay. Tat ca nhang chit
nhung chat
ma dung djch
dich (hodc the ndng
(hoac th^ ming chay)
chay) cua
cua chung
chting dan
din difin
dien goi la chat diSn
dien ly.
De giai thich cac tinh
tmh chat dm
cua dung
dung dich
dich chat
chat dien
di6n ly,
ly, Arrhenius
Arrhenius dua ra gia
thuyet ye su dien
thuyd't ve difen ly
ly ma
ma sau
sau nay
nay (1887)
(1887) tr6
tro thanh
thanh thuyet
thuyfe't dien
difin ly.
ly. Thuyet
Thuyfit dien
di6n ly
Arrhenius gOm cac didm
g6m cac diem sau day:
1. Khi
1. Khi hod
hod tan
tan cac
ede axit,
axit,baza
bazovet
vd mudi
muol trong nitor
nude thi
thixdy
xdyta
tasu
suphOn
phdn ly
ly cac
cac
thdnh hat
chat nay thdmh hat tich
tich dien
dien goi
goi Id
Id ion.
ion. Ion
Ion mang
mang dien
dien tich
tich duong
&tang goi
goi Id
ld cation, ion
mang dien tich am
mang dien dm goi
got Id
Id anion.
anion. Gid-
ng nhu ede
Gidng cac phdn
ph& ttt
titdung
dung moi,
mdi, ion
ion trong
trong dung
dung
dich dd trang
trang thcli
thai chuyE'n Ong hon
chuyen ddng hdn loan.

2. DO
2. Dp dan
dein dien
dien cua
cua ede
cac dung
dungdich
dich axit,
axit, bazo
baza vd
vd mudi nude 6
mudi trong nitric ty le thudn
vai
vdi 'tong
ndng dd
dp chung
chung cua
cua cac
ede ion trong dung dich.

Sy
Su phan
phan ly chat dien ly ly thanh
thanh ion giai thich
thfch su sai lechlech v6ivdi cac
cac dinh
dinh Wit
luat
Raoult,
Raoult, Van't Hoff. S6 So di
dT dung
dung dich
dich NaCI
NaCl co d6
dd giam
giam nhiet
nhiet (10 hoa ran qua ion
dd hoa Idn vi
+
NaCI
NaCl chuyen vao vao dung
dung dich
dichduOi
dudi clang
dang ion Na+
Na va CIC1 .. Khi
Khi dodd tatur m6t
mdt mol
molNaC1
NaCl ta
23
co khOng
khdng phaiphai 6,02.1023
6,02.10 phan phan tir
tu va
va CO s6 ion
cd sd' ion lan
Idn gap
ga'p dOi
ddi con s6 sd' nay.
nay. Do
Dododdc10
dd
giam nhiet d6 dd hoa
hoa ran
ran dm
cuadung
dungdich
dichNaCI
NaCl phai
phai Ian
Idn gap
ga'pd6i
ddi so
sov6i
vdi dung
dung dich
dichkhOng
khdng
dien
dien ly
ly cling
cungnOng
ndngc10.
dd.

Thuy6t
Thuye't dien ly Arrhenius
Arrhenius khong
khdng chti
chu 5
y, den vai trd
tro dm
cua dung
dung med
mdi den su dien
ly, ma chi coi
coi cac
cac ion
ionnhu
nhunhang
nhunghat hattotudo.
do.Tren
Trenthu'c
thuc te,
te, sU
sir dien ly xay rara &roc
duqc la
do tuang
tuong tac
tac cua
cua cac
cac phan
phan dr
tir co
cd cut
cuecuacuadung
dungm6i mdivaivdicac edehathatchat
chattan.
tan.Tucrng
Tuong
tac
tac nay
nay din
dan d6n
den su
suphan
phan cuc
cue them
them cua
cua nhang
nhung lien
lien kiet
kietcocdLiu uu the cong
cdng hod
hoa tri, vi
du trong natri
du trong natri clorua.
clorua. Khi
Khi di
di vao
va© dung dich, cac
dung dich, cac ion
ion ton
tdn taitai du'ai
dudi dang
dang ion bi
hidrat hod.
hoa.

Vi du: NaCI nH2O —+

NaCl + nHjO Na+(H20)x
-> Na (H20)x + C1
Cl(H2
(HjO),,.
0)n-x

241
241
 Mtic dO hidrat
Mire dd hidrat hoa,
hoa, nghla
nghia la
la so
s6 phan
phan tir
tir nuoc
nu& bao
bao quanh
quanh m6i
m6i ion
ion thuOng
thuctng la
lOn (nva
16n (n vaxxlalanhSng
nhiingso
s6nguyen,
nguyen,nn»
>> 11va
vaxx»
» 1),
1),chi
chikhi
khiion
ionhoil
hoa axit
axit thi
thi xx thuOng
thudng
bang 1:
1:
HA + nH2O H30+ + A^HjOV,
nH20 H30+ A (H20)n_i
Mac du trong ntrac
Mac nirdc cac ion bi hidrat hoa,
hoa, nhung
nhimg trong phuong
phuong trinh phan ly
de don gia,n
gian ngtreri
nguai tatochi
chi viet
viet cbng
cong thtic
thirc cua
ciia ion,
ion, ma
ma khOng
khong vieer ion bj
viet ion bi hidrat
hidrat hoa.
Hon Oa
nuaso
so'phan
phantir
tudung
dungmoi
moilien
lienket
ketvOi
vdi ion
ion con
con phu
phu thu6c
thuoc vao
vao nong
n6ng di)
do cUa
cua dung
dich nhang didu
djch va nhihig dieu kien
ki6n khac.

10.2.2. D6 dien
10.2.2. Dp dien ly,
ly, hang
hang so
s6 dien ly

a) Dp
DO dien
dien ly
DO dien ly
DP dien ly (ky
(14 hieu
hieu la ct)
a) cua melt chat diPn
mot cha't dien ly
ly la
la ty
t9 s6
so so
so' phan
phan tir
tu phan ly
thanh ion va t6ng s6
sP' phan tir
tu cua no trong dung dich.

a= — .100
100 (10.11)
En;
n
Z i
Ili
nj la
la t6ng
tPng s6
so phan
phan tir
tu hoa
hoa tan,
tan, nn lalas6
sP'phan
phantir
tu phan
phan ly
ly thanh
thanh ion.
ion. Nhu
Nhu v4y
vay aanArn
nam
gift
giiia 00va
va11 (hoac
(hoac 0%
0% va
va 100%).
100%). Khi
Khi aa==0,0,su
suphan
phanlylykhOng
khong xay
xay ra,
ra, to
ta có
co chat
cha't
khOngdiPn
khPng dienly.
ly.Khi
Khiaa = 1, chat phan ly hoan loan
1, cha't toan thanh cac ion.
Cac chat dien
Cac cha't diPn ly dtroc
dupe chia ra thanh chat
cha't dien ly
ly manh
manh va
va chat
chat dien
dien ly
ly ye'u.
yeu.
Chat dien ly
Cha't dien ly manh thuc
thuc t6 phan ly
td' phan ly hoan toan trong
hoan toan trong dung
dung dich
dich nude
nark nen
nen khai niem
niem
dp dien
d6 diPn ly thuc chit
cha't khOng
khPng SpAp dung
dung cho
cho chung,
chilng, con
con su
su sai
sai iPch
lech cua
cua he
he sP'
s6 i vdi
voi s6
sP'
nhihig nguyen nhan khac (se xet ct
nguyen la do nhirng a ph^n
phan cha't
chat didn
dien ly
ly manh). Chat
Cha't dien
diPn
ly yeti
ly ydu trong
trong dung
dung dich ntroc
nude chi
chi phan
phan ly
ly mPt
mot phtin.
phan. Hdu
Hau hdth6t cac muP'i va
cac mu6i va cac axit,
bazo quan trong
buy quan trong nhat
nha'tnhu
nhuHC1,
HC1, HBr,
HBr, HI,
HI, HNO3,
HNO3, H2SO4, HCIO4, NaOH,
H2SO4, HC1O4, NaOH, KOH,
KOH.
Ba(OH)2... la chit
Ba(OH)2... cha't dien
difin ly
ly manh.
manh. Da
Da s6
sP' cac
cac axit
axit hint
huu co
co va
va mot
mot so
sP' chat
cha't vO
vo co nhu
HC10, H3CCN, NH4OH la nhCrng
HjS, H2CO3, HCIO,
H2S, chatdien
nhung cha't dien ly yeu.
yeti.
D6 dien ly phu
DP difen thu6c vao
phu thuPc vao ban
ban cha't
chat ciia
da chat
cha'tdien
dien ly,
ly, ban
ban chat
cha't cUa
ciia dung m6i,
moi,
nong dp
ndng dOcua
dm dung
dung dich
dich va
va nhiet
nhiet dp.
d0. Khi
Khi tang
tang ndng
n'ng (10 cUa dung
dp cua dung dich
dich cha't
chit dien ly
thi a giam
giam xu6ng
xuP'ng va khi pha loang
loang dung
dung dich thi aa tang
tang len.
len. SO
SP di
dl nhu
nhu vay
vay la vi
khi nong
ndng de
dp.) tang len thi xac
xac suat
sua't gap
gap nhau
nhau cUa a
cua cac ion de ket hop thanh phan
phan tir
tu se
tang
tang len.
I6n. Trong
Trong da da s6
sd trtkrng hop qua
trudng hop qua trinh
trinh phan
phan ly
ly la
la qua
qua trinh
trinh thu
thu nhiet
nhiet
(OHpt
(AHpi > 0),
0 ), cho
cho nPn
nen theo nguyen
nguyen ly chuyen dich can bang Le Chatelier
chuydn dich Chatelier khi tang

nhiet dp
dO thi
thi dp
d6 dipn
dien ly
ly tang len.

242
b) Wingsodien
h) Hang dien ly
ly
Trong dung djch
Trong dung dich chat
chit dien
dien ly
ly yeu
yeu co
co can
can bang
bang gida
giua cac
cac phan
phan tir
tu va
va cac ion.
ion.
Can
Can bang
bang dodo diroc
duce goi
goi la can
can bang
bang dien ly. Doi
Dd'i vai
voi axit
axit axetic
axetic can bang
bang dien ly
&roc via nhu
diroc viet nhu sau:
CH3COOH
CH3COOH ^CH3C00 H+
O^COCT++ H+
Hang so
Hang s6 can bang co
c6 dang;
dang:
K = [11+ ][CH3C001
[FTHCHgCOOJ
K = (10.12)
[CH3COOH]
[CH3COOH]

Hang
Hang s6 so can bang (mg v6i su phan
img vdi phan lyly cua
dm chat dien
dien ly
ly yeti
yeu dtrqc
duoc goi la
la hang
hang
s6
so dien
didn ly.
ly. Khac
Khac voi
vdi dO dien ly, hang
d6 di6n hang s6s6' dien ly
ly chi
chi phu
phu thu6c
thuoc vao
vao ban
ban chat
cha't cila
cua
chat
cha't dien
difn ly
ly vava vao
vao nhiet
nhiet d6.
d6. Gia
Gia tri
tri K
K cang
cang lOrn thichat
Idn thi chit didn
dien ly cang phan ly manh
ngtrqc
va nguoc lai.
Vi du: KCHiC00H -=1,76.10
du;- --0-13000H 1,76.10 -5,, K = 7,2.10-1°, K
KHCN-7,2.10
—HCN K
HNO, =-4,6.10
--BNO2 4,6.10-4
25°C. Trong ba
25 C. Trong ba axit nay,
nay, HCN
HCN la
la cha't
chit dien ly yeu nhat.
ydu nha't.
Ghia
Giua hang
hlng s6
s6' dien ly
ly va
va d6
d6 dien
dien ly
ly dm
cua chit
chatdien
didnlylyyEu
yeuco
cosix
su phu thu6c dinh
lacing nhu sau.
lugng nhu sau. Doi
D6i vdi
v6i can bang dien
didn ly cila
cua chit
chat dien
dien ly
ly AB
AB veri 'long d6
voi nong d0 ban dau
la C mol/L to
ta co:
AB A+
AB F.-± A+ +
+ B
B

dt = 0
cat []0
[]() C 0 0
6 t can bang [ It
]t C-aC
C-aC aC
aC aC
Phucmgtrinh
Phuang trinh h^ng
hang $6
s6 didn
dien ly:
ly:
k_[A [A++][B-]
][B- ] (aC)2
(aC)2
K-
[AB] C(1 - a)
C(l-a)
62
hoac K = ——C C (10.13)
1-a
1 -a
Doi voi cha't
D6'i voi chatdidn
dienlylyra't
ratyeu
yeuaa«1,
<<1,ndn
nencoc6the
thecoicoi1 -1 -aa «1.1.Khi
Khid6
dophtrang
phuang
trinh (10.13) c6
co dang:
K a2C
K w a2C
hay a N/K/C
a»VK/C (10.14)
Bleu thirc
Bi^u attic (10.14)
(10.14) la
la bieu
bidu thtic
thiic toan
loan hoc
hoc cita
cua dinh
dinh luat
luat pha
pha loang
loang Ostwald
Ostwald
(1888).
(1888). N6
No cho phep
phep to
ta tinh
tfnh ducfc hang s6'
duoc hang só dien
dien ly
ly hoac
hoac d6
d6 dien
dien ly cila
cua chat
cha't dien
didn
ly yeu.

243
 Bai tap
tap Ai)
ap dung 10.10:
10.10: Tinh
Tinh d6 dien
di6n ly aavavatieing
n6ng(16
d6 ion hidro trong dung
dich axit fomic HCOOH nang d6
HCOOH n6ng d0 0,1
0,1 mol/L.
mol/L. Cho
Cho biet
biet hang
hang s6
s6 dien
dien ly
ly cua axit nay
K
K== 1,8.10-4
1,8.10^ 6( 20° C.
620°
Levi gifii:
Liii glai: H++ + HCOO-
HCOOH ^ H HCOO"
Ap dung
dung bi&i
bieu thuc
thtlt (10.14) ta co:
-v/ljS.lO-4 /10
aa == V1,8.10-4 _1
/10-1 4,2.10~2
== 4,2.10-2
[H+] == [HCOO
[H+J [HC00--]] == aa CC = 4,2.10 2
.10"1I = 4,2.10
4,2.10'2.10 4,2.J0~33 mol/L.

BM tap ap dung
Bai tap dung 10.11:
10.11: Hang
Hang s6s6' then
dien ly
ly cua
cua axit
axit axetic 1,76.10 55 (a
axetic K == 1,76.10 (o
0
25°C). Tinh d6
25 C). Tmh d6 dien
then lylyvdri
vai a cila
cua axit
axit axetic
axetic khi:
a)C=
a) C = 0,1M
0,1M
b)C=
b) C = 0,01M
0,01M
Ca22
LOi giii: Theo
Lbi giai: Theo dinh
dinh luat
luat Ostwald:
Ostwald:KK =- .
1-a
1 -a
Tit do ta
Tir d6 ta co: Ca22 + Ka -- K = 0 .. Mu6n
co: Ca Mu6n xacxacdinh
dinh aa tataphai
phai giai
giai phuang
phuong trinh
trinh
bac 2.
2. Trong
Trong thuc to a<
te' khi a < 0,05 nguOi
ngucfi tataco
có the
the bo
136qua
quaaa a&mSumauso s6va
vatinh
tinh aa
theo cdng
cong thdc:
K , 111,76.105
I,76.10'
— tu dOtataco:
tit do co: a) a=
a= = 0,013
I 0,1

\I1,76.10-5
II,76.10'
b)
b) aa=
= == 0,042
I 0,01
0,01
Ta thay (10dien
tha'y d6 dienlylyaa tang
tang khi
khi dung
dung dich
djch cang loang.

D6i
D6'i vOi axit nhi6u
vdi axit nhieu lan
lin axit va baza
bazo nhieu lanIdn baza
baza coco six
su phan
phan ly theo na'c,
+
mai
m6i nac
na'c Lich
tach ra mOt ion H
m6t ion H+ hoac
hoac OH .. ViVI ion
ion thd
thtf nhat
nha't ditqc
duac tach
tach ra khth
khoi phan
phan tit
tu
trung hoa, con
trung hoa, con cac
cac ion
ion ti^p
tip theo
theo tich
tachrarakhoi
khoiion
ioncocodien
dientich
tichnguac
nguqc dal,
da'u ma
ma et
d mai
m6i
nac dien tich
na'c dien tich nay tang
tang len m6t
mot dan
don vi,
vi, cho
cho nen
nen d6do dien
dien ly
ly giam manh khi chuyen
chuye'n tir
nac nac cu6i.
na'c dau sang nic
Vi du d6i
dd'i yeti axit photphoric 0,1M;
vdi axit 0,1M:
+ 3
H3PO4 ^ H
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4 ;
H2PO4; K, = 7,5.10 3;; a
a=, =27%
27%
+
H P04-
H2PO4
2 : H
H+ + HPO42 ;
HP042-; K2
Kj = 6,3.10 8 ; a
022 = 0,15%

HP042-- H++ + PO4

H P0433;-; K3
K3== 1,3.10 12
1,3.10 12 ;; a
0 33 = 0,005%

244
10.2.3. Chat dien ly
10.2.3. Chait ly manh
Trong dung
Trong dung dich
dich chat dien ly
ly manh
manh phan ly hoan
hoan toan
toan thanh
thanh cac
cac ion.
ion. Tuy
Tuy
nhien
nhien dpdo dien
dien ly
ly aa xac
xac dinh
dinh dttoc
dupe bang dux thuc nghiem
nghidm cuaciia cac chat
chat then
di6n ly manh
manh lai
nh6 hon dp
nho hon da dien ly thuc (100%)
(100%) vava aa cling
cung tang
tang len
I6n khi
khi pha
pha loang
loang dung dich. Chinh
vi vay nguoi
vi vay ngtrai ta
ta gpi
goi dO dien ly
dp dipn ly nay
nay lala dp
do dipn
dien ly gia (d6
(dp dien
dipn ly bieu
bifiu ki6n)
kiPn) cua chat
dien ly manh. Mat Mat khac,
khac, dO
dp dan dien
dipn ducmg luting cua
duefng lupng cua cac
cac dung
dung dich
dich chat dien
dipn ly
manh
manh lailai tang len
Ifin khi
khi pha
pha loang
loang dung
dung dich, chti
chu" khOng
khPng phaiphai lala tri s6
s6 khOng
khong d6i,
ddi,
neu
neu nhu su sir phan ly la la hoan
hoan Loan. Nhu vay,
toan. Nhu vay, hinh
hinhnhu
nhu lala co
c6 sir
su mau
mau thuln
thuin giita
giua su
phan ly
phan ly hoan
hoan toan
toan cua cac chat dien dipn ly manh trong dung dung dich va mPt met s6sP tinh
tfnh chat
dm
cua dung
dung dich
dich cua
cua chting.
chiing. S& di nhu
So dl nhu vay
vay la
la vi
vi trong
trong dung
dung dich chat dien dipn ly manh
s6
so lacing
lupng ionion rat
rat Ion,
lern,tuong
man tactac tinh
tlnh dien
dipn giam
gifia cac ion tichtfch dien
diPn ngtroc diu tang
ngupc dPu tang
len manh. MPi
Ifen manh. Mei ionion dupe
duac bao boc bcri
bao bpc bei mdt
met "lop
"IPp khi quyPn
guy& ion",
ion", lamlam cho chuyin
chuyPn
Bong
dpng cuacua chiing
chtingtrong
trongdipn
dientruPng
twang giamgiamdi,di, do
do dod6 dp
d6 dan
din dien
dipn giam
giam khikhi tang
tang
neng
nPng de.
dp.
Nhtr vpy,
Nhu vay, trong
trong dung
dung dich
dich chat
chat dipn
dien ly
ly manh
manh cac
cac tinh
tinh chat the
thP hien
hipn sat
siit kern
kem
di, tua nhu la
la neng
nong de
dpcua
cuacac
cacion
iontrong
trongdung
dungdich
dichbe behon
honnOng
nPng dO thttc cua
dp thuc dm cluing.
chiing.
Wing
NPng dO mai nay la nOng
dp moi dOco
nong dp có hipu
hieu luc
lac thuc
thuc su,
sit, no
no dupe
duoc goi
gpi 1a 'tong dp
la nPng (10hoat
hoatdPng
Ong
hay hoat dp.
hay hoat de. Ne-u
NPu trong phuang
phuong trinh cua dinh
dinh luat
lupt tac
tac dung
dung kh6i
khPi Luang
lupng ta thay
nong
nPng dpde cua cac chit
chat bang
bang hoat
hoat de
dp cua
cua chting
chiing thi
thi phuang
phuong trinh nay duac dupe apdp dung
thing cho dung dich chat dien
diing cho dipn ly yeti, cling nhu dung
yPu, cung dung dich
dich chPt
chat diftn
dien ly manh.
Hoat dp
de a cua ion li6n
lien hp
he vpi
vai nPng
!tongdp
deCCcua
cuano
nobdng
banghphethirc:
thk:
a = f(C) (10.15)
trong do f la he
trong do s6 hoat dp.
hp sP
He
Hp s6
sP hoat
hoat dO
dp la metmpt dai
dai Luang
lupng co tinh den
dPn Wong tac giita
tuong tac giSa cac ion.
ion. Trong
Trong
dung dich dam
dam dac
(lac ff nho
nhe hon
hamI,1,nonotiPn
tin dPn
Mt bang
bdng 11 khi pha loang ddn
din dung dich.
Khi f < 11 thi
Khi thi aa << C,
C, chting
chung to
to có
co su
su tuang
tuong tic
tac tinh
tinh dien
dipn manh
manh giita
giua cac ion.
ion.
Neu gan bang
Neu f gin bang I1 thi gift
giuacac
cacion
ionchi
chica
cosu
sutuang
tuongLac
tdc y6u.
yPu.
Khi
Khi f = 11 thi
thi aa == C,
C, co
co nghia
nghla lala trong
trong dung
dung dich
djch rat loang cac ion
loang cac hitt aim
ion hdu nhu
khOng
khPng coco lire
Luctuong
Wongtac tacvdi
vai nhau.
nhau. Trong
Trong khudn
khustinkhP
kh6cua
cuagiao
giao trinh
trinh hoa
hoa dai ctrang
cuong
chting
chiing ta tam
tarn thai
thPi khOng
khPng xetxet den
dPn gia
gia tri
trihoat
hoat(10.
dp.

10.2.4. Sirdien
10.2.4. Sir di0 ly
ly cua nude. Tich so ion cua nuroc.
cua nuoc. Khai niem
nude. Khai ni'Onve
vi PH
pH

Nu6c
Nude nguyen chat la chat dien
nguyfin chat dipn ly y6u, no phan
yPu, no phan ly
ly khPng
khong dang
clangkP
ki thanh
thinh cac
+ +
ion:
ion: H2O
H2O ^ H H+ + OH ;; chinh
chi'nh xac
x^c la: 2H20 ^ H30
Ui: 2^0 H30+ + OH".
OH .
0
es 25°C
0 25 so dien
C hang sP dipn ly:
ly;

245
 [11+][01-1-] -16
K= -1,8.10
=mm= i,8.io--
[H20]
l" 2^
Itrong K rat nhO,
Dai lugng chting to trong nuOc
nho, chung nude 'tong
n6ng dO H+ va OH
d6 H+ OH la
la v6
v6 ding
cung be.
Do do nong
n6ng dO can blng
dd can [H2O] có
bang [H20] co the
th^ coi
coi bang
bang nong
nong dO ban ddu
d6 ban dau CH20
Ch2o Nghia
• Nghla la:
la:

[H20]
[H20] «CH2
CH2o=^P
0 = 1000 = 55,56 M
8 = 55,56 M

Khi d6:
do; K [H201
[HjO] = [W]
[H ] [OH
[OHl
+
-16
hay: [H+]
[H ] [OH 1.8.10"16. 55,56 = 10
[OH"]]== 1,8.10 10"14
14
Da
Datt K,, [H+] [OH ]] hay
Kn = [H+] hay Kr [H30+] [OH
Kn, = [H30+] [OH ],

ta co: Kr, [H+] [OH"]

Kn = [H+] 1014
[01-1 == 10" 14 (10.16)
Dai ltrong Kn &roc
lirong Kn duoc goi la tick so" ion cua
sd'ion ctia nude.
nuke.
trong nude
Vi trong nu& nong
n6ng d6
d6 cita
cua cac ion hidro va hidroxyl
hidroxyl bang nhau, nen:

[H+] = [OH
[H+] 7lO"14 == 10
[OH ] = V10-14 10"77 mol/L

VI
Vi bi nhiet
nhiet dO
d6 khOng
khdng ddid6i tfch
tich s6'
s6 ion
ion cua
cila nude
nu& la
la mOt
m6t hang
hang s6
s6' cho nen
n6n khi
+
them axit
axit vao
vao nuac
nudethi
thinong
ndngdO H tang len va nong
do1-1+ nong dd
dOOHOH giarn
giam xu6ng.
xudng. Con
Con khi
+
them kiem vao
thdm ki^m vao nuerc
nude thithi ndng
nong do
dOOH OW tang
tang len
len va
va ndng
nong dd
d6 H+
H giam xu6ng.
xudng. Nhu
vay, c6 thd
vay, co the dimg
dung 'tong
ndng dO H+ trong dung dich
dm ion H+
dd cua dich lam
lam this&
thudcdo
dodOdp axit
axit hoac
hoac dO
dd
+ 7
kiem cua
kiem ciia m6i
mdi truOng. Trong dung
trudng. Trong dung dich
dich axit [H+]
[H ] > 107 mol/L,
> 10 mol/L, trong
trong dung
dung dich
dich
[H+] < 10
kiem [H+]
kidm 10"77 mol/L.
mol/I..
Tren thuc te, dd dac trung
Trdn trung cho
cho phan
phan tIng
irng cira
cua m6i
moi truOng
trudng ngtrOi
ngudi ta kitting
khdng dung
nong d6 cua
ndng dd dm ion H+, H+, vi lay
luy thira
thira am
am kitting
khdng thuan tien, ma ma thtriing
thudng sir
su dung mot dai
lacing goi la
lupng gpi la chi
chi sd
s6 hidro
hidro hay
hay luc
lac hidro (viet
(vi6t tat
tat tir
tir chu
chit Phap
Phap-- pouvoir Hydrogine:
Hydrogene:
pH ), do Sorensen,
Sdrensen, ngtriYi DanMach
ngudi Dan Machdua
dua ra
ra nam
nam 1909 vdi yetidinh
dinh nghTa;
nghia:
[H+]
pH == -- log [H+] (10.17)
-7
dOddi
Khi dd d6i vdi
vai mdi
triedtrudng
truiingtrung
trungtfnh
tinhpH
pH= =- -log 107 =
log10 7.
=7.
D6i
Dd'i veri moi trudng
vdi mdi tart:mgaxit
axit thi
thi pH
pH << 77 va mdi
m6i tracing
trudng kiem pH > 7.
Tung
Tuong tit,
tu, Olin
phanling
dngcita
cuam6i
mditracing
trudng co
cd the
thd &roc
dupe dac
dac trung
trung bang
bang chi
chi s6
sd
hidroxyl:
pOH
pOH == -- log [OH ]
log [OH"] (10.18)
Vi [H+] [OH"]
[H+] 10"14
[OH] == 10 14
nen [H+] + log
log [H+] log [OH
[OH ]] == -14
-14
246
hay pH ++ pOH=14
p0H = 14 (10.19)
Thing
Thirangdodoaxit
axitcua
cuamOimoitnrOng
tnrang dtroc
dupe die
dac trung
trung bang
bang dai
dai hrong
lupng pH.
pH. M6i
Moi lien
+
he giiia
giua ruing d6 H+,
nPng dp H , pH vava phan
phan Ong
ung cua mOi trtrOngdupe
moi truefng &rocbie'u
bieudiln
dien nhu sau:

Moi tnwng
Moi trung tinh
truing trung t(nh
Moi trudng
Mdi axil
tritang axit Moi tructng
Mai truing kicm
kim

IHr
1 2 3 4
mol/L 1 10 10-2
10-1 10 10" 4
10" 10
10-3 10'-65 10
10 10"66 10
10'-77 10
10"-88 10
10'-99 10 10 10 -11
10"-10 10"u 10 12 10 -13
10"-12 10"13 10 1,1
lO"-14
PH 00 1122 3
3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14

Tang dO
Tang d? axit
axit Tfing di?
Tang d? baza
bazo

MOt s6 bai
Mot so bai tap
tap minh
minh hoa
hoa ve
ve each
each tinh
tinh gia
gia trj
tri pH
pH va
va su lien he dm
cua cluing
chung voi
vai
nong
nPng d6.
dp.
Bai tap ap
ip dung
dung 10.12:
10.12: Tim
Tim [H30+]
[b^] ct 250C, biet
a 25°C, bitt[OH
[OH-
] = 2.10^M.
2.104M.
^t f ' + J4- «
LOi
LPi giai: Ap dung quan he [1130+]
[H3O ] [OH
[OH ] = 10
10 14 to
ta de dang ti'nh dude
ding tinh dupe nong
nPng
14
+ ~i- 10+14
1 o~
dO [H3O+].
do [H30 Qua vay
]. Qua H30+ =
vay [H30+ = „ = 1
5.10-11
^S.IO" M.
^.
L J -
- 2.10'
2.10
Bai tap Ai) dung 10.13:
ap dung 10.13:
Biel [H30+] = 0,004M,
Biet[1-130+]= 0,004M, anti
tinh pH
pH dm
cua dung
dung dich.
Liri giii: p11
Lui giai: pH == — log(4.10-4) = -
- log(4.10^) —(0,6021-3)
(0,6021-3)== 3,3979
3,3979 == 3,40.
BM
Bai tap ap
it) dung
dung 10.14:
10.14: Tim [H30+] trong dung dich co
Tim [H30+] c6 pH = 4,6
Lot logrH30+ ]==—4,6
giai : 100301
Lai giai: -4,6 -+ +
[H301
-> [H30 = 10 -44'6
]=10 '6 = 22,5.1055
>5.10- M

Bai tap ap
Bai ap dung
dung10.15:
10.15:Tim
Tim[011
[OH 1] trong
trong dung
dung dich
dich c6
co pH
pH = 10,8.
10,8.
Lai giai:

pH —log H30++]--10,8->[H3O
pH = -log[H3O +
] = —10,8 —*[H30+]= 10-10,8
=10- 10 8 u
= 1,6.10-11
' =l,6.10"

r 1 in-14
10-14
OH'
[OH =——— = 6,25.10-4M.
=6,25.10-4 M.
L J 11
1,6.10-11
i.e.io-

10.2.5.
10.2.5. Axit va bum;
bazo

Theo thuy&
thuyet dien ly Arrhenius thi
thl axit la hop chat
chit khi
khi phan
phan ly trong
trong nuac
nude cho
+
cation H+
H (proton)
(proton) va anion g6c
g6'c axit, con baw
baza lala hop
hop chit
chatkhi
khiphan
phanlylytrong
trongnuefc
nude
cho anion hidroxyl
hidroxyl OH va
va cation
cation kim
kirn loci.
loai. Vi du,
du, H2SO4 la
la axit,
axit, KOH
KOH la
la bazo.
bazo
Quan diem nay da cho phe'p he thd'ng
phep he th6ng hoa
hoa cac axit va bazo, giii
giai thich
thfch cac
cac tinh
ti'nh chat
chat

247
chung
chung cua axit va bazo. Theo quan
baza. Theo quan di^m
diem nay phan umg
nay phan (mg trung
trung hoa
hoa la
la tirong
tuang tic
tac cua
+
H va ion OH
cac ion H+ OW,, tao
tao thanh
thanh cac
cac phan
phin tit
tir no&
nude khOng
khdng phan
phin ly.

Tuy
Tuy nhien,
nhifin, dinh nghia
nghla cita
cua Arrhenius
Arrhenius khOng t6ng quit.
khdng tdng quat. CoCo nhiing
nhung axit va va
baza c6
co the
th^ phan
phan (mg
ting yeti
vdi nhau khi khOng phan ly
khdng phin ly ra thanh cac ion.
ion. VI
Vi du,
du, HC1
HC1 Ulfkhi
de
d6 ding
dang phan
phan Ling vai NaOH
ung vdi NaOH rinran va
va cung
cling lam
lam d6i
d6i mau
mau chit
chat chi thi. Lai c6
co phan (mg
irng
tao thanh mu6i
mud'i tacmg
tuong tuto phan Ling trunghoa
irng trung hoa nhung
nhang khdng
khOngco c6 su
su tham
tham gia cua
cita cac
cic
+
ion H+ hoac OH".
H hoic OH. Vi du:
Vjdu:
NH3(k)
NHjCk) ++ HCl(k)
HC1(k) -> NH4C1 (r)
NH4CI (r)
Amoniac trong phin
phanLing nay dong
utig nay d6ng vai
vai tro cua baza, nhu'ng khOng chira
nhung kh6ng chtIaOH
OW..
Thuyet
Thuy^t axit, baza cila
cua Arrhenius chi dagc
duqc ap dung khi cac
cac chat
chit phan
phan (mg
irng voi
vai
nhau trong dung
nhau trong dung dich flock, khOnggiai
nude, khdng giii thich
thick duac
dtrac nhffng
nhang phan
phan (mg dien ra trong
img didn
cac dung m6imdi khac voi
vdi nu6c.
nude. VI
Vi vay,
viy, can
cin dtra
dua ra nhting khai niem
nhung khai niem chung
chung han ve ve
axit, bazo.
baza.
Nam
Nim 1923 Bronsted va Lowry
Bronsted va Lowry dua
dm ra thuy£t
thuyet proton ve
vd axit va bazo nho sau:
baza nhu sau:
Id tilu
Axit Id tieuphan
phan(phan
(phan ti!,
tu,ion)
ion)co
cokhd
khdncing
ndng cho
cho proton, con
con bawl
baza Id
la tieti
lieu
phcin
phan co
có khd ndng
ncing kit
ket hap
hopproton.
proton.
Mot
Mdt axit, ky
kjr hidu
hieu la
la HA,
HA, cd
co the
the phin
phan ly
ly cho
cho ra
ra proton
proton va
va A
A:
H+ + A
HA ^ H+ A" (a)
Mat
Mdt bazo
baza B khi nhan BH+;
nhin proton se cho BH+:
H++ ^ BH+
B+ H BH+ (b)
Trong phin ling
Trong phan irng (a) HA
HA la mat
mdt axit (cho proton), nhung A
proton), nhung A khi
khi ket
kethap
hapyeti
vdi
+
H+
H lai
lai cho HA:
HA: vay
viy A lalamot
mdtbazo,
baza,do
dolalabaza
bazalien
lidnhap
hopyeti
vdi axit
axit HA.
HA. Trong phin
Trong phan
(mg (b) B
ung (b) B la
la mdt
mot baza (kdt
(ket hap voi H+). nhtmg
vdi H+), BH+ khi nhttang
nhung BH+ nhudng H+H+ lai cho
cho B:
B: vay
viy
+
BH+
BH la li mat
mdt axit,
axit, d6
dd la
la axit
axit lien
lidn hap
hap voi
vdi two
bazaB.B.Nhtt
Nhuvay,
viy.m6i
mdiaxit
axittwang
tuong (mg
ung voi
vdi
mat
mdt bazo
baza lien
lidn hap vai
vdi no
no va
va nguoc
nguac lai,
lai, m6i
mdi baza
baza tuong
tuang (mg
ung Vol mot axit
vdi mdt axit lien
lien hap
vai no. Ngudi
vdi no. Ngtr6i ta
togoi
goidd
dolilacic
caccipcapaxit-baza
axit-bazalidn
lienhap:
hap:ky
kyhidu
hieulalaHA/A"; BH+/B.
HA/A; BH+/B.
Vi du trong cac phan
phin (mg
urng sau day:
diy:
2
2- +
COj3 ++ H+
00 H ^ HCO3HCO3"

HCl H+ + Cl-
HC1 ^ H+ Cf

NH4+ .7.1
NH4+ ^1- NH3 H+
NH3 + H+
v.v....
cac cap axit bazo lidn
cic cip lien hap la: HCO3 /C0322~;; HCl/Cl
HC037C03 HC1/Q ; NH4+/NH3...
NH^/N^...

248
 twang hop
Trong trurong hap chung,
chung, n8u
neu c6
co hai
hai cap axit - bazo
baza lien
li6n hop:
hap:
Axit
Axitji ±
^HH++ ++ Bazoi
Bazaj

Bazo2
Baza2 + H+
+ H+ Axit2
thi phan (mg axit - bazo
urng axit baza vOi su tham
vai sir tham gia
gia cua
cua chung
chting co
c6 the
thd duac
ducccbieu
bidudi6n
din theo
theo so
sa
do
d6 sau:
Axit
Axitji +
+ Bazo2
Baza2 ^ Axit2 +
+ Bawl
BazOi

Phan
Phan ling
img xay ra theo
theo chieu
chieu tit
tir trait sang phai
trai sang phai khi Axit
Axitji manh
manh hon
han Axit2
Axit2 va
va
Bazo2
Baza2 manh
manh ho'n Bazaj,, hoac
han Bazoi hoac xay
xay ra
ra theo
theo chieu
chilu tir
tir phai
phai sang
sang trai khi Axit2
Axit2 manh
manh
hcm Axit i va
han Axitj va Bawl
Bazaj manh
manh hcm
han Bazo2.
Baza2. Nhu
Nhu vay,
vSy, phan (mg axit -- bazo co su
ihig axit su canh
canh
tranh proton gifra hai cap axit - bazo.
giira hai
DO manh cua
Do manh cua axit va bazo
bazo phu
phu thuOc
thubc vao ban chat
chgt cua
dm dung
dung mOi
m6i va &roc
dugc dac
trimg bang hang s6
trimg bang so phan
phan ly
ly cUa
cua chting.
chiing. Trong
Trong dung
dung mOi
moi la mr6c, str phan
nuac, sir phan ly cua
axit va cua bazo
baza dtroc
duac coi
coi nhu
nhulalaWong
tuang tac
tac cUa
cua chting
chung v6i
vdi nudc
nude va
va dO
do la phan
phan (mg
ung
axit - bazo.
baza.
D6i
Doi vOi axit:
vdi axit:
HA + H2O H30+ + A
H30+
H 20 ^ A'

6
6 day H2O
H2O la bazo va axit lien hop
hap cila
cua no la H30+.
HjC^. Hang
Hang s6
sd can bang dm
bang cua
qua trinh nay dtroc
dugc goi
ggi la hang
hlng s6
sd axit (Ka)
(Ka) cua axit HA:

[H30+ ][A-]
K = (H3OIM11
K (10.20)
(ia20)
a [HA]
Ka
Ka (lac trtmg cho dO
dac trung manh cua axit: Ka
dd manh Ka cang Ion thl axit cang manh.
Idn thi

D6i vdi
yetibaza:
bum
B + HjO
H2O ^ BH+ +
= BH+ + OH"
OH
Trong
Trong phan Ong nay H2O la axit va bazo
ung nay bazo lidn
lien hgp
hop cua
dm no
no la
la OH
OH . Hang
Hang s6
sd
bazo
baza (Kb) cUa baza
(Kb) cua bazo cd
c6 dang:
dang:
[BH+ ][0H-]
Kb = tBinioin (10.21)
ao21)
[B]
Gia tri
trj cita
cua Kb
Kb cang
cang iOn
Idn thi bazo
bazo cang
cang manh.
manh. Trong
Trong cac
cacbidu
bitSu th(rc
thdc cUa Ka va
cua Ka
Kb kitting
Kb khdng cocd cac n6ng
ndng dO
dd can
can bang
bang dm
cuanuOc,
nude, vi
vi nu&
nudeco
cdmat
matwith
vdi Wong lan, nong
lugng Idn, ndng
d6
dd cua no coi nhu khdng
kh6ng d6i.

249
 Tren
Tr6n thitc
thuc t6
te ngirOi sit dung cac dai luong
ta ftit sir
ngucri ta Kb,
va K^,
luang Ka va K ma thuang sir
ma thuang sir dyng
dung
lacing pKa
cac dai lugng pKa va pKb
pKb Arai dinh nghia:
vdi dinh
pK„
pKa == —
- log K„
Ka
pKb == —
pKb - log Kb
Kb
vdi mot cap axit - bazo lien hop ta c6:
Doi voi co:
HA H10
HA + H H30++ + A
20 ^ H30 A"

K =_[H30
K
[H30+][A-]
+
][A-]
a [HA]
[HA]

yd.
va A+
A + H2O
H2O ^ HA + OH

„ [HA] [OH-]
[HA][01-1-]
K
h-bb =
[Al
[A"]

Ka vai
Nhan Ka vdi Kb:
Kb;

[H30][Al[HAI[OH-
+ ]=
= [H30*i[A HHAIIOH ) =[H30+][0f1-1=
Ka.Kb = K„
a
' [HA][A-
(HAJIA"]]
A .. , -14
O
0 298 K tich
tfch s6
s6 ion
ion cim
cua nu'ac
niroc Kn
Kn = 10
10 14,, cho nen:
nen:
pKa
pKa + pKb
pKb = 14
14 (10.22)
Bieu thtic (10.22)
Bieu thdc duoc ap dung cho dung
(10.22) dirge dung dich
djch nuac
nuoc cim
cua MQi
moi cap axit
axit - baza
bazo
lien hop. Tit do
hop. Tir do ta tha'y
thay rang axit cang manh (pKa cang be) thi bazo lien hop cua
manh (pKa cim no
cang yeti
yeu (pKb
(pKb cang Ian).
Icrn).

Theo thuyet
Theo thuyg't proton, cac dung mOi nuac, amoniac long v.v...
moi nhu nuoc, v.v... la cac
cac cha't
chit
lung tinh:
lu5ng tfnh: vita c6 tinh
v&a co tmh axit, vita
vua c6
co tinh
tfnh bazo. Vi
Vf du:
+
H2O H+
H20 ^ H ++OH
OH (cap
(cap H20/0H ) axit
H20/0H") axit

H2O
H H+ ^ H30
20 + H+ H30++ (cap H30+/H20) bazo
(cap H30+/H20) bazo

Phan Ling
Phan img tit
tir ion hod
hoa cua nude
nuoc c6
co the
the coi la phan (mg
ung axit - bazo:
+
H2O
H20 + H2O H30+
H20 ^ H30 OH-
+ OH
(axit i ) (bazo
(axitj) (bazo2)
2) (axit2) (bawl
(axit2) (bazO]))
Nhu vay,
vSy, thuyel
thuye't proton la thuy6t
thuyet tuong d6i
ddi tong quat.
quat. N6
No bao
bao trim
trumtown
loan bO
bo
thuy6t dien ly dm
thuyfe't dien cua Arrhenius,
Arrhenius, &Mg
d6ng theri con mo
thoi con aid rong
Ong khai niem
ni6m ve
vi axit
axit va
va bazo
bazo va
phan
phan Ling
ling axit - bazo.

250
10.2.6. Dung dich
10.2.6. Dung dich dem

Thirc nghiem cho biet rang

Thirc nghiem r^ng nett
neu them vao ntrdc du chi mot luting
nude nguyen chat dti luong
nho axit hoac kifim
kiem thi pH cila
cua dung dich thu &roc cung thay
duoc cung thay d6i
dei manh. Vi
Vf du, neu
hoa
hoa tan
tan 0,01
0,01 mol
mol HCI
HQ vao
vao 11 lit nude
nude nguyen [H+] = 10
nguyen chat thi [H+] 10 22 mol/L
moI/L (b6
(bd qua
qua
[H+] = 10
[H+] 10 77 mol/L do nit6c
nude phan ly ra) va pH cua
dm dung dich
djch se giarn
giam tit
tir 7 deb
den 2.

Su thay ddi
Sir thay d6i manh pH cling
cung xay ra khi them mot Ittong
luqng nh6
nho axit (hoac kiem)
vao dung djch
vao dung dich kiem (hoac axit) rat
rat loang.
loang. Chang
Chang han, neu
neu them
them 0,01
0,01 mol
mol HCI
HQ vao
5
11 lit
lit dung dich HC1
HQ 1010 5M
M (dung dichdich nay
nay TA' c6 pH
da cd pH == 5) thi
thi !long
ndng dO tong cong
do tdng
-5 -2
cua axit trong dung dich
trong dung dich se
se la 10
10 5 ++ 10
102 10
10 2MM va pH cua dung dich se la 2,
pH cua
nghia la giarn
giam di 3 don vi.

Neu th^m
Neu them 0,01
0,01 mol NaOH vao 11 lit dung dich
djch HCI
HQ 10
10 5M
M thi nOng
ndng dp
do NaOH
10 22 —
con la 10 10 2 M (vi mat
- 10 55 102 mat di 10
10 5^ M NaOH de trung hoa 10 10 55 M
M HC1).
HQ).
Do do
Do do pOH
pOH == 22 va
va pH
pH = 14 -- 22 ==12,
= 14 12, nghia
nghia la
la pH
pH ciia
cua dung
dung dich
dich thay
thay doi
ddi tit
tu 5
den 12.
12.
Van
Va'n de se khac di
di khi
khi them
thdm mot
mot Iuong
lupng nhO
nho axit hoac kiem
kidm vao
vao lion
hdn hop
hop g6m
gdm
axit yeti
yen va mu6i
mudi cua
ciia no.
no. Chang
Chang han,
han, neu
neu them
them 0,01
0,01 mol
molHC1
HQ vao 11 lit lion
hdn hop chtia
chira
0,1M va NaCH3C00
CH3COOH 0,1M
CH3COOH NaCHjCOO0,1M
0,1M thi
thi pH
pH ciia
cua hon
hdn hop
hop thay dei
ddi rat it,
it, vi
vi cac
cac
ion H them
ion H+ them vao
vao se
se khOng
khdng nam
nam tic trang thai
d trang thai tu
tit do.
do, ma
ma chu
chi',yeu
yeu la
la lien
lien kdt
ket vai
vdi ion
ion
CH3C00
CH3COOcua
cuamu6i
mudideddBien
bidnthanh
thanhnhitng
nhungphan
phan tit
tir CH3COOH
CH3COOH kern
kernphan
Oki ly:

NaQ^COO Na++ + CH3C00

NaCH3C00 ^ Na CH3COO

CH3COO_++ H+
CH3C00 H+ ^ CH3COOH
CH3COOH
Chang
Chung ta cd
c6 the tinh gia tri
trj pH
pH cu the nhtt
nhu sau:
+ Khi
Khi chtta
chua them
thdm 0,01
0,01 mol
molHCI
HQ vao
vao hon.
hdn hop.
[CH3C0011]
[CH3COOH]
[H+
[H ]]=- K
Kaa
[CHaCOO-]
[CH3C00-]
[CH3COOH]
[CH3COOH]
log[H+ ] == --log
-- log[H+ log Ka
Ka -- log
log
[CH3C001
ICH3COO-]
[CH3COOH]
[CH3COOH]
hay pKa -- log
pH = pK. log
[CH3C001
[CHgCOO"]

pKCH Cooh ==44,73

That' PKCH3COOH
Thay .73 1; [CH3COOH] z
aC CH cqoh =
-cH3COOH 0,1M;
= 0,1M;

[CH3C00-]
[CH3COO ] a~ CfjaCH
C-NaCH3C00
COO -= 0,1M
0,1M vao bieu thirc
thuc tren ta c6:
cd:

251
 0,1
pH
pH ==4,73
4,73 - log- = 4,73
- log—
0,1
+ Khi them 0,01
0,01 mol
mol HCI
HQ vao
vao 11 lit hOn hop thi
h6n hcfp thi 0,01
0,01 mol NaCH3C00
NaCT^COOse
seBien
bien
thanh 0,01 mol
mol CH3COOH.
CH3COOH. Khi do:
[CH3COOH] = 0,1
0,1 + 0,01
0,01 = 0,11
0,11 mol
[CH3C00 1 ==0,1
[CH3COO~] 0.1 --0,01
0,01 == 0,09
0,09 mol
mol
0,11 _
va pH = 4,73-log^i
4,73 - log 4,61
= 4,61
0,09

Neu them
+ Nfi'u 0,01 mol NaOH vao
th6m 0,01 vao 1 lit h6n
1 lit hOnhop
hopthi
thicac
cacion
ionOH
OH se lien ket vdi
voi
cac
cac ion H+ cua
ion H+ cua axit
axit axetic.
axetic. Khi
Khi do
do se
se co
co 0,01
0,01 mol
mol CH3COOH
CH3COOH Bien
bien thanh
thanh
NaCH3COO:
NaQ^COO:
[CH3COOH] = 0,1
[CH3COOH] = 0,1 -- 0,01
0,01 = 0,09 mol
[CH3C00 1 ==0,1
[CH3COO"] 0,1++0,01
0,01 == 0,11
0,11 mol
mol
09
va pH = 4,73-log^^
4,73 - log - 4,82= 4,82
00,
0,1111

+ Pha loang hon

h6n hop 100
100 lam
l^n:
°01
0,001
pH = 4,73-log-
4,73 - log °' - 4,73
0,001
T6m
Tom 14i, su co
lai, six co mat
mat trong
trong dung
dung dich
dich m6t
mot hOn hop g6m
h6n hop gom axit
axit y6'u
yeu va mu6i
mu6'i cua
+
no se dieu
didu chinh
chinh &roc
dupe n6ng H trong
ndng d6 ion H+ trong dung dich, lam
liim giam anh
anh twang
huong cua
cua
nhirng yeti t6'
nhihig ydu to g&y
gay ra su thay
thay &Si pH ciia
ddi pH cua dung
dung dich.
dich. H6n
Hon hop
hop nhu vay dupe
duqc goi
gpi la
hdn hap dim
hon hop dem hay dung dich dim.
dem.
Dung dich ddm
Dung dich dem con
con la h6n
hOnhop
hopg6m
Om bazobaw yeu
y€u va
va mu6i
mudi cua n6,
no, hoac
hoac h6n hop
g6m
g6m cac mu6i
mudi axit, hay Om
g6m mu6i
mudi axit
axit va
va mu6i
mu6i trung
trung hoa,
hoa, vi
vi du
du NH3
NH3 vava NH4CI,
NH4Q,
NaH2PO4 Na2HP04, NaHCO3
NaH2P04 va Na2HPO4, NaHCC^ va Na2CO3
Na2C03 v.v...
NInr vay, kha
Nhu vSy, kha nSng
nang cua
dm dung dich
dich dem
dfm giir
giu cho pH
pH thirc
thuc totd' khong d6i
ddi dira
dua vao
+
ch6 la
la m6t
mfit cau
ca'utU
tir cua no
no lien
lidn ket
kdt Vol H , con cac
vdi cac ion H+, cac cau
ca'u tU
tif kia lien
lifin ket
ket yen
vch cac
ion OH .. Nhung
Nhung can
cdn lull
luu 5 y, ling kith nang giff cho pH khOng
ring kha dOicua
khPng d6i dm dung dich dem
kh6ng phai
phai IA v6 han.
la v6 han. MOi
M5i dung dung dich
dich ddm
dem c6co inOt
m6t dung Wong
lupng dem xacxac Binh,
dinh, neu
qua dung luring
lupng nay thi nono khOng can kha nang
khdng con ndng dem
ddm nilta. Tren thuc
nua. Trdn thin t& co the cho
te, c6
phep pH cua dung dich bien
bidn d6i ± 11 don vi.
S6
S6 duong
duong Wong gam cua
lupng gam cua axit
axit hoac
hoac kiem
kiem cdn
can thief
thidt de
dd lam
lam dich
dich chuyen
chuydn pH
pH
cua 11 lit dung dich dem di 11 don vi
vi duoc gpi la dung
dupe goi dung Wong dim cua dung dich dem do.
lumg dem d6.
252
 Tit cOng thiic:
Tuc6ag thitc:
pH-pK
pH - log Caxit
= pKaa-log-^it- (10,23)
(10.23)
Cmuol
muoi

ta that'
tha'y rang khi dung dich dem có
co Caxit = Cmu6i
CmU(;;i thi no
no se
se co
co dung
dung luting
lirong dem Ian
Idn
Caxit
axit
- == 00 va
va pH
pH == pKa;
pKa; pH thay ddi
d6i ± 11 don vi chi khi thay d6i
nhat. Khi do
nha't. Khi do log ^
Cmuoi
nong dp
ndng dOcua
cimaxit
axit hoac
hoac cua
cua muoi
mu6i di
di 10
10 15n.
lin. Su
Sir pha loang dung dich dem khOng
khong anh
huang ro ret
hirong ro ret den
deli gia
gia trj
tri pH,
pH,nhimg
nhunglam
lamgiam
giammanh
manhdung
dunglopng
*rig dem.
Dung dich dSm
Dung dich dem dupe
duoc sir dung rdng
sir dung rung rai
rai trong
trong nhieu
nhieu ITnh
linh vuc
vuc cua
dm hod
hoa hoc.
+
Trong co
co thd
the ngtrOi
nguoi nong
ndng clO
dp H+
H duoc
dupe gift
giu khOng d6i nhd
khong doi nhOtac
tac dung
dung cua
ciia mpt
mot so
s6 he
dem:
dem: H2PO4
H2PO4 va HPO42 ,, H2CO3
va HP042 H2CO3 va
va HCO3
HCO3 , hemoglobin HHb va
hemoglobin HHb va cac
cac ion
ion
hemoglobin Hb
hemoglobin Fib , oxihemoglobin
oxihemoglobin HHbO2
HHbC^ va
va cac
cac ion
ion oxihemoglobin
oxihemoglobin HbO2
HbC^ (HHb
(HHb
, n 9, L.. -7).
va HHb02 cac axit
la cac yeti
axit ypuvai KHHb = 6,3.10 9, KHHb
vdiKHHb o2 =:=1,12.10
nHb02 1,12.10_7 ). Nher cac hp
NhP cac he

dem nay ma pH ciia

cua mau
mau ngtreri chidao
ngudi chi daodpng
Ong xung
xung quanh
quanh tri
tri s6'
s6 7,4; dieu nay rat
7,4; dieu ra't
quan trong d6i
dpi vai
voisinh
sinhhoat
hoatbinh
binhthirOng
thuPng cUa
cua co thd.
th^.

10.2.7. dp axit -- baza

Chun do
10.2.7. Chuan bazo

Chun
Chu^n dO
dp axit
axit -- bazo
bazoIA
la phep
phep xac
xdc dinh
djnh nong
nPng do
dp cila
cua dung
dung dich axit
axit (hoac
(hope
dung dich bazo) bang melt dung dich
mPt dung dich bazo
bazo(hope
(hoacmPt
motdung
dungdich
dichaxit)
axit)da
dabiPt
bia chinh
xac nong
nPng dO.
dp.

NOi dung cua

Npi dung dm phep
phep chu^n
chuin clO axit- -bazo
dp axit ban( lala thPm
them dPn
dan mPt
mot dung
dung dich
dich chu^n
chuin
(vi du dung dich
djch NaOH)
NaOH) da biet
bid't nong
nPng dO vao dung
dp vao dung dich
dich chPt
chat cPn
can xac
xac dinh (vi du
dung dich HCl)
HQ) cho d6n
dPn khi
khi luting
lupng NaOH
NaOH tuong
tuong duong vai
vdi luting
lupng HCI.
HQ. Khi do
do )(ay
xay
phin (mg
ra phan ung trung hoa:
hoa;
NaOH
NaOH ++HQ
HCI^NaCI
NaQ++H2O
H20

hay OH H+ ^ H2O
OH" ++ H+

Luerng
Lupng HQ HCIbibitrung
trung hoa
hoa dPn
clantheo
theolupng
WongNaOHNaOHthPmthemvao
vaonen
nengiam
giamxuPng
xung va
do
dp pH dm
ciia dung
dung dich
dich tang
tang ddn.
dPn. Biet
BiPt tieing do va
nPng dp va thP
thd tich
tich dung
dung dich
dich NaOH
NaOH ti6u
lieu ton
tPn
khi chuan
chutin dO, ta co
dp, ta co the'
thd U'nh
tinh dupe
duoc nong
nong dp
do cua
cua HQ
HC1trong
trongdung
dungdjch
dichtheo
theocPng
Ong thirc:
V N
VNa0H. NaOH = V
NaOH. NNaOH HCI- N
VHCI• NHCI
HCI
trong d6
do V
V la
la thd
the tich
tfch(mL),
(mL),NNlalanong
nPngdO
dpchrcmg Wongcua
duong lupng dm chat.

253
 Diem
Diem ketket thtic cita phep
thuc cua phep chu^n
chart do
d6 khi
khi cac
cac chAt
cha't phan
phan iing vita du
umg vCra du vai
vcfi nhau
nhau
duac
ducrc goi
goi IA
la di e'm tu'o'ng
diem &icing. Diem tuang
tuong duang. tirang dtrang
dirang trong phep
phep chudn
chuin c10 axit - bazo
d6 axit -
&lac
duac xac dinh bang each do
do pH
pH cita
cua dung dich hay dung chAt chi thi
chat chi thi mau.
Ta xet su
sir thay d6i
d6i pH
pH khi
khi chuAn c10trong
chu^n d6 trongcac
cactruong
twang hop
hap sau:
a) Chan
Chudndo
doaxit
axitmanh
mqnhbang
bangbazo
bazo manh
mqnh
Gia
Gia sir can chuan
su can chudn do
dO5050mL
mLdung
dungdich
dichHQ
HCIININ bang
bang dung
dung dich
dich NaOH
NaOH IN.
Nho clAn dungdich
dan dung dichNaOH
NaOH vao
vao dung
dung dich
dich HC1.
HC1.CoCothe'
the tinh
tInh pH
pH cua
cUa dung
dung dich
dich khi
+
coi
coi rang
rang 50
50 mL
mL dung
dung dich
dich HC1
HC1 ININ china 0,050 mol
chufa 0,050 mol ion
ion H+H vava 11 mL
mL dung
dung dich
djch
NaOH china 0,001 mol
chda 0,001 mol OH
OH .. Ket
Ket qua
qua chuan
chuan dO ducrcdua
do diroc dua ra
ra ao bang
bang 10.3.
Tai
Tai diem
diem tuang
tuong throng
duong (them
(them vita dU 50
vua du 50 mL
mL dung
dung djch
dich NaOH
NaOH IN) dung
dung
dich IA trung tmh
la trung tInh (pH
(pH == 7).
7). Sau
Sau diem
diem tuong
urang duong
ducmg luong
lugng NaOH
NaOH cho
cho vao
vao se
se du.
pH cUa dung
pH cua dung dich
dich duoc
cluac ti'nh
tinh theo
theo luong
lacingNaOH
NaOHdu dudo.
do. Khi
Khi lupng
Wang NaOH
NaOH cho them
chenh
chenh lech
lech nhau
nhau 0,10,1 ml (tir
(tir 49,95
49,95 ml ml de'n
den 50,05 mL), pH
50,05 mL), pH thay
thay doi
d6i rat nhanh,
nhanh, tir
tu
4,3 den
de'n 9,7
9,7 (chenh
(chenh lechlech nhau
nhau 5,4 5,4dan
donvivjpH).
pH),SuSuthay
thayd6i
dbidOit
dot ng0t
ng6t pH
pH cUa
cua dung
dich xay ra
dich xay ra 6a gAn diemluong
g5n di^m wan during
duong goi la la bttac nhdy pH.
budc nhdy pH. db budc
buck nhay pH naynay
tat
ta't ca cac chAt chi thi
chat chi thi axit
axit -bazo
-baza (se xet a ct muc
muc sau)
sau) co
c6 khoang
khoang ddi
d6i mau
mau giua
gala 4 va
10 deu co the
10 d^u the' (lilac
duoc sir dung de xac dinh

B^ng 10.3.
Bang 10.3. Chuin
Chua'ndo
do5050mL
mLdung
dungdich
djchaxit
axit(HCI,
(HCI,CH3COOH)
CH3COOH) 1N
IN
bSng dung dich
bang djch NaOH
NaOH IN
1N

Chub
Chuinde
<30axit
axitHCI
HCI bang
blng dung
dung dich
djch NaOH
NaOH Chub
Chua'nde
dOaxit
axit CH3COOH bang
blng dung dich NaOH
S6
SO mL
ml dung dich NaOH them vOo
vat) pH
PH S6 mL dung djch
SO ml dich NaOH them vOo
vao pH
PH
45,0 2,3 10
10 4,14
49,0 3,0 15
15 4,38
49,5 3,3 20 4,57
49,9 4,0
4.0 25 4,74
49,95 4,3 30 4,92
50,0 7,0 35 5,11
5,11
50,05 9,7 40 5,35
50,1
50,1 10
10 45 5,70
50,5 10,7 50 8,72
55,0 11,7
11,7 50,1
50,1 10,0
10,0
50,5 10,7
10,7

254
 Dira vao so
Dira vao s6 lieu
lieu thu
thu duoc
duoc ta ye
ve dirang chua'n do
dudng cong chuan da (tuc
(ttic do
do thi trong he toa
da
do p11
pH - V^qj^
VN,t0H (hinh
(hinh 10.3).
10.3). Qua
Qua duong
duong cong
cong chudn
chuan do
dd ta thdy
tha'y 6d gan
gan di6m
diem tuong
tuong
throng (trirac va
duong (trudc va sau
sau di6m
diem do) pH bi6n
bien d6i
doi dot ngOt, throng cong
ngot, dudng cong chuan
chudn do
da (duang
(dudng
1) tra nen thing
1) trd thang clang.
dung.
Die'm tiMng
Diem ttidng dudng
dddng
pH
pH
0
0

1
2 O

3
3

4
O
55
N\
6
7
8
9
10
10

11
11 _
12
12

13
13

14
14 1 1 It 1 1—L _L 1 —1—i -i J—U,_J,—1—1—i
0
0 10 20
10 20 30
30 40
40 50
50 60
f)0 707080809090100100 V
V

0
0 Axil
Axit manh. bazd m^nh
manh, bazd manh

0
^2) Axil
Axit yeu,
ye'u, bazd
bazd manh
manh

Hinh 10.3.
Hinh 10.3.Oudng
Outng cong
cong chuan axit - bazd
chuin do axit bazo

Tren thuc te,

te, khi
khichudn
chuandt)
doHC1
HQ bAng
bang NaOH nguqi
ngudi ta thuOng dung metyl da
thudng dung
cam hodc
hoac phenolphtalein

b) Chuan
Chan do
dpaxit
axityea
yeubang
bang &no
baza manh
manh
Vf du
Vi du chuan
chudn dd CH3COOH IN bang
da 50 mL dung dich CH3COOH bang dung
dung dich
dich NaOH
NaOH IN.
Cac ket
It& qua chuan
child's'do
dOduoc
duocdua
duora
ra dd bang
bang 10.3.
Khi cho them
Khi cho thdm dung dich NaOH
NaOH d6n
ddn truac
trudc di6m
diem tuong duong
throngpH
pHbien
bind6i
doi it,
ft,
&rang cong di
dudng cong di xuong.
xud'ng. Nhang
Nhung dung dich axit da duqc trung hoa mat
duoc trung mdt phan
phdn nhu vay
có
co china axit yeu
chda axit y6u (CH3COOH) va mu6i
(CH3COOH) va mudi cua (CH3COONa). 6
c is no (CH3COONa). (!) gan
g^n di6m
di^m tuong
tuong
throng (trudc va
duong (trudc va sau di6m
didm do)
dd) pH
pH cCmg biendoi
cung bien d8i ddt
dot ngdt
ngdt (dudng
(duang 2). Trong trueng
trudng
255
hqp nay di^m
hap nay diem tirang
twangduang
&rang(pH
(pH== 8,72)
8,72)kh6ng
khongtriing
trungvdi
vii di^m
diem trung
trung hoa (pH(pH = 7)
ma nSm
ma nim 6b mien
mi^n kiem
ki6m va
va btrac
budc nhay
nhay pH nein
ngin ham
hon nhieu
nhi^u so vai
vdi btrac
budc nhay pH khi
chudn d6 axit manh bang bawl
chu^n dd manh. Nd'u
baza manh. Neu chu^n
chudn d6do cac dung dich
dich axit
axit yeti
y6'u ham
ban
axit axetic thi bu6c
budfc nhay pH con ngin
nganhcm
hon nffa.
De
Dd' xac dinh diem
did'm ttrang
tirang ducmg khi chuftn
duang khi chudn d6
do axit
axit ydu
yeti bang
bang baza
bazo manh,
manh, chat
chit
chi thi thich
thfch hap
hop la phenolphtalein.
Khi chudn d6
Khi chu^n d6 mot
mdt axit manh bang
bang mot
mdt bazo
baza yeti
yd'u ta ciing
cung thu dirge
duac ket
kd't qua
nhu khi chuan
chudn d6d0 mdt
mot axit yeti
yeu bang baza manh. Trong truOng hap nay, throng
trucfng hop dircmg cong
chuin
chuan d6d6 thing
trung yeti
vdi dtrOng cong chuin
ducmg cong chub' c10 axit manh
d6 axit manh bang
bang bazo
bazo manh
manh trong
trong mien
mifin
axit
axit Nth khac vOi
va khac vdi throng
dirdng do 6
d trong mien
mi6n bazo.
baza.
Khi chudn dd
Khi chudn d6 axit
axit yeu
yeti bang
bang baza
baza ydu,
yeti, pH
pH bidn
bien d6i
d6i rat
rat it, khong
khdng xac
xac dinh
duac
dupe ro ret
rdt diem
didm twang ducmg,do
tuong dirong, dodd
do khdng
kh6ngthd
the dung
dung phan
phan dng
zinggiua
gift axit yeu
yd'u va
baza yet, de chudn
ydu d^ do.
chuin dd.

c) Chat chi thi mau

mdu
De
Di xac dinh so
sa b6
bd va
va nhanh
nhanh ch6ng
chdng pH cila dung dich nguoi
cua dung ngudi ta dung nhang
nhung
thu6c
thud'c thir biet, goi la cheit
(lac bidt,
thu dac chat chi thi mew
mau (tren
(trdn thuc to that:mgdimg
td thudng dunggia'y
giiy tarn
tam chat
chit
chi thi mau).
Khoang pH cua
cUamdt
motsd'
s6chat
chit chi
chi thi
thi mau
mau didn
dien himh
himh duac
duqc ghi tren
trdn bang 10.4.
10.4,

B^ng 10.4.
Bing 10.4. Tinh
Tlnh chit
chatciia
cua m6t
mgts6
sochgt
chat chi
chi thl mau axit -• Imo
thj man bazo

pH
PH 0 3,1
3. 1 4,4
4.4 7 8 10
10
;
Metyl da cam 4—hong–I.;
<—hdng-^ | da cam ;^ yang
vang ~~
Qu5'
Quy 4----- c16--ii.
dd ;! tim
•
um ;I ^4---- xanh
xanh —4.
*
\ i
Phenolphtalein
Phdnolphtalein
E
4 khong mau
khdng mau —4. i1 hong 1--
h6ng d6 thim–~~
i^-ddtham-*-
1
....

Chit
Chat chi
chi thi
thi mau
mau lala nhirng
nhirng chit
chat c6
cd mau
mau thay
thay d6i tuy theo
ddi tuS, theo nong
ndng(10
dd cUa
cua ion
+
H30 trong dung dich. Chit
H30+ Chat chi
chi tilt
thi mau
mau la axit hire
hiru ca
ca yeti
ydu c6
cd kha
kha nang
nang phan
phan ly.
D6ng
Ddng thOi
thdi mau cita
cua ion
ion NIA cUaphan
va cua phantutirkhdng
khongphan
phanlylythudng
thuOngkhac
khac nhau.
VI
Vi du, phenolphtalein la
la axit
axithat,
h&uca
cayeti,
ydu,cong
cdngthtic
thdccUa
cuano
no&Teri
dudi dang chung
co
cd the
thd bieu
bidu dien
didn la HInd.
Hind. Trong dung dich nude
ntrac cd
co can bang:
bang:
Hind ^ H++ +
H + Ind
Ind

khong mau
khdng do

256
Bong thai dung
d6ng thai dung dich
dich khdng
kh6ng co
c6 mau,
mau, vi
vi n6ng
nang d6
da Ind
Ind nhO
nho nen
n6n khi them
th6m kiem
kifim thi can
bing
bang chuy6n
chuyen dich manh
manh sang
sang phai,
phai, vi H+ ket hop v6i
vi cac ion H+ cac ion
vdri cac ion OH
OW tao
tao thanh
cac phan tu
to nude
nu& itft phan
phan ly.
ly. VI
Vi vay, trong m6i
mai twang
trudng kiem
kiSm dung
dung dich
djch c6
co mau d6.
do.
Mai chit
M6i chat chi
chi thi
thi mau
mauco
comat
motkhoang
khoang hep
hep pH,
pH, 6ddo
do mau
mau cUa
cua no bi
bj thay
thay d6i.
DO
Do lalakhoang
khoangpH pHchuyem
chuyenmau,
mau,trong
trongkhoang
khoangnaynaymau
maucuac6achat
chitchi
chithj
thibien
bin d6i
d6i dSn
din
din.
dSn. VI
Vi du,
du, dai
ddi vai
vai phenolphtalein
phenolphtalein khoang
khoang pH
pH chuyen
chuyen mau
mau la
la 8,3
8,3 ÷
+ 10,0
10,0 dung
dung dich
chuyen
chuyfen tit
tu kh6ng
khong mau (pH (pH << 8,3)
8,3) sang
sang dO
do (pH >> 10,0).
10,0). Metyl da cam c6 co khoang pH
chuyen mau la 3,1 ÷-f- 4,4:
4,4: mau
mau chuyen
chuyen tit
tu do
do (pH
(pH << 3,1)
3,1) sang
sang yang
vang (pH
(pH >> 4,4).
4,4). Bang
Bang
10.4 dua ra
10.4 dua ra mot
min so
so chat
chit chi
chi thi
thj mau axit - baza.
bazo.

10.2.8. Can bang thiiy

10.2.8. Can duly phan

a) Phdn Ang
a) Phan ung thuy
thus, phan
phiin
CO nhieu mud'i
Co nhidu mu6i v6
v6 co
ca khi
khi hoa
hoa tan
tan trong
trong nuac
nude lam
lam cho dung dich nuac
nude co
phan umg
phan Lingaxit
axithoac
hoacphan
phan ling
(mgki6m.
kiem.SdScdldi nhu
nhu vfty
vay vi
vi khi
khi hoa
hoa tan
tan cac mu6i
mudi nay
nay
tucrng tacvdi
tuong tac vai nude,
nuac, lam
lam dich
dich chuydn
chuyen can
can bang
bang dien
dien ly
ly cua nuac,
nude, do do lam
lam tang
tang
+
nang
ndng do H hay ion OH
dd H+ OH trong
trong dung
dung dich.
dich.
Tucmg tac trao
Tuong tac trao ddi
d6i giua
gift cac
cac ion
ion dm
cua muai
mudi yeti
vdi nuac
nude duqc
duoc goi la phan
phdn ung
ting
thuy phan.
thus, phcin.
Chling
Chung tata biet
biel ring
rang trong
trong twang
trudnghap
h(^)phan
phan(mg
umg trung
trung hoa
hoa vai
vdi sir
sir tham
tham gia
gia cila
cua
axit
axit y@u
ydu vavabazo
hut y6u
yd'u thi
thiphan
phanLing
umg xay
xay ra
ra kh6ng
khdng den
de'n cling,
cung, nghia
nghla la la or
d mac
mdc dodd
nao diy xay
nao day xay ra
ra ca
caphan
phanL'mg
umg nghich
nghjch (slit tuang tac
(su tuong tac cua muai
mudi yeti nuac din
vdi nude dan cl6n
ddn tao
thanh axit va
va bazct).
bazo). Vay
Vay san
san phin
ph^ncua
cuaphan
phan(mgumgthug
thuyphan
phanlalanguqc
nguocveri vdiphan
phanLing
umg
trung hoa.
Theo thuyet
thuydt proton
proton cila
cua Bronsted
Bronsted -- Lowry,
Lowry, phan
phan (mg
umg thug
thuy phan
phanva
vaphan
phanLing
umg
trung hoa deu
dtm la phin
phan tang
umg axit - baza
bazo kidu:
ki^u:
Axit1
Axitj ++Baza2
Baz02 Axit2 ++ Bawl
Axit2 BazOj
Tuy nhien,
nhidn, tren
trdn thuc
thuc totdnguai
nguditatavan
vanphan
phanbiet
bietraraphan
phanLing thus, phan va phan
umg thuy
Ling trunghoa,
umg trung hoa,vi
vi hai
hai phan umgLingnguoc
nguqcnhau
nhaunay
nayrat
tit tine:mg gap trong
thudng gap trong thuc hanh hoa
vb ca.
v6 co. Nen
Ndi chung, phan Ling thug phan
umg thuy phanxay
xay rara vdi
vai nhidu
nhieu chat:
chit: mu6i,
mudi, hidratcacbon,
hidratcacbon,
este, chat
chit beo,
beo, protit
protit v.v...
v.v... ad day
day ta
ta chi
chi xet
xet su
su thug
thuy phan cua mu6i.
mudi.

b)
b) Ccic trwong hprp
Cac tru&ng hop thuy
thuS phan
plain clic: mu&
cua mud'i
+ Mu6i
Mudi tao
tao thinh
thanhbori
bdi axit
axit 376u va bazo
yeu va ham manh.
D6
Dd la cac
cic mudi
mudi KCN,
KCN, NaCH3COO v.v... Anion
NaQ^COO v.v... Anion A^
A (baza
(bazoBronsted)
Bronsted) cua
cua
mu6i along tac
mudi tuong tac vdi
vai nu&
nude theo
theo phuong
phuong trinh:

257
 A
A + HjO ^ HA
+ H2O HA +
+ OH
OH (10.24)
Vi du;
du:
CN
CN" + H2O
HjO ^ HCN ++ OH
HCN OH"

VI sin phdm
Vi san ph^m cua phan
phan (mg thus, phan la axit
ung thuy axit yeu
ydu HA
HA va
va bazcr
baza manh
manhOH OH nen
n6n
dung dich co
dung dich có m6i
m6i tnrcmg
trung kidm
kidm (pH
(pH > > 7).
7). Axit HA cang yeti
yeu thi can bang thus,
thuy phan
phan
cang chuydn dich sang phai, su
chuy&i dich sir thus,
thuy phan
phan se cang manh.
manh. Tren
Tren tht.rc te gia
time te gia tri pH
pH
cia
cua dung
dung dich
dich KCN
KCN 0,1N bang 11,15.
11,15.
+ Mu6i
Muoi tao thanh
thanh bai
boi axit
axit manh
manh va
vaham(
bazo 3,6u.
yeu.
Day la truOng hop cua cac mu6i:
tnrcmg hap mud'i: NH4C1,
NH4CI, NH4NO3 v.v...• M+
khi do cation M+
v.v...*khi
(axit Bronsted) cua mu6i
mud'i se bi thuS,
thuy phan:
M+ +
M+ + H2O
H20 ^ MOH H+
+ H+
MOH + (10.25)
Vi du
Vidu
NH4+ +
NH4+ H3O+
+ H2O ^ NH3 ++ H30+
Ka
Kcft qua
qua caa
cuaphan
phanling
umg thug
thuy phan
phan la
la tao
tao thanh
thanh baza
bazoye'u
y6'u MOH
MOH va
va axit
axit manh
manh
+
H+
H nen
n6n dung dich cóco m6i
m6i tru'Ong axit (pH
tnrcmg axit (pH << 7).
7). Bazo
Baza MOH cang yduyem su
sir thug
thuy phan
se cang manh. Gia tri
tri pH
pH d6i
doi vOi
vdi dung dich NH4C10,1N
NH4CI 0,1N bang 5,13.
+ Mu6i
Muoi tao
tao thanh
thanhbm
boiaxit
axit376u va bazo
yeu va Emu yeu.
y6u.
Vi
Vi du
du cac
ede mu6i
mufi'i NH4CN,
NH4CN, NH4CH3COO,
NH4CH3COO, v.v... trong tnrcmg
v.v... trong hap nay
truing hop nay ca
ca
cation, ca anion cua
cila mud'i
mu6i dlu
deu bi thug
thuy phan:

M+ +
M+ + A
A' ++ H2O
H2O ^ HA
HA + MOH
MOH (10.26)
VI
Vi du
NH4+ + CH3C00
NH4+ CH3COO ++ H2O
HjO ^CH3COOH
CH3COOH + NH4OH

Phan
Phan Ling cia m6i
ung cua mdi truOng
trucmg dt.toc xac dinh
duqc xac dinh bang (JO manh tirang
dd manh tuong dd'i
d6i ciia
cua axit
yeu va baza
ydu va baza yEu
ydu dtrac
duqc tao thanh. 6
tao thanh. 6 v( du tren:
vi du trdn:KCH3000i
KCH3Cooh == 1,76.10-5 va va

KNH,OH 1,79.10-5
Knh4OH == 1.79.10"5 , do do m6i truang gan trung tinh (pH z 7). N6u thug phan
, do do mdi truang gan trung tinh (pH » 7). Neu thuy phan
_10
mu6i
mudi NH4CN thi m6i
mdi truZmg selalakidm,
trucmg se kidm,vivi K
KHCN = 7,2.10
HCN = 7,2.10-10 ,, con ndu
neu thus,
thuy phan
= -4
HCOONH4 thi m6i tru2mglalaaxit,
mdi trudng axit,viviKKHCOOH
HCooh 1,8.10-4
1,8.10 .

+ Mu6i thanh boi

Mudi tao thanh bai axit manh va baza manh.
VI du cac
Vi cac mu6i
mudi NaC1,
Nad, Na2SO4,
^2804, KNO3
KNO3 v.v...
v.v... Trong
Trong truimg
trucmg hop
hop nay
nay mu6i
mudi
khOng bi thuy
khdng bi thus/phan
phanva
vamdi
m6itrucmg
twang co
c6 pH = 7.
7

258
 • H

Tren day
day la
la phan
phan t'mg
ung thuS,
thuy phan
phan cua
ciia nhang
nhirng mu6i
mudi tao thanh bai
boi ctic
cac axit va
bazo mOt lan. San
mot lan. San pham
phim duy nit& caa sir
nhtft cua su thuy
thus/ phan
phan lala axit
axit va
va baza.
bazo.
thu; phan theo nec
c) Su thuy ndc
Su
Sir thuS,
thuy phan
phan cua mu6i
mub'i tao b6i
bbi axit nhieu Ian axit hoac bazo
nhi6u Mn baza nhieu
nhieu Ign
l^n bazo
baza
xay ra theo nac.
nac. VI
Vi du
du su
sir thug
thuy phan
phan cua
cua Na3PO4:
Na3P04:
Na3PO4
Na3P04 ++ H2O
H2 0 Na2HP04 ++NaOH
^ Na2HPO4 NaOH (nac
(na'c 1)
1)
mu6i
mudi axit
Na2HPO4 + H2O
Na2HP04 + H2O NaH2PO44 ++NaOH
^ NaH2P0 NaOH (nac
(na'c 2)
mu6i
mud'i axit

NaH2PO4
NaH2P04 ++ H2O
H2O ±^H3PO4
H3PO4 + +
NaOH
NaOH (nac
(na'c 3)

Phtrang
Phirang trinh ion:
ion:

P043"
P043 +
+ H2O hpo42"++ OH
h2o ^ 11P042 OH

hpo42~ +
HP042 + H2O14O h2po44'+
, _2P_
h2o ^ + OH
___-

H2PO4
h2po4 + H2O
+ h2o ^ H3PO4
h3po4 ++ OH
OH

M6i tru6ng caa phin

trudng cua phan ang
urng la
la m6i
mdi tnr6ng
trudng kiem. Nac
Na'c thus,
thuy phan thtl
thir ba dien
didn ra
khOng clangke
khdng dang ke(su
(sirthuy
thugphan
phandien
dienrarakhdng
khongden
d6ncung)
cling)vlvisirsucoc6mat
matcac
cacion
ionOH
OW 6
hai nac
na'c dau da can tr6
tra su
sir hinh
htnh thanh
thanh H3PO4
H3PO4 to do.
tudo.

Su thus, phan
Sir thuy phan cita
cua mu6i
mud'iA1C13
AICI3 xay ra voi su tao thanh mud)
vdi sir mudi bazo:
bazo;

A1C13
A1C13 +
+ H2O
H2O ^ Al(OH)C12
Al(OH)Cl2 + HCI
HC1 (nac
(na'c 1)
1)

mu6i
mudi bazo
baza

Al(OH)C12
Al(OH)Cl2 +
+ H2O
H20 ^ Al(OH)2C1
Al(OH)2Cl + HC1
HC1 (ngc
(na'c 2)

mu6i ban(
mudi baza

AI(OH)2C1++ H2O
Al(OH)2Cl Al(OH)1
HjO ^ AKOHJj +
+ HC1
HQ (ngc
(na'c 3)

Phtro'ng trinh
Phuang trinh ion:
3+ 2+
Al3+ + H2O ^ Al(OH)2+ •+ H+
H+
2+
Al(OH)2+ +
+ H2O
H20 ^ Al(OH)2++
Al(OH)2 + H++

Al(OH)2+ +
Al(OH),+ + H10
H2 0 ^ Al(OH)33
Al(OH) + H++

259
 MOi truting cua
MGi tnrdng cita phan
phin (mg
ling la
la mOi
m6i trtrOng axit.Su
trircmg axit. Suco
co mat
mat cac H+ ct
cac ion H+ a hai nac
na'c
dau di day lin nic thuS, phan tht ba. Tuy nhien, su pha Wang dung
d^u da d^y lui na'c thuy phan thir ba. Tuy nhifin, su pha loang dung dich hoac tang
hoac tang
nhiet dO se
nhifct d6 se day manh su thus,
thuy phan.
phan.
Neu
N^u san
san phim
pham cita
cua su
suthug
thuyphan
phan la
lachit
cha'tket
kettua
tuahoac
hoacchit
chatkhil
khithi
thiphan
phanLing
ung
chuyen
chuy&i dich
djch hoan toan vd
hoan toan ye phi'a
phia san
san ph^rn
phim do, thuy phan
do, su thuj, phan dien
difin ra
ra den cOng.
cung. Vi du
su thus,
thuy phan Al2S3:
phan AI2S3:

Al2S3
AI2S3 HjO ^ 2 A1(OH)31,
+ 66H2O AKOH^i + 33 H2ST
HjSt

d) D6
D6 thuy
thugphan.
phdn.Hang
Hangsos thid
thuy phan
D6 thug ph& (14
thuy phan (ky hieu la a
hifiu la atp ). DO
tp). ty s6
Do la (5, sd cua
cua phan
phan to
tu bi
bi thus,
thuy phan
phan va tang
tbng

s6
sd phan
phan tit
tu hoa tan trong dung dich. CO the viet:
Co tht*
Ctp
Ct. C
atp -^2-
a
c
(10.27)

trong Qp la n6ng
trong do Ctp n6ng d6
db cua
cua phan
ph^n chit
cha't bi
bi thug
thuy plan,
phan,can
conCClalaming
n6ngdO
d6 ban ddu cua
ban dau
chit
chft tan.
tan.
thuy phan la qua trinh
Su thus, thuin nghich nen
trlnh thuan n6n có
cothe
th^Ai)
ap dung dinh
djnh luat tac dung
khfi'i Wang
kh6i thuy phan.
lugng cho can bang thuS,
+ Mu6i
Mudi tan
tao thanh
thhnhban
bcri axit
axit yeti,
yeu, bazar manh.
bazo manh.
Tir (10.24) to
Tit (10.24) ta co:

K [HA][01-1-]
[HA][OH-]
K -
[A][H20]
[A-][H20]

Trong dungdich
Trong dung dich loang
loing co the [H2O] ==const
th^ coi [H20] const nen
nen tich
tfch K.[H20]
K.[H20] cling
cung la
mot hang s<5.
mbt hang s6. Hang
H^ng s6
sb nay
nay dtrac
duoc goi la hang s6 thuy phan K
s6 thuS, Ktp.
tp.

[HA][OH-]
[HA] [OH"]
Ktp =
tP [Al
[A~]
Ngoai ra, trong dung
ra, trong dung dich
dich con
con co can bang phan ly cua axit HA va can bang
phan ly
ion hoa
ion hoi cua
cia mak
nude vai
vdri cac
ede hang
hang s6:
sb;
[H+][A]
[H+][A-]
K -
8
a [HA]
[HA]
va Kn
K [H+] [OH
n = [H+] [OH ]]
K6 hop
K£t hopCA phtrang tnnh
ca ba phuong trinh nay
nay ta
to co:
co:

K
K = Kn
tD=^ (10.28)
(10.28)
tP Ka

260
260
 Tir (10.28)
Tir (10.28) ta
ta tha'y
ilia)/ hlng
hang s6
s6 thuy
thus, phan
phan ty
ty 16le nghich
nghich vdi
voi hang
hang sd
s6 axit
axit K
Ka; nhu
a; nhu

vay axit
vay axit cang
cang y6u
yeu (Ka
(Ka cang nh6),
nho), sir
sir thus,
thuy phan cua mu6i
mu6'i cang manh.
manh. Can
C5n km
luu y
rang trong
rang trong truqng
tnrcmg hcrp nay hang
hcrp nay hang so
s6 thus,
thuy phan chinh la hang s6 baza
baza Kb
Kb dia. baza
cua bazo
Bronsted AA ..
Bronsted
Giira dp
Giira dq thuy
thus, phan
phan va
va hang s6
so thuS,
thuy phan co moi lien he
h6 gi6ng
gifi'ng nhu m6i lien
he giua
he gifra d6
dq dien
dien ly
ly va
va hang
hang sd
s6 dien ly. N6u n6ng
ly. N6u nOngdp
di)ban
bandSu
(taucua
dmAA la C mol/L thi
ad trang thai can bang:
bang:
[HA]
[HA] ==[OH
[OH] == aatp .0 va
tp .C va [A
[A~]= =(1(1— atp
- a tp )C.

dO ta
Tir do ta co:
co:
a2
P.0
cd.C
Kt, =
K. (10.29)
1— atp
Trong trubng
Trong tru6ng hop
hqp aatp << 1,
tp « 1, có
co the' 1)6qua
th^ bo qua aatp
tp ct mau s6'.
d mSu s6. Khi do:
do:

K
Ktp a2tp.C
tp «atp-C

Ktp \I- K.
hay a
tp « (10.30)
atP 2" C Ka C
+ Muoi
Mu6i tao
tao thanh
thanh bai
bdi ham
bazo yeti,
yeu, axit manh.
Tir (10,25)
(10.25) ta co:
^ [MOH][H+]
[M01-1][H+]
Ktp = (10.31)
IM+
Lap Juan
luan tircing
tuong tuto tnrcmg
tru6ng hop
hqp tren ta co:
[M+ ][01-11
[MniOH-]
K bb =
[MOH]
[MOH]
,,,2
al.C r
va Kt, (10.32)
t" 1— a tp

MOt cach g^n

M6t each On dung:
dung;
Ktp
ct
tp ~ (10.33)
a tp C =VKb.0
K.

Tir (10.33) ta thay

tha'y hang s6
s6' thus,
thuy phan
phan cling tj, le
cung ty 16 nghich
nghich yeti
vcri hang s6
sd baza
bazo Kb:
Kb:
baza
bazcf cang yeu
y6'u (Kb
(Kb cang nh6)
nho) su
su thus/
thuy phan cua mu6i
mudi cang manh.

261
261
 + MuOi
Muoi tao thanh
thann bai
boi axit yeu va bazar
baza yeu.
Tit
Tir (10.26) ta co:
[HA][MOH]
Kt,
tp
=
[M+][A~]
[M+ ] [Al
Nhan ca tit
tur va matt
mSu s6 voi [H+] [OH
vai [H+] [OH-]:
];
K
K [HA][MOH][12
1+ ][OH-]
[HA][MOH][H"][OH-]
Ktp
tp
=
--tP [H+][A-][M+][OH-]
[W][A-][M+ ][OW]
Kr,
K
K tp - -
= Kaab (10.34)
tP
"^
N6u n6ng
Neu n6ng d6
d0 chung cua mu6i
mu6'i la C mol/L,
thi [HA] = [MOHJ
[HA] = [MOH]== aatp .0
tp .C

va [M 1] = [A
[M4 (1 -- atD )C.
[A ] = (1

Khi do ta co:
a2
K tp (10.35)
(1 - atp )22
d-atp)
Trong twang hap
Trong trucmg hop aatp << 11 ta co:
tp «

atp = tp
= = Kn (10.36)
a .b
KK
IK..K,

Bidu thirc
Bi^u thilc (10.36)
(10.36) cho that'
tha'y do
d6 thuS
thuy, phan
phan cua
cua mu6i
mud'i tao
taobcti
boi axit
axit y6u
yeu va
va bazar
baza
y6u khOngphu
yfi'u khdng phuthuftc
thu6c vao
vao n6ng
nong d6
d0 cua mud'i.
mu6i.
Trong thut
thirc te`
te phong thi nghi6m
nghidm có co thd
th^ tang
tang cu6ng
cucfng str
sir thuS,
thuy phan
phan hoac day lin lui
su thuS,
thuy phan.
phan. Mu6n
Mud'n tang
tang cuing
cudngsirsirthus/
thuy phan
phan thi
thiphai
phaidun
dunmingnong(phin
tphanLingirng thus,
thuy
phan
phan la plan
phan ting
umg thu
thu nhi6t)
nhidt) hoac
hoacpha
phaloang
loangbang
bangnu6c.
nude. Cling
Cung c6 co thd
the cho them
th6m axit
hoac them ki^m
hoac th6m kiern vao,
vao, lam
lam cho can bang thus, thuy phan
phan chuydn
chuy^n dich v6 ve phia
phi'a nay hoac
hoac
phia dd diy
phfa khac d^ day lui a
lin hoac dd tang cu6ng
cucmg sirsu thuS,
thuy phan.

10.2.9. Can bang

10.2.9. Can bang trong
trong dung
dung djch
dichchat
chit dien
di0 by
ly it
it tan

Khi hoa tan WA mdt chit

chatdi6n
di6nlylyItittan
tanvao
vaonu6c
nudethi
thi&dtrang
trangthat
thaibaobaohoahoagicra
giua
phan chat ran
phln chat ran da tan va phan phiin chat ran con lai cit cd.) mdt
mat can
can bang
bang ddng.
Ong. VI d6 tan
Vi do tan cua
dia
chit
chat din
difinlylyIt fttan
tanratratnhO,
nho,dung
dungdich
dichbao
baohoa hoacua
cuano noco
cdnong
ndngd6ddrat
rat thap,
tha'p, nen
ndn phan
phan
chat ran adatan tanphanphanlylyhoanhoanLoan
loanvavathirc
thuc t6te can
can bang
bang trtn
trdndirgc
duoc thi6t
thift lap
lap gala
giCa phan
chit
chat ran
ran kh6ng
khdng tan tan vava cac
cac ion
ion ciia
cua no
no chuydn
chuy&i vao vao dung dich.

262
 Vi
Vi du: AgCl(r) ^
AgCI(r) Ag (dd) +
Ag+(dd) + CI
Cl(dd)
(dd)

Day can bang

Day la can bang d|
di the,
thd, nen
nen hang
hang so
s6 can
can bang
bang co
có dang:
dang:
[Ag+] [C1
K = [Ag+] [Cf]]

Nhu vay,
Nhir vay, trong
trong dung
dung dich
dich bao
bao hoa
hoa cua
cua chat
chat didn
dien ly
ly ftit tan,
tan, ti'ch
tich s6
so cac
cac n6ng
nang do
dp
ion cua no
ion ciia no la
la dai
dai lacing khong doi
lirpng khong d6i 6a mot
mat nhiet
nhiet do
da nhgt
nha't dinh.
dinh. Dai
Dai luting
lupng nay dacdac
trong dinh lirpng
trimg dinh Itrongcho
chokha
khanang
nang hoa
hoatan
tancua
dm chat
chat dien
dien ly
ly it tan va dupe
duoc goi
gpi la tich so
lich so
tan cua chat dien ly
ciia cha't ly ft
it tan do.
do. Neu
Ndu ky
ky hieu
hieu ti'ch
tich sd
s6 tan
tan la T, ta co:
+
TAgCi == [Ag
TAgCI [Ag+]] [C1
[Cf] (10.37)
Trong twang hop long
Trong truong tong quat,
pat, dai
d6'iveri
v6i hop
hop chat it tan AmBn:
AmBn:
ai-
AmBn
A B
iT, n mAa^ + nBb
nBb (10.38)
tich
ti'ch s6
so tan cua
ciia no
no du'oc
dupe bidu
bieu di6n bang bidu
bieu thirc:
TArriBn = [Aa+ [Bb-
TA B. = [Aa+]rn[Bb~]n (10.39)

Cling nhu dp
Cung nhu do tan,
tan, ti'ch
tich so
so tan
tan phu
phuthupc
thuac vao
vaoban
bancha't
chit ciia
cua cha't
chat tan,
tan, ban
ban cha't
chit
cua
ciia dung m6i va
dung moi va nhiet
nhiet do.
do. Tai
Tai mot
mat nhiet
nhiet dp
do nha't
nhgtdinh,
dinh,cha't
chit co
có ti'ch
tich s6 tan cang nha
nho
10
thl cang
cang it tan.
tan. Vidu 180C, T
Vi du oa 18°C, TAgO 1,6.10~10;; T
Aga = 1,6.10
13
5,0.10-13;; T
AgBr == 5,0.10"
- AgBr TAgI 1,1.10"16
= 1,1.10
Agl = 16,,
(la tangiam
dp tan giarn theo
theo chieu
chidu AgC1
AgCl AgBr
-> AgBr -> AgI.
Agl.

Khi bier tich

Khi biet tich so
so tan
tan ciia
dm mat
mot chat
cha't it
it tan
tan ta
ta có
co thd
th^ tinh
tinh &roc
dupe do
dp tan
tan cua
cua nO.
no.
That vay, dal vdi
vay, dPi vai can bang (10.38) dp
d0 tan s cua cha't
chat AmBn
AmBn la:

„ [Aa+]] [Bb-
[Aa+ [Bb-]]
s-

[Ad+] == ms
Thay [Aa+] msNra. [Bb]] = ns
va [B ns vao biPu
bidu thttc
thtic (10.39)
(10.39) ta co:
a+ b
TAmBn = (ms)a+
Ta b =(m .(ns)b-
S) .(ns) -

do dp
Tir do do tan
tan s dupe
diroc tinh la:

_ al
Jta b
s« = a+biTA,„Bn (10.40)
m.n
Doi vai cha't
Doi voi chit phan
phan ly
ly thanh
thanh hai
hai ion,
ion, vi
vi du AgC1, m == nn == 11 va
AgCl, m 180C
va s = 7T ad 18°C
thi:

sAg
s
Vl.6.10"-1°
\/TAgCl = N/1.6.10
o ==*JTAgc1
AgCl 10 =1.26.10-5 mol / L.
= 1.26.10~5mol/L.
16
Bai
Bai tap
tpp ap dung 10.17:
10.17: Tinh
Tinh do
dp hoa tan
tan ciia
dm AgI
Agl (Ks
(Ks = 1,5.10
1,5.10 16 (mol/L)2)
(mol/L)2)
trong nuPc
nu& nguyen chat.
nguyen cha't.

161
 Ltri giii:
Lai giai:
[Ag+] [I
[Ail.] [I ]== Ks
Ks = 1,5.10 16
1,5.10 16 (mol/L)2
(mol/L)2
Goi X == [Ag++ ]=
xx=[Ag [r]]
] = [I
[n
ta co: x22 = 1,5.10
x 16 -->
1,5.10"16 1,22.10_88 (mol/L)
3 xx == 1,22.10
t —8
Nhu
Nhir vay, dO tan ss cua
d6 tan cua Agl
AgI trong
trong niroc
nudicnguydn
nguyenchat
chit ss = 1,22.10 8 mol/L.
Bai tap ap
Bai fit) dung DO tan
10.18: D6
dung 10.18: tan cua
dm canxi oxalat CaC2O4
CaC^C^ trong
trong dung
dung dich
dich
amoni oxalat (NH4)2C204
(NH^C^C^ 0,05M nh6
nho hurl trong nude
ban trong nu& bao nhieu lan?
ISn? Neu cho rang
d6 then
difin ly caa
cua (NH4)2C204
(NH4)2C204 khi do la 70%,
70%, tich
tfeh s6
s6' tan caa
cua CaC2O4
CaC^C^ la 3,8.10 99 va
la 3,8.10
bO qua
bo qua luc
luc ion.
LO1 giii: DO
Lfri giai: tan cua
D6 tan ciia CaC^C^
CaC2O4 la:
9
s = V3,8.10
V3,8.10--9 6,2.10-5M
xa 6,2.10-5 M
Neu
Nefu gii
giathiet
thiet(10
do tan ciia
cua CaC2O4
CaC204 trong dung djch
dich (NH4)2C204
(NI^^C^C^ la x, ta có:
co:
[ca2+]
[Ca2+] = x; [C204
[C2O422"] = x + 0,05.0,7

+ 0,035) = 3,8.10 9v
x(x +0,035)
Gii
Gia sir
sir x«<< 0,035
0,035 ->
-+ 0,035x = 3,8.10 9
7
1.09.10"7
x = 1.09.10
x=
DO tan ciia
D6 tan dm canxi oxalat
oxalat CaC2O4
CaC^C^ trong dung dich amoni oxalat (NH4)2C204
(NH4)2C204
—7 ^
la
la 1,09.10
1,09.10 M.
M.VOi
Vdi lc&
kfi't qui
quathu
thu(lucre
duqc ta
ta CO the suy
co th^ suy ra (10 tan cua
d6 tan dm canxi
canxi oxalat
oxalat
5 -77
CaC2O4
CaC204 nho hun nu6c nguyfin
han trong nude nguyen chat
chit la:
la; 6,2.10 5 : 1,09.10
1,09.10 = 570 lan.
iSn.

B£ng 10.4.
Bang 10.4. Ttch
Tich so
s6 tan
tancua
dm mgt
n44 so
s6 hop
hqp chat
chit it tan a
b 25°C

Chit
Chat T Chit
Chat T
-13
13 11
AgBr 3,3.10
3.3.10" CaF2
CaF2 3,9.10
-10 19
AgC1
AgCl ,8.10 10
11,8.10 Cu(OH)2
CU(OH)2 1,6.10
1,6.10
Ag2CrO4
AgjC^ 9,0.10"12
9,0.1012 CuS 8,7.10
8,7.10"36
AgI
Agl 1.5.10"16
1,5.10 16 FeCO3
FeC03 3,5.10
3,5.10" 11
9 38
Ag2S
AgjS 1.0.10"49
1,0.10 Fe(OH)3 6,3.10
6,3.10"
5 18
Ag2SO4
A
g2^4 1,7.10""5
1,7.10 FeS 5,0.10
5,0.10"

Al(OH)3 1,9.10"33
1,9.10 " Hg2Cl2 1,1.10
1,1.10" 18
53
BaCO3
BaCOj S.l.lO-99
8,1.10 HgS 3,0.10
3,0.10'

264
 -10
BaSO4
BaS04 1,1.io~10
1,1.10 PbCO3
PbC03 l,5.i0-13
1,5.10 13
-9
CaCO3
CaCOj 4,8.10 9 PbC12
PbCl2 1,7.10 55
1,7.10
28
CaC204 2,0.10"99
2,0.10 PbS 8,4.10"28
8,4.10
-8
CaF2
CaF2 11
4,0.10 11 PbSO4
PbS04 1,8.10 8
1,8.10
11
CaSO4
CaS04 6,3.10 55 ZnCO3
ZnC03 1,5.10
1,5.10 11
25 -17
Ca3(PO4)2
Ca3(P04)2 1,0.10"25
1,0.10 Zn(OH)2 4,5.10"17
4,5.10

Khi biet
Khi biet tfch
tich s6
s6' tan cua mot
m6t s6
so chit,
chat, ta
ta có
co the
the tim
tlm duck
duoc dieu
dieu kien
kien de
delAm
lam ket
tAa hoac de
tua hoac de hoa
hoa tan
tan chat do.
Mu6n
Mudn ket tua mot chitchat dien
difen ly
ly Itit tan
tan thi
thi tich
tfch s6
s6' [tong
nong d6
do cac ion cua no trong
dung dich (v6i
(vdri luy
luy thira
thtra thich
thi'ch him)
hc^p) phai vuot vuoi qua dai ltr6ng tich so
lirong ti'ch s6 tan cua no.
Bai tap
tap ip
apdung
dung10.19:
10.19:Khi
KhitrOn
tronmot
motthe
the? tich
tich cua
cua dung
dung dich
dich Pb(NO3)2 10 22M
Pb(N03)2 10 M
_2 ,2+
voi mot
vdi m6t the tich cling
cung bang ay
a'y cua dung
dung dich
djch H2SO4 10 10 2M.
M. H6i
Hoi (10 tan cua
d6 tan cua Pb2+
Pb
2
vA S042-
va SO4 la bao nhieu? Cho tich s6
sd tan cua
dm PbSO4 1,38.10 8.
PbS04 bang 1,38.104.
-» » >. 2+ 2—
2
Lbrigiai:
Loi gifii:Khi
Khi trdn
trOn22the
thetich
tichnhu
nha nhau
nhau thi
thi ndng
!long dp
da cua ion Pb
Pb2+ vA SO4
ion SO4'
va ion
se giam di
di mot
m6t ntra.
nira. VA),
Vay tich
tfch s6
sdnong
nongdO
dpsese1A:
la:

[Pb2+][SOf]
10-2x 10-2
[SO2-= ^-x^i- 2 = 2.5.10-
2,5.10-55
[Pb2+ 14 =
2
8
nghia
nghla IA vi.r6ttfch
la vupt tichsd
s6 tan
tan cua
cua PbSO4
PbSC^ (1,38.10 8), ), do do ket tua PbS04 se xuat
tiia PbSO4 xua't hien.
hidn.
Ket tAa se ngimg
tua se ngimg tang
lang xu6ng
xudng khi
khi dung
dung dich
dichdat
datdtmc
dupestr
subao
baohoA,
hoa, nghia
nghla IA
la khi:

[Pb2+ ] = [SO^
[Pb2+ V1,38.1048 =1,17.10-4
[SO4- ] = Vl.38.10- = 1,17. lO'4 mol
mo1/L
/L
. 2+ • 2
2-
Neu
Ndu cho them vao
vao dung
dung dich
dich bao
bao hoA nay cac
hoa nay Pb hoac
cac ion Pb2+ hoac cac ion SO44
ion SO
thi can bang:
b^ng:
2+
PbSO4(r) Pb2+(dd)
PbS04(r) ^ Pb S0422 (dd)
+ SO4
(dd) + (dd)

se chuydn
chuydn dich theo
theo chieu
chidu nghich,
nghich, nghia
nghla 1a PbSC^ se
la PbSO4 se ket
kdt tila
tua them,
thdm, dO
dd tan cua
cua
PbS04 giam xud'ng.
PbSO4 xuang.
Tic do ta
Tir do ta tha'y
tidy rang
ring d6 tan
tan cua mot
mdt hap
hpp chit
chat trong
trong dung
dung dich
dich co
co chtla
chufa nhiing
nhihig
ion ding loai
ion cilng loai yeti ntang ion
vdi nhung ion cua
cua hap
hpp chit
chatdo
ddluOn
ludn luan
ludn b8
be han
hon d6
dp tan cua no trong
rank
nude nguyen chit.
nguydn chat.
Dieu kien dd
Didu kidn de hoa tan motmdt chat diendidn ly itft tan
tan la
la tich
tfch s6
sd 'tong
ndng dO
dd Q cac ion
ion
dm
cua no
no trong
trong dung
dung dich
dich (v6i
(vdi luy
luy thira
thila thich
thfch hap)
hpp) phai
phai nh6
nho harp tich sd
hon tfch s6 tan
tan T cua no
(Q < T). Tren
Trdn thtrc te, su hoa
thuc td, hoa tan
tan mdt
mot cha't
chit It
ft tan se xay ion cua
xay ra khi ion dm no tao duvc
dupe

265
veri thu6cthu
vai thuoc thirthem
themvao vaohoac
hoacthanh
thanhm6tmetchat
chitdien
dienlylyrat
ratyeu,
yeti,hoac
hoacm6t
met ion
ion phtrc
phik ben,
hoac met cha't
hoac mot chit khi
khf itit thoat
thoat ra
ra khOi
khoi dung
dung dich.
djch. Khi
Khi do ming de can bang
nong do bang cila
cua ion
ion
twang ringtrong
tuong umg trong dung
dung dich dich sau
sau khi
khi thuc
thu'chi6n
hien phan
phan trng
ling trao
trao d6i
d6i se
se nho
nhOhonhan n6ng
neng dp
de
dau cua
ban dSu dm no do ket tiia tua phan ly ra.
VI du, mu6n
Vi mud'n hoA tan AgCl
hoa tan AgCI ngiroi
nguei ta Ag+ cua no trong dung dich tao
ta cho ion Ag+
vai tAg(NH3)2]+ tan va ben.
voi NH3 de tao ra phdc [Ag(NH3)21+ ben. Khi do n6ng
ming dp Ag++ se giam di do
de Ag
ditqc lien ket
dupe HSn ket vao
vao phdc, [Ag+] [CI
phut, lam cho [Ag+] [Cl 1] < TAga. Neu them do
TAgQ. du lacing
lupng amoniac
thi AgC1 c6 the
AgCl co the tan
tan hoan loan.
toan.

10.2.10. Can bang tao phtic

phurc trong dung dich
djch

a) KM niem
a) Khdi niem vi
ve phitc chit
phuc chat
Phtic cha't
Phurc chit IA nh&nghop
la nh&ng himcha't
chit co
co thAnh phan phuc
thanh phan phut tap, duqc
dupe tao
tao thanh
thanhdo
doski'
sir
ket
ket hqp
hop cac
cac phan
phan tit tu bao
bao hoa
hoa hoahoa tri,tri, cc') kha nang
co kha nang t6nten tai
tai dOc
dpc lap.
lap. ViVf dudu
Fe(CN)3.3KCN; Hg12.2K1;
Hgl2.2KI; CuSO4.5H20;
CUSO4.5H2O; CoC13.6NH3
C0CI3.6NH3 v.v... v.v... Ciu
Cau true
true cua
cua phan
phan tit
tu
pluic bao gom
phurc bao gem nguyen tt't (hoOc ion) trung torn
tu (hoac tarn tao phirc
phurc va bao quanh no no IA mot so
la mot se
xac dinh
xac dinh cac tieu
ti^u phan
phan (nguyen
(nguyen tit, tir, phan
phan tittir hoac
hoac ion)
ion) goi
gpi lA
la cac
cac phOi
phdi tit
tif ( hoac
hoac
ligan). Cac ph6i
phdi tit
tiir cling
cung vai
vdi ion
ion trung
trung tamtarn tao
taothAnh
thanh cdu notnpi cua pink
phuc chit.
cha't.Cau
CfiunOi
npi
phut
phirc can
con duac
dupe goi
gpi lAla ion phtic
phuc va khi viet cling thirc ngudi
cdng thuc ngirei la
ta dat
dat no trong hai dau
mac
mdc vueng.
vudng. Ion
Ion phdc
phurc c6 co dien
didn tich
ti'ch throng,
duong, am hoac c6 co the bang kh6ng.
khdng. IonIon phirc
phirc co
the
thd' ket hap vai met s6 xac dinh cac ion mang dien tich floc:cc dau,
hop vdi mdt so xac djnh cac ion mang dien ti'ch ngupc da'u, tao thanh cdu
ngoai cua phiic chit. VI
phurc cha't. Vf du:

Ion trung
Ion trungtam Phol tu
tam Ph6i Soph6i
tit S6 pho'i tri

X I X
[Ag(NH3)21
[Ag(NH3)2] CI
Cl

Clu
CAu Cau
Ctiu
noi phUc
nOi ngoai phCrc
phirc ngoai phth

(long vai tro

dong vai tre nguyen
nguydn tit
tu (hoac ion)
ion) trung
trung tam
tam thiterng
thudng la la cation
cation kim loaf
loai chuyen
chuy^n tiep,
tie'p,
dei
ddi khi lala anion
anion hoac
hoac nguyen
nguyen tit
tu trung hoa.hoa. Cac ph6i tu
Cac pho'i tit thudng
tinging laIAanion:
anion:Cla-,, Br
Br,,
2
OH,
OH , CN,
CN , NO2NOj",, CO3
C032',, C2042 ' v.v... IA phan td
la phan tit trung
trung hoa:hoh: H2O,
HjO, NH3,
NH3, CO,
CO. NO,NO.
CH3NH2, pyridin C5H5N v.v... Mdt
C5H5N v.v... Met phdi
ph6i tutit tuy
tuji thudc
thuec vao vao ca'u
ciu true cua no,
no. co thethl
lien
lidn ket vai
vdi ion trung tam qua 1, 2, 3 hay nhieu nguyen tit trong thAnh
trung tam qua 1, 2, 3 hay nhieu nguyen tu trong thanh phan cua
ciia no.
Khi do ngtrei goi chiing
ngudi ta gpi chung Wang ling la
tuong umg la phdi
phei tu tit mdt
met cang,
cang, pho'i
phei ta
tu hai cang, v.v...
v.v... S6
So'
lien ket ma ion trung tam sit a
sir dung de lien ket voi vdi cac ph6i phdi tit
tir bang so
so.pho'i
phoi tri cua
ciia
ion trung
trung tam
tam do.
d6. Ngudi
Nguei ta da
di bier
bie't duct
dupecac cacsosoph6i
phditri trf6,6,44va.
va 2. Cac sosd phei
phdi tri nay
nly

266
tirang ang
Wong utig vdi
vai cau
ca'u dang hInh
hlnh hoc d6i xung nhat
doi ximg nha't cUa phtic chat:
cua phuc chat: hinh
hinh tam
tam mat (6),
hInh to dien hoac hinh
hinh tir vudng (4) va
hmh vu6ng va dtreing
dirdng thing (2)...

b) Hang
thing so can bang tqo
Agophiic.
pik. DO
Dp bin
ben ctia phitc chat
cua phuc
Trong dung dich
dich cac
cac ion
ion phdc
phurc ducrc kirn loai trung tam
duoc tao thanh khi cation kim tarn
ket hop vdi cac phOi tit la
phoi tu la anion hoac phan
phSn tit
tir trung hoa.
Vi du:
Vfdu; Ag++
Ag + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
^ [Ag(NH3)2]+
+ 2
Ni2+
N12
t+ + 4CN-
+ 4CN 7=1 [Ni(CN)4]
[Ni(CN)4r
3+ rr-' _ r-" ]
Fe3+ + 6F
+ 6F ^ [FeF6
[FeF6]^ 3
2+
Cu2+ + 4C5H5N
+4C5H 5N [Cu(C5H5N)4]2+
^ [Cu(C5H5N)4]2+
Trong trublig
trircmg hop
hop tong
tdng quat, neu ion trung tam M
ndu ion M ke't
ket hap
hop vdi ph6i
phdi tit
tir L, tao
thanh phirc chat ML
phirc chat MLnn (n lala s6
s6 ph6i
phdi tri cua M, dd don gian to
M, de ta khOng vie't dien
khdng viet then tich)
thi
tht can bang tao phtic dtrac bidu
phurc duoc bieu didn
din nhtr
nhtr sau:
sau;
M + 111, MLn
Hang so can
c^n bang:
blng:
= [MLfl
[MLn]]
(10.41)
[M][L]n
[M][L]n
durroc
duoc goi
gpi la 'Ong
hang sO
so tao
tqo thdnh so ben cila
thanh hay hang se( ph& chat.
cua phuc chat. Hang
Hang s6
sd tao thanh p
cang 16n, nghla la can bang tren
c6 nghia
Ion, co chuydn dich manh sang phai
dtn cang chuyen thi phurc
phai thi ph& chat
chit tao
thanh se cang ben. Ngupc vdi hang s6 ben
Ngtpc vdi sokhong ben (Kkb)
bdn la hang senchang (Kkb) cua phtic
phirc chat:

Kkb = i
1 [M][L]n
Kkb = (10.42)
kb
Pp [MLn
[MLn]]

Hang s6 sd kJ-long ben

khdng qua trinh
bdn dac trung cho qua trlnh phan
phan ly ciia
dm ion
ion phtic:
phuc: Kkb cang
Ian phtfc cang kern
lorn thi ion phirc kem ben
bdn va ngtroc 10.5 dua ra hang s6 ben
ngupc lai. Bang 10.5 bdn dm
ciia mot
m6t
so
sP' ion
ion phirc
phdc thtrZing
thucmg gap.
Bai tap ap
ap dung
dung10.20:
10.20: Khi
Khi cho 0,2M dung dich
cho 0,2M djch CuSO4
CUSO4 vao dung dich NH3
1,20 M thi
1,20 M thi phurc
ph& d6ng hinh
hinh thanh.
thanh. Hay
Hay xac
xacBinh ndng dq
dinh neing Cu2+ bang bao
dp Cu2+ bao nhieu
nhidu tai
"» V . s , V ^ 13
theri can bang. Cho bier
diem can
thdi didm bidt hang s6 blng ben
sd' can bang bdn p
P== 5.1013.
5.10 .

Lai
L6i giii:
giai: Phan
Phan ting
umg tao
tao phdc:
phurc:

Cu2+ +
Cu2+ + 4NH3
4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+
[Cu(NH3)4]'

[ ]0 0,2 1,2 0,8

icb ? 1,2 — 0,8

1,2-0,8 0,2

267
 Ap dung c6ng
Ong thdc
thurc (10.41)
(10.41) ta
ta viet:
vie't:
12 +
13 [CU(N113 )4
12 0,20
B = 5 10
(3=5.10 = [^(NHs^] 4 _ 0.20
"CU2+][NH3]]4 [Cu2+1.(0,4)4
[Cu2+1[NH3 [Cu2+].(0,4)4

2+ -13 -
Tit
Tu phutmg trinh nay
phucfng trinh nay ta tinh
U'nh duoc
duoc [Cu2+] 1.6.10 Is rat
[Cu ] == 1.6.10 rat nh6.
nho. Dieu
Dieu nay
nay
13 - 2+
co nghia
c6 nghla voi
vdi 13 = 5.1013 qua
P =5.10 Ion nen hau nhu
qua lem nhu toan
loan 1)0 Cu da
b6 Cu2+ da tham
tham gia
gia vao
vao viec
viec
tao phitc.
phirc,

Bang
B^ng 10.5.
10.5. HAng s6 Win
Hlng so ciia mot
ben cua mot so
s6 ion
Ion phirc
phut

Ion phdc
phurc 0P Ion phirc
pink 13P
4- 36
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+ 1,47.107
1,47.107 [FeCCN)^4-
[Fe(CN)6] 7.94.1036
4 3- 43
[CO(NH3))66]2+
[Co(NH3 2+ 2,45.104 [Fe(CN)6]3
[Fe(CN)6] 7.94.1043
35 3+ 48
[CO(NH3)6]3+
[Co(NH3)6]3+ 1,99.1035
1,99.10 [Co(En)3]3+
[Co(En)3] 4,9.1048
12 * 2+ 2+ 19
[Cu(NH3)4]]2+
[Cu(NH3)4 2+ 1,07.1012
1,07.10 [Ni(Ent)3]
[IsIi(En )3] I^.IO19
1,29.10
7 3- 24
[AgBr2]_ 2.19.107
2,19.10 [aif6]3-
[AlF6] 4,68.1024
5 14
[AgC12]
[AgCl2r 1,1.105
1,1.10 [CU(OH)4]2~
[Cu(OH)4]2 3,63.1014
21 17
[AuC141
[AUC14] 2,0.1021 [Zn(OH)4]2
[Zn(OH)4]2 5,02.1017
15 3- 13
[HgCl4]2_
[HgC14]2 1,66.1015 [Ag(S203)21
(Ag(S203)2] 2,88.1013
* En:
En: la
la ctilcndiamin,
etilendiam'n, NH2(CH2)2NH2
Hang s6 ben
Hang s6' b^n cila
cua ion phdc la mot
m6t dai Ittqng quan trong.
lirqng quan trong. Biel hang sd
Bife't hang s6 Wn
ben co
c6
the tinh dugc
th6' duoc nOng d6 can
n6ng d6 can bang
bang cua
cita cac
cac phdn
phan tit co
c6 mat trong dung dich phirc chat,
tit do
tir do giai
giii cac
cac bai
bai toan
toan khic
khacnhau
nhauco
colien
li6nquan
quanden
dfe'nphan
phan (trig
umg tao
tao phiic
phirc chat trong
dung dich.

rilkiing.itiem
QfUtOmq, &int efunh
eldnit i/t'ii
vitt ehu'onf/
eluieng 10

1.
1. Nhfirngtinh
Nhumg tinhchat
chatchung
chung cua
cila dung
dung djch
dich

Dung dich
Dung 4 d6ng
dich la hf (long th^
the g6m
g6m hai
hai hay
hay nhi^u
nhieu ca'u
cau tir
tit ma
ma ham
ham luong
lugng cua cluing
chung
c6 the bien doi
co d6i lien
li6n tuc trong mot
m6t gi6i
gidi han
han rOng.
rdng.

268
268
1.1.
1.1. Nong
Nongdi)dodung
dungdich
dichva
vacich
eachbie'n
bieuthi
thinong
nongdO
do

Ngu6i
Ngircri to
ta goi
goi ILT6ng chattan
lucmg chat tantrong
trongmot
motdon
don vj
vi kh6'i
kh6i luong
lacing hay
hay trong
trong don vi the
tich dung dich hay dung m6i
tfch dung moi la wing
nong dO.
do.
Co nhieu
CO nhieu each bieu
bi6u thi
thj nong
n6ng dO:
do:
NongdO
- Ming do phan
phdn tram
tram (C%): S6' gam chat tan trong 100
(C%):SO 100 gam dung dich.
Nong do
- NOng moilL (M): SO
(10mollL molcha't
S6 mol chat tan
tan trong
trong lit
lit dung djch.
dich.
- Nong
Nong<10 throng luang
dp duong lito'ng gam S6 duong
gam (N): So duang lirong
lirqng gam
gam cha't
chit tan trong mot
m6l lit
dung dich.
Nong dO
- NOng SOmol
d6 molan (m): So mol cha't
chat tan
tan trong
trong mot kilogam dung
dung mOi.
moi.
- NOng
Nong (10 (Xj):): S6
phdn mol (Xi
dp phdn mol cha't
So mol chat ii chia cho so
s6 mol cUa cac cha't
cua cac chit có
co mat
trong dung dich.
ni
Xi
Eni

1.2.
1.2. Dinh
Djnh luit
luatHenry ye (10
Henry ve tancua
do tan cUachat
chit khi
khitrong
trongchat
chit long
Neu C la nong
nong c10
d6 cha't
chat khi
khi trong
trong cha't
chat long
'Ong va
va PP la
la ap
ap sua't
suat rieng
rieng cua
cua khi'
khi thi;

C = k.P
yeti
vdi kk la
la he
he so
so Henry, chi phu
phu thu6c
thu6c vao
vao nhiet
nhiet dO.
d6.

1.3.
1.3. Cac
Cacdinh
dinh luat ye dung djch
luat ve dich loang
loing

- Dinh
Dinh luit
luat Raoult:
Raoult: DO
Dp gidm twang
tuang dot
doi cua
cua ap
dp sucit
sud't hoi bdo hod cila
cua dung
dung
dung dich
moi tren dung dich bang
bang phdn mol clult
chat tan:
tan:

PA
P
A- P
-PAA^ n
nsB
pA Xs
Pa nB
n
B nA
+
+ n
A B

- He qua cUa dinh luat Raoult:

cua djnh
DO
Dp tang diem
diem soi (dO
(dp ha
ha diem
diem hoci ran) ctia
hod ran) cua dung
dung dich ty;
ty le voi
vdi nong do
nong dp
molan m cua chat
chat tan:
tan:

AT
AT == K.C
K.0
veri
vdi KK - h^ng
hang s6
s6' nghiem
nghidm s6i
sdi hay hang s6 nghiem
nghiSm lanh; C - nong
n6ng do
d6 molan.
- Dinh luat
luat Van't
Van't Hoff
Hoff ve
\6 ap suat
sua't thim
thlm than ap sudt
It cua dung dich: dp
tha'u Tt sud't thcim
thdm
thciu clia dung
than cua dung dich
dich bang
bang ap
dp sudt
sud't gciy
gay ra
ra bed chdt tan, neu
bai chat neu nhu a
d cung
ding nhiet
nhietdO
dp chdt
chat
dim 6d trang
tan ndm trang thdi
thaikhi
khiva
va chiem
chii'm mot
mot the
the tich
tich bang
bang the tich dung dich.

269
 n = CRT
It
R IA hang s6 khi; T IA
la hang nhiet d6
la nhiet d6 tuy6t
tuyet d6i;
d6'i; C IA 'long d6.
la n6ng d0.

2. Can bdng
bang ion trong dung dich dien ly

Kha nang phan ly ciia dirqc dac

cua dung dich duoc dac trung
tru'ngbang
bangd6
d0dien
dien ly
ly a.
a.
S6 mol bi: dien
So' mol then
; ly „ < a < I.
± ;0<a<1.
;0
a.
a = ,
SO molhoa
So mol hoa tan
tan

2.1.
2.1. Ap
Apdung
dungdinh
djnhluat
luattic
tacdung
dungkh6i
khdiWong
lupng vao
vao can
can bang
bang ion
ion

Khai niem ve chi so pK

Khdi
De dcm
don gian to
ta xet can bang ion sau a nhiet dp
do T va n6ng
tieing dp
do CC xac
xac dinh.
AB A+ + B
AB ^A+ B_

Can bang ion dupe

duqc dac trtrng bang hang sP
trung bang s6 can bang K.
[A+1[13-
MFB-I a2
a2
K= -
[AB] 1- aC

Day IA dinh luat

la dinh luat pha
pha loang
loang Ostwald.
Trong
Trong tinh toan ye
vP can
can bang
bang ion,
ion, rribt
mPt dai
dai luting
lupng hay
hay &lac
dupe sir
su dung
dung do
doIA
IP chi
sa
sP pK:
pK:
pK = -- logK
pK =

2.2.
2.2. Thuy&
Thuyetaxit
axit- -bazo
bazoxet
xettheo
theoquan
quan niem
niem cua
cua Bronsted
Bronsted - Lowry
Lowry

Axit lA chit co
la chat c6 kha nang cho proton trong
trong dung dich.
Baza IAchat
Bazo la chit co
c6 kha
kha nang
nang nhan proton
proton trong
trong dung dich.
A H+
B B++H+
A ^
Axit
Axit Baza
Bazo
A va B
B IA axit va bazo
la axit bazar lifin
lien hop
hqp

2.3. ApAp
dung thuy&
dung thuyetBronsted
Bronsted- -Lowry
Lowryvao
vaomot
mots6
socan
canbang
bang ion
ion trong
trong dung
dung dich

'rich
Tfch s6
sP ion
ion dia.
cua nitac:
nuPc:
Kn [U30+] [OH
Kn = [H30+] ICT14
[OH] ]»10 14 ->
pKnpKn = 14
14

270
 -- Luc
Lucaxit;
axit: HA
HA ++ H2O
H2O —
,=1
^ H30+
H3O +
+ A
A

A xit i Bazo2
Axit| Baza2 Axit,
Axit2 Bawl
Baza|

[H30+ A- 1
Hang só axit;
Hang so axit: Ka=^—r-—^pK pK„;i == — logK„
-logK.,
a = [HAJ
[HA] K ;

-- Luc
Lucbazo;
bazo:BB +
+ H2O BH+ +
H2O ^ BH+ + OH
OH

Baal!
Bazdi Axit2
Axit2 Axit i Bazo2
Axit! Baza2

OH^ir
[OH- BH+']
][BH+
Hang so
Hang s6 baza:
bazo: Kb
Kb = ^ jgj ;; pKb
pKb = — logKbb
- logK
-logK
[B]

3.
3. Khai
KhainiOn
nlem pH
pH

Tren thuc td,

te, dd
de' dac
dac trung
trung cho
chophan
phan(mg
ung cua
cuamOimoi truing
trudngngueri
ngudi to
ta khOng
khong thing
dung
+
!tong
n6ng dO cita ion
do cua ion H
H+,, vi lay
luy thira
thira am khOng thuan tifin,
kh6ng thuan tidn, ma
ma thuctng
thuing sir
su dung mot
m6t dai
*mg
luonggoi
goilalachi
chis6
s6'hidro
hidrohay
hay luc
luc hidro
hidro (viel tir chu
(viet tat tir chit Phap
Phap -—pouvoir
pouvoirHydrogene:
Hydrogene:
pH), do Sorensen,
Sorensen. ngueri
ngucd Dan Mach dua ra nam 1909 1^09 veri dinh nghla:
vdti dinh nghia:
pH cua
pH logarit thap
cua dung dich la logarit thap phan
phan cua nong H+ hay
n6ng do ion H+ hay ion
ion hidroni
hidroni
+
H30+.
H30 .
+ +
pH == —
-log[H ] =—
log[H+]= -log[H30
log[H30+]]
Tuang tu,
Ttrong phan ting
tit, phan ung cua mOi
m6i truCing
truong cocoth6
thdduac
duocdac
dac trung
trung bang
bang chi sd
chi s6
hidroxyl
pOH == —
- log [OH-]j
log [OH
+
VI
Vi Kn =
Kn = [[H
H+]] [OH 10"14
[OH ] = 10 14
+
ndn
nen log [H
log [Fr]
] ++ log
log [OH
[OH ]j = =-14
—14
hay pH +
+ pOH
pOH = 14
14
Thuing dO
Thuang do axit cita
cua mOi truing duqc
moi truang duac dac trung bang dai luting
luong pH. Moi
M6'i lien
+
hd
he giCra Wong d6
giua n6ng dr) H
H+,, pH va
va phan
phin (mg cua mdi
ung cua mOitrudng
truingduac
&rocbi^u
bidudiSn
din nhu sau:

Moi
Mai tnfdng
trUang trung
trung Unh
tinh
Moi
Mai tnicJng
trufang axit
axit Moi trUdng ki^m
Mei truZIng ki6m
I
IHL+
[F11
1 2 3 5 6 8 9 10 n 12 13 H
mol/L
moi/L 11 KT
101 10" 10-3
10-2 10" 10-4 10- 10-
10-8 lO" 10" 10-9
10-7 10-8 lO" 10-11
10" 10-10 10" 10-12
10" 10-13
lO" 10-"
10'
pH
p11 00 11 22 33 4 5
5 6
6 7 8
8 9
9 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14

Tang do
Tang dp axit Tfing bazd
Tang d5 Immo

271
4. Cong thtic
thurc tinh pH ciia
cua cac dung dich
dich nude
ntnk
Dung djch
dich Gia tr.!
tri pH
+
- HA lA mot axit
la m6t axit manh nong
n6ng dO
dp C pH == — log[H30+]=
- log[H30 ] =—
- logC
1
-- HA la
lAm6t
motaxit
axit y&i
y6u co
có n6ng
nong d6
do C pH 2 (pKa —
pH == — _ log C)
logC)

- B IA mot baza
la m6t baza manh
manh c6
co nong
n6ngclO
dp C pH = 14 + logC
pH
1
-- B la mdt
mot baza y6u co
bazayPu co nong
nPng dO
dp C pH == 14
pH — —(pKb
2
14(pK — log C)
b-logC)

- BA la muPi
BA la mu6i cua axit manh va bazo
baza manh pH = 7
pH
1
- BA la muPi
mu6i cua
cua axit
axit y6u
yPu vA baza manh
va bazo pH = 77 +
pH = —
2 (pKaa ++ log
+ ~(pK C)
logC)

1
- BA IAmuPi
BA la mu6icua
cua axit
axit manh
manh baza yeu
yPu pH == 77— —
pH 2 (pK
(pKbb — log C)
- logC)

1
-- AB
AB la muPi
mu6i cua
cua axit
axit y6u
y6'u HA
HA vA bazo yPu
va baza yeu B pH=
pH = 77+—(pK
+- (pKaa — pKbb))
- pK

5. Hon hop dem

Hon hop Om

Dung
Dung dich dem
dpm c6
co pH It
it thay d6i khi pha loang hoac
hoac khi th6m
them mot
mpt luang vita
vita
phai axit hoac baza
bazavac)
vao dung dich.
dich. MOt
Mpt h6n hap dem
dPm gom
g6m axit
axityeti
yPucó
co!long
nPngclO
dp Ca
Ca
vA motmuPi
va mpt mu6i cua
cua axit y6u
yPu co nong
nPng dO
dp Cm
Cm thl:
thi;
C
pH = pK log m
+ log^-
pKaa+
Ca
Truing hap
Truong hap h6n
h6n hap
hap dem
dpm dm
cuabazo
bazay6u
yPu !long
nPng do
dp Cb
Cb va, mu6i cua no nong
va muPi nPng dO
dp

Cm
Cm thi:
tht: pH
pH =14 — pK
= 14- pKbb— log Cm
- log^72-.

6. Chili')
Chuan dOdp axit - baza
bazo

NOi dung cua

Npi dung cua phep chu^n
chi& clO
dp axit -- baza
baza IA them clan
lii thfim mot dung
dan mpt dung dich chuan
chutin
(vi du dung dich
dich NaOH)
NaOH) cla
da biet
biPt nong
nPng do
dp vAo dung dich
vao dung dich cha't
chat can
cdn xac
xac Binh
dinh (vi du
dung dich
djch HO)
HC1) cho
choden
dPnkhi
khihang
luangNaOH
NaOH Wangtuangdtrcmg
duangverivdi Itrang
luang HCI.
HQ. Khi do xay
ra phan
phin (mg trung hoa;
img trung hoi:
NaOH
NaOH ++HQ
HCI
^NaCI
NaQ++ H2O
H2O

hay OH H+ ^
OH" ++ H+ H2O
HjO

272
 Lacing HQ
Lircmg HC1bibi trung
trung hoa
hoa ddn
clan theo
theo luong
Wang NaOH
NaOH them
them vdo
vac)nSn
nen giam
giam xuO'ng
xu6ng va
dO pH cua
d6 pH cua dung
dung dich tang din. ddn.Bi6t
Bi^t nOng
n6ng dO, vath^
dfi va thetfch
tichdung
dung dich
dich NaOH
NaOH tieu
tiSu t6n
d0, ta có
khi chudn d6, c6 the
th^ tinh
ti'nh &roc
diroc nOng
n6ng d6de.cua
cua HQ
HCl trong
trong dung
dung dich
dich theo cling
c6ng thirc:
thuc:

V
NaOHNNaOH = VHCI•NHO
VNaoH•NNaOH V
HaNHCI
trong do V la
la the
thd tich
ti'ch (mL),
(mL),NNlaIdnOng
n6ng d0
<JQ throng
duang luting
lucmg caa. chat.
cua chd't.
Diem lc&
Di^m thtic cua
k^t thuc cua phep
phep chudn
chudn d6
d0 khi
khi cac
cdc chat
chd't phan
phan ling
ihig vita
vira du
du vOi
vdi nhau
nhau
ductc
duac goi
gpi IA
la diem racing &tang. Didm
tuang duang. Diem tuong
tucmg ducrng trong ph6p
ducmg trong phep chudn dp dO axit
axit -- bazo
&roc xac dinh bang
duoc xac bang cdch
each do pH cua dung
dung dich hay dung
dung chd't
chat chi
chi thi mau. Chat
Chd't chi
+
thi mau IA nhiing chd't
la nhung chat co mat,
mdu thay d6i
ddi tuS,
tuy theo 'tong d0 cua
n6ng dp dm ion H30+
H30 ( pH)pH) trong
dung dich.

7.
7. Tich s6
so tan

Dai lung
lupngnay
ndydac
ddctrung
tnmgdinh
dinhLuang
lupng cho
cho kha
kha nang
ndng hoa
hod tan cua chat
chd't dien
diftn ly it
tan va dugc goi la
va duoc Id tich
tich so"
sd tan
tan cilia chat diftn
cua chd't dien ly it
ft tan (16. Neu ky
d6. NPu ky hipu
hieu tfch
tich s6
sP tan la
Id
T, ta co
c6 bieu
bidu dien
di^n tich
tich s6
sP tan
tan d6i
dPi vOi
vPi hop chdt
chat ft
it tan AmBn:
AmBn:
AmBn mAa+ + nBb
AmBn --" mAa* nB1*-

bang bieu thdc:

bdng bidu thirc: TA.
T B. =
AmBn [Aa+]m[Bb-]n
= [A"]m[Bbin

Cling nhu dp
Cung nhu do tan,
tan, ti'ch
tich s6
sP tan phu thuPc
thuoc vdo
vao ban
ban chdt
chat cua
caa chat
chdt tan, ban
ban chat
chd't
cua dung
dung m6i
mPi va
vd nhiet do. Khi
nhidt dp. Khi bi6t tich sP
biPt tfch s6 tan
tan cua
cua mPt
mot chdt
chat ftit tan
tan ta co
c6 the
thP tinh
tfnh
&roc do tan cua no.
dupe dp n6.

8.
8. Can bang
bftag tao
tao phtirc trong dung dich
phurc trong djch

- Khdi
Kit& niem ve phtic
phtir theft.
chdt.
Phdc chat la
PhPc chdt Id nhung hqp
hop chat
chdt co
cP thanh
thdnh phan phdc tap,
phdn phiirc tap, cP
co thP
the hinh
hlnh dung theo
so do
d6 sau:

Ion
Ion trung
trung tftm PhSl tit
tAm Ph6i S6ph6i
tit S6 ph(!i trl
tri

X 1 X
[Ag(NH3)2]] Cl
[Ag(NH3)2 C1
•

Cdu
CAu C&u
CAu
n$i phCtc
nOi ngoai phite
phtic ngoai phCfc

- Hang
Hcing sd
s6 can
can bang tqo
tao phtic.
phac. DO ben cua phtic
D6 bin phtir chdt.

273
 Trong truttng ving quit,
trifcmg hop t6ng quat, neu
n6'u ion
ion trung
trung tam
tam M
M ket
ket hop
hop yeti
voi phai
phoi tit
lir L
I. tao
thanh phdc cha't
thanh phiic chit MLn
MLn (n
(n la
la s6
s6' ph6i
phdi tri
tri cua
cuaM,
M, dededon
dongian
gianto
takhOng
khong vier
viet dien tich)
ti'ch)
thl
thi can bang tao phdc duqc
duoc bidu dien nhu sau:
bi^u di6n
M
M ++nLnL
^MLn
MLn

Hang sP
s6 ben Hang s6
sP kh6ng
khong ben
bPn
p=
0 [ML
[MLnn]] Y 1
1 [M] [M] [L]n
[L]n
[M]
[M] [L]n Kkbkb----- [3 '-'. [MLn
[Lf P [MLn]]

@iu
s t hAi
kei oh
aii bid
bid. lap.

1.
1. Dinh nghia
nghla nong
n6ng d6 pl.&
ph^ntram,
tram,nong
ndngd0
d6mol,
mol, nong
n6ng do
d6 duang
duong luong,
luqng, nong
nong d6
dp
phan mol. Lay
ph^n mol. Liy vi du minh hoa.
2.
2. Nhiet hoa
Nhipt hoa tan,
tan, dp
dO hoa
hoa tan
tan cua
dm mot chit la
mpt chat la gi?
gl? Cho
Cho vi
vf du.
du, Cac
Cac yeti
yeu to
16 anh
anh
httang dtfn
hircmg de'n dp
dOtan
tancua
dmmpt
mQtchat
chittrong
trongmroc?
flax? Giai
Giai Mich.
thich.
3.
3. VI sao dung dich
Vi dich lai
lai soi
s6ic1 nhiet dp
b nhipt do cao han
hon va
va dOng dac o nhiet
dPng dac nhipt dO thip hon
dp thap
dung m6i
m6i nguyPn
nguyen chat?
chit? Giai
Giii thich.
thfch.
4.
4. Phat Witt
Phdt bilu nOi dung dinh
npi dung dinh luAt Raoult ve
luat Raoult ye nhiet
nhiet dp
d0 soi
soi va
va nhiet
nhiet d6
dp hod
hoa ran
ran
(dong
(d6ng dac) cua
cua dung
dung dich.
dich. Gieti
Gicri han Ai) dung cua
ap dung dm dinh
dinh lupt.
lust. ting
Uhg dung
dung cita
cua
dinh lust.
luat.
5.
5. VI sao ap
Vi dp suit
sua'thot
hoibao
baohoa
hoadmcuadung
dungdich
dichluesn
lu6n luon
lu6n nhO
nho horn ap sua't
hon ap suit hoi bao
hoa cua
hoa caa dung mOi? Giii thfch.
m6i? Giai thich.
6.
6. Ph& bi^u
Phat bidu dinh
dinh luat
lust vi
ye ap
ap sua't
suit tha'm thiu.
th^m tha'u.
7.
7. Nhirng dai Wong
NhGng lupng nao dac trtmg
trung cho dO
dp manh cita
cua mot
mpt axit, do
dp manh
manh cua
cua mOt
mpt
bazo?
8.
8. Cho biet mPi 4 giCra
m6i lien he hangsP
giua hang s6axit
axitva
vahang
hang sP
s6 bazo
bazo lien
lien hop
hop la
la nhu the nao?
9.
9. Tich s6
Tfch cila nuPc
sP ion cua nuac la gi? Chi s6 dm dung dich la gi?
sP hidro (pH) cua
10.
10. Th6 nao la mPt
ThP ft:A dung dich dem? Tinh
Tfnh chit
cha't (lac
dac trtmg
trung ciia
cua dung dich dem la gi?
11.
11. The nao la su
ThP su thuS
thuy, phan
phan cua mu6i?
muPi? Nhang
Nhung loai mu6i
muPi nao bi thus,
thuy phan?
phan? Do
Do
ket
kPt qua
qua cila
cuaski* thus, phan,
su thuy phan, m6i
mPi truimg
trucmg cua cac dung dich
djch mu6i
muPi tren có
co tinh
tfnh
chit
cha't (axit,
(axit, bazo,
bazo, trung
trung tinh)
tfnh) nhu
nhuth6
thP nao?
nao? Neu
NPu vi
vf du minh hoa.

274
12.
12. Tich s6 tan
Ti'ch tan cua m6t
mOtchat
chit difen
dien ly
ly itit tan
tan la
la gi?
gi? Viet m6i lien
lifin he
h6 giva
giira tich
ti'ch s6
s6' tan
vai dp
voi da tan
tan cua
cua chat didn ly it tan Am
chit dien AmB bieu thtic
Bnn bang bidu thirc loan
toan hoc lien he.
13.
13. DOtan
D6 tan cua
cua cha't
chat di6n
dien ly
ly itit tan phu thuOc vao sir
thudc vao su co
c6 mat
mat cua
cua cac ion
ion trong
trong
dung dich nhir
dung djch nhu the
the nao?
14.
14. Hoa tan
Hoa tan 20 gam durang va 15
ducmg va 15 gam
gam muoi
mu6i an
an vao
vao 215
215 gam
gam mrdfc.
nu6c. Tim C% cua
tirng
timg chat.
15.
15. Hoa tan
Hoa tan 50 gam KNO3
KNO3 vao
vao 200
200 gam
gam dung
dung dich
dich NaC1
NaCl 10%.
10%. Tim
Tim C%
C% tirng
timg
chat.
cha't.
16.
16. Hoa tan
Hoa tan 25
25 gam
gam chit
cha't tan
tan vao
vao 100
100 gam
gam rur6c,
mrdc, dung dich c6
co kh6i
khd'i Wang
luong rieng
riSng
D == 1,143
1,143 g/mL. Tim C% C% vava V
V cua
dm dung dich
dich thu
thu ductc.
dupe.
Dap s6:
s6: 20%,
20%, V = m/D = 109,4 mL

17.
17. Cf^ cua dung dich H3PO4 14,6%
Xic dinh CM
Xac 14,6% (D
(D== 1,08)
1,08)
18.
18. Xac dinh
Xac dinh C% dm dung dich HNO2 12,2M
C% cua 12,2M (D = 1,35)
1,35) va
va dung
dung dich
dich HCI
HQ 8M
8M
(D
(D== 1,23).
19.
19. 6d 80°C
80oC mot dung dich
djch mu6i
mud'i c6
co kh6i
khP'i lacing gam. Kh6i
lupng 310 gam. Kh6'i luctng nu& trong
lupng nude
dung dich nhieu
dung dich han kh6i
nhiSu hon kh6'i !yang mud'i 90 gam. co
lucmg mu6i Co bao nhieu
nhifiu gam mu6i
mud'i bi
ket tinh 14i neu lam
lai neu lam lanh
lanh dung
dung dich
dich dah 0oC? Biel
den 0°C? dOtan
Bi6't dp tan cua
cua muoi 80oC la
mu6i aa 80°C
55 0oC la 14,3
gam,a 0°C
55 gam, 14,3 gam.
Dap sd:
s6: 81,4 gam.

20.
20. 6
6 20 o
20°CC ap suet
sua't heti bao hoa
hoi bao hoe la 17,5
17,5 mmHg.
mmHg. Can
Can hoe
hoa tan bao
bao nhieu
nhifiu gam
gam
glyxerin C3H5(OH)3 vao 180
C3H5(OH)3 vao gam H2O dd
180 gam d^ giam Ai) suit hoi
ap sua't hetinude
nu& bao hoe
hoa la
11 mmHg?
Dap sd:
s6: 52,6 g.

21.
21. suet hoi
Ap sua't hai nude
nu& bao
bao hoe
hoa o 70OC la 233,80 mmHg. 270 gam H2O hoe
0 70°C hoa tan 12
12
gam chit tan
gam cha't tan c6
co Ai) suit hoi
ap sua't hoi bao
bao hoa
hoe la 230,68
230,68 mmHg.
mmHg. Xac
Xac dinh
dinh KLPT
KLPT cha't
chit
tan.
Dap sd:
s6: M
M = 60.
22.
22. Tinh ap
Tinh ap sua't
suit thin'
th^mthan
tha'udung
dungdich
djch chit
cha'ttan
tankhOng
khdng dien
didn ly
ly n6ng
ndng dO
dd 0,2M tai:
o
a)
a)00°C;
C;
0
b) 17°C.
b)17 C.
Dap s6: a)
Dap sd: a) 4,48 atm.
b) 4,76 atm.

275
23.
23. Xac dinh
Xdc kh6i
dinh lacing
kh6i luongphan
phantirtircua
cuamanit
manitbi6t
biftrang
rang ap
dp suat
sua't thdm
th^m than
tha'u caa
cua dung
o
dich c6 99 gam
gam manit
manittrong
trong250250mL mLdung
dungdich
dichC'r
600°C IA 4,5
C Ik 4,5 atm.
Dip sd: M = 179,2
Dap s6: 179,2

24. Dung mOi

Dung mOibenzen
benzenIc6t
k£ttinh
tinhcr Tktt = 278,6 K, nhiet
6 Tj. nhifit ket
kdt tinh
tinh AHkt
AHkt = 9,83 kJ/mol
vk kh6i
va khdi lucmg
luong mol
mol M
M == 78 g/mol. Hay
78 g/mol. Hay tinh
tinh hang
hang sd nghifim lanh (ket tinh)
s6 nghiem
Kkt
K kt caa
cua dung m6i benzen.
Dap sd:
Ddp s6: 5,12 K kg/mol.

25.
25. Benzen
Benzenlc&
kdttinh
tinhCr
6 278,6 K, c6
co hang
hang s6
sd nghiem
nghidm lanh Kkt
Kkt == 5,12
5,12 kg.K/mol.
kg.K/mol,
Khi pha 0,8
0,8 g mot
mdt chat
cha't kh6
kho bay
bay hoi,
hoi, kh6ng
khdng dien
didn ly vao
vao trong
trong 100
100 g benzen
benzen
thi dung dich
dich ke't
kdt tinh & 278,1 K.
6 278,1 K. Hay
Hay tinh
tinh khdi
kh6i luong
lacing mol
mol ciia
cna cha't
chat hoa tan.
Dap sd:
sa: M = 82.

26.
26. Bi6t rang
Bidt ringhang
hangs6sdnghiem
nghidmlanh
lanhcna
cuadung
dung m6i
mdi nirac
nude Kkt
Kkt = 1,86
1,86 kg.K/mol. Hay
cho
cho bi6t
bidt can
cSn phai pha bao nhieu
nhidu gam
gam mu6i
mudi an NaC1 vao 10
NaCl vao 10 lit
lit nude
nu& de ha
o o
nhiet
nhidt dO (long bang
dd ddng bang cua
caa ntrdc
nude tir 0
0°C C xuOng
xudng — 10°C.
- 10 C.
Dap sd:
Ddp s6: 1,5726 kg.

27.
27. Tim dOddhahadiem
Tim didmdong
ddngdac
daccua
ciiabenzen
benzenbi6t
bidt100
100gam
gam benzen
benzen Ilea
hoa tan
tan 4 gam
gam
naphtalen C10118.
CioHg.
Dap sd; 1.60oC
s6: 1,60°C

28.
28. Can phai
Cdn hoa
phai tantan
hoa bao nhieu
bao nhidugam
gamduCing
dudng saccarozo
saccarozo C12 H22011 vao
C]2H220ii vao 100
100 gam
gam
HjO de:
H2O dd:
a) Giam diem
a) didm clOng 10C?
ddng dac 1°C?
diem soi
b) Tang didm 10C?
sdi 1°C?
s6: 18,4 gam; 65,8 gam.
Dap sd:

29.
29. Khi
Khihoa tantan
hoa 1313
g campho
g campho vao
vao400
400gam
gamdietyl
dietylete
etcthi
thinhiet
nhidt(10
dd s0i
sdi caa
cua benzen
benzen
o
tang thdm
them 0,453
0,453°C.C. Tim kh6i
khdi lacing phan tir
luong phan tit cua
caa campho.
so: 151,38.
Dap sd:

30.
30. Xac
Xacdinh
dinhkh6i
khdilucrng
luongphan
phantirtiifcaa
cuahop
hopchat
chdlchda
chira50,60%
50,60% C,
C,4,23%
4,23% HHvA
va
45,08% 0, bier
45,08% O, bidt dung
dung dich
dich caa
cua 2,13
2,13 gam
gam chat
cha't nay
nay hoa
hoa tan
tan trong
trong 60
60 gam
gam
0
benzen
benzen &mg
ddng dac or6 4,25°C.
4,25 C. Nhiet
Nhidt dO dOng dac
dd ddng dac ciia
cua benzen
benzen tinh
tinh khia
khidt IA
la
5,50C.
5,5°C.
Dap s6:
sd: C6H604.
CgH^O^

276
31.
31. a) a)
Trong
Trongnuerc
mrcrcmtra [H+] = 5,0.10 5M,
mira [H+] 5
M, hay tinh pH.
+
b) NuOcbifin
b) Nude bin pH == 8,3,
8,3, hay
hay tmh
tinh [H
[H],], [OH
[OH-].
].
Dap so: [H+] = 5.10
s6: a) 4,30; b) [H+] 9
5.10~9M;
M; [OH
[OH"]] = 2.105M.
2.10^,

32. Hoa 0,073

0,073 gg HCl
HQtrong
trong0,5
0,5litlitnurOc,
nude, tinh [H+], [OH ]] trong dung dich.
tmh [11+],
Dap so: [H+] == 4.10"
s6: [H+] 3
4.103M,M, [OH
[OH"]] = 2,5.10 12
2,5.10"12M.
M.

33.
33. Tinh
TmhpHpHdm
cuadung
dung dich:
dich;
3
a) HCI 10
a) HQ 10"3M.
M.

b) 10~33M.
b) NaOH 10 M.

c)
c) CH3COOH 0.5M
0,5M (Ka 1,8.10"55).
(Ka = 1,8.10 ).
d) NH3 0,5M (Kb
d) (K5= 1,8.10"55))
= 1,8.10
Dap sd:
s6: a) 3; b) 11; c) 2,52; d)
c) 2,52; d)11,48.
11,48.
10
34.
34. Tinh
TmhpHpHdm dung
cua dungdich
dichNaCN
NaQ^n6ng
n6ng d0
d6 1,0
1,0 M. Cho bre Ka
Q10 bift Ka (HCN)
(HQ«I) = 4.10 10 .
Dap sd':
s6: pH = 11,7
11,7

35.
35. Xet
Xetdung
dungdich
dichaxit
axitfomic
fomicHCOOH,
HCOOH, hang
hang s6
s6 dien
difin ly
ly K
K= IJ.IO-4. Tinh
= 1,7.10-4. Tmh d6
dS
din
difinlylyaatrong
tronghai
haitruOng
trudng hop
hop sau:
a)
a) N6ng d6 bang 11 mol/L;
b) 10 2 mol/L.
d0 bang 10-2
b) N6ng do

36.
36. M6t
M6tdung dich
dung dem
dich dfimcóco
pHpH= =4,5
4,5duoc
duocdieu
di6ucite
ch^tic
tit axit
axit axetic
axetic (pKa
(pKa = 4,8) va
, ,.^ , . . [CH3COOH]
CH3COOH
CH3COONa.
Q-LCOONa. Hay Hay cho biet
biet ty s6 cac
cac nOng
n6ng d6 trong
trong dung
[CH3C00-]
CHgCOO"

dich.
Dap s6:
sd: 2.

37.
37. Trion
Tr6n100
100mL
mLdung
dungdich
dichHCOOH
HCOOH0,1M 0,1Mvett
vdi 100
100 mL
mL dung
dung dich
dich NaOH
NaOH 0,05M
dtroc 200 mL
duoc 200 mL dung
dung dich mdi.
m6i. Tim
Tim pH
pH cua
dm dung
dung dich nky.
nay. pH cua
dm dung dich
se thay ddi nhu the
thd nao khi them
thftm tiep
tidp 0,001
0,001 mol HQHa hoc
hoac0,001
0,001 ma!
mol NaOH?
38. 45 25
6 25°C
0
C d0 hoa tan
dO hoa tan cua
dm CaF2
CaF2bang 2,15.104mol/L.
bang2,15.10~ mol/L. Hay
Hay tinh
tinh tich s6
sd tan cua
dm
CaF2 tai nhiet
nhidt d6
dd do.
dd.
11
Dap sd:
s6: T = 3,97.10 11

777
977
39.
39. D6 pH cila
cua mau ngtrai
ngirdi xap
xa'p xi bang 7,4 va dixoc
duoc gifi
gift 6n
do djnh
dinh chu
chu y6u
ytu bang h6n
s6 [H2CO3]
hcfp H2C03/HC03~ (Ka
dtm H2CO3/HCO3-
hcrp dfim (Ka = 4,32.10-7). Hay
= 4,32.107). Hay tinh
tmh tS,
ty s6' có
c6
[HCO3-
[HCO3

trong mau.
Dap sd: 9.10 22
s6: 9,10'
+ 10 5
40.
40. Tim pKb
Tun (CN) va
pKb (CN~) va pKa (NH4+)
pKa (NH4 bitt Ka(HCN)
) bift Ka(HCN) = 7,2.10"
7,2.10 10,
.K b(NH3) = 1,8.10 5.
Kb(NH3)
41.
41. D6 tan cua
dm Ag3PO4
Ag3P04 a 180C la
d 18°C la 1,6.10~ 5
1,6.105M. tich s6 tan Ag3PO4.
M. Tim ti'ch Ag3P04.
-18
Dap s6:
s6; 1,77.10
1.77.10 18

42.
42. Tinh tich
Tmh tkh s6 tan ciia
cua Ca3(PO4)2,
Ca3(P04)2, bitt
bi^t rang
rang 11 lit
lit dung
dung dich
dich bao
bao hoa
hoa cila
cua no
no a
180C co chtla
18°C chda 0,0002215 gam Ca3(PO4)2
(^(PC^.•
-4Q
43.
43. Tich s6
Ti'ch sd tan cim
cua Ag2S a nhitt
Ag2S d d6 phong
nhifet d6 phonglala1,6.10
1,6.109.. Tim
Tim d0
d6 tan
tan cila no 6a
cua no
nhitt
nhidt dO
d6 phong va n6ng dO ion trong
d6 ion trong dung
dung dich bao hoa nay.
3
44.
44. Tich s6
Ti'ch s6' tan cila
cua Pb3(PO4)2
Pb3(P04)2 a6 nhitt
nhidt dto phonglala7,9.10^
d6 phong 7,9.103.. Tim do
d6 tan
tan cila
ciia no
a6 nhitt
nhidt d6
d6 phong.
phong.
45.
45. Bitt
Bi£t do
d6 tan
tan cila
cua PbSO4
PbSC^ va va PbI2
Pbl2 a6 nhitt
nhidtdO
d6 phong
phong arcmg
tircmg (mg
irng la 0,045 g/L
g/L va
0,300 g/L, tlm
tun tich
ti'ch s6 tan ciia
cua cac
cic mu6i
mu<$i d6.
do.
46.
46. Tim d6 ditn
difin ly
lycua
cuaaxit
axitHCN
HCNtrong
trongdung
dungdich
dichco
conong
n6ngd0
d60,05M,
0,05M,bitt
bi6'tno
noCO
co
10
Ka = 7.10"
Ka = 7.1010. .
Dap sti: a = 0,0118%.
Dip sd:

278
 eitzio'no 11
QhjU&njq. 11

PHAN (fNGOXI
PHAN LTNG OXI HOA
HOA -le VA
- KHU" VADONG
DONG DIEN
DI$N

Muc tieu Can ndm vung

yang cac
cdc van di:
van de:
chucmg 11
chuang ^ Dinh nghia
1. ng[1ja
phan irng oxoxij hod - khir. p^n
Phan bidt
biet qua trinh oxi
qua trinh oxi hod,
boa,

qua trinh khu.

khir. Chat
Chat ktar va chat
khir va chat oxi
oxi hoa.
hoa. Can
Can bang thanh
thanh thao cac
loai phan ang
ling oxi hoa
hoa -- khir.
khir.
2.
2. Nguyen tic hoar
Nguydn tac boat dang
d6ng dm
cua pin
pin Ganvani.
Ganvani. The
Thd' dien
didn cuc
cue va the
thd' dien
didn
cuc
cue chuin;
chualn; The
The' dien
didn cut
cue hidro.
hidro. Cach
Cach xic
xac Binh
dinh the
thd' dien
didn cuc
cue theo
theo
thang hidro.
hidro
3. Viet duac
3. Viet dupe cac pilau Ung xay
phan ting xay ra
ra trdn
tren cac
cac didn
dien cue.
arc. Phuang
Phuong trinh
trinh
Nernst via
vietcho
cho the
thd'dien
didn cuc
cue va
va cho
cho sac
sure then
didn dOng.
dPng.
4.
4. Giai thich
thfch su
sir lien he
hd giiia
giua nang Wang to do chitin,
lupng tu chu^n, sac
sue then
didn dOng
dpng
chuin
chu^n va
va hang
hang s6
s6' can
cdn bang
bang cila
cua phan
phan Ung.
umg.

Wit
Mot se;
so Phcin i'(ng
Phan ang oxi hoa
hod -- khet
khu Pin Ganvani Ac quy
tit khoci
tukhod Chat khii.
Chat khu Pin Daniell
Pin Daniel! -- Jacobi
Jacobi Su dien phcin
Sudien phan
Chat oxi hod cuc hidro
Dien cue limitFaraday
Dinh ludt Faraday
Can bang
bang phcin
phan ang
dng The dien cue An mon
An mon kim
kim loai
loci
oxi- hod khu
oxi- hod kat Sac
Sue dien dOng
dong An mon dien hod
Pin Leclanche
Pin Phuang trinh
Phuang trinh Nernst

Nang
Nang Wong
lupng giir
giu mot vaivai trb
tro dac
dac bi4't
bidt quan
quan trong
trpng trong
trong diri
dcri s'ng
sP'ngxa
xa1164
h6i va
trong sin xugt
trong san xua't not
noi chung.
chung. Nang
Nang Wonglupng hoa hoc la la m6t
m6t trong
trong cac
cac clang
dang rang
nang lacing
lupng
duoc
dupe sinh
sinh ra to cac plan
ra tu phan ang
irng hoa
hoa hoc.
hoc. Dang
Dang tang
nangltro'ng
lupng nay
nay co the
the chuyen
chuyen hoa
hoa
thanh cac dang
thanh cac dang nang Wang
lupng khac va va ngtroc
ngupc 10.
lai. Trong
Trong chuctng
chucmg nay
nay to
ta (16
dd cap d6n
ddn
dang nang
nang lupng
luting xua't
xugtphat
Oat tir
tit phan
phin umg
ting oxi
oxi hoa
hoi -- khit.
khu.

279
11.1.
11.1. Phin
Phan ling
umg oxi
oxi hod
hoa -- khir
khur

11.1.1. M6t dinh nghia

Melt so djnh nghla
2+
MOt cach cu the,
M6t cdch th£ tataxet
xetphin
phantIng
umggiita ZnZn
giffa va Cu2+ trong
NIA trong dung
dungdich
dichnude:
nu*:

2e-

2+ 2+ +
+ Cu
Zn Cu Zn Cu
nhirong e
nhudng nhdn
nhanee
Chit
Chat khir
khur Chat oxi hod
Qua trinh oxi hoa
hod Qua trinh khir
Trong phan
phan Ctng nay c6 skt
dng niy chuyen ee tir
su chuy^n tit Zn Cu +
Zn sang Cu2+
Qua
Qud trinh oxi hod: qua
qui trinh
trinhnintimg
nhudng ee (Zn
(Zn--> Zn2+ + 2e)
-> Zn2+
Qua trinh khii: (Cu2+ +2e-
khfr qua trinh nhan e (Cu2+ +2e" -+
-> Cu)
Chat oxi hod (chat bi
hi kith): (Cu2+)
khir): chat nhan e, (Cu2+)
Chat
Chdft Ma'
khut (chit
(chat bi
bi oxi
oxi hoa):
hoa): chit
chatniurOng
nhucmg e, (Zn)
Hai qui
qua trinh
trinhnay
niyluem
lu6nluOn
lu6n xay
xay ra
ra(king
d6ng the:6 trong cung
thdi trong ciing m6t
mot phan ung
umg nen
n6n
irng loai
phan dmg loci nay duoc
diroc gpi
goi la phan
phin (mg
umg oxi hoa -- khir.
khur.

11.1.2. Cap
Cdp oxi
oxi hoi
boa -- khur
khir(Ox/Kh)
(0x/Kh)
Phan ti-ng
umg oxi hoa - kith
khir not
n6i tren
trftn co
c6 the
th£ duoc
dupe bieu
bi^u dien
diSn theo
thco so d6 sau:

2+ 2+
Zn +
Zn + Cu
Cu Zn2+ + Cu
+ Cu

Hoac viol
vi€t thanh hai nita
nua phan ting:
ling;
2+
Zn Zn + 2e Khi Ox + ne (1)
_
Cu2+ 2e Cu Ox2 + ne Kh2 (2)

+ Cu 2+ ___, 2+
Zn + Cu Zn ++Cu
Zn Cu Kh i ++ Ox2
Kh. Ox, Oxi + Kh2

chang ta
Theo dinh nghia, chung co th^
tacd the bilu
bieu diln
din qua
quatrinh
trinhtren
trtn bing
bangscr
so d6 sau:
sau;

280
 khir
Ox + ne
OX Kh
hoS
oxi hoa

Trong nira phan

Trong nira phan umg
tIng (1),
(1), Zn
Zn nhucmg
nhtrang e,e, giir
gift vai
vai tro
tro cua
cua tac nhan
nhSn khir
khu (Kh i );
(Khj);
+
Zn2+ co kha
Zn kha nang
nang nhan
nhan ee (trong
(trong phan
phant Ung
ng nghich)
nghich)gift
giuvai
vaitr.?)
tro cua tac nhan
nhan oxi
oxi hem
hoa
2+
(Oxi ). Ta c6
(Oxj). co cap oxi hog. khir: Oxi/Khi(Zn
hoa - khir: Oxi/Khi (Zn2+/Zn).
/Zn).
Mot cach tirong
M6t each arcingtu,
ttr,trong
trongnira
niraphan
phanumg
ting(2)
(2)tata co
c6 cap
cap oxi
oxi hoa
hoa -- khir:
khir:
2+
Ox2/Kh2(Cu2+/Cu).
Ox2/Kh2(Cu /Cu).

Nhtr vay, trong

Nhir vay, trong m6t
mat phan (mg oxi hoa - khir
umg oxi khir c6
co sit
sir trao
trao d6i
d6i eegiCra
giua tac nhan
khir Kh i(Zn) cua
Khi(Zn) cua mdt
mot cap
cap oxi
oxi hoa
hoa -- khir
khir va
va tac
tac nhan
nhan oxi
oxi hoa Ox2(Cu2+) cua mOt
hoi Ox2(Cu2+)cua mCit
cap oxi hog
hoa -- khir
khir khac
khac (tuong
(arcingtuttrnhu
nhtrphan
phanumg
(mgaxit
axit- -bazo
bawva
vacap
capaxit
axit-- baza
haw trong
thuyet axit baza cita
ciia Bronsted).

11.1.3. Phucmg trinh phan

Phuang trinh phin img
umg oxi hofi
hoa - khit
khir

Khi
Khi thanh lap phan
phan rung oxi hoa
umg oxi hoa -- khir
khir ta
ta phai
phai chii
chti y den nguyen
nguyen 15
ly, bao
bao toan
loan
dien
difen tich,
tfch, bao toan electron va bao toan nguyen tir.
Bai
Bai tap
tap ap dung 11.1: Hay via't
11.1: Hay vier phuang
phuang trinh phan img
umg oxi hoa
hoa -- khir
khir giira
gifia
axit clohidric
clohidric va
va sat.
sit.
Lbi
Ldi giai:
giai: Cluing
Chung ta
ta vier
vi^t phtrong
phuang trinh oxi hoa
hoa -- khir
khir theo
theo tirng
titng buck
bu6c nkur sau:
nhu sau;
2+
a) Viet phan &ng
a) Vift cap oxi hoa:
umg so ca'p Fe Fe2+
Fe + 2e
2e"

va phan img so cap

umg sa clip khir:
khir; H+ + e
H+ H2
2
(chu 5y, can
(chit cfln bang di6n
dien tich
tfch hai ye)
v^)
b) Ket hap hai phan
b) K£t (mg sa
phan umg so ca'p
cap v6i
voi su
sitchu
cht y den
d^n dinh luat bao
bao toan
toan electron
(nhan cac phucmg trinhsa
phuong trinh soca'p
capvdi
vaicac
cac hft
he s6'
s6 thfch hap sao cho s6 electron dtrac
thich hop duac bao
toan).
.p 2+
lx Fe e + 2e
2e'
1
2x H+ ++ le
le" — H2
2

2+
Fe
Fe +
+ 2H+
2H Fe + H2
+ Hi

c) Viat
Vi6t phi!'
phan Ling uing hop
umg t6ng (chit yy nguyfen
hap (chu nguyenlYly bao man
toan nguyen
nguyfen tit)
tir)
Fe ++ 2HC1 FeC122 + H2
2HC1 ^ FeQ H2

281
 Can
Can bang
bang phan (mg oxi hod
irng oxi hoa -- khu
khit co
c6 th^
thd thuc
dint hi6n
hien bang nhieu
nhi^u phuong
phuang phap
khac nhau. Mot
M6t trong
trong nhiing
nhirng phutrng
phircmg phap
phap ph6
ph6 cap
cap hi6n
hien nay
nay lalaphut:mg
phuang phdp
phap thang
bang electron.
bang electron. Th6ng qua nhting
nhung bai tap up dp dung cu thd
the dtrai a
du6i day de minh chting
chung
diet'
cho didu do.
liai
Bai tap
tSp fip
ap dung
dung11.2:
11.2:Via
Vieftphuong
phuangtrinh
trinhphan
phan(mg
imgoxi
oxihod
hoaFeSO4
FeSC^ thanh
thanh
Fe2(SO4)3 bang KMnC^
Fe2(S04)3 bang KMnO4 trong
trong m6i truarng axit sunfuric.
trucmg axit sunfuric.
Lai giii:
Loi giai:
2+ 3+
a)
a) Cac phan
phin ling
umg so cap:
ca'p: Fe2+ ^ Fe3+ +
+ le

Mn04 8H+ + 5e ^ Mn
MnCV ++ 8H+ 2+
Mn2+ + 4H
4H20
20

b) K6t hop hai phan

b) K£t phin (mg
dng so
so cap
ca'p c6
co chti
chu y d6n
d&i cac h6 s6
s6' to
ta c6:
co:
5x Fe 2+
2+
^ Fe 3+
3+
+ le le"
+
lx Mn04" + 8H+8H+ + +5e 5e" ^ Mn2+ +
2+ + 4H2O
Mn04 + 4H20

3+
MnO4 +
Mn04" 5Fe2+ ++ 8H+
+ 5Fe2+ 8H+ •=' Mn2+ ++ 5Fe
^ Mn2+ 5Fe3+ +
+ 4H20
4H2O

c) Phan ling hop:

irng t6ng hap:
5 \ 1 v en A u
KMnO4 5FeSO4
KMn04 + 4H2SO4
5FeS04 + 4H2S04 ^ MnSO4
MnS04 ++ -FejCSC^
-2- re2k.3...4,3++ —
- K2SO4 + 4H2O
2 2
hay
2KMnO4
2KMn04 + 10FeSO4+
10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3
8H2SO4 ^ 2MnS04 5Fe2(S04)3 ++ K2SO4
K2SO4++ 8H2O
8H20
Bai tap dp
Bai tap ip dung
dung 11.3: Viet phan
11.3: Viet phan img oxi hod
umg oxi hoa - khit
khu giira
gifla khi clo va
va dung
dich NaOH (clo vitavira bi oxi hod
hoa vita
vira bi khit).
khu).
1
Liri giii:
giai: a)
a) Phan
Phan (mg so ca'p:
umg sa cap: ——
2 CI2 Cl+ +
C12 ^ Cl+ + le
2
1
—C12+
-CI2+ le ^ Cl-
le" cr
2 2
b) K€
K6tt hap
hop 2 nita
nua phan (mg:
irng:

lx
lx ~ C12
Cl2 ^ Cl+
Cl+ + le"
2

lx ^Cl
— C12
2 le'
++ 1e ^ C1
cr
2

C12
a2 ^ ci+ ++ Cl
Cl+ cr

282
 c) Phan ling t6ng hcrp
irng t6ng hop cuoi
cu6i ciing
ding la:
C12
Cl2 + 2NaOH ^ NaCl
NaCI + NaC1O
NaCIO ++ H2O
fyO

11.2. Pin Ganvani

11.2. Pin

11.2.1. Nguyen tAc hoat dong

tdc boat (king cua
ciia pin
pin Ganvani
Pin Ganvani
Ganvani (goi tat la
la pin)
pin) la
la thiet
thid't bi
bi cho
chophep
phep chuydn
chuyln hod
hoa nang
nang Itrong
lirang hod
hoa
hoc thanh nang lirong
luting dien
then (xem hinh 11.1).
11.1).
Xet phan
phan irng
ting giffa
gift Zn
Zn va
va dung
dung dich Cu2+ da
djch Cu2+ da dtroc
duoc not
noiCr
a tren:
2e-
2e'

ZnI +
i2+
Cu2 ^ Zn2+ +
+ Cu
Cu
Phan ang nay có
Phan irng co thd
the' de
de dang
dang quan
quan
sat truce tiep bang
true tiep bang mat.
Ntning met thanh
Nhiing m6t thanh kern
kem (Zn)
(Zn) vao
vao
dung dich CuSO4,
CUSO4, sau mat
m6t thai
thbi gian ngin
ngan
ta
ta they
tha'y ngay
ngay cóco sir
su hinh
hinh thanh
thanh mat
mot lop
Idp
&rig
d6ng phu
phu tren
trdn thanh kern.
kem.
Trong tru6ng
truang haphap nay,
nay, electron
electron
» >• ' 2+ Z^-1
chuydn
chuyen trtrc tiep tir
true ti6p tit Zn sang Cu2+.
Cu .
Nhtr da
Nhu di bi6t,
bifi't, phan ling
irng tren
trfin la phan
phan
-•»J tTr=-SO
Lingtrue
irng trueti£fp
tieptdng
t6ng hop
hap cua
ctia 2 nira
nua phan irng.
Cac
Cdc phan irng
(mg xay
xay ra
ra aa difin
dien cue: ZnS0
ZnSO44 CUSO4
CuSO4
Zn — Zn2+
2e -4 Zn2+
- 2e->
^ 2+ _ „ 11.1. Sirs
Hinh 11.1. SO d5dó pin
pin Ganvani
Ganvani
Cu + 2e
2e —* Cu
Chting
Chung ta co thd
thl tech
tach rieng
rifing hai
hai nira
nira phan
phan Ling tren bang each ngan
ung trfin ngan can
can khOng
kh6ng
2+
cho e chuydn
chuyen trice tiep tir
true tid'p tit Zn sang Cu2+
Cu ma qua day din. din. Cac
Cac nira
nira phan ting bay gio
ung bay gia
trail cac thanh kern
xay ra trfin kem va va dOng,
d6ng, cac thanh nay &rocducfc goi la cac cur.
cdc dien cue.
2+
Phcin Ceng
Phan ang oxi
oxi hod: Zn — Zn
Zn2+ + 2er
2e xay ra tren
tren dien
dien circ
cue kern.
kem. Dien cuc
cue nay
goi anat. Trong nira phan (mg
goi la anot. nay, cac
irng nay, cac e duoc
duqc giai ph6ng
phong chuyen
chuye'n van qua day
den thanh clOng tao nSn
d6ng tao nen dong
&mg didn
dien (luu
(luu yy rang,
ring, chieu
chifiu quy uOc dm (long
udc ciia dong then
di6n la
chieu
chi6u ngtroc
nguqc lai).
Phdn ang
Phan Cu2+ + 2e -+
idig khu: Cu2+ -> Cu
Cu xay
xay ra
ratren
trendien
diencirc
cuedOng
d6ng goi
goiIA
la cabin.
catdt.

283
 Nh6 rang:
Nhd rSng: phan
phan Ling
img oxi hoa luOn luOn xay
lu6n ludn xay ra
ra tren andt
anot con
con phin
phan ting
umg khu
luon
lu6n luOn tren cat6t.
xay ra trfin
lufin xay Tit ca cac pin
catdt. Ta't pin Ganvani
Ganvanid&uau hoat Ong theo
boat d6ng theo mot co che
m6t co the
ttrcmg qr.Pin
tuong tu. PinGanvani
Ganvaninoi nottrfin,
tren, vdi
vai hai
hai dien
dign cue
cuc kem
kern -- d6ng
(long co
co t6n
ten la pin Daniell -
Jacobi, thucmg
thtkmg goi
goi tat pin Daniell (hinh 11.2).
tit la pin 11.2).
Pin Daniell duoc bieu
bid'u dien
difin bang so d6 quy uoc
u6c sau day;
day:
2+ 2+
(-) Zn|
(—) Zn 2+Il
Zni Zn Cu2+
|| Cu 1Cu
| Cu (+)
D6i v6i
vdi pin
pin (ngu6n
(ngudndign)
difn)thl
thianOt
andtlalacuc
cueam
am(—) catOt la
(-) va catdt la cue
cut ducmg
duong (+).

dd KC1 bao hoa

~"dd ZnSO4
dd ZnS04 dd CuSO4
CuS04'^'
Hlnh 11.2. Pin Daniell - Jacobi
Hinh

11.2.2. Thedien
11.2.2. The diencue
cucva
vathe
thedien
diencue
cutchuan
ct.&
VI khong xac dinh
Vi khdng dinh duroc
dupe gia tri tuygt
tuydt d6i
dd'i cUa
cua
dign the mot
didn the' mdt dign
dien cuc,
cue, ngtkri
ngucri to
ta phai
phai chon mot
mdt dign
dien
cuc
cue nao
niio d6
do lam chuan a
chudn de so sarth
sanh vava cho
cho no mot
mdt gia
tri dign the nha't
dien the' nhit dinh.
dinh. Dign
Dien cuc
cue chitin
chu^n so
so sanh
sanh duoc
dupe
qu6c chip nhan la dien cur
to cha'p
qud'c te cue hidro
hidro chucin.
chudn.

a) Dien cuc
cue hidro
Dign cuc hidro
Dien cue hidro la mot
mdt dign
dien cuc
cue khi thu6c
thudc loai
dign cuc oxi
dien cue oxi hoi
hoa --khir
khir(hinh
(hinh11.3).
11.3). Dign
Dien cuc
cue gOm
gdm
mot
mdt tam
t^m Pt nhting
nhung vacs m6t dung
vao mdt dung djch
dich axit, chtia
chira ion h++hso;
+
H+, dtmg trong mot 6ng thus,
H , dung trong mdt d'ng thuy tinh trong d6
do dtrac
dupe dan
din
vao mdt
mot luring
ludng khi H2 cd
c6 mot
mdt Ai) suit P xac dinh.
ip suit
Dign cuc hidro dtrgc
Dien cue ks, higu
dupe ky hieu la: 11.3. Di4n
Hinh 11.3. Oi§n ckrc
epe hidro
+
Pt I1 H2,P
Pt H+, C,
Hj.p I| H
dign cue
Vi du dien cuc hidro chuin
chitin se la:
Pt| Hj.l
Pti | H+, 1M.
H2,1 atm 1H+ 1M.

284
b) flien cue
b) Dien cucchudn
chan
Dien cuc chu^n
Diea cue chudn 1a dien cue
la di6n cuc ma
ma ta't
tat ca cac phan (mg xay ra
umg xay ra trdn
tren didn
dien cuc
cue deu
d6u
cr dieu kien
a didu kien chuan
chudn (trang
(trang thai
thai ben nha't,
nhat, p = 11 atm, C = 1M).
c) Thi diOn
c) The cuc
dien cue
Tren thkrc to nguoi
thuc te ngueritatachi
chi do
do duoc
&roc hidu
hieu difin
dien the'
the cua
cUa hai
hai dien
dien cue
cuc (bang von v6n
ke dien tir
tu hay bang
bang phucmg phap ddi
phuong phap d6i xung) ma khOng
khbng do &roc truc tie'p
dupe true tiep the' dm
the' cua
m6i
m6i dien arc
cue fmg
iimg v6i
vdi nira
nua phan
phan (mg
ling oxi hod
hoa - khir.
khu. VI
Vi vay, mu6n
muP'n thanh lap mot m6t
thang
thang the cuc ta phai chon mat
the dien cue m6t dien
dien cuc
cue tham
tham chieu v6i
vPi mot
m6t the
the' dien cuc
cue quy
trarc xacdinh
u6c xac dinhlam
lam mP'c
m6c cho
cho thang
thang the'
the dien cue,
cuc, r6i sau do
do ngtreri ta do
ngucri ta do hieu
hieu dien
dien the'
the
giCra diencue
giua dien cucc^n
canxet
xetva
vadien
diencue
cut tham chieu.
Tren
Tren co s& do ngueri
so do ngucri tata xac
xac dinh
dinh the dien
dien cuc
cue rieng Wong d6i cita
tuong doi cua cac the-
the
dien cuc
cue khac.

r=>-H2
^2 latm
m"
,2- T-1

1M-

Hinh 11.4. S<3

Hinh 11.4. Sd do do th6
thS' di6n
difn cuc
epe Zn

Hinh 11.4
11.4 la mot
m6t vivi du
du so
so d6
d6 do
dothe dien cuc
thedien cuecua
cuakim
kimloaf
loaiZn.
Zn.Theo
Theoquy
quytrerc
udc
quac
quP'c te,
te, dien
dien cuc
cue chudn
chuan hidro duoc
dupe chon lam dien cue
l^m didn cuc tham chieu
chi& viii
vdi the
the' dien cuc
cue
0
quy trerc bang 0 er
Udc blng 25°C.
d 25 C.

442 = 0,00 V
=0,00
2+
Bai tap alp
ap dung 11.4:
11.4: MOt
M6t dien cue
arc (king
d6ng (Cu2+/Cu)
(Cu /Cu) chudn
chu^n duoc
dupe ghep
ghep vOi
vdi
mot
m6t dien cuc
cue hidro chudn thanh motm6t pin.
pin. Sim dien d6ng
Sire dien Ong do dtroc dm pin la 0,34 V
dupe cua
0
er 25°C
d 25 &mach
C va 6 machngoai
ngoai electron
electron xua't
xuat phat tir
tir cue
cuc hidro
hidro den
den cue
arc (long.
d6ng. The dien cuc
cue
chudn cua dien
dien cue
cuc dPng
ding bang bao nhieu?
Ldi giai: Dien cuc
L6i cue hidro
hidro la
la anOt
an6t vi electron tit
tir day chuyen
chuydn di.
di. Sot d6 pin se la:
So d6 la:
Pt(r) 1I H H++1|II Cu2+
Hj2 (k) H Cu2+ I1 Cu
Cu (r)
Cac phan
phin ting
ung xay ra ct dien cue
6 dien arc dtroc
dupe viet nhu sau:
285
 AnOt
An6t H2
H2 -- 2e
2e -4 2HT
->•2H+ cppi2 ==00 (dinh
9A2 (djnh nghia)
nghla)
2+ _9
CatOt Cu2+ + 2e
Cat6t Cu 2e' -> Cu(r) 9?, 2^ ^
Cu /Cu
Cu I Cm
Pin
Piil H2(k) Cu2+-> 2H
H2(k) + Cu2+--> 2H++ + Cu(r); E0 = 0,34 V (do)
Cu(r) ; E°

VI Epin
Vi E°in=cpU-^n6t
- 90catot eanet

V4Y
V ecii2+ /cu=E0
^^/Cu -cpH2
= pm- < 0 =34 V
P H2=34V

RO rang phan utig andt

R6 rang anot la
la Ethan Lingoxi
phan dng oxihoa,
hoa,di6n
dienthe
theciia
cUadien
diencue
cut anot
anOtduac
&pc
goi la the" oxi hod.
the oxi Tuang to
hob. Tuong tu dien the sin
san ra
ra bcti dien cue
boi diSn cut cat&
catot dirge
duac goi la the"/de.
the khu.
CO the lap
Co the lap bang
bang bao
bao g6m
gOmth^th6 khu
khirhoac
hoacthetheoxi
oxi hoa,
hoa, song
song theo
theo quy
quy uoc
trac quoc
quoc te
te
ngtkti
ngubi ta chi lap bang v6i
voi thidien
the dien arc
cue khu chuthz.
chudn.
Tir keit
k& qua
qua cua bai tap Ai) dung tr6n
ap dung tren day
day cho
cho phep ta dtra
dua ra ket Juan:
luan:
Th6 dien cue
The? diSn arc chudn
chuan cita
cua mot cap oxi
m6t cap oxi hoa
hoa - khu chinh la satsue dien
didn dOng
ddng cua
ciia
mOt pinrap
mot pin rapbefi
b6ididn
diencue
arc chuan
chuin cua
dm cap oxi hoa - khir do v6i
khi do voi di6n
then cue
arc hidro chudn.
chuan.
Cac gia tri the" thencue
the dien arc chuin dutrc
duqc ghi thanh bang cr phu luc.
0 phu luc. Dudi
Du6i day la vi
du ye the'
th6 dien
dien cue
arc chugn
chudn cua
ciia mot
m6t s6
s6' cap oxi hoa - kith dien hinh.
khir didn
Na+ + ee"
Na+ --I
^ Na -2,714
.2+
Ni2+ +2e
NI +2e' ;----I Ni -- 0,250
0,250
2+ -
Sn2+ +2e
+2e" ,-=--I
^ Sn --0,136
0,136
2+
Cu2+ + 2e
2e" -
,^
=I Cu + 0,337
Ag+ + e"
Ag+ e- -,--:-I
^ - Ag + 0,799
CO the not
Co the' sew dien
noi sue diet!ddng
Ong cUa pin (SDD)
ciia pin (SDD) la
la gia
gia tri (tri s6 tuyet
tuyet d6i)
d6'i) cUa
cua hieu
s6 th6 Idn
sd dien the lan nha't
nhgt giGa
gift hai
hai dien
dienarc
cuedmciiapin.
pin.NO
No dtroc
duac tinh bang
bdng cOng thtk:
cdng thuc:
E=9
E = ep ++ - (p_ (11.1)
E - -sacsdcdien
dien Ong
ddngdmcuapin,
pin, V;
V;
9+
<p+ -- the
thekhir
khitcUa
cua dien
dien arc
cueclucmg ciia pin;
duang (bang von) cua
9_
cp_ --th6
the'chit
khG dm
cua dien
dien arc
cueam
am(bang
(bangvon)
von) cUa
ciia pin.
Vi
VI the' khu cila
the khir cua dien arc
cuedoting
duangluOn
ludn luOn
ludn lan
Idn hcm
han the
the' kith*
khir cua
ciladien
dien cue
cut am
nen SDD dia
cua pin
pinluOn
ludn luOn dtrong.
ludn duang.
N6u duac ca'u tao btfli
Ndu pin dtroc haidien
bai hai diencue
arc chudn
chugn thi SDD
SDD chudn
chugn pin la:
E0 = (p°
9`34. - cp° (11.2)

286
11.3. Phncmg trinh Nernst
Phuonng trinh

Chung
Chung ta ta hinh dung pin
hlnh dung pin boat
hoat dong
Ong thuan
thuan nghich
nghich yevt mat
mat nhiet
nhiet Ong
dong hoc
hoc ct
6
P, T - const
const thi
thi sur
sir Bien
bien thien entanpi tkr do AG
tir do AG ma
ma pin
pin co
c6 thS
the thuc hien
hien durrc
dupe theo
theo 19
ly
thuye't nhietdong
thuyet nhiet Ong hrc hoc se
lire hoc se dupe
duqc viet
via nhu
nhu sau:
AG
AG
AG ==-nFE
-nFE -» E
E == -- — (11.3)
nF
TruOng hop pin
Trubng hpp pin boat
hoat dong
Ong v6i
voi 2 dien
di6n cttc chuan ta c6:
cue chudn co:

0
AG°
AG -nFE E°0 =
= -nFE -> E 0
(11.4)
nF
6a day: nn -- s6
so electron
electron trao
trao doi
dpigiira
giua chat
chat khir
khu va chat oxi hod.
hoa,
De thief
De thiet lap phucrng
phuong trinh
trinh quan
quan trong
trong trong
trong dien
dien hoa
hoe hoc
hoc ta di tir
tir met
mpt phan
phan
Crng cuthP'
ung cu thexay
xayrara trong
trong pin
pin nhu
nhu sau:
sau:
(-)
(-) Sn(r) Sn2+ II|| Ag+
Sn(r) I| Sn2+ Ag+ I| Ag(r)
Ag(r) (+)
Phan Crng xayra
irng xay ratrong
trong pin
pin la:
la:
+ 2+
Sn + 2Ag
2Ag+ ^ Sn2+ + 2Ag
vPi phan
v6i phan Crng
ung nay
nay nn = 2.
F - hang s6
sP' Faraday. FF==95600
95600 C.mo1-1.
C.mof'.
E - stic
sire dien dOng
dong (V)
Mat khac, tir ly
19thuyp't
thuyetnhidt
nhietdPng
Ong luc hoc ta lai biet:
biet;
[Sn2+]
AG0 +
AG = AG° +RTln
RT1n [Sn2+1

[Ag+])22
[Ag+
Chia 22 vp'
v6 cho
cho -nF
-nF ta co:
co;

AG= _^
AG°0 RT
RT^tSn[Sn2+
2 ]
^]
= In
nF
nF nFnF nF nF [A g++]2
[Ag ]2

Ket qua thu &roc

dupe la:

0 RT In [sn 2+
E =-
E=E -- [Sn2+
-—ln j
[Ag+]2
nF [Ag+ ]

hay thuong
thu6ng vier phucrngtrinh
vifi't phucmg trinhnay
naydudi
ddri dang
dang t6ng
t6ng quat:
quit:
E= 0'059l0Bm[Rh]
E = E=-M52
E° log (11.5)
n [Ox]
[Ox]
phuring trinh Nernst
Day la phuong Nernst ve
vi site dien dOng.
stir dien ddng

287
 Svc dien d6ng cua cua phan
Sure difin umg oxi hoa -- khir
phin vng khir bidu
bi^u (lien
di6n qua ming
ndng dO:
d6:
Khi ++ Ox2
OX2 ^ Oxi
Oxj +
+ Kh2
Kh2
RT [Oxi][1(h2
0_OT [OxJtKh^ ]
E= In (11.6)
nF [0x2][Khi
[Ox2][Kh1]]

T6ng (pat
quatcho
cho mot
m6tphan umg bidu
phan Ong bi^u dien
didn qua n6ng d6 chreti
duoi dang:
aA + bB
bB cC + dD

Tac6.h«vi E =EB=
»-2IRT Icn5]i
[Cr [Did
Ta co thd ft
viet - —lnln a
nF [A]a[13113
nF [A] [B]

Trong phan
phan ling
umg (11.5)
(11.5) mu6n
mu<5n co su
six chinh n6ng d6
chmh xac thi n6ng d6 phai
phai ducic
dugc thay
bang hoat d6. Dieu
Di6u nay se
se xet
xet ky
ky hcm
hexn trong giao trinh
tnnh hoa ly.
Thay cac gia tri R
R == 8,314
8,314 J/mol.K;
J/mol.K; T
T == 298K;
298K; FF == 96500
96500 C/mol
C/mol va
va chuydn
chuy&i
\6 dang logarit thap phan ta dugc:
ductc:
E = E°-M59 [C]c[D]d
0'059logiCnD3l
E = E° log [A]ca[B] (11.7)
n [A]ca[B]1)

r.Tircac
r'TCr cacphan
phin trinh
trinh bay 6o trdn
tren ta da biet
bid't rang m6t pin di6n
dien g6m 2 nira
nira pin, m6i
nira
nua pM W t dien
pin la mdt difen cuc
cue Ong
umg veri
vdri m6t cap oxi hoa - khir
khu Ox/Kh cocó m6t the dien cut
di6n cue
xac
xac dinh.Th6
dinh.TM difin cue qcp ciia
dien cuc cua mot
m6t dien
difin cuc
cue ma
ma tren
tr6n do
do thuc
thuc hien
hi6nphan umg khir
phanLing khi
dang:
Ox + ne ^ Kh
dircrc
dugc xac Binh plutom trinh
dinh theo phuang trinhNernst
Nernstvevethe"
the dien
dien cuc
cue & 250C.
b 25°C.
0,059log[Kh
O._a059,„„(Ky
0,059,log Khj
(p = ( p 777^ (11.8)
n [0x
[OxJ

9° - the dien cue

th^ difin cuc chuan
Bai tap sip dung 11.5: X6t
ap dung Xet plan
phanLing
umg oxi hoa - khir:
khu:
2Ag+ ^ Cu2+
Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ ++ 2Ag(r)
a)
a) Hay viet
vifi't cac
cac nira
niraphan umg va cho bier
phanLing bi€t phan img
umg nao la phan
phin 'Mg
umg oxi hoa,
hoi,
plan
phanLing
umg nao la phin
phan Ong Wt.
umg khi.
b) Neu sir
b) N£u si dung phin umg nay chdf
phanCrag the tao m6t pin dien dien cuc
di6n thl chi ro difin cue nao la
dien cuc +, dien
difin cue cuc nao la difin
diftn cue dien cue
arc -.
c) Hay cho
c) Hay cho bier
bifi't chi&
chi6u (long
dong dien quy u6c) va chieu
di6n (theo quy chidu chuydn
chuy^n van cim
cia
electron trdn
tren day
day dan
din ngoii.
ngoai.
d) Tinh SDD cia
d) cua pin.

288
 e) Minh Wen thien
Tinh bi6n thien entanpi
entanpi to AG0 dm
tu do AG° cua Olin
phan (mg.
umg.
(Cho biet the. dien cue
the dien arc chudn (p0(Ag+/Ag) == ++ 0,80
chuan (p°(Ag+/Ag) 0,80 V; (p0(Cu2+/Cu) = + 0,34V).
V;cp°(Cu2+/Cu)

Ltd
Ltri giai:
giai: a)
a)Phan
PhanLing
ung oxi hoa
hoa xay
xayra
racta an6t:
an6t: Cu
Cu—* Cu2+ + 2e
—> Cu2+ 2e(—)
(-)
Phan (mgkhu
Phan ung khirxay
xayrara6 cat6t:
catdt: 2Ag+ + 2e
2Ag+ 2Ag (+)
b) Pin dien cd
b) Pin co dang: (—) Cu2+ II
Cu(r)| Cu2+
(-) Cu(r) Ag+
|| Ag +
1I Ag(r)
Ag(r) (+)
c)
c) Chieu
Chidu quy trdc:
udc; Ag Cu, chieu electron
electron Cu
Cu —*
-> Ag
0
d)
d) Sat
Sue dien Ong
d6ng cua
cua pin
pin la E°
E = (p0(Ag+/Ag) -—
= 9°(Ag+/Ag) (p0(Cu2+/Cu)
(Cu2+/Cu)
= 0,80 V
V— 0,34 V
- 0,34
E°0 = 0,46 V
E
e)
e) Bien thien entanpi ttr AG0 dm
tu do AG° cua phan
phan (mg duqc t1nh
ting dugc theo cong
tinh theo clingthurc:
that:
AG0 —nFE
AG° = -nFE
AG0 = —
AG° - 22xx96500
96500 xx 0,46
0,46 == 88,8 kJ

Bai tap Lip dung 11.6:

ap dung 11.6: Tinh sac
sire dien Ong cua
didn d5ng cuapin
pinxugt
xuS't phat
phit tir
ttr phan
phan (mg:
ung:
2+
2+ 2+
2+
Fe+Cd
Fe + Cd -->Fe
-> Fe +Cd
+ Cd
[Cd2+] = 1,00M.
khi [Fe^] = 0,10M va [Cd2+] Bielring
1,00M. Biet rangStic
siltdien
diend6ng
Ong chudn: E0=0,04
chu^n: E°. 0,04 mV.
mV.
Lei
Lbi giii:
gial:Ap
Apdung
dungphucmg
phucmg trInh
trinh (11.7)
(11.7) to
ta vier:
viet:
(0,0592)10g [0,1] _
E = 0,04
E-0,04-,°^)logMU 0,07 V
o,07V
2 [1,00]

Bai tap Lip dung 11.7: Tinh sac

ap dung sdc dien Ong
d6ngcaa
cuapin
pinnhtr
nhutrong
trongBai
Baitap
tapAi)
ap dung
2+ 2+
11.6 nturng vdi
11.6 nhung v6i [Fe2+]=
[Fe ] = 1,00
1,00 M
M va
va [Cd2+] 0,01 M.
[Cd ] = 0,01
Lill
Lcfi giai: Trong twang
trucmg help
hop nay ket qua tinh
tinh town
toan se la:
la:

0 05 92) [1 0]
E 0,04 (0,0592
E ==0,04-f ' loge [0 ' —
llog-M- 0,02 V
= _o,02
I 2
2 J ,0 1]
[0,01]
VI
Vi E voi cac n6ng do
E << 0 nen v6i nay a
d6 niy U phan
phin Ling tren se
ung tren se kh6ng
khOng xay
xay ra
ra tu
to phat.
Trong dieu
diet' kien nay,
nay, plan
phan(mg
irngto
tuphat
phatlalaphan
phanLing ngtroc lai.
ung nguoc

11.4. Quan he
he gift
giurastirc
sure dien dOng dm pin
dong cua pin va
va h^ng
hang s6
so can
c&n bang K
dm
cua phan
phan tlng
umg oxi
oxi hofi
hoa - khit xay ra
khur xay ra trong pin
Phan
Phan Ling oxi hoa
img oxi hoa -- khit
khir xay ra
ra trong
trong pin Ganvani
Ganvani lam xuat
xua't hien
hien mot
m6t clang
dbng
dien. Trong qua trinh phOng dien, n6ng
phong dien, n6ng d6
d6 cua cac chit
chat Olin
phanLing
img giam
giam vava n6ng
n6ng dO
d6

289
cita
cua cac sin
sanphim
phJlmtang.
tang.Khi
Khiphan
phanOng
ulig dat
dat t6i
tdi trang
trang thai can bang thi sic
bang thi suedien
difendOng
d6ng
cua pin
ciia pin bang
bang khOng.
kh6ng. Theo
Theo phtrong
phuong trinh Nernst:
Nemst:

E— 0 0592 [Cr [D]d

E E° "'°5921log ICriDl"
n
n [A]a[B]b
[Ar [B]b

„ „0 0,0592
0,0592.10g K
T,
hay E = E —1 logK
n

66 trang thai can

trang thai can bling
bang EE = 0 (K IA hang sd
la hang s6 can bang)

ta se co: Eo _0,0592
E° 00592log
log K
K= o
= 0
n

nE°
hay logK
log K=
0,0592
H6 thdc
He thitc nay cho phep ta xac dinh
djnh hang s6
sd can
can bang
bang K
K cita
cua phan
phan (mg
img tit E0
tir gia tri E°.

tap fip
Bai tap ap dung
dung11.8:
11.8:Xet
Xetphan
phanLing Cd2+ 7-
umg Fe + Cd2+ Fe2+ + Cd
^ Fe2+ Cd
Tit cac dO
Ti[ dit lifiu
lieu ghi trong bang the
the' dien cuc
cue chudn:
chuan:
q)0(cd2+/cd,
(p0(Cd2+/Cd)) = - 0,40
0,40 V; cp0 (Fe
V; tp° 2+
/Fe) == —
(Fe2+/Fe) 0,44 V.
- 0,44

tmh hang sd
Hay tinh cua phan Ong.
s6 can bang K cita
LOi giai: E0 = - 0,40 V
— 0,40 V—- (-
(—0,44
0,44V)
V)==++0,04
0,04 V
Su dung
Sir dung bi&j
bieu thOc
thdc (11.8)
(11.8) ta co:
c6:

22.0,04
0 04 lFe2+1]
[Fe2+
logK = ' = 1,35 suy
suy ra:
ra: K = =—22,34
22,34
0,0592 ^ [Cd2+]
(Cd2+

Nhu
Nhtr vay,
vay, he
he thOc
thdc tren
trenda
di cho phep ngtrOi
ngubri tataxac
xacdinh
dinhhang
hang sd
s6 can
can bang
bang ciia
cita phan
phin
Ong
(mg oxi - hod khu hodn toan
hoa khir hoar town bang ly
1j, thuyet (du
(dir lieu lay tir cac bang d phu
ISy tir cac bang u phu luc).

11.5. MOt
M6t sd'
s6 ngudn
ngutin dien
dien hoa
hofi thong
thOng dung
dung

11.5.1.
11.5.1. Pin
Pin Leclanche
Leclanche

Pin
Pin Leclanche thuOc
thuOc loai
loci pin
pin mub'i goiIA
mu6i hay con goi Id pin axit. Pin g6m
g6m mot
m6t thOi
thoi
graphit
graphithinh
hinhtru,
tru,sir
sirdung
dungIdm
lAmcatfit,
cat6t,dat
dAtgiOa
glibm6t
m6tkhdi
kh6ib6t
b6t nhao
nhao g6m
g6m Mn02,
NH4Q, ZnQ2 (mu0i
NH4C1, ZnC12 (mu6i axetilen
axetilen ++tinh
tinhNA)
bdt)dung
dungtrong
trongrnOt
m6t vO
vo boc kern,
kem, sir
sir dung
dung
d6ng thcri
thtrilam
lim an6t(cuc
anot(circ dm).
am). Phan
Phan Ong
thig trong
trong pin
pin xay ra
ra la;
la:

290
290
 2+
AnOt(-):
An6t(-): Zn -
Zn 2e Zn
CatOt(+):
Catot(+): 2Mn02 + H2O
2MnO2 H2O ++ 2e
2e -4 Mn203
Mn203 ++ 20H
20H
,7
2 r,t1
Zn + 2MnO2
ZI1 2Mn02 + H2O
+ fyO ^ LZn +2
an" + 20H" + Mn203
Ngoai có cac phan img
Ngoai ra con co dng khac:
- Phan (mg
umg phu;
Zn2+ + 2NH4C1
Zn2+ 2NH4C1 Zn(NH3)2C12 2H+
Zn(NH3)2Cl2 + 2H+
- Phan umg
ting tdng
teng hop:
hap:
Zn + 2MnO2 2NH4C1 Mn203
2Mn02 + 2NH4CI Mn203 + Zn(NH3)2C12
Z^NHj^Clj ++ H
H2O
20

(Chat
(Chai dien
di6n ly
ly 6odAy
day gom
g6m ZnC12,
ZnCl2, NH4C1 du&idang
NH4CI dudi dang bOt
bOt nhao).
nhao).
Pin Leclanche co
có SDD
SDD khoang
khoing 1,5
1,5 V.

11.5.2.
11.5.2. Acquy chi

Acquy chi Om
Acquy g6m hai
hai tam
ta'mchi
chikhoet
khoetnhieu
nhi^u16
16 chtia
chda PbO
PbO nhting
nhung trong
trong dung dich
djch
H2SO4
H2S04 nong
n6ng do
d6 25% + 30%. Phan thig
umg xay ra nhtr sau:
nhir sau:
+ H 0
PbO + H2SO4 PbSO4
H2S04 -> PbS04 + H2O
2

Khi nap dien:

Ctrc
Cue (+): PbSO4 - 2e
PbS04 - 2e +
+ 2H20
2H20 -) Pb02 S0422~++ 4H+
Pb02 + S04 4H+

Cue (-):
Cvc (-): PbSO4 + 2e
PbS04 + 2e Pb SO42"-
Pb++ 5042

Nhu the
the' ca 2 qua trinh trong
trong acquy chi xay ra se có
co phan umg:

2PbSO4
2PbS04 + 2H20 PbPb++Pb02
2H20 -> Pb02 + 2H2SO4
2H2S04

PbSO4 6 cue
PbS04 a cuc am
Ambien
bienthanh
thanhchi
chiboat
hoatdfing,
Ong, con
con if6 cue
cuc duong
duang bien
bien thanh
thanh Pb0
Pb02.
2.

Khi acquy hoat dt)ng

d6ng se xay ra qua
qud trinh phOng dien:
phong didn:

Ctrc (-): Pb
Cue (-); Pb-- 2e
2e + SO4
S042 PbSO
PbSO.4

Cuc (+): PbOj

Cue (+): 4H++ + SO42
Pb02 + 2e + 4H SO42 -> PbS04
PbSO4 + 2H20
2H20

Nhu the ca 2 qua trinh trong acquy xay ra có

co the
thd bleu
bi^u dien
dien bang
bang Olin
phanOng:
umg:

Pb ++ Pb0
Pb022 + 2H2SO4
2H2S04 ^ 2PbSO4
2PbS04 + 2H20
2H20

Khi
Khi mai
mdi nap
nap dien, SDD cua acquy
SDD cua acquy la
la 2,037
2,037 V. Trong
Trong qua
qua Milli hoat ddng
trinh hoat Ong
dien ap ciia
cua no bi sut dAn, khicon
din, khi con 1,85
1,85 V
V cSn
can phai
phai tai
tai nap dien.

291
291
11.6.
11.6. Sg
Si! dien phan

11.6.1.
11.6.1. Khai gnat
quat ve
ve qua trinh
trmh dien
dien phfin
phan

Ta cla bi6t, trong

da biet, trong pin
pin Ganvani,
Ganvani, nang
nang lirgng
lacing hoa
hoa hoc
hoc xua't
xugt hien tir
tit mot phan ting
irng
oxi hoi
hoa -- khir
khu tkr phat chuyfi'n
tu phat chuyen thanh nang Wong
lirgng dien.
Qua trinh dien
difen phan
phan la
la qua
qua trinh
trinh ngircx
ngirgc 14i:
lai; clang luvng dien
narig lugng dien tit
tir mot
m6t nguon
ngudn
ngoai dugc
dirge sir dung d^
a cueing the mot
cuong che m6t phan (mgdng oxi hoa - khir
khir khOng
khong tuto phat
phat xay ra
trong binh di6n
dien phan.
Dinh nghia: Then phcin la
Dien phan la qua
qua trinh
trinh oxi hod
hod -- khu
khuxay
xay ra ratren
trenbe
beneat
mat cac
ede
dien
dien cuc
cUc khi cho dong dien
cho ddng dien mot
motchieu
chieudidiqua
quachat
chindien
dienlyly aa trang
trang thai
thdi nong
wing chdy
did),
hoc
hodcdung
dung dich.
dich.
Bai
Bai tap ap dung 11.9: Viet caccac qua
qua trinh di6n
dien cuc
cue xay ra khi cho dong dien
mot
m6t chieu
chi6u di qua
qua mu6i
mud'i an
an ming
nong chay
chay t7 nhiet dd
a nhiet 850oC vai
d6 850°C vdi hai
hai dien
dien cut
cue graphic.
graphit.
Neu
Ndu phan (mg tong quat.
umg tdng
1,61 giii: Trueic
Ldi giai: Trudc khi
khi c6
co clang
dong dien
dien
CatAt
Ca ftl AnOt
A 5t
mot chieu di qua, mu6i
mdt chifiu mud'i an ming
nong chi)/
chay dien l ^
ly thanh cac
cac ion
ion va
va chuyen
chuyen ddng
Ong h6n
hdn loan: I -TI f-
I I
. _ t Ngu6n
NaC1
NaCl —>Na+
Na + CI
Cl ngoai
ngo^i t
A

Khi co
Khi c6 dong
Ong dien
dien mot
mdt chieu
chi^u di qua, Catdt
Catot
CatoTB —
— + IMN
-I- AnOt
+
Na d6i
cation Na+ ddi v@ cucam,
vd cue am, 6v do
do xay ra qua
qud 1 1
<
trinh khir
khu (catOt):
(catdt); l^,aa++ I C|
CI I
2Na+ + 2e ->
2Na+ -4 2Na
2Na
I
Anion
Anion CPCl d&i
ddi ye
vi cuc
cue duang,
duong, t7
a d6
dd !
xay ra qua
qui trinh oxi hoa
hoa (anOt):
(andt):
H nh 11 5 0 n ,han NaCI n6n9 ch y
2Q- _ 2 _> Cl Flinn
Hinh
' 11.5. 014n
' ' Oldn 'phan NaCl
'^ phin NaCI nong
ndng chay
chiiy
^
20- - 2ee -4 C12
(Xem so de, dien phan
dd dien phan mudi
mu6i NaCl
NaCI nong
ming chay
chay trdn
tren hinh 11.5).
BM tap ap
Bai tap dung 11.10: Hay trinh bay qua trinh dien
fip dung dien phan
phan dung
dung dich
dich CuC12
CuCl2
v6i
vdi hai dien circ
cue Pt.
Ldi giai: Chung to
Levi c6 thd
ta cd the bi^u
bieu di^n
then qua trinh dien phan
phan nay
nay theo
theo so
so de,
dd sau:
cu2+ + 2C1-
CuClj-* Cu2+
CuC12 Cu 2cr
20"
H2O -4 H+
H + OH

CatOt • I ~~ AnOt
Andt
2+
2+
Cu
CU + 2e
2e -* Cu0l
-> Cu°1 2C1
2Cr - 2e h C121
- 2e

292
 Phuong trinh phan
Phirang trinh phin ling tong quat:
umg t6ng
CuCl2 ^ Cu + C12
CuC12 Cl2

Trong cOng nghiep

Trong cong nghiep va
va ddi
dai sting
sd'ng ngtrai
ngirdi ta
ta thtrang
thudng Ling dung sir
ung dung su difen phan de
dien phan
ma cac chi tier
tiet may moc hoac vat dung sinh
sinh hoat
boat vira có tac dung chong
vira co chdng an mon lai
vita
vita lam tang dO thdm my.
do tham
Bai tap
tap tip
ap dung 11.11: Hay trInh
11.11: Hay trinh bay sit
sir dien phan
phan dung dich
dich NiSO4
NiSC^ voi
voi
anet
anot tan la niken
Uri
Lbi giai: Khi dien phan
phan dung dich trung tinh
tmh cita
cua NiSO4
NiSC^ aa catOt
catot chit
chu y6ti
y6u xay
phong dien cua ion Ni"
ra sir pitting Ni2+ va
va niken
niken kim
kim loaf
loai se throat
thoat ra
ra NIA barnvao
va bam vao catot.
catOt. Qua
diroc goi la su
trinh nay &lac sit ma
mg dien. 4t. ma &
dien. VVat day se
a day se la
la cat6t.
cat6t. C5O an6t
an6t xay
xiy ra qua trinh
nguoc
nguqc lai,
lai, nghia la an& dong vai
andt dong vai tre
tro kim loai ma
ma dmcua 136 dien phan.
bl di6n phan. Ta
Ta hinh dung
qua trinh dien phan nay theo so do nhu. nhu sau:
NiSO4
NiS04

2+
CatOt
Catdt Ni2+
Ni SO42
S042 Ant:A
Andt
2+
2+
Ni ++ 2e
2e -3 Ni
Ni Ni -- 2e
Ni 2e -3 Ni2+
-> Ni2+
Trong didn
dien hoa hoc ngueti
ngudi ta thuang
thirdng sir
sir dung qua trinh nay nay dung
diing de'
dd' tinh cite
che
niken kim loai bang dien phan (dien(didn tinh luyen)
luyen) hoac
hoac mama niken
niken (vat
(vat ma
ma dtruc
dirqc dung
lam catdt).
lam cat6t). Trong cdng
Ong nghe
nghd hoa
hoa hoc,
hoc, ngtrai
ngirdi ta
ta con
con dung
dung phtrang
phirong phap
phap dien
didn phan dedd'
diet'
didu ch6
che cac hod
hoa chat khac nhau
nhau nhu:
nhu: san
san xuat
xuat xtit
xiit an
an da,
da, clo,
clo, hidro,
hidro, hidropeoxit,
hidropeoxit,
kaliclorat, kali pemanganat,...
kaliclorat, kali san xuat
pemanganat,... san xua't cac kim
kim loaf
loai bang
bling phuung
phuong phap
phap dien
didn phan
phan
mu6i
mud'i nOng chi), (san xuat
nong chay nh6m, magie,
xua't nhdm, magie, natri...).
natri...).

11.6.2. Cac dinh

11.6.2. Cac dinh luat
101 dien phan. Dinh lust
ludt Faraday
Faraday

Khi
Khi nghien
nghidn cdu
ciru sit
su phu thu6c
thudc giita
gi&a dien
didn luting
lucmg di qua dung dich chat
cha't dien
didn ly
va
va lacing chat thoat
luqng chat thoat ra
ra trong
tong qua
qua trinh
trinhdien
didnphan,
phan,nha
nhavat
vatlylyngu&i
ngudi Anh
Anh Faraday
Faraday
(1791 - 1867)
1867) da d6
dd ra hai dinh lust
luat ductc goi la cac dinh luat
duqc goi lust Faraday.
a) Dinh
Dinh Mal
luatFaraday
Faradaythis
thu nhdt
nhd't
"Kh6i
"Khd'ilcurng
luang cua
cua cac
cac chat
chat thoat
thoat ra
raadcac
cacdien
diencuc
cuekhi
khidien
dienphew
phan mot
mot dung
dung dich
chat dien ly
ly new
nao do se ty
ty;le
le thudn
thua'nvai
yetidien
dienluang
!wingdi
di qua
qua dung
dungdich".
dich".
m = k.Q = k.It (11.10)
(1110)
ad day:
day;
m -- khdi
m khoi luqng
luting cua
cita chat
chat thoat
thoat ra
ra da didn
dien cue
cuc (gam)

293
 cuOng d6
I - cu&ng d6 dong
dong difin
dien (A)
t - thOi gian dong
th6i gian dong difin
dien di qua (giay)
Q - dien
difin Wong
lircmg di qua dung dich (Culling)
(CulOng)
k -- he
he sd
s6 ty
tj, le - duoc
diroc goi
goi la
la throng
ducmg Wong
luqng dien hoa.
kk chmh
chinh la Itrong chat thoat
luong chat thoat ra trOn
tren dien cue
cut khi
khi cho
cho dien
difin luong
luqng Q
Q CulOng
CulOng di
qua dung dich (khi Q = 11 thI
thl m = k).

b) Dinh ludt
laid Faraday thii.
thA hai
nhiing dien luqng
Khi cho nhutig luting bang
bang nhau
nhau di
di qua
qua dung
dung dich cac chit
chat dien
dien ly
ly kha.c
khac
nhau thi
nhau thI khdi
kh6i luting
luqng cac chat thodt
thoat ra tren
trdn cac
cac dien
dien ctrc
cue tS
ty, le
le voi
vdi cac
cac duong
duong Itrong
luqng
cila chiing.
hod hoc cua chting.
TS, s6
Ty s6 giva
giffa throng
ducmg luting
luqng hod hoc (3)
hoa hoc (3) va
va ducmg
ducmg luting
luqng dien hod
hoa (k)
(k) chinh
chfnh la
dien lacing can cho
luqng cdn cho di qua dung dich
dich chat
chat dien
dien ly
ly de
de' giai
giaiphOng
phong motm6t throng
ducmg luting
luqng
gam dm meit
gam cua chit bat
mdt chat bat kS( nao do
ky nao d6 tren
tren dien cut.
cue. TS,
Ty s6
sO la
la mot
m6t dai
dai Wong
luqng kh6ng
khdng d6i
vdi mqi
yen moi chat
chat va
va bang 96500 CulOng.
Culong. Dai
Dai luqng
Wong nay
nay duqc
&rocgqi goi la
la so
s6 Faraday:

= 96500 C
C ==11 F (11.11)

Dieu
Didu nay
niy co
c6 nghia
nghla lalamu6n
mudnkhilr
khi hoac oxi hoahoa mot
m6t dtrong
ducmg Wong
luqng gam
gam cila
cua mOt
m6t
chat bat ky nao tren then
dien cuc
cue deu
ddu can
can phai
phai cho
cho mot
m6t then
dien luting
luqng bang
bang 96500
96500 Culong
mot Faraday di qua dung dich chat
hay m6t chSft dien ly d6.
do.
K6t
Ket hqp
hop hai dinh luat
Wit Faraday thi
this nha't
nhat va
vathi
thuhai
hai se
se dan
din dOn:
den:
3 3 T. 11 AT
m=--)-Q= 2-It= It (11.12)
F F 96500 n
vay dinh luat
Nhu vay lu4t Faraday
Faraday co
co th^
the phit
phat bi^u
bleu chung nhu sau:
"Khd'i Wong
"KhoI luong aia
cuamOt
mdl chat
chatdtcpc
duoc gidi
gidi phang
phong tren
trin dien
diencuc
cuekhi
khidien
dienphcin
phdnty;
ty le
le vo'i
vdi
luong di
dien luring di qua
qua chat
chat dien
dien ly
ly va
va khd'i
khOiluong hod hoc
*rig hod hoc ctia
cua chcit
chat do".
Cac dinh luat Faraday la
Cac la co
co sir
sd cho cac pile!)
phep tinh
tinh c6
c6 lien quan de'n
den qua trinh
dien phan.
Bai tap inap dung
dung 11.12:
11.12: Ngudi ta tien
Nguti to tiOn hanh
hanh dien
dien phan
phan mu6i
mu6i CaCl2
CaCl2 nong
n6ng
chay
chay trong
trong mOt binh dien
mOt binh dien phan
phan bang
bang each
cach cho
cho di
di qua
qua dong
dong dien
dien mot
m6t chieu
chieu vai
vdi
cu Ongd6
cudng clO0,452
0,452AAtrong
trong mdt
mot giO
gid rudi,
a) Vi^t
Via cac
cic phan
phan ting
ing xiy
xay ra
ra tren
tren dien cuc;
cue;
TIM Wong
b) Ti'nh sin phdm
luqng san phim thu &roc theo gam
ducjc theo gam tren
tren cac
cac dien cue
arc tucmg ang.
tucmg ing.
L-di
Ltri gial: a) Khi
giii: a) Khi dien
dien phan
phan CaC12
CaC^ nOng
ndng chay
chaythi
thicac phin ~rng
cac phan xay ra la;
ing xay la:

294
 Tai anot:
an6t: 2C1 a2 + 2e
2+
Tai catot: Ca2+ + 2e -->
-> Ca
2+ -
Hay t6ng quat;
quat: Ca + 2CI Ca + Cl2
CI2

b) Khoi Itrong
lirgng Ca tao ra tren
tren catOt
cat6t la:
40
mCa
MCa .0,452.5400 == 0,505
= —^—.0,452.5400
ca = 0,505 g5
2.96500
Kh6i
Khbi Itrong Cl-, thoat
luqng CI2 thoat ra
ra tren andt
an& la:
71
= —11—.0,452.5400 = 0,897 g
m
mci
02
.0,452.5400 = 0,897 g
2 2.96500
2.96500

11.6.3. Su
Sir an
an mon
mon diCn
dien hoa. Cfic
Cac phucmg phi!) ch6ng
phircmg phap chong An man
an mon

Cac vat lieu

li6u kim loai vava hop
hop kim khi
khi tiap
tiep xtic
xuc vdi m6i trifling
trudng xung quanh deu
d6u
bi pha hujr
bi pha vdi mot
buy vdi mot t6'c
t6c d6 nao
nao d6.
do. Nguyen
Nguyen nhan cua str phi huS,
su pha buy do
d6 la
la do
do cac
cac kim
kim
loai tham gia vao qua
loai tham gia vao qua trinh oxi hoa - kha vai cac chat c6 trong m6i tru6ng xung
boa - khi vdi cac chat co trong m6i trucmg xung
quanh va bi oxi hoa.
boa.
Su pha
pha huSt cac vat
buy cac vat li6u
lieu kim
kim loai
loai xay ra
ra dtreti tac dung
dudi tAc dung boa
hoa hoc
hoc cua m6i
m6i
trtr6ng
trucmg xung quanh (khi hoac king)
long) clugc dn mon.
duqc goi la su an mdn.
6O day
day chting
chiing ta quan tam
tarn den
dd'n nhting
nhung truling
trucmg hlip
hop an mon trong
trong dung
dung dich
djch
chat dien ly (an mon didn
dien hoa).
Qua trinh hoa
hoa tan
tan kim
kim loai
loai lien
li6nquan
quandart
d£h str
su xugt
xua't hien
hidn clang
dong dien
difn vi m6,
m6, d6n
d&i
cac qua trinh an&
an6t va
va catOt hien tuvng
catdt goi la hiSn mon dien hod.
tuong an mdn
Kim loai luOn luOnchura
lu6n lu6n chtlacac
cactap
tapchat.
chit. Kim
Kim loai
loai va
va cac
cac tap
tap chat
chat trong kim loai
cang
cung nhu
nhu trong
trong m6i
m6i truOng tao thanh
truong tao thinh cac cap dien
difin cuc
cue voi
vdi the
thd: dien
didn cuc
cue khac nhau.
Trong khOng
khdng khi gym, ntrerc
dm, nude cangcac
cung cacchat
chathoi
hoatan
tantao
taothanh
thinh mdt
mot dung
dung djch
dich difin
dien ly.
Tir do, cac
Tir do, cac didn
dien cue
cuc va
va dung
dung dich
dich difin
dien phan
plan tao thinh
thanh cac
cac pin
pin vi
vi m6.
md. Cac
Cac pin
pin vi m6
md
cling
cung có
cd co
co chef hoat dOng
chd boat gi6ng nhu cct
ddng gid'ng chefboat
co chd hoatddng
dOngcua
cuacac
cacpin
pinvi
vi md
ma ma chung
chting
ta da xet.
Trong cac qua trinh
trinh an6t,
andt, kim
kim loai
loai bi
bi oxi
oxi hod
hoa tr6
tret thinh
thanhcac
cacion
iondtrcmg:
duong:
n+
M --->
-> MMn+ + ne
ne'
Trong cac qua
Trong cac qua trinh cat6t,
catdt, cac
cac tac nhan oxi hoi
hoa nhan
nhan cac
cac electron
electron tao
tao nen
nen
phan tIng
dng khir:
ChAng
Chang han; 2H+ + 2e-
han: 2H+ 2e" -4
-> H2
H2

02 4H+ + 4e
O2 + 4H+ 4e -4
-> 2H20
2H2O

295
 Ket
Kfe't qua la cac kim loai bi hoa tan va bi an men.
mon.
Ngay a
Ngay nay, dt? khic
khic phuc
phuc su
suan
anmen
mondodongu&i
ngucri ta dung
dung nhieu
nhi6u bien
bi6n phap
phap khac
khac
nhau
nhau nhir scmphu,
nhir scfn phu, each
cach lyly kim
kim loai
loai yeti m6i trubng
vdi mbi trueng b6n
ben ngoai,
ngoai, dung
dung chat
chat ire
tic che
the
hoac cac phtrong pita') chuyfin
phuong phap chuyen dung khac.

rithieng trtimeJutilt
QfUuuCttq. ttietn ekinhyeh
yi, eJm'fl'mj
ehtiong.111

1.
1. Phan (mg
iirng oxi hofi
hoa khir
khur

Phan ting
img oxi hoa
hoa -- khir
khula lamet
m6tphan
phanling
iimgma
matrong
trongd6doCO
co six chuyen electron
sir chuye'n
tir phan tu
tir ph^n dr nay
nay sang
sang phdn
phan tu tit kia
kia cua chat,
chat, ket qua la co sit
su thay d6i
ddi se
s6' oxi
oxi hod
hoa cua
cac nguyen
nguyfin tir tham gia vao
vao thanh phanphSn cua
cua chat
chat phan
phan (mg.
img.
Trong phan
phan(mg
img oxi
oxi hoa
hoa— kith bao
- khir bao gib
gictcung
ding co
có hai
hai qua
qua trinh:
- Qua trill!) hod: co
trinh oxi hoa: có six nhueng electron. Chat nhttong
sir nhuong nhudng electron se la chat khu.
khti
su nhan electron. Chat nhdn
- Qua trinh khir: co sir nhqn electron la chat oxi hoa
hod
Skr kethop
Sy ke't hop hai
hai cap
cap oxi hod
hoa - khir cho ta met
mOt phan
phanCmg
img oxi hoa - khir:
Ox
Oxji +
+ Kh2 Ox2
0x2 + Kh
Khjt

2.
2. Pin
Pin di0
dien

ye
Ve mat nhie't
nhiet &Ong lac hoc,
dqng life hoc, kha
kha nang
nang di6n
dien bien
bin cua
cua met
m6tphan
phan (mg
iimg oxi
oxi hod
hoa -
khir duce dac trong
khu duoc trung bang de
d6 giam
giam cua
cua nang
nang lacing
luong to
ty do Gibbs (AG < 0).
(AG < 0). NSu
Neu phan
phin
Ong oxi hod
img oxi hoa -- khir xay ra trong met
m6t thief
thi^t bi
bi &roc
duoc goi
goi IA pin difen
la pin dien thi nang litong
luong cua
ciia
phan Ling chuyenthanh
img chuy^n thanh difin
dien nang
nang dung
dung cho Wnben ngoai:
AG == — riFE
- nFE
E IA sac difin
ia site dien ddng
Ong Oa
cuapin
pindien
dien- -do
doIA
la hieu
hieu dien
dien the
the'do
do &roc
duoc gifia
giua hai cac
eye
cua pin hoat ddng
Ong mot
mdtcach
eachthuan
thuannghich
nghichnhiet
nhietdOng.
ddng.
Ve
Ve cau
cd'u tao: Pin g6m
tqo: Pin hai dien
g6m hai arc, m6i
dien eye, m6i dien
dien arc
eye gem
g6m met
m6t tam
ta'm kim
kim loai
loai
nhting vac)dung
nhung vao dungdjch
dich chura
chtta ion
ion cua kim loai dO. VI du:
do. Vi du: pin
pin dien
dien co
có so d6:
(—)ZnIZnSO4
(-)Zn|ZnS04 II I Cu(+)
CuSO44|Cu(+)
|| CuS0

Phan (mg
umg xay ra trong wan
toan be
b6pin
pindien
dienlalasix
sy td
t6 hop
hop hai
hai nira
nua phan (mg
iimg tren:
2+
2+
Zn + Cu aq 2+
2+
Zn aq + Cu
+Cu
aq

296
3. Stic
Sue dien dOng E va
dong E va the
the dien
dien cue
cuc cp

&It
Sue dien Ong EEcua
cli6n d6ng cuapin
pin phu
phu thuec
thudc vao
vao neng
n6ng de d6 cua
cuaion
ion kern
kem (dang
(dang khir)
khu) va
va ion
ion
0
(long oxi hoa) theophuring
(dang oxi
dong (dang theo phuangtruth
trinhNernst
Nernstyevestir
sitediet:
diendOng a 25°C
dongCr 25 C nhu sau:
10g [Kh]
E
E ==E»-^lo
E° 0,059 gM
2 [Ox]

E0 la
E° sacsiic
dien
dienOng chudn
ddng chu^ncua
cuapin,
pin, khi [Zn2+] = [Cu2+1
khi (Zn2+) [Cu2+] = 1.
1.
The dien cuc
cue cp cua mot
(p cua met dien
dien cue
cut ma
ma tren
tren d6
dothtrc
thuc hien
hienOlin
phanLing
ung kit&
khu dang:
Ox
Ox ++nene
—>Kh
Kh
0
duqc phuang trinh Nernst
dupe xac dinh theo phuang Nernst ye
ve the
the dien
dienate
cueCr 25°C.
a 25 C.
(p.o 0,059
0,059, [Kh]
[Kh]
<P = <P0 log
n [Ox]
tp0 - the
thd' dien cue
arc chudn
chu^n
Stic dien dong
Sue di6n Ong EE cua
cua pin
pin duqc
dupe tinh
tmh bang
bang hieu
hieugiCra the cita
giira the cua cue
cuc &rang va the
duong va the
0
cua cue
cut am. Vi du: E°
E cua pin Daniell-Jacobi bang:
(pcu2+ /cu. _ (pzn2. zn = 0,34 - (-0,76) = 1,10 V.

Gifra E0 va
Giua E° va hang
hang se
sd can
can bang
bang K
K cua
cuaphan
phanCrng oxi hoa
ung oxi hoa khu
khir diPn
dien ra trong pin
^ 1 • * I * / * cOs~,\ 1 _ TT- nE°
c6
co mei
m6'i lien
liSn he(6
hd(d 2525°C):
C): log
logKK = nE
0,059

4. Su dien phan
ph^n

Su dien
dien phan
phan la su
sir biP'n
bien dpi
d6i hoa
hod hoc
hoc xay
xay ra
ra tr6n
tren diPn
dien cue
cuc cua binh
blnh dien phan
khi cho dang
khi dong dien met
mPt chieu
chiPu di di qua
qua binh
btnh dien
diPn phan.
phan. Chang
Chang han
han khi
khi cho
cho (Jong
dong dien
di qua dung dich dung NaCI
NaCl ming
nong chay chi tai cue
thi tai cuc am
am (catPt)
(catet) xay
xay ra
ra sir
su khir Na+:
khu Na+:
Na+ +
Na+ +ee Na
Na
Con tai cue
cuc dtrang (ante° xay ra su oxi hoa Cr:
duong (anPt) Cl ;
2c1
2Cr -- 2e -4
->C12
Cl2
ye
VP mat
mat dinh
dinhluvng,
lupng,lucrng
lupng chit
chat bi
bi phan
phan huY' tren diPn
huy trPn dien cue
cuc ty
ty IP
le v6i dien luqng
voi diPn lupng
di qua trong binh
blnh dien
diPn phan
phan va
va duqc
dupe bidu
bi^u dien
diPn theo
theodinh
dinh1114
luat Faraday:
A.I.t
m=
nF

297
5.
5. Sit Sir
andnmon
mondien hofi.
dien hoa.Cac
Cacphuong
phuomgphi')
phapch6ng
chdng an
dn mon
mon

Cac vAt
vat lieu
li6u kim loai va
va hap
hop kim
kim khi
khitiep
tip xtic
xuc vai
voi mOi twang xung quanh deu
m6i trirang
bi pha huS,
huy vai
voi met
m6t tac
t6'c de
d6 nao
nao do.
d6. Su pha huy
Su pha huj, cac vat lieu
li6u kim loai xay
xay ra dudi
duai tac
dung hoi
hoa hoc
hoc cua
cua m6i
m6i twang
tnrdngxung
xungquanh
quanh(kW, hoac long)
(khx hoac long)duoc
duct goi
gpi la sudn
sucin mdn.
mon.
Qua trinh hoa tan kim loai
loai lien
lien quan den susir xuat
xua't hien
hi£n dang
dong dien
dien vi
vi mO,
mo, den
ddn
cac qua trinh an&
andt va
va cat&
catdtgoi
goiIA tirpng an mon diet!
la hien tuong dien hoci.
hod.
NO),
Ngay nay, a khic phuc
nay, dd khac phuc su
su An mon do
an mon do ngucri
ngtraitatodimg
dungnhi^u
nhieubien
bin phap khac
nhau Au son
nhau nhu son phU, cach ly
phu, each ly kim
kim loai
loai vdi
vai m6i
m6i trucmg
truing bdn
ben ngoai,
ngoai, diing
dung chat
chat ire
tic che
the
hoac cac
hoac cac phuong
phuong phap
phip chuyen
chuydn dung khac.

Pau
@/iil kgi
hoi nit has to
Oil but thpft

1.
1. Nguyen nhan
Nguydn nhan xuat hien hieu
xua't hi6n hifiu s6
sd dien
didn the
thd' girra kim loai &roc
gi&a kim dung lam dien
dupe dung
cuc
cue va dung dich la gi? Gia tri cUa hieu sd
cua hieu se dien
dien the
the nay
nay phu
phu thupc
thuec vao nhung
nhang
yeti t6
yeu td Elio?
nao?
2.
2. Cho bidt
biet so de
dd met
mdt pin
pin qua
qua met
mdt vi
v{ du
du minh
minh hoa?
hoa? Tai
Tai sao
sao not
ndi pin
pinIA
la dung cu
Wen hoa nang thinh dien rang?
bien hoa nang thanh dien nang?
3.
3. Dieu kidn
Dieu kien chu^n
chudn cua
cua cac
cac didn
dien cue
cuc la
la gi?
gi? Hay
Hay md
m6 to
ta va
va ve
ve so de
do dien
dien circ
cue
chudn
chu^n hidro.
4.
4. Hay thid't
Hay thiet lap
lap mdt
met pin
pin gem
gdm dien
didn cuc
cue hidro va didn
hidro va dien cue
cut kern
kern 0
d dieu
didu kien
kidn
chuan. Chi ro
chu^n. Chi re chieu
chidu electron
electron di chuyen,
chuydn, chieu
chidu clang dien, didn
dong diftn, dien cue
cuc am va
va
dien cuc clueing
didn cue dmpin,
duong cua pin,bidt
biet rang
rang phan
phin ifng
img xay
xay ra trong pin la:
2+
Zn
Zn -—2e2e
-> Zn2+
Zn
Cu
Cu ++2e2e Cu2+
-> Cu2+
5.
5. The khir chudn la
ThS'khuchudn la gi?
gi? Cho vi
vf du.
6.
6. Sift dien ddng
Sdc difin Ong cUa
cua pin
pin la
la gi?
gi?Tinh
Tinh va
va do
do SDD
SDD cUa
cua pin filar the nao? Cac yeu
nhu thd ydu
t6
td anh hithng
hudng cl6n
ddn SDD cua
cita pin?
7.
7. Cang thdc Nernst
Cdng thirc Nemst cho biet nhirng ydu
bidt nhung yiu td
t6 gi anh huang
hudng den
ddn the
thd khir? Hay viet
0
Ong
cdng thtit
thurc Nernst dd
tinh thethd
tinh khir
khircua
cuacac
caccap
capsau
sau day
day ad 25°C:
25 C:
2+
Fe2+
Fe ++ 2e2e—* Fe Fe
Sn4+ ++2e
Sn4+ 2e —>Sn 2+
Sn2+
3+
Cr2O3-
CT2Of +14H30+
+ UHgCT + 6e ->
+ 6e -3 2Cr
2Cr3+ ++ 21H
21H20
20

298
8. Viet cac c6ng thdc
thuc dung a chieu cua Olin
xet chifeu phan ting
ting oxi
oxi hod
hoa -- khir dieu kien
khu 6 didu kifin
chuan va
va c1 dieu kien bat 14. Neu 5, nghia dia m6i dai Itr6ng trong
a didu kifin bat ky. N6u y nghTa cua m6i dai lugng trong cac cong
c6ng
thtic do. Hay cho biet
thiic do. bia't chieu
chi6u cua
cua cac
cac phan
phan (mg
irng sau ct dieu kien chuan:
a di6u
2+ 2+
Cu + Fe
Fe2+ —) Cu2+ ++ Fe
-> Cu
2Fe3+ +Sn2+
2Fe3+ + Sn2* —) 2+
2Fe2+
-)• 2Fe +Sn4+
4+
Cho biet d 250C:
6 25°C:
0
9°
(p° = +0,34 V
=+0,34 7;; (p° , =-0,44
= V;•
—0 44 V
Cu2+ /Cu FFe /Fe

(p0 3+
9° = +0,77 V;
,2 =+0,77 V; (p 0
V sn4+ isn = +0,15
4+/Sn +0 15 V.
V.
/Fe ++
Fe + /Fe
Fe Sn 4t
0
9.
9. Cho biet the
the Mau chudn 6a 25
khd chuan 25°C ciia cac cap sau:
C cua
2+
2+
Sn + 2e —> Sn
2e-> Sn la —0,14
-0.14 V
4+
Sn + 4e4e ->
SnSn lala+0,005
+0,005 V V
0
- Tinh the khir chudn a6 25
khu chuan 25°C Sn4+/ Sn2+
dm cap Sn4+/
C cua Sn2+
0 .2+ .. c_4+ o_2+ I
2+ 4+
- Co
CO mdt
mot pin
pin a6 di^u
diet, kifn
kien chuan
chitin va 25
25°C:C: Sn
Sn II Sn
Sn2+ II Sn4+,
H Sn Sn2+1I Pt
, Sn2+
Hay via phuong
Hay vie't phuong trinh
trinh phan
phan Ling xay ra
ting xay ra trong
trong pin,
pin, chi
chi ro
ro diftn
dien cue
arc am, dien
diSn
0
ctrc dircmgcua
cue duefng cila pin.
pin. Tinh
Tinh SDD chuan
chudn cua
ciia pin va AG°
AG dm cua phin
phan&rig
ung trong pin
250C.
a 25°C.

i 0. Can
10. Canbang phixarig
bang phucmgtrinh
trinhphan
phan(mg
ung sau:
a)
a) Cu + HNO3 --) Cu(NO3)2
Cu(N03)2 + NO + H2O
KMn04 + K2C204 + H2SO4 -->
b) KMnO4 -> MnSO4
MnS04 + CO2
COj + K2SO4 + H2O
HjO
c) KMnO4
KMn04 + FeSO4
FeS04 + H2SO4 --)
—> Fe2(SO4)3
Fe2(S04)3 + K2SO4 + MnSO4
MnS04 + H2O

11.
11. Nhting 11 tam
Nhung ta'm Cu
Cu vac)
vao dung dich
dich FeSO4,
FeS04, mot
mOt tam
ta'm Cu
Cu khac
khac vita
vao dung
dung dich
dich
AgNO3. 46 ta
AgN03. I■
M6 to va giai
giii thich
thich dieu
diSu quan sat
sdt dtr6c.
duoc.
Dap s6: Cu kith Ag+ thanh Ag.
khu Ag+

12.
12. Cho 2 nira phial ung
nua phan img vcri
v6i cac
cac tha
the khir
khir chuan
chuin tucmg
ttrang ung;
6ng:
2+ 0
Fe2+
Fe ++ 2e 2e —)
- FeFe ; tp = —0,44
-0,44 V
Cu2+ + 2e ->
Cu2+ Cu; <p0 = +0,34 V
--) Cu;
Hay thiet
thife't lap so do
d6 pin
pin dien. E0 va cho bifi't
di6n. Tinh E° biet chidu
chi& cila
cua dong difin
dien a mach
ngoai.
Dap s6': E0 = 0,78 V.
s6: E°

299
13.
13. Nguctilatothuc
Ngudi thut hien
hi6n m6t
mot pin
pin g6m
Om hai
hai nira
nira pin
pin sau:
sau: Zn I Zn(NO3)2 0,1M
ZnlZnlNC^ 0,1M va
va
Ag 1IAgN03
Ag AgNO3 0,1M
0,1M co
có th6'
th6 chu^n
chuin twang
tuong tIng la: -—0,76V
ihig la: 0,76Vvava0,80
0,80 V.
V.
a)Thiet
a) Thi6t lap
lap so
sctd6
d6pin
pinvoi
voicac
cacda'u
dau cua
cUa22eye.
cut.
b)Viet
b) Vitt phuong trinh phan umg
ang khi pin lam viec.
vi6c.
c)Tmh
c) Tinh E cua
cUa pin.
pin.
Dap s6':
Dap s6: E=
E = 1,53
1,53 V.
V.
o '
14.
14. Tinh
Tinhsac
siredi6n
didndOng E°
ddng E cUapin
cua pintao
taoboi
bin phan
Olin (mg:
img:
+ 2+
Ag+
Ag ++ Cr
Cr2+ Ag(r)
-> Cr3+
Ag(r)++ Cr3+
Chobie't
Cho bitt the'
th6dien
di6ncue
arcchu^n: (p0(Ag+/Ag)
chap: (p°(Ag+ /Ag) == ++ 0,80V,
0,80V,
cp0 (Cr 3+
/Cr2+) = —
(Cr3+/Cr2+) 0,41V
- 0,41 V
0
Dap s6:
Dap s6: E
E° = 1,21
= 1,21 V

15.
15. Tinh sacsire
Tinh di6n dOng
dien dongE Edm pinpin
cua taotaobCci
boi phan
phan (mg:
trng:
2+
2+ 3+
3+
2Fe + C12CI2 2Fe + ICf 2C1-
0
Cho bi6tthe'
Cho bift th6dien
di6neye
arcchuan; (Fe3+/Fe2+
chudn:(pe(Fe3+/Fe 2+)) = + 0,77V
cp0(Cl2/2Cr)
9°(02/20 ) ==+1,36V
+ 1,36V
E0 = 0,59 V
Dap s6: E°

16.
16. Tinh
Tinhsac di6n
sdc dOng
dien d6ngEEcUa
cua pin
pin Daniell
Daniell khi [Zn2+
khi [Zn 2+]] = 0,1M
0,1M va [Cu2+]I = 1M,
va [Cu2+ 1M,
0
bi6t rang E°
bie't ring E == 1,10
1,10 V.
Dap s6: E = 1,13
s6':E= 1,13 V.

17.
17. Tinh hang
Tinh s6s6'
hang can bang
can cUa
bang cuaphin
phanCmg:
img:
2+ 2+ 4+
2Fe + Sn ^ Sn 4+ ++ 2Fe3+
2+ 2+ 3+

Cho
Cho bi6t:
biit: (p0(Fe3+/Fe2+) = + 0,77
9°(Fe3+/Fe2+) 0.77 V;
cp0 (Sn4+/Sn2+
9° (Sn4+/Sn2+) = + 0,15 V
V
Dap
Dap s6:
sd: K
K= 1021.
= 1021.

300
 Nuang
@huetng. 12
12

DAI WONG Vt HE
DAI CUONG HfcPHAN
PHAN TAN
TAN

Muc tieu COn ndm

tam vang
vitng cac
cdc van
van de:
de:
chucrng
chacmg 12 1.
1. Khai niem
ni6m ve
\i he
he phan
phan tan.
tan. Su
Su phan
phan loai
loai he
he nay
nay theo
theokich
kfchthtrOc.
thudc.
2. MOt s6
2. M6t s6 phircfng
phuong phap
phap di6u
dieu chd'
che dung
dung dich
dich keo:
keo: Phuang
Phuong phap
phi') ngung
ngimg
to
tu va
va phuong
phuong phap
phap phan tan. MOt so tfnh
Mot so tinh chat
chat quan trong
trpng cna
cua dung
dung
dich keo.
3.
3. Cu
Ca'utrdc
truecua
cuamixen.
mixen.Khai
Khainiem
nifim ve
vl su
su keo
keo tu
tu va
va nguang
nguong keo tu.
4. Tam quan
4. Tarn quan trong cua hoa
trong cua hoa hoc
hoc chat
chat keo.
keo. iing
Uhg dung
dung cua no
n6 trong
trong
khoa hoc va ddi
d6i song.

Mot so" He phcin

phdn tan Sol Tan xa
tit khoci Pha phcin
phdn tan Nha ntang
Nhutuang Mixen
MO itrudng
M6i twang phdn
phcin tan pha
Huyen phu Dien di
Dung dich Mitt.
thuc Phitong phap
Phuong phap ngifng
ngung tu Dien thcim
thdm
Dung dich keo Plutong phap
Phuong phcip phdn
phan tan Keo tu
Dung dich th6
tho Hinh non Tyndall Ngiteing keo
Ngudng keo tu

12.1.
12.1. Khai quit chung
Khai quat

Neu ngucri
Ne'u ngu6i ta
to chia
chia m6t
mot chat
chat ran
tin thanh
thanh cac hat v6 ding
cung be
be ton
t6n tai
tai trong
trong mbi
mOi
tru6ng
trucmg long
long hoac khi
kht thi
tht he
hS thu
thu &roc gpi la he phcin
dupe goi phdn tan. Ta co the not
noi he
h£ phan
phan tan
la mot he dj
mpt he di th6
the bao g6m
gom hai
hai pha; pha ran va moi
pha: pha mai tritcYng phcin tan.
trudng phdn tan.
NgtrOitatophan
Nguoi phanloai
loaihe
4 phan
phan tan
tan theo
theo nhieu
nhieu cach
each khac
khac nhau.
nhau. MOt
M6t trong nhilng
nhGng
cach do la
each do la dua
Oa vao
vao kich thy& hat.
kfch thuac

301
301
 -2
Neu
Nd'u hat dat
dat ducic
duoc kich
kich thuerc
thirdc tif 10 55 cm
tir 10 cm den 10 2 cm thi hd phan tan thuOc
d£h 10 thudc
he phcin tan
h6 phdn tho (vi du huyen
tan MO huy6n phu,
phu, nhu tucmg); chtingtata co
tircmg); chung co the
the ki^'m
kiem tra
tra cac hat
trong he bang mat.
trong he mat. Cac
Cac hat
hat ducrc phan b<5
dirge phan b6 trong
trong chat
chat lOng hoac cha'l
long hoac chat khi
khi rat
rat d6
de sa
ling
lang xu6ng
xud'ng phia
phfa cluai
dudi day dung cu dung dung dich.
-3 —4
Val
Vdi nhiing
nhQtig hat
hat kich
kich thurerc 10 cm, he
103 ÷h- 10-4
thudc 10 he phan
phan tan
tan ductc
dugc goi la he vi
phcin tan;
phdn tan; nguai
ngueritataco
c6th^
theki^m
kiemtra
trakich
kichthudc
thy& hat
hat bang
bing kinh
ki'nh hien
hie'n vi.
-5 -7
Truerng hop cac
Tnrdng hcrp cac hat
hat cua
cUa hehe phan
phan tan
tan dat
dat ki'ch
kich thudc
thuac 10 10 5 ÷ 10
10 7 cm
cm thi he
he
duqc
dugc goi la he phan tantan cao,
cao, day chmh la
day chinh he keo.
Id he keo. Dung
Dungdich (hue bao gom
*It thur gdm cac hat
' -7
la cac
cac phan
phan tir
tit hoac
hoac ion cdco kich thudc
tint& &raj 10 7 cm. Do
dudi 10 Do kich
kich tint&
thudchat
hatnhO
nhdhcm
hem dO
do
dai
dai buck
budc song anhanh sang
sang nhin
nhin thay
tha'y nen
nen bang
bangkinh
kmhhien
hi^nvivithuerng,
thudng, mat
mat khOng
khdng the
th^
quan sat duqc
dugc cac
cac hat
hat cUa
cua he keo.

12.2. Su phAn
phan loai dung dich keo

Tren cc co sir
so pha
pha phan
phan tan
tan va
va m6i
mdi tracing
trudng phan tan cUa mot trang
cua mdt trang thai tap hqp
hgp
ngueli
ngudi tatatie'n
tin hanh
hanh phan
phan loai
loai he
he keo.
keo. He
He keo duqc
dugc goi so/ ne'u
ggi la sol neu m6i
mdi tracing
trudng phan
tan la chat lOng ho4c khi.
long hoac khi. Khi m6i
mdi tracing phan tan
trudng phan tan la
la chat
chat khi thi h4he keo duqc
dugc goi
ggi
khi. Vi du sucmg
la sol khi. suong mu la m6tmdt sol
sol khi
khi cluqc
dugc tao nen
ndn befi cac hat
bdi cac hat phan tan trong
m6i truerngkhdng
mdi trudng kh6ng khi.
khi. Trudng
Truing hop m6i truemg
hgp mdi phan tan
trudng phan tan la chat lOng thi sol hinh
long thi
thanh ducic
dugc ggigoi la sol lyophil. N6u
Ne'u chat lOng ducrcdiing
long dugc dunglamlammdi
m6itrudng
truing la
la nude
nu& thi
ta cd
có hidrosol, con m6i mdi truerng
trudng kheing
khdng phai la IAnude,
nuoc, chang
chang han la dung mOi mdi benzen,
co he keo la benzosol... Khi mot
ta cd mdt chit
cha't long
longducrc
dugc phan tan tan trong
trong mot
mdt chat
chatlOng
long
khac
khac thi sol hinh thanh duqcdugc goi
ggi la nha
nhu tuang.

Khi pha phan tan tan la

la chat
cha't ran
ran treo
treo kr
lolimg
limg trong
trong mOi
mdi tracing
trudng phan tan la ia chat
long thi lac
long liic nay
nay h@ keo lai
he keo lai ggi
goi laia huyin phi).
phu. M6t
Mdt vi vi du
du cho
cho trudng
quern hop hgp nay
nay lala he
he
AgC1 trong nuerc.
AgCl trong TruOng hop mdt
nude. Trudng WA cha't
chat khi
khi (pha phan
phan tan) dugc
duqc phan tan trong mot mdt
chat lOnghoac
cha't long ho4ccha't
chit ran
rin (mdi truing phan tan) dd tao
(m6i trudng tao ra
rahe
hekeo
keothithihekeo
keonay
nay duqc
dugc
goi
ggi 1a
ia bot yang. M4t du chat
vdng. Mat cha't kid
khi dtrqc
dugc phan tantan dui
dudidang
dangbotbgt
cocdthrOng
dudngkinhkinh1(5'n
Idn
4 4
ban 10 A, nhung
hon 104 nhung khoang
khoang cacheach gift
giuacac
cacbotbgtkhi
khithuOng
thudngnhOnhd hcm
hon 104
10 A, vi vi vay
vay bot
yang yin ductc
vang van dugc xep
xd'p vao
vao hehe keo.
keo. D6i
Dd'i veri bot yang,
vdi bgt vdng, moi
mdi truerng phan tin
trudng phan tan ton
tdn tai duai
dudi
dang keo. Bot yang
dang keo. vang laia mQt
mdt vi du rat hay gap gap cho titian
nhungngueri
ngudithuerng
thudng xuyen
xuyen dung
dung
xi
xa pheng
phdng ho4choac u6ng
ud'ng bia.

Ta co
cd the tom
torn tit
tatsix phan loai ndu
suphan neu trdn
tren trong bang 12.1.

302
 B^ng12.1.
Bing 12.1. Cic
C^chi)
hephan
phin tan
tan thtiong
thudng gap
gdp

Pha
Pha MOi twang
Moi tructng
Ky hieu
K5, hteu Ten
Ten he
he phan
phan tan
tan Vi
Vi du minh
minh hoa
hoa
phan tan phan tan
tan
Chat ran
Chit ran R/L
R/L Sol,
Sol, huyen
huyen phi,
phii Nu&
Nude phi,
phu sa
sa

Chat long Chat

Cha't lOng
long L/L
L/L Nhii
Nhu ttrong
tuong Mil
Mu cao su

Khi K/L Bot yang

vang Bot xa
xa phOng
phong

Chat
Cha't ran R/R Khoang
Khoang vat, hap
hop kim Ngoc rubi
Cha't lOng
Chit long Chat
Cha't ran L/R Vat x6p
xop Chat
Cha't hap
ha'p phu x6p
xd'p

Khi K/R Vat x6p,

xd'p, gel khan Than hoat tinh

Chat ran R/K Sol khi Kh6i,

Khoi, bui
Cha't
Chat
V— khi
11 Cl l XV111
long
Chat lOng L/K Sol khi May, sucmg
suong mu

12.3. Cac
Cac phurcmg phi!) dieu
phirong phap dieu che
ch6 dung
dung dich
dich keo

Dua
Dixa vao
vao kich
kfch Ulu&
thircrc cim he phan
cua he phan tan
tan trong
trong thuc
thuc te' ton tai
te t6n tai 22 phtrang
phuong phap
phap
diet, che
chinh de di^u the dung dich keo.
a) Phuffng ngitng to
Phaang phap ngung tu
Cac
Cac phan img
utig thus/ phan, phan
thuy phan, phan umg
ung oxi hod, phi!, ang
hoa, phan ling khir,
khu, sir
sir ngung
ngimg tutu hcti
hoi
de
d^ tao ra sin
san phim
phimkhOng
kh6ng tan
tan hoac
hoac phan
phan tIng
ung trao
trao dOi dung mdi
d6i dung m6i se se la ca
co set
sa cua
phtrang phap
phirong phap ngung
ngung tuto di6u
dieu chef
the he
h6 keo.
keo. Khi
Khi c6
co mat
mat chat
cha't ben
b^n hoa
hoa trong
trong nhUng dieu
nhffng didu
kien xac Binh
kien ye nhifit
dinh \t nhiet c10
d6 vavan6ng
nOngd6d6chung
chtingtatococ6th^
thedi^u
dieuche'
ch6dirge
dude dung
dung dich
dich keo
vai dA
vdi d6 phan
phan tan
tan cao.
dugc hinh thanh khi he
Gel duoc h6 keo
keo c6
co nOng d6 cao,
n6ng d6 cao, pha
pha ran
ran xua't
xuat hi6n
hien co
c6 thA'
the tao
ra b6
ra b6 khung
khung dac
(lac kbit
khit du
du 16 x6p chira
16 x6'p chiracha't
chatlong.
long.M6t
Wit vi
vi du
du thirbng
thutmg tha'y
thay la sol dtrac
dirac
tao bang
tao bang ngimg
ngung tu hoi, d6
do la
la kh6i
kh6i hay
hay sucmg
sucmg mu.
mu. Khi ha thap
tha'p nhiet
nhidt c10, apsua't
d6, ap suit hoi
c6 the I6n
co 16n hon
han ap
di)sua't
suit can
can bang
bang trdn
tren chat
chat long
long (hoac
(hoac trdn
tren cha't
chat ran).
ran). Luc
Luc nay
nay trong
pha hoi,
pha hoi, cac
cac tap hop lan
Ion cua
cua phan
phan tir
tir dove
duoc tao
tao ra
ra duOi dang cac
duoi dang cac giot long rat
rat nhO
nho
(suong hoac cac
(strong mu) hoac cac hat ran (kh6i). Su tao
(kh6i). Su tao ra
ra khoi
kh6i nguy
nguy trang
trang bang
bang each
each lam
lam lanh
lanh
hoi
hoi P2O5 la m6t
P2O5 la met vi
vi du
du nfia
Oa ve he keo.
keo.
Trong cac
Trong cac phirong
phtrang phap
phap dieu
dieu che'
ch6 he
he keo
keo ke
ke tren
tren thi
thi dieu
diet, kien
kien bu6c
bu6c phai
phai co
c6 la
la
can tao ra chat
can cha't kh6
kho tan,
tan, nOng c10cac
n6ng d6 cacchat
chatphan
phanung
ungtha'p
thapva vatrong
trongcac
caccha't
chatphan
Olin ling
ling
phai co
phai c6 m6t
mQtcha't
chatdu
du can
can cho
cho sir
su ben
ben hoa
hod he
he keo
keo hlnh
hinh thanh.
thanh.

303
303
 Bai tap
tap fip
ap dung
dung 12.1:
12.1: Minh
Minh hoa
hoa su tao sol
sol gian
gian ti6'p
tip tir
tuphan
phan ting
umg trap
trao d6i. Su
tong hop sol AgCl
long hcrp AgC1diroc
dtractien
tin hanh
hanh bang
bang each
each trOn
tr6n cac dung dich rat loang cita
cua NaCI
NaCl
va AgN03,
AgNO3.
Lori
Lei giii:
giai: Sol
Sol AgClduac
AgCl dirochinh
hinhthanh
thanh theo
theo phan
phan ting
irng sau:
sau:
NaCI
NaCl + +AgN03
AgNO3 AgIi++NaNO3
-> Agl NaNC^

De
Dd sol AgC1 dtrac tao ra chi
AgCl diroc thi mOt trong hai
m6t trong hai chat (hoac NaC1 hoac AgNO3)
NaCl hoac AgNC^)
phai lay
la'y du, n6u
neu khOng sol AgCl
khOng sol AgC1kh6ng
khonghinh
hinhthanh.
thanh. Ca'u
Cautrue
true sol
sol AgCl
AgC1xem
xemchi
chi tiet
tilt
muc 12.5.
b) Pluton phdp
b) Phuffng phan tan
phdp phdn
Trong
Trong phucmg phapphan
phirong phap phantan
tan ngucri
ngtraitata thuong
thtrangap
Spdung
dungbidn
Henphap
phi') co hoc dedd
chia nha
nho cac hat th6 cua he
hd huyen pha, nhu
huydn phu, nhu tirong,
tucmg,bptbotthanh
thanhcac
cachat
hatco
coki'ch
kith thudc
thy&
dung
dung vai
v6i quy dinh cho
cho he
hd keo.
keo. Sir
Sir phan
phan tan co hoc citacua chat ran vao chat
cha't 'Ong
long bao
girl ciing c6 hieu
gib cung co hidu qua hon.
6
6 quy m6
mo c6ng nghiep
nghidp hay trong
trong phong
phong thi
thl nghidm,
nghiem, sir
su chia
chia nho
nha bang co hoc
thtrang thkrchidn
thircmg thirc hienbang
bang cac
cac loai
loci may
may nghien
nghidn khac nhau.
nhau. Trong
Trong nhieu
nhidu truOng
trubng hop
ngtrOi
nguoi tatacon
con sir
sir dung
dung sidu
sieu am d6 phan tan
d^ phan tan co
ca hoc. Cac sol him
hih) co cita
cua kim
kirn loci
loai d8
dd
ruing chay, cac hidrosol cita
nong chay, cua ltru
liru hu5,nh, graphic va
huynh, graphit va cac polime khac
khac thtrang
thirbngAi)
ap dung
phuong phap nay de dieu
phuang didu che.
Ben canh phtrcmg
Bdn canh phapco
phirong phap co hoc,
hoc, su
su phan
'Alantan
tan con
con dupe
&pc that
thuchien
hidnbang
bangcac
cac1(5/
ky
thuat hien
hidn dai nhtr sir dung
nhu su dung tia
tia h6
h6 quang
quang didn.
dien. Co s6
setcua
citaphuong
phumg phap phan tan didn
dien
la a6 nhiet
nhidt dO cao cua
dp cao cita hp
h6 quang
quang didn
dien hoi
hoi kim
kim loai
loci se
se bay
bay hoi, sau
sau do
d6 chung
chting bi ngung
to
tu 14i trong ntrOc
lai trong lanh.
nude lanh.
Hai phuong
Hai phuang phap didu
dieu chd'
che trdn
tren co
c6 th^
the torn
torn tat
tit trong bang 12.2.
12.2.

Bing 12.2. Phttong

Bang Phuong phi')
phap digt,'
dieu che
chi; dung
dung dich keo

He
Hd Phan tan phan tir Dung dich keo Phan tan th6
-8 7 -5
Kich thu6c hat
Ki'ch thuoc 10 8 cm
< 10 10 ÷ 10 5 cm 10~5 cm
> 10
HSlliiSBSI
Phuang
Phuong phap tu -—>
Ngung to 4 II 4--
<— Phan tan

12.4.
12.4. MOt s6tinh
Mot so tinhchat
chit quan trong cua
cua dung dich
dich keo

a) Tinh chit quang hoc

Tinh chat
N6u mot hd
Nd'u mpt he phan
phan tan
tan dupe
duoc chid'u
chi6u sang
sang thi
thi anh
anh sang
sang co
c6 the'
the bi cac hat hap
ha'p thu,
plan
phan tan,
tan, phan
phan x4
xa hoac
hoac tan
tanx4.
xa. Trtritmg hop vbi
Truong hop yetihdhekeo,
keo,tinh
anti cha't
chat quang dac trtmg
trung la

304
sir tan
su xa anh sang theo
tmt xq theo moi phucmg. 6
moiphucrng. 6 day cac hat keo c6
co kich
kfch thuac
thucrc nh6
nho hcrn
han d0
d6
dAi cuanira
dai cua nth budc
buck song anh sang nen
nen hien
hidn arcing tan xa
tirong tan x4 anh
anh sang xay ra khi heh6 nhart
nhan
duqc chien vao.
duoc anh sang chieu
S6 di cd
So dl c6 su tan xa xa anh
anh sang
sang d6i
ddi vOi
vdi he keo lalAsu sunhifiu
nhiin xa chd khdng
khong phai anh
sang bi
hi phin
phan xaxa tit
tirbe
bemat
matcac
cachat
hatkeo.
keo.NhA
Nha vat ly, hoc
vat 15 hoc ngtr6i
nguoi Anh J. Tyndall quan
sat they
tha'y hien tucrng tan xa
tircfng tan xa cua
dm he keo
keo 15n
Mn diu
dau tien
tin khi
khi cho
cho mOt
m6t chum sang manh di
qua dung dich keo. keo. Chang
Chung tatacocothe
thequan
quansat
sattdtumOt
mdtphiaphiatren
trendir6ng
dircmgdidicUa
cuachUm
chiim
sang su
six tan xa anh sang nhu nhu nhting
nhung dai sang due
duc hinh
hlnh non goigpi la hinh non Tyndall.

b) Tinh chat citing

b) dqng hoc phcin td.
phdn tu
Chuyin
Chuyen Ong
dongnhiet
nhietcUacua cac hat keo deu
den dupe
duoc quy
quy v6veli'nh
tinhchat
chit ddng
Ong hoc
hoc phan
phan
tit; khuich tan,
tu; su khue'eh tan, ap
ap suet
sua'tthdm
tham that',
tha'u, su
suphan
phanb6bdhat
hattheo
theoclO cao cua he keo d^u
d6 cao deu co
c6
trong tmh
trong anh chat
chit d6ng
Ong hoc phantu...
hoc phan D6i Ddi verivdi
he he
keo, tinh
keo, chat
tinh chatdOng
d6nghoc
hoc phan
phan tit
tir
&roc
dupe xac dinh bang ly thuyit
bang 15, thuyet chuy4n
chuyln Ong dpngh6n
h6nloan
loan- -chuy4n
chuyendOng
d6ng Brown dm cac
Brown cua
hat ciia
cUa pha
pha phan
phan tan.
n6ng do
Qua trinh san bang nong mOt each
dp m6t cach tuto nhien
nhien va
vi quan sat dtroc
dupe a6 bat
bat 16,
ky he
phan tan nao deu ducrc thuc hien bang su khuich
dupe thuc khue'eh tan.
tan. Theo ly, thuya
Theo 15 thuye'tt6c
t6'cdO
dP khue'ch
khue'eh
ty 14
tan t5, le vdi hieu nong do,
vdi hieu vdi nhiet
dp, vdi nhiet dp
d6 va
va ty
tj, le nghich
nghich vOi
vdi dO
dp nh6t
nhdt cUa
cua m6i
mdi truOng
trudng
phan tan ding
cung nhtr
nhukich
kt'chthtrac
thudchat
hatkhue"ch
khue'eh tan.
Tir cac sP
Tu cac s6 lieu
lieu thu
thu dupe
dtrocdadi chi
chi ra
ra rang
rang dung
dungdich
dichkeo
keocd coapapsua't
suit thim
tidal thau
thiu
kha
kha nhO. Day la
nho. Day IAdi^m
di6mkhac
khacbidt
bietvdi
v6idung
dungdich
dichthuc.
thtrc.Cung
Clingtucmg
wan totu nhu
nhu d6i
dpi von
vdi
dung dich
djch thtrc chting ta
thuc chung ta cd
c6 thd
th4 xac
xac dinh
dinh ap sua't
suit them
th^m than
tha'u n7t d6i
dd'i von
vdi dung dich keo
to phuong trinh Van't Hoff
tir phuong trinh Van't Hoff nhu sau:
sau:

nti -v RT =
= v-^- = CRT
NA
N
A
von:
vdi: vv- -s6
sPhat
hattrong
trongdon
donvi
vj th6
thd tich;
ti'ch; NA
NA - hang s6
sP Avogadro;
C - nong
ndng clO;
dd; RR--hang
hang sP
s6 khi;
khi; TT -- nhiet
nhiet dp
d6 tuypt
tuyet dd'i.
d6i.
c) Tinh chat dien hoc
Day la mOt trong nhung
mdt trong nhiing tmh
tinh chat
chit quan trong
trong dm
cua dung
dung dich
dich keo.
keo. Ta
Ta di6m
didm
qua mPt
mot sP
s6 net
net chu
chi' yPu
yiu cua tinh chit nay.
tmh cha't nky.
Neu
NPu dtra 4 keo vac)
dua he mot didn
vao mPt dien trudng
tru6ng thl
thl cac hat keo se chuy6n
chuyd'n d6ng
ddng von t6c
vdi tPc
d6
dd khOng
khdng drfii yedien
dPi vd dien cue.
cuc. Hien ttrong
tupng nay
nay ducrc
dupe goigpi IA su diet:
la su dien di va ducrc F.F. Reiss
dupe F.F. Reiss
quan sat &roc they lan
dupe tha'y IPn dau tien
tidn vao
vao nom
nam 1807,
1807, khikhi Png
6ng thiPt
thiit lap
lap mOt dien thP
mPt hieu dipn th6
gida
giQa hai dien cuc
cue ad d6
dd dat
dat dung
dung dich
dich keo
keo dat
da't set
set od clang huyen phu.
dang huyPn

305
 St! chuyen dfing
Su chuy^n Ong cila
cua pha lOng (m6i trucfng
long (mdi truttngphan
phantan)
tan)dircfi
dtraitac
tic dung
dung cua
dm dien
didn
truing
trirong trong
trong dieu
di^u kien
kifin pha Oft tan
pha phan tanciting
dumg yen
yfen cling duct Reiss
cung diroc Reiss quan sat trong thi
nghiem
nghi6m cua minh. Hien
Hi6n tucrng
tucmg nay do Reiss tim they
lha'y va
va dat
dat ten
ten no
noIA
la dien thdm.
Ngay
Ngiy nay
nay ngtr6i
ngucri tata goi
goi hien
hifin tuang
tucmg dien
difin Ong
d6ng hoc
hoc lalabao
baogom
g6msu sudien
diendidiVAva
dien
didn them.
thlim. Trong
Trong thus
thuc tien
tiin hien
hidn ttrcmg dien d6ng
tuong didn dung hochoc co
co nhidu
nhieu ung
(mg dung
dung to
to lan.
Idn.
Qua vay,
vay, bang
bang dien di nguesi
nguai ta ta co
co th^
the ke't
ket tua
tila tren
tren be
be mat
mat kirn
kim loai
loci cac hat tir
tu sol,
huyen phii
phit hoac
hoac nhu
nhCttuong.
tuang.Chung
Chungtatacungclingco c6the
thephu
phi'len
len bebe mat
mat m6t
met lop
16p mau,
mat', lop
lap
san
son vecni ben dep,dep. hoac
hoac tao motm6t mang cach dien
mang each dien bang
bang each
cach ke't
ket tua
tiIa tir
tir m6i
m6i trucmg
truing
phan
phan tantan mr6c bang phep
nude bang phep dien
then di.di. Trong
Trong ky k9 thuat
thuat dien
dien tir
tir hien
hien dai,
dai, m6t
met trien vong
vong
rat
r^t sang siia
sua IA suke't
la su ket tua
dm bang
bang dien
then di nhung
nhang mang mOng mong ban dan clan tren
tren nen ran. tfrig
Uhg
dung trong viec khirkhu ntr6c cac vat
nude cac vat lieu
lieu mao quan va cac ling ung dung khac cling cung dtrqc
duoc
tim tidy thOng
tun thiy qua phep
thdng qua phep dien
dien lham.
thim.
Su tdn
ton tai
tai lop then kep
Idp dien kip tren
tren be
b^ mat
mat cita
cua pha phan tan, cungcling nhu su xuat
xua't hien
mot
mdt hieu the
tha tren ranh
ranh gi6i
gidi pha
pha phan
phan tan
tan IA nhiing net
la nhung net rat
rat dac
dac trung cita
cua hien rating
tucmg
dien d6ng
ddng hoc. Ve van
va'n de
d^ nay se
se dirqc
duoc giai thIch tiet trong giao trinh
thich chi tie't trinh hoe
hoa 19.
ly.

12.5. Cau frac

12.5. true cua mixen

Dang hidrosol hay

Dang hidrosol hay ndi
not rdng
Ong ra chocho met
mdt hehe keo
keo batbat k9
ky bao
bao gia
gidcling
cungIA la he didj
the
thi gem
gdm pha
pha phan
phan tan
tan vava m6i
mdi trutrng
trucmg phan
phan tan.
tan. VI
Vi dudu nhu
nhu voi
vdi keo
keo hidrosol,
hidrosol, &d day
m6i truing OM
mdi trucmg phantantanIA la ntroc,
nude, con
con pha
pha phan
phan tan la la cac
cac hat
hat keo
keo ran
ran duqc
duoc goi
goiIA la
mixen. Phdn
Phan cd't
c6t lOi cua mixen
16i cua mixen lala mdt
met tap hop khOngkhdng tan tanvao
vio nude,
nuac, gdm
gem mot
mdt s6sd' rat
16n cac nguydn
Idn cac nguyen tu,
tir, ion
ion hoac
hoac phan
phan tir
tirva
vacd
coca'u
eautrue
truedudi
dualdang
ding tinh the. Trdn
Tren be mat
cUa tap hop
cua tap hqp tinh
tinh thi
the cd
c6 cic
cac ion ha'p
hap phu va va cung
cling vdi
voi tap
tap hop
hop tao
tao ra nhan mixen. Bao
quanh
quanh nhan
nhan mixen la cac cic ion
ion then
didn tich
tfch trai
trdi dgu
da'u bi
bi hap
ha'pphu
phu va
valam
lamthAnh
thanh 16p
Idp hap
ha'p
phu. Nhan mixen clingcung v6i
vdi lop
Idp hap
ha'p phu
phu c6
cd dien
didn tich
tfch trai
traidau
da'ulAm
lam thAnh
thanh hat keo. Hat Hal
keo bao
bao gi6
gid cling
cung mang then dien tich.
tfch. Vi
Vi mixen
mixen bao bao gi6
gid cling
cung trung
trung hoA
hoa dien tich
tfch nen
ndn
cac
c^c ion trai dgu
da'u v6i
vdi hat keo tao ra lop khuech tin.
Idp khudch tan.
BM tdp
Bai tap fip
ap dung 12.2:
12.2: Hay
Hay cho biet
bidt su hinh
hinh thAnh va ca'u
thanh va cau true mixen AgI
Agl
khi cho dung dich AgNO3
AgNC^ tic
tac dung
dung voi
vdi dung dich KI
KI (xet
(xet 22 trudng
truing hap
hop khi
khi AgNO3
AgNC^
du va
Nth KI du).

Lei giii:
Ldi giai:Phan
PhanOng
dnghoe
hoahoc
hocxay
xayrara1A:
la;
AgNO3
AgN03 + KI
+ KI ->• AgI
Agl i++KNO3
KNO3

Tru6ng
Trudng hqp co du AgNO3:
hop cd AgNC^:
Tap hap
hop AgI
Agl met
mdt khi
khi hinh
hinh thAnh se ha'p
thanh se hap phu Ag+ tit
phu cac ion Ag+ tir m6i
mdi truerng
trudng phan
tan de
di tao ra 16p hap phu
Idp ha'p phu dac
dac khi't
khlt va
va cung
cling vdi
voi Agl
AgI ran
ran tao
tao ra
ra nhan mixen tich
ti'ch dien
+
duang
duong [mAgI]nAg+.
[mAgI]nAg .

306
 Nhan mixen nay se tiring
Nhan tuang tac
tac tinh
tlnh dien vai ion trai dau NO3 tir
dien vOi tirdung
dung dich
djch de
d^
tao lop hap
ha'p phu 60 gin nhan
nhan nhat,
nha't, phan
phSn ion
ion NO3 con lai lai tham
tham gia
gia 16p
Idp khuech
khu^ch tan.
Nhu vay dd'i
Nhir vay d6i vOi sol Agl
vdri sol AgN03 Ong
AgI khi du AgNO3 c6ngthdc
thurcdircrc via theo
dupe vi6't theo 22 cach
eachdm%
dudi day
(xem hinh 12.1a).
12.1a).
Khi du KI, cau
cat' trlic dia mixen
true cua mixen ciing
cung &six
dupe bidu then tuong
bu?u didn tuang to
tu (xem hinh 12.1b).
12.lb).

|[nAgI]pAg+ (n
{[nAgIfpAg+ - x)NO3 }
(n-x)N03| xNO
KNhan)
^han^! 1 ( mAgl
i
1 a)
l
Nhan mixen
;Nhan :
:Nhan
H
Hat
at keo

Bat
Hat kec 41/
Mixed
M ixeti

Mixen
( nAgl ). ;
{[nAgIl mI- I (m
|[nAgI];mI y)K1
(m - y)K +
yK+ vy / Ik'
b)

Hinh 12.1.
12.1. Sd
So d6
d6 vh
va ca'u
cau true
trtic mixen
a) Du
DU AgNC^; DUKI
AgNO3; b) Dtt KI

12.6. DO b6n viirng

Dp ben yang cua
ctia he
he keo

So vOidung
So vPi dung dich
dich phan tu,
tir, dung
dung djch
dich keo khdng
khOng phai
phai la
la cac
cac he
he can bang nhiet
Ong, theo theri gian trong dung dich keo cac hat keo kEt harp vOi nhau 16n
dpng, theo thcri gian trong dung djch keo cac hat keo k^t hpp voi din rth
Ion dfin r6i
tir tir sa
tit tir sa ling
ling xu6ng
xudng day
day vOi
vPi kIch thu6c > 10
kich thudc 10 55 cm. Hien
Hifin twang nay goi
tupng nay goi la
la su keo 44.
tu.
Keo
Keo tu to la qua trinh
trinh tir
tu then
di^n bin
bie'ntrong
trongdung
dungdichdichkeo
keododocac
cachat
hatkeo
keoluOnluflnluOn
luOn
chuyen
chuydn ddng Ong va vavavacham
chamvao vaonhau
nhaude d^tao
taoraracac
cactap
taphcrp
hpp I6n
Idn hcrn, có nghia
han, co nghTa la lam
lam
giim
giam nangnang luong
lupng totu do
do be
bemat.
mat.Dieu
Di6u notn6i tren
trdn day chiing to 4
day chUng phan tan ye
he phan ve nguyen
tic
tac lala met
m6t hghe khOng
khPng ben viing.
vung.
Sir dun nong,
Su dun ming, su
su d6ng
Ong lanh,
lanh, sir
su khuly
khua'y manh,
manh, sir
su ly
ly tam
tarn hoac
hoac sir
su them chat then
dien
ly co th^
the se
se gay
gay nen
nen su
sir keo
keo tu.
tu.Tat
Tatcaci nhung
nhiingtac
tacd6ng
Ong nky
nay du
du co
có ban
bin chat
chit khac
khac nhau
song chiing
chang deu
d^u keo theo
theo lam
lam giarn
giam lac
luc day
day hoac
hoac lam tang luc
lirc hut.
hut. Tir
Tir nhihig
nhang ly
ly giai
giii

307
 /Ming
f/ttliaiig&int
iflejti cJttnh giu dueling12
eJttuittg l2

1.
1. He
He phan
phan tan
tan

N6u
N^u ngtrbi to chia
ngircri ta chia m6t
mot cha't
chit rim thinh cac
rln thanh cac hat
hat vo
v6 cung
ding be
be ton
t6n tai
tai trong
Irong mei
moi
trtreing long hoac khi thl 4 thu dugc goi 1a
truing long hoSc khf thl he thu dnoc goi la he
hi phdn tan.
tan. Ta
Ta c6
co the
the not
noi he
he phan
phan tan
tan
la m6t
lit thd bao gem
met he di the g6m hai pha ran
pha; pha
hai pha: va mai
ran va mdi twang
truangphcin
phdn tan.

2. Cfic
Cac he phan
phSn tan thuong
thirdng gap

Pha
Pha Mei
M6i truing
trubng
Ky'
Ky hieu Ten
Ten he
he phan
phin tan Vi
Vf du
du mink
mmh hoa
tin
phan tan phan
phan tan
ChitrAn
Chit rin R/L Sol, huyen
huyln phi,
phu Nu&
Nude phi,
phu sa
Chit long
long Chit lOng
Chit long L/L Nhil
NhQ ttrang
tuang Mil
Mu cao su

Khi K/L Bot yang

ving Bot xa phong
phbng
Chit ran
ran R/R Khoang
Khoing vat,
vit, hop
hap kim Ngoc
Ngoc rubi
rubi
Chit lOng
aitt long Chit
ChitrAn
rin L/R Vat xdp
x6p Chit hip
hip phu
phu x6p
xd'p
Kh:
Kh: K/R Vat xdp,
x6p, gel khan
khan Than host
boat tinh
Chit ran
ran R/K Sol khi Khoi,
Khdi, bui
Pha't
^.nai khi
Chit jviXi
Chit long
Chit lOng L/K Sol khi May,
Miy, sucmg mi,
suang mil

3.
3. Hai phuong
Hai phucmgphap
Oaf) dieu
dieu che
chi dung dich keo

He tan phan
Phan tin phin tir
tCr Dung dich
Dung dich keo
keo Phan tan
Phan tan thd
the
8
8 7 5 5
Kich
Kich thudc
thuac hat
hat < 10
< 10 cm
cm 10 ÷ 10 cm > 10 cm
Phuong
Phuang phip
phi') Ngtmg to
Ngung tu--->
-> 4-- Phan
Phan tan
tan

4.
4. Cali true
Cau triic cua
cua mixen
mixen
Mdt
Met he
he keo
keo bat bao gib cung
ky bao
bit kS, ciing la he
he di
di the
th£ gem
g6mpha
phaphan
phan tan
tanva
vamei
m6itruoimg
trubng
phan tan.
phan tan. Vf
VI du
du m6i
mei truimg
truang phan tan la nuoc,
phan tan nude, pha phan tan la cac hat
hat keo
keorAn &roc
ran dugc
goi
goi la
la mixen (xem so
mixen (xem so do
d6 cu
cu the
thl dm% day):
dudi day):

310
310
 {[mAgCl]nAg(n xNO3
- x)NO 3)xN03
j[mAgCl]nAg(n-x)N0

Nhan

Nhan
NhSn mixen
mixen
Hat
Hat keo
keo

Mixen
Mixen

&it, kill
liAiiaa
Oa hai
/>ai 14p,
tap

1.
1. He
He phan
phan tan lala gi?
gi? Dua
Dira trdn
trdn co
ca sd
so nio
naodd
dS phan
phan loai
loai hd
he phan
phan tan.
tan. Bidu
Bie'u dien
diSn
d6 skr
bang so do sir lifin
lien he
hdgiira cac hd
gift cac he phan tan.
2.
2. Hay cho biet cac
cac phuang
phirong phap
phap the
chetao
taokeo.
keo. Dac
Dac diem
diem cia
cuatimg
timgphtrcrng
phirong phap.
3.
3. Neu nhimg
nhung tinh
tmh chit
chat quan
quan trong
trong d6i
dO'i voi
vdi dung dich
djch keo.
4.
4. Cho biet ca'u & m61
true
cau tr. mot mixen th6ng
thong qua so do bang mot vi
vf du cu the.
5.
5. Sir keo
Su keo tu Anh hudng
to la gi? Anh twang cua
dm ion
ion chat
chit dtOn
din lylyden
denqua
qua trinh
trinh keo
keo to
tu nhu
nhu the
the
nao?
6
6. Hay cho
Hay cho biet
bia't nhang
nhimg Ling dungchinh
umg dung chinhciia
cia dung
dung djch
dich keo
keo trong
trong khoa
khoa hoc,
hoc, san
sin
xua't
xuat va
va defi sO'ng bang nhiing
d6i song nh&ng vi du minh hoa cu thd.
th6.

311
311
 DO lan cua mot
D6 16n m6t dai Wong
lirong vat 15/
ly cucuth^
thema
matheo
theo quy
quy uoc
uOcla'y
lay gia
gia trj
tri bang
bang so
s6 la
11 &roc
duoc goi la
la dcm
don vi cua
cua dai
dai Wong
lircmg vat
vat 15,
ly d6.
do. Vi
Vf du: met, kilogam. Tap hop cac don
vi lam
lam thanh mdt hfe don vi. Da co mot
mot he mdt s6 s6' he
h6 don vi thdng
thong dung nhu: he MKS (met,
kilogam, giay);
kilogam, giay); h6
he CGS
CGS (xang
(xang titi met,
met, gam,
gam, giay)...
giay)...
Trong thtrc
thuc te, do th6i
thoi quen,
quen, o6tirng
timg dia
dia phtrang,
phuong, tirng
timg viing
vung lanh
lanh thO,
thd, ngay ca
ding
tung quOk gia nguoi
qu6c gia ngtrbi ta
tosu
sirdung
dungnhirng
nhirngdon
donvivirat
ratkhac
khac nhau
nhau cho
cho cung
cling mot dai Wong
luong do.
Vi
Vi' du don vi vj chung
chung cho
cho chieu
chi£u dai la
la met
met song
song nguili
nguoi Anh
Anh lai
lai dung
dirng Insa
Inso
(Inch), phtit (foot), trong
phiit (foot), trong khi
khi do ngucfi
ngtrOiViet
Vietlai
laidung
dungtruong,
truong,gang,
gang,ta'c...
tic...
RO rang each
R6 rang each dung nay cla gay MI6
da gay khan trong
kho khan trong giao
giao luu
Itru quoc
qu6c ta',
te, vi vay
vay can
c6
co mot
mdt clan
don vi qudc
queic te'
te chung.
chung.

3. He don vi SI

Nhan
Nhan theytha'y su bat loi
loi ye
v6 viec
vide sir tuy tien
sir dung he don vi tit), tien nen
nen vao
vao thing
thang1010—
-
1960,
1960, tai Hoi
H6i nghi lan
iSn this
thii XI ye
v6 can do
do quOc te hop 6ctParis,
qud'c t^ Paris, cac
cac nha khoa hoc da di
den thOng nhat can xay dung
thdng nha't dimg mOt
mot he thong
ihb'ng don
don vi
vi chung
chung quac
quocte".
te. DO dun vi
la he don
Do la
SI (Viet tit
tattir
tit chi(
chu Phap
Phap — Systeme International).
- Systeme International).
DM
Dudiday
daychung
chungtOi
t6i Itroc
luoc ghi mot
m6t s6
s6' chi
chi den
dan quan
quan trong
trong nhat
nha't thuOc
thudc he SI c6
co
lien quan d^n
den viec sir dung
dung cho cac bai tap hoa dai cuong.

3.1.
3.1. He
Hedam
don vi cuth
vj co so

7 don vi chit-
chmh1h thudc
thubc he SI

Dan
Don vi
N° Ten dai luting
luong Kjt
Ky hieu
Tien
Tie'ng Viet
Viet Tieng Anh
Tie'ng

11 Chieu
Chidu dai met metre in
m

2 Thoi gian
ThOi gily
giay second s
3 Kh6i luting
luong kilogam kilogram kg

4 Luting chit
Luong chat mol mol mol

5 Nhiet
NhietclO
dd Kenvin Kelvin K

6 Cueing dO dong
Cudng dd (long dien
dien Ampe Ampere A

7
mm CuOng dOanh
Cudng dd anh sang
sang nen Candela Cd
I

314
3.2.
3.2. Met
Mots6sodon
donvi
vi SI
SI din
d^n xuat
xuat hay
hay dung

Tic 77 don
Tix don vi
v!.co
coso
soneu
neutren
tren ngudi
ngtrai ta
ta con
con co
c6 th^
thd dinh nghia
nghTa mot
mot s6
s6' don
don vi
vi clan
dan
suet
suS't thirang
thuong gap trong he
h6 SI. VI
Vi du:

- Dan
Don vi Ikrc. D6chinh
luc. Do chinh laIAluc
luctac
ticdung
dungIdnlen m6t
mot vat
vatco
c6 khd'i
kh6i luong
ltrang 1kg
lkg gay ra
* 2 - > *
mot m/s . Dan
toc bang 11 m/s2.
m6t gia t6'c Don vi dan xuat
xua't thu
thu duqc
diroc o6 day
day goi
gpi IA
la Newton (N).

11 N = 11 kg.m.s 22

- Don vi ap suet.
sua't. Trong don vi
vi SI, ap suat
suet la Pascal (Pa).
(Pa). Ap sua't
suet thu duqc
dupe la
do lire
1:.rctac
ticdung
dungIfin
len 1I don vi dien tfch.
tich.
—9
N kg m.s 2 . -I
kgm s-2
. .j- .i N kg m.s -i-2
11 Pa = luc/dien tich = —- = =kgm
m m 2

Dudi day la
Dudi day la mpt
met s6
se don vi din xuat
xult hay
hay dung.

o Ten Don vi
vj Theo dinh
N0 Ky hieu
hipu
dailupng
dai lacing Ting
Tieng Viet
Vipt Tien
Tieng Anh nghia
nghla
, -2
1
ma Luc Niutcm
Niuton Newton N kg.m.s
2 suet
Ap suit Patcan Pascal Pa . -1
-1 -2
kg.m .ss
—.
, 2 -2
3 Nang lacing
lupng Jun Joule J kg.m .s
2 -I
4 ang
CPng suit
suit Oat Watt W kg.m2.s '(J/s)
(J/s)
5 Dien
Dien Lich
ti'ch Culong
CulPng Coulomb C As
6 Dien the
the WM
V6n Vol:
Volt V J/As (J/s)
-11
7 Tin sd
se Hec HeAz
He:L- Hz s

3.3.
3.3. M6t
Mots6sodam
don vi khfic sir dung
khac hay su dung cln
can chuyen
chuyen ve he SI

Hien
Hi6n nay, ben
bfin canh he
hp SI
SI la don vi chinh fink, trong hoa hoc ngu0i
chinh thuc, ngucri ta con
dung
dung met
m6t se
s6 don
don vi
vi khac
khac kh6ng
khfing thuec 4 SI
thupc hp SI goi
gpi la he
hp don vi
vi phi
phi SI. D^ a
SI. De dP clang
dang
trong qui trinh
trong qua trlnh giai
giai cac
cac bai
bai tip
taph6a
hoadai
daictrang
cuongchting
chung tai
t6i ghi
ghi lai
laibr
d bang duel
duoi day
day
met
mOt se 4 thdng
s6' don vi ngoai hp th6ng cung
ding cac he
hp se
sd chuyin
chuyen d6i
d6i ye
vP he
hp SI.
SI.

315
 Don
Dcrn vi
vi
0
KT Ten
Ten
No
N Tie"ng
T,4n
1(51 hieu
Ky hieu Theo dinh nghia
nghia
dai Wong
dai lirong e Tie-ng
Tieng Anh
Viet
Viet
-6
11 Chi6u dai
Chieu micromet micrometre µm
urn 10
10 m m
nanomet nanometre nm
nm 109
10 m m
Angstrom
Angstrom Angstrom A _10
m-lO
10 m
10
3 3
2 Th6' tich
Thd lit litre 1 10 3 m
10

3 Nhiet do t° bach Celsius °C t(C) +

T(K) = t°(C) 273,15
+273.15
phan
4 Thai
Th6i phut minute min 60s
gian gidr
gier hour h 3600s
5
5 Ap suit
silk atmotphe
atmOtphe atmosphere atm 1,013.10 Pa
1,013.10
bar bar bar io5 Pa
105 Pa --r,
« latm
tor
for torr ton
torir
133,322 Pa
milimet milimetre Hg mmHg
mmH
g 133,322
133,322 Pa
Pa
thuy ngSn
thiiy ngan

6 Nang ec erg erg 10

10 7 J
lirong
luvng calo calorie cal 4,184 J
4.184
oat gib
gi6 Watt hour W.h 3600 J
electron - electron Volt eV -19
1,62.10 J
yr:VI
vdn
1
7 Difin
Dien ttch
tich dan vi unit ues COS
ues CGS 10 -19
-io- 19
c'
electrostatical 2,9979
2,9979
tinh dien
5
5
8
8 Luc dyn dyne dyn 10 N

9 mdmen
momen m
De bai Debye D 1 _99
10 29
-10" - C.m
C.m
luong
Wang cue
c4c 2,9979
2,9979

316
316
3.4.
3.4. Quan
Quanhe giOfa thu nguyen
hegifra nguyen va
va mot
mot so
so dam
dom vi thuting
thuong dung
dung

Phuong
Phucfng Don vi
N° Dai lucrng
Dai lirong | trinh xac
trinh xac Thu
Thu nguyen
nguyen
SI CGS
dinh
2 1 2 2
1 Dien
Dien tich SS == 11 L' m cm
3 3 3 3
2 The tich V=1 L m cm
1 _i
3 Van
Van tOc
toe v= -
t LT
i
m.s 1 cm.s

V 2 -2 -2
4 Gia
Gia t6c a= —t LT m.s cm.s

22 -2 -2
5 Luc F=
F = ma
ma M LT kg.m.s 2 g.cm.s 2
F I -2
.,,-1^-2 , -1 -2 -l -2
6 Ap suet
suat P M
ML L T kg.m s g.cm -I .s
S

^ KhOi lugng
Khdi luong D =m
j) £1 3 -33 -3
ML kg.m g.cm
rieng V
V

Cong
2 2
. JfI 2^,-2 ,2-22 -2 2 -2
8 (nang A== FF11
A ML Ti kg.m .s g.cm 2-2
.s
Itrong)
luong)

, _A .4T22T-3
-3 . -3
-3 2 -3
2-3
99 Cong
COngsua't
suit IN ' t
^ ML T kg.m.s gg cm .s

-1
10
10 se
Tan s6' ff-=: I
T ri s S

3317
3.5.
3.5. Cac
Cacbac b6i,
b^c bac
bpi, ureic
bac u6c so
so vai
vdi don
dtm vi
vi co so

Khi sir dung

dung he SI ngtroi to thucmg
nguoi ta thu6ng la'y
lay cac bac gian trac 10n
dan vi bac b6i 10®
iroc la don
hay don
dan vi
vi bac it& 10 nn vai
bac irdc vdi nn la
la s6
s6 nguyen.
nguyfin. Bang
Bang dm% day ghi
dudi day ghi lai
lai each
cach diing
dung nay.
Tip
Tidp dau
dau
dSu K5
Ky, hien
hifeu
hieu Bac trac
iroc Tip
Tiep dau
dSu KS', hieu
Ky Bac b6i
boi
ng
ngoCr qu6c to
qub'c te' ngit
ngC quac
qub'c to
t6'
Deci d 10 1 Deca da 101
c -2 h 2
Centi 10 Hecto 10
Mili m 10 3 Kilo k 103
6
Mega 6
Micro 11 10 M 10
9 9
Nano n 10 Giga G 10
Pico p 12 Tera 12
10 T 10
Femto f 10 15 Peta P 1015
a 18 18
Atto 10 Exa E 10

B.
B. MOT
MOTSO
SOHANG
HANGSO
SO VAT
VAX LY HAYsCf
LY HAY DUNG (THEO
DUNG (THEODON
DON VI
VI SI)
SI)

Ten
Tfin hang s6
hfing sd' Gia tri
Kh6i Wang electron
Khfi'i luong 31
me = 9,109.10 31 kg
me
Dien tfch
tich electron 19
1,602.10~19 C
e
e =
= 1,602.10

T6c d6 anh sang

sing trong
trong chan
chan khOng
khfing 8 -I
c ==2,997945
2,997945 «2, 3.10 m.s~l
3A0* m.s

DO dai ban
D6 dai ban ki'nh
kink Bohr io
10
a00=0 5291.10
= 0,5291.10~
, m
m
24
Manheton
Manheton Bohr
Bohr t.43 9,274.10 24JJ
pB = 9.274.10~
-27
Dan
Don vi kh6'i
kh6i luong
Wang nguyen tit
tir uu= 1,6605.10"27 kg
= 1,6605.10
Hang s6
s6' Planck 6,626.10'34
h = 6,626.10 34J.s
Hang s6'
s6 Planck nit
rut gon 34
1,054.10"34J.s
h = 1,054.10 J.s

Hang s6
s<$ Boltzmann 23 -I
1,3805.10-23 J.K-1
k = 1,3805.10
7
Hang s6 Rydberg RH== 1,09737.107m
RH m
23 -1
Hang s6 Avogadro NA
NA == 6,022.
6,022.10 mol 1
lO^mof

318
C.
C. TUONG QUAN
TUONG GIUA
QUAN MOT
GlCfA MOTSO
SODON
DONVI
VjNANG
NANGLUONG
Ll/ONG
No cal* cm -I
N0 JJ Cal* eV
eV c
BH
18
11 JJ 11 0,239
0,239 6,25.1018
6,25.10 5,034.1022
5,034.1022

22 cal
cal 4,184
4,184 11 2,62.1019
2,62.1019 2,10.1023
2,10.1023
-19 -20 3
33 eV
eV 1,60.10 19
1,60.10 3,82.10 20
3,82.10 11 8,067.103
8,067.10
-1I 33
44 cm 11,96
11,96 2,859
2,859 1,24.10
1,24.10 11

** Cabo
Calo hoa hoc
o —in —Q
I1 A
A == 110 m; 11 nm
0-10 rn; 10 9 m
nm = 10

D. Slf St/
BIEN 061001
BIEN TUAN HOAN
TUAN MOT
HOAN SO
MOT TINH
SO TfNHCHAT
CHATCHO
OHO YEU
YEU
COA CAC
CUA CAC NGUYEN
NGUYEN TO

Ten KI • Iluong
Kh6i lit Cau hlnh
Cgu hinh BSn klnh
Ban BSn klnh
Ban klnh luwig
N. luring DO
D6
Z
iik'/tiaiii
nguyen t6 hiau nguyen tit electron
electron n. tit ion ion hoS
hoa difen
am dign

1 Hidro H 1,00797
1,00797 1s' - 2,08-1)*
2,08(-1). 13,6 2,1

2 Heli He
He 4,0026
4,0026 1s2 - - 24,6 -

3 Liti Li
Li 6,939
6,939 1s2 2e 1,550 0,60 5,4 1,0

4 Berili Be
Be 9,0122
9,0122 1s2 2s2 1,120 0,31 9,3 1,5
2 2
5 Bo B 10,811 1s 2s
1s2 2p'
2s2 2p1 0,980 0,20 8,3 2,0
2 2 2
6 Cacbon
Cacbon C 12,01115
12,01115 1s 2s
1s2 2s2 2p
2p2 0,914 2,60(4) 11,3 2,5
2 2 J
7 Nita , N 14,0067
14,0067 1s 2s
1s2 2s22p
2p3 0,920 1,71-3)
1,71(-3) 14,5 3,0
2 2 4
8 Oxi 0 15,9994
15,9994 1s 2s
1s2 2s2 2p
2p4 - 1,40 13,6 3,5
2 2 5
9 Flo F 18,9984
18,9984 1s 2s
1s2 2s2 2p
2p5 - 1,36 17,4 4,0
2 2 6
10
10 Neon
Neon Ne
Ne 20,183
20,183 1s 2s
1s2 2s2 2p
2p5 - - 21,6 -

11
11 Natri
Natri Na
Na 22,9898
22,9898 (NeJSs'
(Ne)3s' 1,90 0,95 5,1 0,9

12
12 Magie
Magie Mg
Mg 24,312
24,312 (Ne)3s2 1,60 0,65 7,6 1,2
2
13
13 NhOm
NhOm Ni
Al 26.9815
26,9815 (Ne)3s
(Ne)3s2 3p
3p' 1,43 0,50 6,0 1,5
2
14
14 Silic
Silic Si
Si 28.086
28,086 (Ne)3s2 3p
(Ne)3s 3p2 1,32 2i71(-4)
2,71(4) 8,1 1,8
2
15
15 Photpho
Photpho P 30,9738
30,9738 (Ne)3s
(Ne)3s2 3p
3p3 1,28 2,12-3)
2,12(-3) 10,5 2,1

16
16 Luuhuynh
Luu huynh S 32,064 Ne 3s^ 3p
(Ne)3s2 3p' 1,27 1,84(-2)
1,84(.2) 10,4 2,5
2
17
17 Clo
Clo Cl
CI 35,453
35,453 (Ne)3s
(Ne)3s2 3p
3p5 - 1,81 13,0 3,0

319
319
 Ten K1 Khdi luang Cau hinh
Cgu B6n klnh
Ban k(nh
Ban klnh N. Ii/ong
luong DO
Z
nguyfin to
nguyen t6 hieu nguyen tit electron n. tit ion ion hoe am di6n
dien
J 6
18
18 Agon Ar 39,948 (Ne)3s 3p6
(Ne)3s2 3p - - 15,8 -
1
19
19 Kali K 39,102 (ArMs
(Ar)4s1 2,35 1,33 4,3 0,8

20 Canxi Ca 40,08 (Ar)4s2 1,97 0,99 6,1 1,0

1 J
21
21 Scandi Sc 44,956 (ArJSd 4s
(Ar)3d1 4s2 1,62 0,81 6,5 1,3
J 2
22 Titan Ti 47,90 (Ar)3d 4s
(Ar)3d2 4s2 1,47 0,90(+2) 6,8 1,5
3 2
23 Vanadi V 50,942 (Ar)3d 4s
(Ar)3d3 4s2 1,34 0,74(+3) 6,7 1,6
1
24 Cram
Crom Cr 51,996 (ArJSdMs
(Ar)3d5 4s' 1,30 0,69(+3) 6,8 1,6
5 2
25 Mangan Mn 54,938 (Ar)3d 4s
(Ar)3d5 4s2 1,35 0,80{+2)
0,80(+2) 7,4 1,5
6 2
26 sat
Sat Fe 55,847 (Ar)3d 4s
(Ar)3d6 4s2 1,26 0,76(+2) 7,9 1,8
2
27 Coban Co 58,933 (Ar)3d' 4s
(Ar)3d2 4s2 1,25 0,74(+2) 7,9 1,8
2
28 Niken Ni 58,71 (Ar}3<f 4s2
(Ar)3d8 4s 1,24 0l72(+2)
0,72(+2) 7,6 1,8
,#
29 Ddng
°Ong Cu 63,54 (Ar)3d 4s'
(Ar)3c1104sl 1,28 0,69(+2) 7,7 1,9
0 2
30 KSm
Kern Zn 65,37 (Ar)3d' 4s
(Ar)3e4s2 1,38 0,74 6,8 1,6
,0 2 ,
31
31 Gall
Gali Ga 69,72 (Ar)3d 4s 4p
(Ar)3d104s2 4p' 1,41 0,62 6,0 1,6
1(1 2 2
32 Gecmani Ge 72,59 (Ar)3d 4s 4p
(Ar)3e4s2 4p2 1,37 0,53 7,9 1,8
,0 2 3
33 Asen As 74,922 (Ar)3d 4s 4p
(Ar)3d104s2 4p3 1,39 2,22(-3)
2,22(.3) 9,8 2,0
w 2 4
34 Selen Se 78,96 (Ar)3d 4s 4p
(Ar)3d104s2 4p4 1,40 1,98(-2)
1,98(-2) 9,8 2,4
w 2 5
35 Brom Br 79,909 {Ar)3d 4s 4p
(Ar)3d104s2 4p5 1,95 11,8 2,8
,0 2 s
36 Kripton Kr 83,80 (Ar)3d 4s 4p
(Ar)3e4s2 4p6 - - 14,0 -

37 Rubidi Rb 85,47 (Kr) Ss'

5s' 2,48 1,48 4,2 0,8

38 Stronti Sr 87,62 (Kr) 5s2 2,15 1,13 5,7 1,0

2
39 Ytri Y 88,905 (Kr)4d'5s
(Kr) 4d' 5s2 1,78 0,93 6,4 1,3
2 2
40 Ziriconi Zr 91,22 (Kr) 4d
4d25s
5s2 1,60 0,80 6,8 1,4
1
41
41 Niobi
Nlobi Nb 92,906 (K^d'Ss
(Kr) 4d4 5s' 1,46 0,70+5)
0,70(+5) 6,9 1,6
5 ,
42 Mollpden
Molipden Mo 95,94 4d 5s
(Kr) 4d55si 1,39 0,62(+6) 7,1 1,8
s 2
43 Tecnexi Tc (98) (Kr)4d
(Kr) 4d55s
5s2 1,36 - 7,3 1,9
7 1
44 Ruteni Ru 101,07 (Kr) 4d
4d2 5s
5s' 1,34 0,69+3)
0,69(+3) 7,4 2,2
e ,
45 Rodi Rh 102.905
102,905 (Kr) 4d
4d85s
5s1 1,34 0,86+2)
0,86(+2) 7,5 2,2
,0 0
46 Paladi Pd 106,4 (Kr)4d
(Kr) 4(11°5s
5s° 1,37 0,86(+2) 8,3 2,2
10 1
47 Bac Ag 107,87 4d 5s
(Kr) 4dl° 5s' 1,44 1,26 7,6 1,9

320
 Ten K(
Ki Khfii luting
Kh6i loong Clu hinh
Chu hlnh BSn kinh
Ben klnh Ben ldnh •Jill
N. luting DO
nguyfin t6
nguyen to hifiu
hiOu nguyfin ti'r
nguyen tCr electron
electron n. til ion • IIIhoa
ion • am dien
am di6n
0 J
48
48 Cadimi Cd
Cd 112,40
112,40 (Kr) 4dw
(Kr) 4d' 5s2
5s 154 0,97 9,0 1,7
,0 2 1
49
49 Indi
lndi In 114,82 (Kr) 4cP°5s25p1
(Kr) 4d 5s 5p 1,66 1,32(+1)
1,32(+1) 5,8 1,7

50 Thifc
Thgc Sn
Sn | 118,69
118,69 Kr 4d1°5s25p2
(Kr) 4d 5s'5p 1,62 1,12+2)
1,12)+2) 7,3 1,8

51
51 | Antimon Sb
Sb 121,75
121,75 (Kr) 4e5s25p3 1,59 2,45(-3)
2,45(-3) 8,6 1,9
,u 2
52 Telu Te 127,60
127,60 (Kr) 4d1a5s25p4
(Kr) 4d 5s 5p 1,60 2.21 (-2)
2,21(-2) 9,0 2,1
w 2 5
53 lot
16t I 126.902
126,902 (Kr)4c1705s25p5
(Kr) 4d 5s 5p - 2,16 10,5 2, 5
,0
54 Xenon Xe 131,30
131,30 (Kr)4d
(Kr) 5sV
4c1105s25p6 - 12,1

55 Xezi Cs 132,905
132,905 (Xejes*
(Xe) 6s' 2,67 1,69 3,9 0,7

56 Ban
Bad Ba
Ba 137,34 (Xe) 6s2 2,22 1,35 6,2 0,9
1 !
57 Lantan La
La 138,91
138,91 (Xe)5c11
(Xe) 5d 6s
6s2 1,87 1,15 5,6 1,1
2 2
58 Xeri Ce
Ce 140,12 {Xe)4f
(Xe) 5cf° 6s2
4f2 5c1 6s 1,81 1,11+3)
1,11(+3) 6,5 1,1

59 Prazeodim Pr 140,907 (Xe) 4P35d

(Xe)4f 5c1666s
6s22 1,82 1,09(+3)
1,09(+3) 5,8 1,1
0 2
60 Neodim Nd | 144,24 (Xe) 4f Sd 6s2
4f 5ct° 6s 1,82 1,08(+3)
1,08(+3) 6,3 1,2

61
61 Prometi Pm (147) (Xe) ars5d
(Xe)4f Sd°06s
6s22 - 1,06+3)
1,06(+3) - -
0 2
62 Samari
Samara Sm 150,35 4f 5d°
(Xe) 4f6 Sd 6s2
6s 1,81 1,04(+3) 5,6 1,2
7 2
63 Europi Eu 151,96 4f Stfes
(Xe) 41' 5d° 6s2 1,99 1,12(+2)
1,12(+2) 5,7 -
2
64 Gadolini Gd 157,25 (Xe)4f
(Xe) Sd' 6s2
4f7 5c11 6s 1,79 1,02(+2)
1,02(+2) 6,2 1,1
0 2
65 Tecbi Tb 158,924 (Xe) 4f Sd 6s2
4f6 5d° 6s 1,80 1,00(+1)
1,00(+1) 6,7 1,2
0 0 2
66 | Disprozi
Oisprozi ( Dy | 162,50 (Xe)4r
(Xe) 5d 6s
41105d°6s2 1,80 0,99(+3) 6,8 -
1 (l 2
67 Honmi Ho 164,930 (Xe)4f
(Xe) 5d 6s
4f115d°6s2 1,79 0,97(+3) - 1,2
2 0 2
68 Ecbi Er 167,26 (Xe) 4r
(Xe) 5d 6s
4r25d°6s2 1,78 0,96(+3) 6,1 1,2
13 0 2
69 Tub!
Tubi Tm 168,974 (Xe)4f
(Xe) 5d°6s2
41135(1 6s 1,77 0,95(+3) 5,8 1,2
1< 0 2
70 Ytecbi
Ytecbi Yb 173,04 (Xe) 4f 5d 6s
4V45d°6s2 1,94 1.13(+3)
1,13(+3) 6,2 1,1
4 , 2
71
71 Lutexi Lu
Lu 174,96 (Xe) 4r 5d 6s
4f165d16s2
4 2 2
72 Hafili
Hafili Hf 178,4 (Xe) 4r 5d 6s
4V65d26s2
14 :i 2
73 Tantali Ta 180,948 (Xe) 4f
(Xe) 5d 6s
4f165c136s2 1,49 0,73(+5)
0,73(+5) 7,9 1,5
14 4 2
74 Vonfram W 183,85 (Xe) 4f 5d 6s
4f165cr6s2 1,41 0,68 10,0 1,7
14 5 2
75 Reni
Reni Re 186,2 (Xe) 4f 5d 6s
4f165c66s2 1,37 - 7,5 1,9
14 e 2
76 Osmi
Osmi Os 190,2 (Xe)4f
(Xe) 4r4 5d 6s
5cP6s2 1,35 0,69 8,7 2,2
4 2
77
77 Iridi
Iridi Ir 192,2 (Xe)4r
(Xe) 4f165d'6s
5c176s2 1,36 0,66(+4) 9,1 2,2

321
321
 T6n
Ten K(
K1 Kh5i lagng
Kh6i luting C5u hinh
Cau B5n k(nh
Ban kinh B5n kinh
Ban klnh N. lugng
N. Wing 05
DO
z
nguyfin 15
nguyen t6 hiSu
hieu nguyfin tCr
nguyen to electron
electron n. tO
n. to Ion
ion ion hoa
ion hod am di6n
am dien
1
78
78 Platin
Platin Pt
Pt 195,09
195,09 (Xe) dP'Sd'es
(Xe) 4r4 5d96s1 1,39
1,39 0,96(+2)
0,96(+2) 9,0
9,0 2.2
2,2
1
79
79 Vdng
yang Au
Au 196,67
196,67 (XeHrWes
(Xe)4r45e6s1 1,46
1,46 1,37(+1)
1,37(+1) 9,2
9,2 2,4
2,4
4 10 2
80
80 Thily
Thug ngdn
ngan Hg
Hg 200,59
200,59 (Xe)4f 5d106s2
(Xe)4f14 5d 6s 1,57
1,57 1,10(+2)
1,10(+2) 10,4
10,4 1,9
1,9
1
81
81 Tali
Tali Tl
TI 204,37
204,37 (Hg) Bp
(Hg) 6p' 1,71
1,71 1,40(+1)
1,40(+1) 6,1
6,1 1.8
1,8
2
82
82 Chi
Chi Pb
Pb 207,19 (Hg) 6p2
(Hg) 6p 1.75
1,75 1,20(+2)
1,20(+2) 7,4
mm 1,8
1,8

83 Bitmut
Bitmut Bi
Bi 208,98
208,98 6p3
(Hg) 6p3
(Hg) 1,70
1,70 1,20(+3)
1,20(+3) 7,3 1.9
1,9
4
84
84 Poloni
Poloni Po
Po (210)
(210) (Hg)6p
(Hg) 6p4 1,76
1,76 -
- 8,4
8,4 2,0
2,0
s - -
85
85 Ala tin
Atatin At
At (210)
(210) (Hg) 6p5
(Hg) 6p 9,8
9,8 2,2
2,2
6 - -- -
86
86 Radon
Radon Rn
Rn (222)
(222) (Hg) 6p6
(Hg) 6p 10,7
10,7 -

87
87 Franxi
Franxi Fr
Fr (223)
(223) (Rn) 78'
(Rn) 7s' - 1,76 44 0,7
0,7
2
88 Radi
Radi Ra
Ra (226)
(226) (Rn) 7s2
(Rn) 7s - 1,40
1,40 5,3
5,3 0,9
1 2
89
89 Actini
Actini Ac
Ac (227)
(227) (Rn) Sd
(Rn) 6d17s
7s2 1,88
1,88 1,18
1,18 6,9
6,9 1,1
1,'
2 2
90
90 Thori Th
Th 232,038
232,038 (Rn) 5V
(Rn) Sf 6d 7s
6d27s2 1,80
1,80 0,95
0,95 7,0 1,22
2 2
91
91 Protactini
Protactini Pa
Pa (231)
(231) (Rn) Sf
(Rn) 5f2 ed^s
6dis2 1,61
1,61 0,98(+4)
0,98(+4) -
- 1,5
1,8
3
92
92 Uran
Uran U
U 238,03
238,03 (Rn) 5f3
(Rn) Sf 6d17s2
edW 1,38
1,38 0,97(+4)
0,97(+4) 6,1
6,1 1,7
1,7
4 2
93
93 Neptuni
Neptuni Np
Np (237)
(237) (Rn) St5r 6d17s2
(Rn) Bd^s 1,30
1,30 0,95(+4)
0,95(+4) - 1,3
1,7
6 0 2
94
94 Plutoni
Plutoni Pu
Pu (242)
(242) (Rn) 5f6
(Rn) SI 6d°7s2
6d 7s 1,51
1,51 0,93(+4)
0,93(+4) 5,1
5,1 1.3
1,2
0 2
95
95 Amerixi Am
Am (243) (Rn) Sf
(Rn) 6d 7s
5f7 6d°7s2 1,73
1,73 0,92(+4) -
- 1,3
1,7
2
96
96 Curi
Cud Cm
Cm (247)
(247) (Rn) Sf
(Rn) 5f' BdVs
6d1s2 -- - - -
8 0 2
97
97 Beckeli
Beckeli Bk
Bk (247)
(247) (Rn) Sf
(Rn) 5f9 6d 7s
6d27s2 - -- - -
-
0 0 2
98
98 Califoni
Califoni Cf
Cf (249) (Rn) 5r
(Rn) 6d 7s
5fqd°7s2 -
- - - -
-
, 0 2
99
99 Ensteini
Ensteini Es
Es (254)
(254) (Rn) 5r51"07s2
(Rn) 6d 7s -
- - -
- -
2 2
100
100 Fecmi
Fecmi Fm
Fm (253)
(253) (Rn) 51
(Rn) 5r7l6d°7s2
6(f7s -
- -
- 7,9 -
-
3 0 2
101
101 Mend6l6evi
Mendeleevi Md
Md (256)
(256) (Rn) 5r
(Rn) 6d 7s
5r36d°7s2 -
- -
- -
- -
2
102
102 (Nobeli)
(Nobeli) No
No (254)
(254) (Rn) 51
(Rn) srecfrs
146d°7s2 - - -
- -
2
103 (Lunrenxl)
(Lunrenxi) Lw
Lw (257)
(257) (Rn) Sf'edVs
(Rn) 5r46d17s2 - - -
- -
4 2 2
104
104 (Ruzofo)
(Ruzclo) Rf
Rf -
- (Rn) 5r
(Rn) 6d 7s
5r46d27s2 - -
- -
- -
-

(*) Trong
(*) Trong nick
m6cdon
don toU mac
rrnic oxi
oxi hod.
hod.

322
E.
E. CAC
CACDUDO
LIEU NHICT
LlIU NHllTHONG
OQNGHOC
HOCCOA
CUA MOT
MOT SO
SO CHAT
CHAT
TRANG THAI
6 TRANG THAI CHUAN
CHUAN TAI
TAI 298,15
298,15 K
K
0 0 0 0
Chit
Chit AH°f
AH (kJ/mol)
f (kJ/mol) SS° (J/K.mol)
(J/K.mol) AG
Aef, (kJ/mol)
(kJ/mol) CC° (J/K.mol)
(J/K.mol)
Ag(r)
Ag(r) 0.0
0.0 42.7
42.7 0.0
0.0 25.5
25.5
AgBr(r)
AgBr(r) -100.4 107.1
107.1 -96.9
-96.9 52.4
52.4
AgCI(r)
AgCI(r) -127.1
-127.1 96.2 -109,8
-109.8 50.8
50.8
AgNOjfr)
AgNO3(r) -124.5 141.0
141.0 -33.6 93.1
93.1
AI(r)
Al(r) 0.0 28.3
28.3 0.0
0.0 24.3
24.3
A1203(r)
AIAW -1676.0 50.9 -1583.0 79.0
Ba(r)
8a(r) 0.0 62.8 0.0 -
BaClj(r)
BaCI,(r) -859.0 126.0 -811.0 63.5
Ba02(r)
Ba02(r) -554.0 70.4 -526.0 45.3
Br(I) 0.0 152.0 0.0 -
3
^3.

Br{k)
Br(k) 30.9 245.3 3.14 36,0
36.0
C(graphit) 0.0 5.7 0.0 8.6
C(k) 716.7 158.0 671.3 20.8
CO(k) •110.4
-110.4 197.9 -137.1
-137.1 29.1
29.1
C02(k)
CO2(k) -393,5
-393.5 213.6 -394.4 37.1
37.1
cs2(i)
CS2(I) 89.6 152,0
152.0 65.0 77,0
77.0
Ca(r) 0.0 41,4
41.4 0.0 26.3
CaF2(r)
CaF2(r) -1220.0 68.9 -1168.0 67.0
CaCI2(r)
CaCI,(r) -796,0
-796.0 114.6
114.6 -748.0 72.8
CaO(r)
Ca0(r) -635.0 39.7 -604.0 43,1
43.1
2(r)
Ca(OH)2(r) -986.0 76.4 -898.0 87,5
87.5
CaCOjlr)
CaCO3(r) -1205.0 91.7 -1127.0 81,9
81.9
Cl2(k)
C12(k) 0.0 223,0
223.0 0.0 33.9
Cr(r) 0,0
0.0 23.6
23.6 0.0 23.2
CfjOjfr)
Cr20,(r) -1140.0
-1140.0 81.2 -1060.0
-1060.0 104.5
104.5
Cu{r)
Cu(r) 0.0 33.1 0,0
0.0 24.5
Cu20(r)
Cu20(r) -171.0
-171.0 92.4
92.4 -141.0
-141.0 69.9
69,9
CuO(r)
CuO(r) -156.0
-156.0 42.6
42.6 -128.0
-128.0 44.4
44.4
CuS04(r)
CuSO4(r) -770.0
-770.0 113.0
113.0 -672.0
-672.0 101.0
101.0
F2(k)
F2(k) 0.0
0.0 203.0
203.0 0.0
0.0 31.5
Fe(r)
Fe(r) 0.0
0.0 27.3
27.3 0.0
0.0 25.2
25.2
Fe203(r)
Fe203(r) -824.0
-824.0 87.4
87.4 -742.0
-742.0 105.0
105.0
FejO^r)
Fe,04(r) -1119.0
-1119.0 146,0
146.0 -1016.0
-1016.0 152.0
152.0
FeS(r) -100.0
-100.0 60.3
60.3 -105.0
-105.0 54.6
54.6

323
323
 0 0 0
Chit
Chit AH f(kJ/mol)
AH°f (kJ/mol) S (JIK.mol)
S° (J/K.mol) AG f (kJ/mol)
AG°f (kJ/mol) C (JIK.mol)
C° (J/K.mol)
m
H2(k) 0.0
0.0 130.6
130.6 0.0
0.0 28.8
28.8
H(k)
H(k) 218.0
218.0 114.6
114.6 203.3
203.3 20.8
20.8
HBr(k)
HBr(k) -36,2
-36.2 198.6
198.6 -53.3
-53.3 22.1
22.1
HCI(k)
HCI(k) -92.3
-92.3 186.8
186.8 -95.3
-95.3 29.1
29.1
HF(k)
HF(k) -271.1
-271.1 173.7
173.7 -273.2
-273.2 28.5
28.5
HNOj(l)
HNO,(1) -173.2
-173.2 156.0
156.0 -80.0
-80.0 110.0
110.0
H20(1)
had -285.8
-285.8 69.5
69.5 -273.0
-273.0 75.3
75.3
H20(k)
H20(k) -241.8
-241.8 188.7
188.7 -228.6
-228.6 33.6
33.6
HMD
H202(1) -187.6
-187.6 109.5
109.5 -120.2
-120.2 -
H2S(k)
H,S(k) -20.6
-20.6 206,0
206.0 -33.6
-33.6 24.0
Hg{i)
Hg(I) 0.0
0.0 75.9
75.9 0.0 27.3
HgCI(r)
HgCI(r) -132.6 96.2
96.2 -105.4
-105.4 50.9

WO
12(r) 0.0 117.0
117.0 0.0 55.0
l2(k)
12(k) 62.4 261.0 19.5
19.5 36.9
K(r)
K(r) 0.0 64.6 0.0 29.2
KCI{r)
KCI(r) 436.7
-436.7 82.5 409.0
-409.0 51.5
LiF(r) -615.0 35.6 -586.0 44.7
LiCI{r)
LiCl(r) 408.0
-408.0 59.3 -384.0 50.2
Mg(r) 0.0 32.7 0,0
0.0 23.9
MgCI2(r)
M9C12(r) -641,4
-641.4 89,5
89.5 -592.0 71.3
MgS04(r)
MgS0,(r) -1285.0 91.6 -1171.0 98.0
Mn(r) 0.0 32.0 0.0 26.3
Mn0 2(r)
Mn02(r) -520.0 53.1
53.1 465.0
-465.0 54.0
NN2(k)
2(k) 0.0 191.5 0.0 29.1
NHjM
NH,(k) 45.9
-45.9 192.5 -16.3 35.7
NH 4CI(r)
NH,C1(r) -315.0
-315.0 94,6
94.6 -203.0
-203.0 84.1
NN,0(k)
20(k) 82.1
82.1 220.0
220.0 104.0 38.6
NO(k)
NO(k) 90.8
90.8 211.0
211.0 87.0
87.0 29.9
N0 2(k)
NO2(k) 33.0
33.0 240.5
240.5 51.1
51.1 37.9
NA(k)
N205(k) 11.3
11.3 346.0
346.0 118.0
118.0 -
Na(r)
Na(r) 0.0
0.0 51.2
51.2 0.0
0.0 28.4
NaCI{r)
NaCI(r) 411.0
-411.0 72.1
72.1 -384,0
-384.0 49.7
NaBr(r)
NaBr(r) -361.0
-361.0 86.8
86.8 -349.0
-349.0 52.3
NaOH{r)
NaOH(r) 427.0
-427.0 64.4
64.4 -381.0
-381.0 80.3
NaNOjfr)
NaN0,(r) 467.0
-467.0 116.0
116.0 -366.0
-366.0 93.1
Na,CO,(r)
Na,CO3(r) -1130.0
-1130.0 136.0
136.0 •1050,0
-1050.0 110.5

324
324
 0
Chat AH0f(kJ/mol)
AH°f (kJlmol) S0 (J/K.mol)
S° AG ,(kJ/mol)
Aef (kJ/mol) C" (J/K.mol)
C°
Na2SO({r)
Na2SO4(r) -1380.0 149.5
149.5 -1262.0 128.0
128.0
Ni(r) 0.0 29.9 0.0 25.8
02{k)
02(k) 0.0 205,0
205.0 0.0 29.4
0(k) 249.2 161,0
161.0 231.8 20.8
P(tr5ng, r)
P(tr6ng, 17.4 41.1
41.1 11.9 23,2
23.2
P(cl6, r)
P(do, 0.0 22.8 0.0 -
pcyk)
PC13(k) -271.0 312.0 -257.0 88.2
PCIs(k)
PCI5(k) -350.0 364.0 -285.0 148.0
P205(r)
PA(r) -1475.0 114.0
114.0 1343.0
-1343.0 123.4
Pb(r) 0.0 65.1
65.1 0.0 26.8
PbS(r) -100.0 91.2 -98.7 49.5
S(k) 279.0 167.7
167.7 237.0 20.8
S02(k)
S02(k) -296.8 249.0 •300.0
-300.0 31.8
SO#)
S03(k) -395.7 256.0 -370.0 50.6
Si(r) 0.0 18.8
18.8 0,0
0.0 19.9
Si02(a)
Si02(a) -911.0 41.6 -857.0 44.4
Sn(tr5ng)
Sn(tring) 0.0 51.4 0.0 26.3
SnCI,(k)
SnCI4(k) -529.0 259.0 -458.0 98.4
Ti(r)
Ti{r) 0.0 30.6 0.0 25.0
Ti0 2{njtil)
Ti02(rutil) -940.0 50.3 -890.0 55.0
Zn(r) 0.0 41,6
41.6 0.0 25.1
ZnO(r) -348.0 43.6 -318.0 40.3
ZnSfsSu ph)
ZnS(sau -206.0 57,7
57.7 -201.0 55.7

325
 0
G. TICH SOSO
T(CH TAN VAVA
TAN DO TAN
06 CCP.
TAN CUAMOT
MOTSO
SOCHAT
CHATDIEN
DIEN LY
LY IT
fT TAN 06
. 25
6 25°C
C

Chit dien ly Tich

Tlch so
sfi tan DO
Do tan (moll:1)
tan(mol.L"
Hidrdxit
Hldroxit
4
AgOH 2.10
2.104 1,4.10"*
1,4.104
53
AI(OH)3 i.g.io
1,9.10" 2,9,10'
2,9.10
5
Cd(OH)2 1,2.10""
1,2.10'14 1,4.10
1,4.10-5
31
Cr(OH)3 5,4.10"
5,4.1031 1,2.10"
1,2.10
20 7
Cu(OH)2
Cu(OH)2 5,6.10"
5,6.10" 2,4.10'
2,4.100
M 10
FefOHJj
Fe(OH)3 3,8.10'
3,8.10' 1,9.10'
1,9.1010
,J 4
Mg(OH)j
Mg(OH)2 5.10-
5.1012 1,1.10"
1,1.10-4
s
Mn(OH)j
Mn(OH)2 4,10""14
4.10 2,1.10
2,1.105
6 8
Ni(OH)j2
Ni(OH) 6,3. lO"'
6,3.1018 5,4.10"
5,4.10
18 8
CO{OH)2
Co(OH)2 2,0.10"
2,0.1018 3,7,10"
3,7,10-8
42
Sb(OH)3
Sb(OH)3 4,10
4.102 ZIO"
2.10-"
28
Sn(OH)2
Sn(OH)2 5.10"
5.10' 2,3,10"'
2,3.104
17 8
Zn(OH)22 HO"
1.10' 1,4,10"
1,4.104
18 6
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)2 4,8.10"
4,8.1018 4,9.10"8
4,9.10'
Sunfua
48
AfcS
Ag2S i.e.io
1,6.1048 3,5.10"
3,5.10'
72
B^Sj
B12S3 1,6.10"
1,6.1042 1,7.10""
1,7.10'
29
CdS 3,6. lO"
3,6.10" 6.10"
6.10'"
23 2
CoS 7.10"
7.1023 S^.IO"'
8,4.10'12
27 1
CoS 2.10"
2.10-27 4,5.10" *
4,5.10'
45 25
CuS 8,5.10
8,5.1045 g^.iO"
9,2.10"
27
Cu2S
Cu2S 2,6.10-"'
2,610-48 4,1.10"
4,1.10-27
FeS 3,7.10""
3,7.10' 6,1,10"
6,1.1010
45 27
HgS 4.10
4.10' 6,3.10"
6,3.10.21
MnS 1,4.10"
1,4.1015 3,7.10""
3,7.104
29
PbS i.i.io-
1,1.10' 3,3.10""
3,3.10-15
28 14
SnS 1,0.10-
1,0.10" 1,0.10"
1,0.10*"
21 11
NiS s.ia
3.10' S.S.IO"
5,5.10"
28 14
NiS 2.10"
2.10'28 1,4.10"
1,4.10"
ZnS I.Z.IO"
1,2.1023
23 3,510.12
S.S.IO"12
Clorua
10 5
AgCI i.e.iO"
1,6.10.10 1,2.10"
1,2.105
Hg2ci2
Hg2Cl2 1,1.10"'8
1,1.10 6,5.10'
6,5.107
2
PbCI2
PbCl2 2,4.10"
2,4.104 3,9.10"
3,9.102
Bromua
AgBr 7,7.10""
7,7.10-13 8,8.10"7
8,8.104
23
HgjBrj
Hg2Br2 W-icr
5,2.1023 2,8.10"
2,8.10

326
Chit di§n ly Tlch $6
'rich s6 tan 06 tan (mo1.1:1)
PbBr2
PbBr2 7,4.10'5
7,4.10.5 2,6.10"7
2,6.102
iodua
lodua
16 4
Agl
AgI 1,5.10-
1,5.1049 1,2.10
1,2.104
Hg,!,
NW, 4l5,10"^9
4,5.10-29 2,2.10 ,o
2,2.104°
Pbl2
Pb12 8,7.10-9
8,7.10-9 1,3.10"3
1,3.103
Cut
CUI 1,1.10-,z
1,1.10.12 I.OS.IO4
1,05.104
Sunfat
5 2
Ag2S04
Ag2SO4 7,7.10
7,7.104 2,6.10"
2,6.102
BaS04
BaSO4 1,1.10'10
1,1.1049 1,05.10"5
1,05.10-5
CaS04.2H20
CaSO4.21-120 6,1.10"5
6,1.10-5 7,8.10"
7,8.10-3
PbS04
PbSO4 2,2.10"'
2,2.104 1,5.104
SrS04
SrSO, 2,8.10"7
2,8.107 5,3.10"
5,3.104
Hg2S04
Hg2SO4 6,3.10"'
6,3.104 7,9.10"
7,9.104
Cacbonat
12
AgjCOj
Ag2CO3 e.i.io-
6,1.10.12 1,15.10"
1,15.104
BaCOj
BaCO3 8.10-9
8.104 8,9.10"'
8,9.105
CaCOj
CaCO3 4,8.10'9
4,8.10-9 3,2.10 3
3,2.10.3
MgCOj
MgCO3 1,0.10"5
1,0.105 3,2.10"
3,2.103
3
9
SrCOj
SrCO3 1,6.10"
1,6.10-9 4.10"'
4.10-5
CdCOj
CdCO3 2,5.10"14
2,5.1014 1,5.10"7
1,5.104
PbCOj
PbCO3 1.5.10"
1,5.10'13 3,9.10"'
3,9.104
Oxalat
7
BaC204.2H20
BaC204.2H20 1,6.10"
1,6.104 4.10'2
4.102
CaC204.H20
CaC204.H20 2,6.10"9
2,6.109 5,1.10"'
5,1.10-5
MgC204
MgC204 8,6, lO"5
8,6.10-5 9,1.10'3
9,1.10-3
2044
PbC20 3,2.10""
3,2.1041 s.e.io4
5,6.104
SrC204.H20
SrC204.H20 5,6. lO4
5,6.104 2,4.10"
2,4.104
04
ZnC2204 7,5.10"9
7,5.109 8,7.10"'
8,7.10-5
Cromat
Ag 2Cr04
Ag2CrO4 9.10"
9.1012 1,3.10"
1,3.104
BaCr04
BaCr04 ZAIO"10
2,4.1049 1,5.10"'
1,5.104
PbCrO,
PbCrO4 1,8.1014
1,81014 1,3.10-'
1,3.104
SrCr04
SrCrO1 3,5.10 s
3,5.10-5 5,4.10"
5,4.10-3
Photphat
Photphat
AgjPO,
Ag3PO4 1,8.10"18
1,8.1076 1,6.10"'
1,6.105
MgNH4P04
MgNH4PO4 2,5.10""
2,5.10" 6,3.10"'
6,3.10
Pb3(P04)2
Pb3(PO4)2 1,5.10^
1,5.10-32 1,7.10"'
1,7.104

327
H.
H. HANG S6SO
HANG IAN LY CCJIA
dien LY COAMOT
MQTSO
SO AXIT
AXIT YEU
Y^'U
Axit Hang
Hlng s6
so diOn ly K.
dien ly K, pKa us - IgKa
wmmmzmm
Axit v6 PP
co
H3As03
H3ASO3 Kr= 5,8.10'10
K, = 5,8.10-10 9,24
K2 3.10'14
K2 = 3.10-14
H31303
H3BO3 K1 5,70.10"1
K, = 5,70.10-4 9,24
H2CO3 4,31.10'7
K, = 4,31.104 6,37
K2 5161.10-11
K2 = 5,61.1041 10,25
10,25
H2
H2Cr04
Cr04 I.S.IO'1
K, = 1,8.104 0,75
K2 3,2.1077
K2 = 3,2.10' 6,50
HCN Z^.IO"'0
K, = 7,2.104° 9,14
H
h220
o22 K,= 2,4.10'12
K, = 2,4.10.12 11,62
11,62
H2
h2F2
f2 =7,4.lO4
K, =7,4.104 3,13
HI03
HIOj Kl = 1,67.10'1
K, =1,67.10' 0,78
HNO2
hno2 K1
K, = 4.104
4.10^ 3,40
H3As04
H3ASO4 K, = 5,62.10.1
5,62.10' 2,25
K2 1,70.10'7
K2==1,70.10.7 6,77
K3
Kj = 2.95.10-"
2,95.1017 11,53
11,53
H2S
H2S K1
K, = 5,7.104
5,7.10-' 7,24
K2 I^.IO'15
K2 = 1,2.10.15 14,92
14,92
H2S03
h2so, K, 1,30.102
Kt = 1,30.104 1,89
1,89
K2 5.10-6
K2 = 5.104 5,30
nh;
NH4* S.SS.IO"10
K, = 5,58.104° 9,25
Axit MIL
hffu cci
CO
CH3COOH Kl = 1,86.1045
K^i.se.io- 4,73
H3C6H502
BW? 8,4. lO-4
K, = 8,4.104 3,08
(axit xitric) K2 = 1,8.1045
K2=1.8.10- 4,74
K3 = 4.104
4.10-* 5,40
HCOOH K, =1,77.1044
K,=1,77.1a 3,75
H2
h2C2
ca 04 5.9.10-2
K, = 5,9.10-7 1,23
1,23
(axit oxalic) K2 6,4.10-5
K2 = 6,4.104 4,19
H2C4H406
H2c4HA 1.04.10-3
K, = 1,04.104 2,98
(axit tactric)
tactile) K2 4,55. lO"5
K2 = 4,55.104 4,34
C6H5NH3*
CeHsNHj 2,5.1 a5
K, = 2,5.104 4,6
C2H5NH3
CjHSNHJ' 1,78.10'9
K, ==1,78.109 8,75
CH3NH3
CH3NH3* K, 2.10-,,
K1 = 2.1041 10,70

328
I. THE DIN CUC CHUAN p° (VON) TRONG DUNG ()ICH NUOC
6 25°C (289K)

Nifa phin
Nita phan Ong
tfng (p0(von)
co° (von)

Li* ++ee
Li' ^ Li -3,045
-3,045

K* ++e
K' e• -,^
=' K -2,925
-2,925
2
Ca * ++ 2e-
Cat' 2e' -,=-1
^- Ca -2,866
-2,866

Na' ++e'e•-,=1
Na' ^- Na -2,714
-2.714
}
Mg '+2e'
Mg2' +2e- -,------' Mg -2,363

Al3'+3e"
A13' +3e* ^ Al --1,662
1,662
2
Mn * +2e-
Mn2' +2e" ---
^
,--- Mn --1,180
1,180

2H20 +2e
2H20 +2e ^ H2
H2 ++ 20H-
201+ --0,83
0,83

Zn2* +2e'
Zn2* +2es^~ Zn - 0,763

Fe2' +2e•,-
Fee' +2e" ^
, ---1 Fe - 0,440

Cd2* +2e-
Cd2' +2e' ^
,=---' Cd - 0,403
- 0,403

PbS0 4(r) +
PbSO4(r) + 2e ^ Pb ++ SOFC
SO^ --0,31
0,31
2
Co
Coe'* +2e-
+2e" T.----
-• Co - 0,277
0,277
2
Ni
Nit'* +2e
+2e' ^
-,----' Ni -0,250
- 0,250
2
Sn
Sn2'* +2e-
+2e" ^
-,=---' Sn -0,136
- 0,136
2
Pb
Pb2'' +2e-
+2e" ^
-,=' Pb
Pb - 0,126
-0,126

H' + e"
H' + e- ^
,='- 1/2H
1/2H22 0,000
0,000
4 2
Sn
Se* +
+ 2e
2e- ^ Sn
Sn2'* ++ 0,150
0,150

SO^'
SO4 ++4H*
4H'+2e
+2e^ H220O
S02 ++ H
= SO2 ++ 0,20
0,20

AgCI
AgCI+e+e^ Ag ++ CI
~ Ag Cl ++ 0,22
0,22

329
 Nura phin
Nita phinOng
Cfng (p0(von)
9°(von)

Cu2*+
Cue' + 2e' Cu
2e ,=' Cu ++ 0,337
0.337

02 4H, ++ 2e
02 ++ 4W 2e --
^
,= 40H
1 40H ++ 0,40
0,40

12l2 ++2e
2e ^
,=
1 21'
21- ++ 0,53

Mn04 ++21120
MnOi 2H20 +3e Mn02(r) ++ 40H-
+3e ^ Mn02(r) 40H- ++ 0,59

02 ++ 2H.
02 2^ ++ 2e
2e ^ H202
H202 ++ 0,68

Fe3' +
Fe'' + e" Fe2'
e ^ Fee' ++ 0,771

Ag^+e"
Ag*+ e- ^ Ag
,=' ++ 0,799

Hg22* +2e-
Hg22' +2e' -,^ 2Hg(l)
-:--- 2Hg(I) ++ 0,854

NOj +
NO + 4W
4H* +
+ 3e
3e ,---L-
^' NO ++ 21120
NO 2H20 + 0,96
j
Br2 ++2e"
Br2 ^1 2Br
2e- ,=- + 1,070
1,070

Cl2 ++ 2e
Cl2 2e ^
,=' 201"
2Ct +
+ 1,36

Au3' + 3e--
Au'' 3e' ^
,=1 Au
-- Au ++ 1,498

MnO'
Mn0-44 ++ 8H
8H ++ 5e-
5e" ;-----
^' Mn Mn2'2* ++ 4H20
4H20 +
+ 1,510

HH202
202 +
+ 2H + 2e-
2H + 2e" ^
-,=' 2H 20
2H20 +1,780

330
 TAI
lAl LIEU
LI$U THAM KHAO

1.
1. va Dang DO,
Vu Do, Ca sd ly thuyet Mc
Co sa cdc qua trinh hod hoc, NXB Giao
Gido due.
duc, Ha NOi,
Noi,
2002.
2.
2. Lam Ngoc
Ngpc Thiern,
ThiSm, Cdu tao
tqo chat dai
dgi cuang,
cuong, NXB Dai hoc Qu6c
Qu6'c gia
gia Hit
Ha NOi,
Ndi,
2005.
3.
3. Lam Ngoc
Lam Ngoc Thiem,
Thiem, Tran
Tran Hiep
Hiep Hai, Bai tap Hari
Hai, Bdi Hod dai
dgi cuang. NXB Dai
citang. NXB Dai hoc
hpc
Qu6c gia Ha N0i,
N6i, 2005.
4.
4. P. W. ATKINS, Physical chemistry, Oxford University Press, 2002.
P.
5.
5. K.W. Whitten,
K.W. Whitten, R.E.
R.E. Davis,
Davis, M.
M. L.
L. Peck,
Peck, G.G.
G.G. Stanley,
Stanley, General
General Chemistry,
Books/Cole, 2004.
6.
6 J. C. Kotz,
I. Kotz, P. M. Treichel, P. A. Harman, Chemistry &
& Chemical
Chemical Reactivity,
Books/Cole, 2003.

331
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Ha1\1(n
Noi
Dien
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Ring bien tap:

Tung NGUYEN BA THANH

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TS. LE MINH CAM

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ma
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In 1000 cuOn, kli6 16 x 24 cm tai Ntiti
cuon, kho Nha in Ski Th4t.
Su That.
So xuat
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