Rizal Bill - this involves mandating educational institutions in the country to offer a course on Rizal's

life, works, and writings especially his 2 novels

• the main proponent of the said bill is Former Senator Claro M. Rect
• His co-author is Former Senator Jose P. Laurel
• The bill was passed on June 12, 1956
• REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 Yung RIZAL BILL ay naging REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 known as "RIZAL LAW".
- full name of the law "An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges
and Universities Courses on the Life, Works, and Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for
Other Purposes"

• OTHER LAWS RELATED TO RIZAL LAW

• 1. MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 247 - 1994, Former President Fidel V. Ramos directed the full
implementation of the RA 1425
• 2. CHED MEMORANDUM NO. 3 – 1995, enforced the strict compliance to Memorandum Order No.
247
• 3. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 229 - an act prohibiting cockfighting, horse racing, and jai-alai on the 30th of
December of each year. Kasama dito ang pagbuo ng committee para maipagdiwang ang Rizal Day sa
bawat bayan.

• Contextualization aids in comprehension. To conceptualize something is to place it within its

proper and larger setting in which it presents its true and complete meaning.

• End of Galleon Trade

• 1565, the port of Manila was closed to trading with other countries except Mexico.
• Galleon Trade (1565-1815) was a ship trade going back and forth between Manila (which landed
first in Cebu) and Acapulco, Mexico.
• Also known as Manila-Acapulco Trade
• Andres De Urdaneta in convoy with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi discovered a return route from Cebu
to Mexico.
• Manila served as a trading hub during the Galleon trade.
• Chinese people became the “workers” under this setup.
• The Galleon trade ended on September 14, 1815.

• Opening Of the Suez Canal

• Suez Canal is an artificial waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea
through the Isthmus of Suez.
• developed by the Suez Canal Company under the authority of Ferdinand de Lesseps.
• Formally opened on November 17, 1869
• Travel time was significantly reduced from 3 months to 32-40 days.

• Rise of the Export Crop economy

• Between 1820 and 1870 nagsimulang lumago ang export crop economy sa Pilipinas.
• Hemp – southeastern Luzon, eastern Visayas
Sugar – western Visayas
Tobacco- northeastern Luzon

Monopolies
A market structure where a single seller or producer assumes a dominant position in an industry or
sector.
• One of the most profitable monopolies is the Opium Monopoly.
• Monopolies in the Philippines before 1850:
• Spirituous liquors (1712-1864)
• Betel nut (1764)
• Tobacco (1782-1882)
• Explosives (1805-1864)
• March 1, 1782 nang maipasailalim ni Governor-General Jose Basco ang tobacco monopoly sa
colonial government.
• Nagbaba ng order para sa malawakang pagtatanim ng tobacco sa mga probinsiya ng Cagayan
Valley, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, La Union, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, at Marinduque.
• Nabuwag ang tobacco monopoly noong 1882

• Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies) of King Philip II – it mandated the Spanish authorities in the
Philippines to educate the locals
• Parochial schools established in every parish headed by missionaries like the Augustinians,
Franciscans, Jesuits, and Dominicans.

• Rise of the Inquilinos • Meaning tenant.

• However, sa 19th century Philippines, ang Inquilino system ay tumutukoy sa qualified system of
tenancy, or right to use land in exchange for rent.
• The Spanish friars own the lands under the Inquilino system, they are called “absentee landlords.”
• Overlords

• Liberalism
• A worldview founded on the ideas of freedom and equality.
• 1789 to 1799 French Revolution with the battle cry, “Having Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”.
• Political disturbances in Spain during the French Revolution are changes in parliaments and
constitutions, Peninsular war, loss of Spanish America, and the struggle between the liberals and
conservatives.
• The struggle between the conservatives and the liberals brought about anti-clericalism.
• Later on, Queen Isabela II was dethroned.
• Under a provisional government, Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre was appointed the
Governor-General of the Philippines from 1869 to 1871.
• De la Torre was dubbed as the “first liberal governor-general in the Philippines” and the “most
beloved of the Spanish Governor-Generals ever assigned in the country”.
• Eduardo Camerino was an agrarian uprising leader in Cavite.
 Impact of the Bourbon Reforms
Advocated by Spanish Bourbon King Philip V and his successors, Ferdinand VI and Charles III; it is a
century-long effort to reform and modify the Spanish empire.
Bourbon reforms are policy changes.
This attempted to reduce illegal things brought in and out of the country, reclaim control over
transatlantic trade, restrict church’s power, reform state finances to fill dwindling royal coffers, and
found tighter administrative and political control within the empire.

• Cadiz Constitution
• March 1812
• Philippine delegates are Pedro Perez de Tagle & Jose Manuel Coretto.
• Philippine deputy to the Spanish Court is Don Ventura de los Reyes.
• Under the said constitution, sovereignty was vested in the people, equality of all men was
recognized as well as the individual liberty of the citizens, and right to suffrage was granted.

• JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONSO REALONDA

• June 19, 1861
• DON FRANCISCO MERCADO (Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado)
• DOÑA TEODORA ALONSO (Teodora Alonso Quintos Realonda)

• JOSE'S SIBLINGS
• Saturnina
• Paciano
• Narcisa
• Olympia
• Lucia
• Maria
• Jose
• Concepcion (concha)
• Josefa
• Trinidad
• Soledad
• Pony (alipato)
• Black dog (usman)

• THE SURNAME RIZAL

• Their great-great grandfather, Domingo Lamco adopted the name Mercado which means "market".
- Jose's father, Francisco eventually became a farmer and adopted the surname Rizal (Ricial meaning
"the green of young growth" or "green fields"). The Surname was suggested by a provincial
governor who was a friend of the family.

• Other influences to his childhood:

 - Tio Jose Alberto, inspired him to cultivate his artistic ability
- Tio Manuel, encouraged him to fortify his body through physical exercises - Tio Gregorio
intensified his avidness to read good books.

EDUCATION IN CALAMBA
Rizal's first teacher was his mother who taught him Spanish, corrected his composed poems, and
coached him in rhetoric. private tutors were hired to give him lessons at home.
Maestro Celestino tutored him; Maestro Lucas Padua later succeeded Celestino.
• Leon Monroy, a former classmate of his father became his tutor in Spanish and Latin.
• EDUCATION IN BIÑAN
• Rizal was sent to private school in Biñan.
• in June 1869, he was brought to the school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz. The school was in the
teacher's house, a small nipa house near the home of Jose's aunt where he stayed.
• Jose challenged Pedro to a fight. Jose won because he learned wrestling from his Tio Manuel. - he also
had an arm-wrestling match with his classmate Andres Salandanan.
• in the following days, Jose is said to have some ither fights with Biñan boys.
• He might not have won all the physical fights, nevertheless, he beat all the Biñan boys academically in
Spanish, Latin, and many other subjects.
• Don Francisco decided to send him to a school Manila upon learning from his Maestro Cruz that Jose has
indeed finished already all the needed curricular works at school.

• Chapter 5 Rizal’s Last 25 hours

• Rizal’s last 25 hours until his execution was the most controversial in his biography since it is claimed
that his supposed retraction and Catholic marriage with Bracken allegedly occurred within this time
frame.
• From 6 am to 12 noon - December 29 6 am. Judge Advocate Dominguez formally read the death
sentence to Rizal.
• 7 am he was transferred to either his “death cell” or “prison chapel”. - He was visited by Jesuit priests
Miguel Saderra Mata and Luis Viza; they brought the medal of the Ateneo’s Marian Congregation of
which Rizal was a member & a wooden statue of the Sacred Heart of Jesus he had carved in the school.
• He put the wooden image in his table but he rejected the medal
• 8 am, Antonio Rosell arrived after his co priest Viza left. They had breakfast.
• Later, Lt. Andrade came and Rizal thanked his defense lawyer
• at about 9 am, Santiago Mataix of the Spanish Newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid interviewed Rizal.
• Priest Federico Faura came at about 10 am; he advised Rizal to forget about his resentment and marry
Josephine canonically. They had a heated religious discussion witnessed by Rosell,
• 11 am, Jose Vilaclara and Vicente Balaguer also visited Rizal; they tried to convince Rizal to write a
retraction. Rizal believed that if he signed the retraction document without believing nor feeling, he
would be a hypocrite and thus he would offend God. From noon to 7 pm
• At noon, he was left alone in his cell. He had lunch, read the Bible, and meditated.
• About this time, Balaguer reported to the Archbishop that the only hope for Rizal was his retraction.
• He also wrote to Blumentritt his last letter in which he called him “my best, my dearest friend”.
• 2 pm, he had a talk with Estanislao March and Jose Vilaclara. - 3:30 pm Balaguer returned to his cell and
allegedly discussed again about his retraction.
• 4 pm Doña Teodora and his sisters went to see him. As they were leaving, Rizal handed Trinidad an
alcohol cooking stove.
• 5:30 pm the Dean of the Manila Cathedral, Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon, went to see Rizal to exchange some
views with him.
• 6 pm Josephine Bracken arrived just as Rosell was leaving. They emotionally talked with each other. The
Night of December 29
• 7 pm Faura returned and convinced Rizal to trust him and some other Ateneo professors. Rizal allegedly
confessed to Faura. - 8 pm Rizal took his last supper. He also told Dominguez that he had forgiven his
enemies and the military judges who sentenced him to death.
• 9 or 9:30 pm Manila’s Royal Audencia Fiscal Don Gaspar Cestaño arrived and had a friendly talk with
Rizal. - Historians Gregorio and Sonia Zaide alleged that at 10 pm, Rizal and some Catholic priests
worked on his retraction. Supposedly, Balaguer brought to Rizal a retraction draft made by Archbishop
Bernardino Nozaleda. Rizal did not like it for being long. A shorter retraction made by Jesuit Pio Pi was
then offered to Rizal, which he allegedly liked.
• It was said that he wrote his retraction renouncing his freemasonry and his anti-Catholic ideas.
• Rizal spent the night resting until dawn of December 30 Early Morning of December 30
• 3 am the Zaide’s alleged that Rizal heard Mass, confessed sins, and took Communion
• 4 am he picked up the book Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis, read, and meditated.
• 5 am he washed up, and did his routine before reading the Bible and contemplating.
• Breakfast: 3 soft-boiled eggs. Rizal’s grandniece Asuncion Lopez-Rizal Bantug mentioned and narrated
that Rizal ate two of them.
• Ambeth Ocampo wrote “three hardboiled egges” and related that Rizal did not have any breakfast.
• Both historians nevertheless wrote that Rizal placed the boiled egg to a cell corner, saying that “This is
for the rats, let them celebrate likewise!”
• Some accounts state that Bracken was forbidden from seeing Rizal on his fateful day.
• Zaide, however, wrote that at 5:30 am, she and Josefa came. Bracken and Rizal embraced for the last
time and Rizal gave Josephine the book Imitation of Christ with a dedication “To my dear and unhappy
wife, Josephine/ December 30th, 189/ Jose Rizal” Slow Walk to Death
• 6:30 am, wearing a black suit, bowler hat, tied elbow to elbow, Rizal began his slow walk to
Bagumbayan.
• He walked along his defense lawyer, Andrade and two Jesuit priests, March and Vilaclara.
• After some minutes, they reached the historic venue.
• Filipino soldiers were deliberately chosen to compose the firing squad.
• Behind them are their Spanish counterparts ready to execute them should they decline to do the job.
• Rizal refused to kneel and declined the traditional blindfold. He said that he was not a traitor to his
country and Spain, he even requested to face the firing squad.
• Rizal finally agreed to turn his back to the firing squad on the condition that he be shot not in the head,
but in the small of his back instead.
• After the agreement, Rizal shook the hand of his defense lawyer.
• The military physician asked for permission to feel the pulse of Rizal. He was startled to find that Rizal’s
pulse was normal.
• After the command, Rizal yelled Christ’s last two words “Consummatum est!” (it is finished!) as he
simultaneously exerted and effort to twist his bullet-pierced body halfway around. Rizal fell on the
ground at exactly 7:03 am, December 30, 1896.
• From Dapitan Trial in Fort Santiago
• Events that happened during Rizal’s trip from Dapitan to Manila
• In Dumaguete, Rizal had visited some friends like a former classmate from Madrid and had cured a sick
Guardia Civil captain.
• In Cebu, he carried out four operations and gave out prescriptions to many other patients. To Iloilo, he
saw the historical Mactan Island; he went shopping and saw the Molo church in Iloilo. The ship then
sailed to Capiz, to Romblon, and finally to Manila.
• In Manila
• There was an attempt by the Katipuneros to help Rizal escape.
• Emilio Jacinto disguised himself as ship crew member, he managed to get close to Rizal. - Guillermo
Masangkay circled the ship in a boat.
• Rizal arrived in Manila on August 6, 1896, a day after the mail Isla de Luzon had left for Spain so he had
to stay in Manila until the next the steamer arrived.
• He requested to be isolated from everyone except his family to avoid troubles during his one-month
stay in the ship.
• The government then transferred him to the cruiser Castilla docked at Cavite.
• August 19, the Katipunan’s plan to revolt was discovered through a confession by Teodoro Patiño to
Mariano Gil, Augustinian cura of Tondo.
• This led to the arrest of many Katipuneros. The Katipunan then reacted by meeting its members and
deciding to launch the armed revolt in an instant.
• As a sign to their commitment to the revolution, they tore their cedulas.
• August 29 and 30, the first major assaults of the Katipunan; they attacked the Civil Guard military camp
in Pasig and the 100 Spanish soldiers protecting the powder magazine in San Juan.
• Spanish reinforcement arrived so about 150 Katipuneros were killed and more than 200 were taken as
prisoners.
• Because of this, the governor-general proclaimed a state of war in Manila and seven other nearby
provinces
• August 30, Blanco issued letters of recommendation with a letter clearing Rizal of any connection to the
raging revolution.
 • September 2, he was transported to the ship Isla de Panay. Going to Spain
• Isla de Panay left Manila for Barcelona the next day.
• September 7, they arrived in Singapore; Rizal was urged by some Filipinos like Don Pedro Roxas and
Singaporean resident Don Manuel Camus to stay in the British-controlled territory.
• Behind his back though, Blanco and the Ministers of War and the Colonies had been exchanging
telegrams, planning his arrest upon reaching Barcelona.
• September 27, the ship had a stopover at Port Said in Egypt; the passengers had known that the uprising
in the Philippines got worse as thousands of Spanish soldiers got dispatched to Manila.
• A day after, he wrote a letter to Blumentritt informing him that Rizal received some information that
Blanco had an order to arrest him.
• Before reaching Malta, he was ordered to stay in his cabin until further orders from Blanco come.
• Isla de Panay anchored at Barcelona on October 3, 1896. Rizal was placed under heavy guard by then
Military Commander of Barcelona, General Eulogio Despujol.
• Early morning of October 6, Rizal was transported to Monjuich prison fortress.
• Afternoon, he was brought to Despujol. He said that there was an order to ship Rizal back to Manila in
the evening.
• Rizal was taken aboard the ship “Colon”, the ship left for Manila at 8 pm.
• Rizal was locked up and handcuffed as they reach any port. Last Homecoming
• November 3, 1896 Rizal was detained in Fort Santiago upon arriving in Manila.
• Some of his friends, acquaintances, members of the La Liga, and even his brother was tortured and
forcibly questioned to gather evidences against him.
• Rizal underwent a series of interrogations administered by Colonel Francisco Olive – the military leader
who led the troops that forced Rizal family out from their Calamba home in 1890.
• Those coerced to testify against Rizal were not allowed to be cross-examined by the accused (Rizal).
• Rizal admitted knowing most of the questions, though he would deny to the end that he knew either
Andres Bonifacio or Apolinario Mabini.
• 15 pieces of documentary evidence were presented ∙ Rizal’s letters ∙ Letters of his compatriots, like
Marcelo del Pilar and Antonio Luna
• ∙ A poem (Kundiman)
• ∙ A masonic document
• ∙ Two transcripts of speech of Katipuneros (Emilio Jacinto and Jose Turiano Santiago)
• ∙ Rizal’s poem A Talisay - Testimonial evidences
• ∙ Oral testimonies of 13 Filipinos, including that of La Liga officers like Ambrosio Salvador and Deodato
Arellano, and the Katipunero Pio Valenzuela.
• November 26, Olive submitted the reports to Blanco.
• Captain Rafael Dominguez was assigned as a special Judge Advocate in Rizal’s case.
• He made a summary of the case and delivered it to Blanco who later sent it to Judge AdvocateGeneral
Don Nicolas dela Peña.
• After examining the case he recommended the following:
• ∙ Rizal be instantly brought to trial
• ∙ He be kept in jail
• ∙ An order of attachment be issued against his property
• ∙ A Spanish army officer be permitted to defend him in court
• December 8, Rizal was given the right to choose his lawyer from a list of 100 Spanish army officers.
• He chose Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade who turned out to be the younger brother of his bodyguardfriend in
Calamba in 1887, Jose Taviel de Andrade.
December 11, the formal charges were read to Rizal in his prison cell
• He was accused of being the main organizer and the “living soul” of the revolution since he built up
ideas of rebellion and founded illegal organizations.
• He pleaded not guilty of rebellion; he also explained that La Liga was just a civic organization
• December 13, Camilo G. de Polavieja replaced Blanco as governor-general; papers of Rizal’s criminal
case was sent to Malacañang.
• December 15, Rizal wrote a manifesto appealing to the revolutionaries to abort the uprising and pursue
to attain liberty by means of education and labor. The Rat in the Kangaroo Court
• Morning of December 26, Rizal appeared in the kangaroo court inside the military building, Cuartel de
España.
• He was tried before seven members of the military court with Lt. Colonel Jose Togores Arjona as
president.
• Judge Advocate Dominguez presented Rizal’s case followed by the lengthy speech of Prosecuting
Attorney Enrique de Alcocer.
• Alcocer dramatically mentioned Spanish soldiers who died in the Filipino traitorous revolt and
discriminately described Rizal as “a typical Oriental”
• He petitioned for a death sentence for Rizal and an indemnity of twenty thousand pesos.
• Lt. Andrade tried his very best to save his client by reading his responsive defense, stressing too, that it
was natural for anyone to yearn for liberty and independence.
• Rizal was allowed to read his complementary defense; the logical proofs that he could have not taken
part in the revolution and that La Liga was distinct from Katipunan.
• He argued that he even advised the Katipunan emissary not to pursue the plan of revolt; the
revolutionist had used his name without his knowledge; he could have escaped either in Dapitan or
Singapore if he were guilty.
• La Liga died out upon his exile; it did not serve the purpose of uprising. And that he had no knowledge
about its reformation.
• Lt. Col. Arjona declared the trial over.
• The entire defense was indifferently disregarded in Rizal’s mock trial as it instantaneously considered
him guilty.
• The jury unanimously voted for the death sentence.
• Jose Rizal was found guilty, and the sentence was death by firing squad.
• December 28, Governor-General Polavieja signed the court decision and decreed the guilty be executed
by firing squad at 7 am of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan (Luneta).
• Rizal stoically signed his own death sentence