ottoman empire

overview :
● lasted 600 years. 1299-1922.
● islam religion
● a large part of the middle east, eastern europe, and northern
africa.
● Sultan, leader, had absolutely religious and political authority.

origins of the empire :

● mid 1200
● Ottomans, muslim Turkish warriors who took land from the
christian byzantine empire.
● Ottoman army, christian slaves, janissaries.
● Aided by new gunpowder weapons, especially cannons.

significant individuals :
● Mehmed II : the conqueror.
● sultan of the ottoman empire.
● 1453, conquered Constantinople by using a huge amount of
cannons.
● renamed Constantinople to Istanbul, and made it his new capital.
● turned the hagia sophia to a mosque.
● lowered taxes to attract merchants and artisans to the city.
● The Ottomans controlled much of the Mediterranean coast.

significant individuals :
● Suleyman I : magnificent.
● 1520-1566 ruled.
● The Ottomans took control of the eastern Mediterranean and
pushed farther to europe.
● the ottoman empire reached its cultural peak.
● Architects work hard to turn Istanbul from a Byzantine city to a
muslim city.

Ottoman society :
● ottoman government.
● The sultan issued laws and made all the major decisions in the
empire.
 ● most ottoman law was based on sharia, islamic law.
● ruling class: judges and those who advised the sultan, required to
be loyal to the sultan, practice islam, and understand ottomans
customs.
● limited the freedom of women.
● These women usually had to live apart from men in an area of
household called a harem (kept women away from public life).
● Wealthy women could still own property or businesses.

Decline :
● 1600’s Europe started to advance.
● The Ottomans lost their economic and military dominance over
europe.
● In 1830, Greece won its independence from the ottoman empire.
● 1878: Congress of Berlin declared the independence of Romania,
Serbia, and Bulgaria.
● 1912 and 1913: Balkan Wars where the Ottoman Empire lost nearly
all its European territories.

collapse :
● world war I : the ottoman empire was already in decline.
● In 1914, they joined the war on the side of the central powers.
● In 1918, they were defeated.
● In 1922, the ottoman empire officially ended when the title of
ottoman sultan was eliminated.
● October 29, 1923
● Turkey (Turkiye) was officially declared a republic when Mustafa
Kemal Atatürk, an army officer, founded the independent Republic
of Turkey.