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Daylily Genetics Part 1 Understanding Genotype and Phenotype
Daylily Genetics Part 1 Understanding Genotype and Phenotype
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o
C
Glossary
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..c Additive - all phenotypes have an additiv compo..
o, G
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nent a it represents the average of the two parental val . .
c ue. When the F 1 offspring, of a cro between a
o
:,t:j h mozygou plant howing a characteristic and a
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F h mozyg u plant not h wing the characteri tic, h w
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C E the characteri tic the phen type may be additive r
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U D dominant r partially both.
C
o C Allele - a variant of a g ne. Alleles have ne or m r
o difference in their D A equence. atural genetic
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C B variati n in plant population i present a multiple alle . .
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E
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A---- - - - - - - ---- - le for mo t genes. An allele of a particular gen may
have a very large effect on the phenotype, cau ing com..
a: pl te los of the function f the gene or it may have a
maller effect or no effect on the phenotype. Few allel
will have larg effects on a phenotype hile most will
Low Medium High have a mall or no mea urable effect. In a diploid indi..
Temperature (Environment) vidual each gene ha two all les which may be the am
( ee h mozygou ) or different (see heterozygou ).
Figure 1: The effects of genotype, environment and their Dominant - the dominance component of a phen . .
interaction in determining phenotype (characteristic) type is the difference between the ave rag of the tw
The hypothetical effect of genotype, environment and genotype X environ.. homozyg u parental ph notype and that of the F 1 off..
ment interaction on the phenotype using flower pigment concentration as an pring. When the dominance component i exactly
example phenotype and temperature as an example environmental factor. All equal to the additive component the phenotype i com..
hypothetical examples are assumed to follow accepted scientific practices in pl tely dominant. When the dominance component i
theirdesign and analysis. Seven different cultivars are represented by (A, B, C, 1 than the additive component partial d minance i
D, E, F). The symbols represent the averages of a number of measurements of pre ent r the dominance i incomplete. When th
pigment concentrations for each cultivar in each environment. The vertical d minance comp nent i zero the phenotype i perfect..
lines with arrows shown on the value for pigment concentration for culti ar G ly additive. Few phenotype will be perfectly additiv or
at low temperature represents the range of pigment concentrations shown by c mplet ly dominant. At the molecular le el of g n
the cultivar at that temperature. The ranges have been omitted from all other xpr ion u ually both allele in a diploid will
averages for clarity. ex re ed.
Genotype - the equence of the D A making up th
g n of an indi id ual.
c mbination f genotype, environ.. Heterozygous - in a dipl id the pre enc of two dif..
m nt and th ir int raction . The ferent allel for one gene. E.g. W /w individual are het..
lin s are not parallel and they even rozygou . The term for a tetraploid are different.
cr . . over. Becau e of the presenc Homozygous - in a diploid the pre enc of two iden..
of int raction the rder of th culti.. tical allele for ne gene. E.g. both W!W and w/w indi..
var i not th arne in the three vidual are h mozygou .
environment. We cann t gues Mutation - a change in the equence f th D A of
which cultivar will hav the mo t or a g ne. Thi r ult in a diff rent allele. It mayor may
th I ast pigment by I oking at them n t r ult in a different phen type. Mutati n may be
in only one environment. We al 0 I ctiv Iy n utral and have n mea urable effect on a
cannot gue how the envir nment plant, or th y may be deleteriou and 10 t by natural
will affect any specific cultivar (six 1 ction or b advantag ou and increa e by natural
f even cultivars have less pigment election to r place di advantag ou all le . Some alle . .
in high temp ra tu re than in medi . . le may form what are called balanced polymorphism in
urn temperature but cultivar B has which ca two or m re all le have advantage and di . .
more pigmen ). advantag in different circum tances, n ne i c n i . .
In the garden r field we 0 s rv t ntly b tt rand th allel are maintain d in the pop..
r measur phenotyp s and attempt ulati n at int rmediate frequencie. Mutation with
to d t rmin (gue ) the gen typ vi i 1 ff ct ccur very rar ly, nee in a milli n or once
fr m tho e ob ervation . To d 0 in a hundr d th u and.
we try to mak the environm nt Phenotype - rh ob erved characteri tic of an indi..
c n tant and beau e of amp ling vi ual, for xampl , mea ured height or flower color.
(the plants analyzed are only a sam . . Reces ive - a phenotyp that is completely masked by
pl of the infinite number of plant an alternativ ph notype.
with tho e characteristics that could
See Geneti c , page 14
~14~
Figure 2 DJ
=
Phenotype h
d
dominance value
=additive value
Pigment Concentration
.......r----------d--------~
Genetics
species may be due to differences in one in determining their presence or absence
continued from page 13
gene, when between different species it may when they are at low concentrations. This
opposite of this in school. be due to many genes>. can affect the conclusions made about the
As an imaginary example, a normal plant Daylilies originate from crosses between inheritance of color characteristics since
has red petals. If we find a naturally occur .. many species and we will find that most phenotypes may be misclassified. A quanti..
ring mutation (new phenotype that is inher.. characteristics in daylilies are not inherited tative (continuous phenotypic variation)
ited) or create a mutation in the lab that has simply but are due to differences in many measure will usually be more representative
white petals (not known in daylilies), then genes. In working within a species Mendel of the actual gene action since at the molec..
the mutation is named white with the gene determined that particular crosses produced ular level both alleles (alternative forms of a
symbol w if the white phenotype is recessive. offspring showing defined ratios of the phe.. gene) will be expressed for most genes.
A w/w plant would then be white, and a notypes. Second generation crosses (Fz) Editor's note: The next installment will be:
W/W plant would be red. showed the ratio 3: 1 for the dominant, reces.. Pathways to color: From genotype to phenotype
As shown in Figure 2, if the cross of a sive phenotypes, for example. Research has
W/W (red) plant with a w/w (white) plant found that occasionally within a species References
produces red offspring (w/w) that are indis.. these ratios are not found when expected for INorton, ]. Some basic Hemerocallis
tinguishable from their red parent, then red single genes but that in plants derived from genetics. The HemerocallisJournal. 26 (2):29..
is described as being completely dominant to interspecific (between two or more species) 39, 1972.
white. crosses these ratios are often very different zNorton , ]. Some basic Hemerocallis
If the red offspring are paler than the red from those expected by Mendelian genet.. genetics - Part 2. The Hemerocallis Journal.
parent, there is incomplete dominance. ics6.When this occurs it is called segregation 26 (3):8..29, 1972.
When the color is halfway between red distortion. We can expect that segregation 3Norton , ]. Some basic Hemerocallis
and white, it is an average of the parents' distortion will be present in many daylily genetics - Part 3. The Hemerocallis Journal
contribution (this is referred to as additive crosses, and it will make it very difficult to 27 (1):20..27, 1973.
and indicates no dominance). analyze crosses genetically or to predict the 4Griesbach, R. ]. The inheritance of flower
If the color of the seedling is more red numbers and types of offspring from crosses. color in Petunia hybrida Vilm. Journal of
than halfway between red and white, but still It is also important to understand that Heredity 87:241 ..245,1996.
not as red as the parent, this is the result of how we measure a characteristic has a pro.. 5Dole, J. and R. Kessell. Inheritance of
partial red dominance. If the color of the found effect on how we describe the inheri .. Pale Flower, Calyx Spotting, and Glandular
seedling is less red than half..way between tance of that characteristic. This is particu .. Pubescence in Mimulus guttatus X M. platy..
red and white but not as white as the white lady important when making observations calyx Progenies. Journal of Heredity 88:42..46,
parent then this is the result of partial domi.. on color. As an example, if we examine a 1997.
nance for white. In most cases phenotype number of different cultivars for flower color 6Abe, H., M. Nakano, A. Nakatsuka, M.
will be additive with partial dominance and characterize them by unaided eye as Nakayama, M. Koshioka and M. Yamagishi.
(more than halfway towards one of the par.. being either red or not ..red, we might then Genetic analysis of floral anthocyanin pig..
ents) rather than completely dominant or find that the results of crosses suggest that mentation traits in Asiatic hybrid lily using
perfectly additive. red is dominant and a single gene. However, molecular linkage maps. Theoretical and
Mendel worked with the genetics of flower if we reclassify the red..flowered plants by Applied Genetics 105: 1175-1182,2002.
color within one species and found effects measuring the amount of pigment in the 7Napoli, C. A., Fahy, D., Wang, H., and L.
determined by a single gene. Geneticists flowers, the results of the crosses might sug.. I? Taylor. white anther: A Petunia Mutant
have since found that the genetics of a char.. gest that red is additive and that more than That Abolishes Pollen Flavonol
acteristic such as flower color is often simpler one gene is involved. Accumulation, Induces Male Sterility, and Is
when studied within a single species and Unaided human vision is not very accu.. Complemented by a Chalcone Synthas
becomes much more complex when studied rate at determining differences when pig.. Transgene. Plant Physiology 120: 615-622,
in the offspringof crosses between two differ.. ments are present in high concentrations7or 1999.
ent species. While a characteristic within a