ART APPRECIATION

RA. 7356 LAW ESTABLISHING NCCA National Commission for Culture and the Arts
Purpose: To conserve and promote the nation’s historical and cultural heritage

INTRODUCTION TO ARTS
Art is a superior skill that one learns by Study and observation.
 Art produce beauty or emotional power.
 Art applies to activities that express aesthetic ideas by the use of skill and imagination in the
creation of objects, Environment and experiences.

 AESTHETICS
 Philosophical Study Of Beauty, Particularly Beauty in Art
 “Critical reflection On Art, Culture And Nature”
 Derived from the Greek “aisthetikos”, Meaning “of sense perception”.
 SENSES
1. Sight (EYES)
2.Hear (EARS)
3.Smell(NOSE)
4.Taste(TONGUE)
5.Feel (SKIN)

 Introduction of basic principles of visual literacy to general audiences for the purpose of
enhancing Their enjoyment of works of art.

 ART CRITICISM
 Description, analysis, evaluation, interpretation, and judgment of Works of art.
 Identifying and discussing the visual qualities (sensory Properties) in works of art
 Consists of assessment of the art, Its subject, form and content, and the relative
effectiveness of one’s Art.
 Not necessarily negative

 STAGES TO CRITICAL ANALYSIS

1. Initial reaction (involving initial identification) to a work.
2. Description (involving further identification) -identifying subject matter and / or elements of
art in a work.
3. Analysis (open to even further identification) -identifying order (organization) in a work-how
principles of art have been used to arrange the elements of art in a work.
4. Interpretation (identifying meaning) -the artist’s expression / communication of feelings
moods, and ideas in a work.
5. Evaluation(judgment) -assessing the meaning and artistic merit in a work.

 NATURE OF ARTS
 ART IS EVERYWHERE
 We find art in the clothes And accessories we wear, in the design of our
furniture, the design of houses and the cars we use, coins we pay to the jeepney
driver, religious images, paper bills, and postage stamps
  Theatrical performances, Celebrations of fiestas, pictures in our cellphones, Etc.
 ART AS AN EXPRESSION
 Art is a way to demonstrate Emotion or an expression Shown visible by form.
 Art is an expression and the Artist is an expresser, translating in order to create
Meaning.
 Art expresses and translates, art acknowledges and reveals, art transfers and art
Intervenes.
 ART AS COMMUNICATION
 Art are the symbols used in the art work is understood By the audience then
communication has been established.
 Art Can be used to Communicate Ideas, emotions, and messages in a way that
words alone Cannot.
 ART AS A CREATION
 Involves In Organizing them into new One Expertise handling materials and
 Creation happens due to need, purpose and Function
 Planned activity, the Artist thinks out a design, selects, his materials and arrange
them according To his design
 ART AS AN EXPERIENCE
 Art sensory, emotional, and Intellectual responses is involved in experiencing
art.
 A landscape painting Recalls happy childhood Days, a song may bring back a
pleasurable experience, we will show empathy to the tragic experience of a
character in the movie

 IMPORTANCE OF ARTS
 Provides unique Record of Human civilization.
 Preserves humanity most Meaningful, Vibrant, and Cherished experience
 ART AND NATURE
 Nature Has been a constant source of Models In art And We Use Art To Improve
or Enhance nature
 ART AND BEAUTY
 Expression of beauty of The environment, places and people around us

 ART HISTORY TIMELINE

 PRE-HISTORIC
 The earliest artifacts come from the Paleolithic era in the form of Carvings,
engravings, Rock Pictorial imagery, sculptures and stone arrangements,
 Ancient people like to Their, Record Daily activities by Engraving on the walls of
the Caves (they draw symbols/images Instead of writing words)
 ANCIENT
 The medium of a work of art from this period were to tell stories decorate utilitarian
objects like bowls and weapons, display religious and symbolic imagery, and
demonstrate social Status. Many works depict stories of rulers, gods, and goddesses.
 EGYPTIAN ART
 The art of ancient Egypt was closely knit with religion (Core: profound preoccupation
with death and immortality)
 reincarnation.
  ART HISTORY TIMELINE
 MEDIEVAL
 The Middle Ages/ “Dark Ages,” Marked a period of economic and Cultural deterioration
Art Produced during this time was centered around the Church.
 RENAISSANCE
 Renaissance, which means “rebirth”
 use of the classical orders, mathematically precise ratios of height and width, symmetry,
proportion, and harmony.
 CLASSICAL
 Notable for dignity, masculine quality of its foremost sobriety, and buildings.
 Revived past glory
 REALISM
 First modern art movement
 Capturing everyday life. This attention to accuracy is evident in art produced during the
movement, which featured detailed, life-like depictions of subject matter.


ELEMENTS OF ARTS
 COLOR
 Produced by light of various Wavelengths, and when light Strikes an object and reflects
Back to the eyes.
 Properties
A. HUE or TINT – the color name (e.g. red, orange, yellow, blue)
B. INTENSITY - the purity and strength (e.g. bright red or dull Red)
 PRIMARY COLORS
1. Blue (B)
2.Red ( R)
3.Yellow (Y)
 SECONDARY COLORS
1. Green (G)
2.Orange (O)
3. Violet (V)
 TERTIARY COLORS
1. Blue Violet(BV)
2. Blue Green (BG)
3. Red Orange (RO)
4. Red Violet (RV)
5. Yellow Green (VG)
6. Yellow Orange (YO)

COLOR POSITIVE NEGATIVE

BLUE Calm, tranquillity, and peace Cold and uncaring
RED power, passionate love, anger, seduction, violence,
passion, adventure, and energy
VELLOW happiness, enlightenment, joy,
positivity and clarity
GREEN Growth, harmony, fertility, and
freshness.
ORANGE Enthusiasm, fascination,
creativity, determination,
success,and stimulation
VIOLET Royalty, nobility, luxury,
WHITE Cleanliness, purity, innocence
BLACK elegance, wealth,
restraint
BROWN Steadiness and dependability
Cowardice of sickness, and of
mental illness
Abrasive and crass
Indulgence,pessimism,cheapness,
Unsociability.
Decadence, conceit, and
pomposity
blankness, coldness, emptines
death, misfortune,
and evil spirits.
Depressing, sad

 VALUE
 The lightness or darkness of a color.
 LINE
 Refers to the Continuous mark Made on some Surface by a moving point
 1. Vertical Line - Represents dignity,Formality, stability And strength.
 2. Horizontal Line- Represents calm, Peace, relaxation
 3. Diagonal Line - Represents action, Activity, Excitement And movement
 4. Curved Line - Represents freedom, the natural, having the appearance of
softness and creates a soothing feeling or mood.
 5. Zigzag Line - Represents sense of Tension, Pain, Or Danger.
 FORM
 Three-dimensional (height, width, and depth) and encloses volume.
 SHAPE
 Refers to an enclosed Space defined and determined by other art elements such as line,
color, value, and texture.
 TEXTURE
 Refers to the softness or roughness of an object.
 SPACE
 An element of art that refers to the Distance or area Between, around, Above, below, or
within things.
 Positive space - is the subject or areas of interest in artwork
 Negative space - is the space around the focal point.

 PRINCIPLES OF ART
 Balance
 is arranging elements so that no one part of a work overpowers, or seems heavier than
any other part.
 Symmetrical (formal): both sides of an artwork, appear to be the same.
 Asymmetrical: doesn’t weigh equally
  Radial: equal in length from the middle; based on a circle with its design extending from
or focused upon its center
 Contrast
 combining elements To create Interest and provides an artwork with something interesting
to Break the repetitions.
 the Arrangement of opposite Elements and effects.
 For example, light and dark colors, smooth and rough textures, large And small shapes.
 Emphasis
 Any Forcefulness That Gives Importance or dominance (weight) to some feature or
features of an artwork
 Movement Rhythm
 caused by using elements under the rules of the principles in picture to give the feeling of
action and to guide the viewer’s eyes throughout the artwork.
 Repetition Pattern
 showing consistency with colors or lines; can make an artwork seem active
 Unity
 quality of wholeness achieved through the effective use of the elements and principles of
art; arrangement of elements and principles to create a feeling of completeness
 Proportion
 organizes and arranges their Structural elements, together with balance, unity, rhythm,
and emphasis. The relationship between parts is the main issue in proportion.
 BALANCE - Arranging elements so that no one part of A work overpowers.
 ASSYMMETRICAL doesn’t weigh equally
 REPETITION PATTERN - Showing consistency with colors or lines; Can make an artwork seem active
 EMPHASIS - Gives importance or dominance (weight) to some feature or features of an artwork

 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS
 1. VISUAL ARTS
 Are those perceived by the eyes
 They are also called spatial arts because artworks produced under this genre occupy space
 Divided into graphic art (2D arts) and Plastic Art (3D).
 GRAPHIC ARTS
 typically, two dimensional and produced On a flat surface.
 Examples: calligraphy, Photography, painting, drawing, sketching, Commercial arts
(tarpaulin and billboards) And computer graphics.
 PLASTIC ARTS
 Three-dimensional Works Employing Materials that can be molded or shaped in Some
way such as clay, stone, metal, and wood
 Examples: Sculpture, architecture, landscape Architecture, city planning, theater design,
Crafts and handicrafts.
 2. PERFORMING ARTS
 includes any activity in which The artist’s physical presence.
 Perceive both by ears and
  Examples: Music (vocal, Instrumental,Mixed), Dance (ethnologic, social, theatrical and
contemporary), Drama (tragedy, Comedy, Tragicomedy, and Melodrama etc.)
 3.DRAMA AND THEATRE ARTS
 is a collaborative form of fine arte that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses,
to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific
place, often a stage.
 4. CINEMA OR FILM
 A film consists of moving pictures that have been recorded so that they can be shown at
the cinema or on television.
 A film tells a story, or shows a real situation.
 PERCEIVED BY THE EYES - Visual Arts
 PRODUCED ON A FLAT SURFACE/2D-Graphic Arts
 PHYSICAL MANIPULATION/3D-Plastic Arts
 LIVE PERFORMERS - Drama and Theater Arts

 FUNCTION OF ARTS
 1. PERSONAL FUNCTION
 Personal functions of art is highly Subjective and depends on the artists have
their personal.
 Artist who created the art. Reasons for indulging in art.
 Arts are vehicles for the artists’ expression of their feelings and ideas. The arts
also serve as means of expression for us.
 2. SOCIAL FUNCTION
 Art performs a function when: It Seeks or tend to influence the collective
behavior of people.
 It created to be seen or used primarily in public situation public
 Through their art, artists seeking Social changes bring Awareness to a variety of
social, political, and environmental issues.
 3. HISTORICAL FUNCTION
 Paintings, sculptures,
 architectural works and other
 Art forms serve to record Historical figures and events
 Examples: Taj Mahal-India, Pyramid of Egypt, Our Lady of EDSA Shrine, Rizal
Monument
 4. PHYSICAL FUNCTION
 This are artworks that are crafted in order to serve physical purpose such as Jars,
plates, and jewelries.
 Architecture, jewelry-making, interior design all serves physical functions.
 Houses and other buildings are constructed to protect their occupants and all
the other inside them. Paintings serve to protect walls and ceilings
 Subjective and depends on the artist who created the art.-PERSONAL FUNCTION
 art forms serve to record historical figures and events-HISTORICAL FUNCTION
 Crafted in order to serve physical purpose-PHYSICAL FUNCTION
 Seeking social changes-SOCIAL FUNCTION
  PHILOSOPHY OF ARTS
 Philosophy – Coined by Pythagoras
 Art is a representation or an imitation of Nature – Socrates

 PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ARTS

 1. ART AS AN IMITATION
 Plato’s The Republic, paints a Picture of artists as imitators and art is mere imitations. In
his metaphysics or view of reality, the things in this world are only copies of the original,
the eternal, and the true entities can be found in the World of Forms.
 Art is just an imitation of imitation.
 A painting is just an imitation of nature, which is also an imitation of realty in the World
of Forms.
 2. ART AS A REPRESENTATION
 Aristotle, Agreed With Plato, However he considered art as an aid to philosophy in
revealing the truth. Art represents version of reality.
 In Arestotelian worldview, art Serves two particular purposes:
 1. Art allows for the experience of Pleasure and
 2. Art has an ability to be instructive and teach its audience things About life.
 3. Art as a disinterested judgment
 Emmanuel Kant, in his Critique of Judgement, Considered the Judgement Of beauty, the
cornerstone of art, as something universal despite its Subjectivity.
 He recognized that judgement of beauty is subjective.

 ARTIST AND ARTISANS

 Artist
 is an art practitioner such as painter, sculptor, choreographer dancer, musician, a poet
who produces or creates indirectly functional arts with aesthetic value using
imagination.
 Artisan
 is a craftsman, such as Carpenter, carver, plumber, Weaver embroider and etc. who
Produces directly functional And/or decorative arts

 ARTISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 NAPOLEON ABUEVA
 Napoleon “Billy” Veloso Abueva (January 26, 1930- February 16, 2018) -The “Father of
Modern Philippine Sculpture”.
 Through Proclamation No. 1539.
 He was proclaimed National Artist for Sculpture in 1976 when he was 46, making him
the youngest recipient of the award to date.
 Artworks:
o Kaganapan” (1953),
 o “Kiss of Judas” (1955),
o “Thirty Pieces of Silver,”
o “The Transfiguration” (1979),
o “Eternal Garden Memorial Park,”
o “The U.P. Gateway” (1967),
o “Nine Muses” (1994),
o Sunburst bronze figure at the Peninsula Manila Hotel.
 GUILLERMO TOLENTINO
 Guillermo Estrella Tolentino (July 24, 1890 – July 12, 1976)
 “Father of Philippine Arts” Filipino sculptor and professor of the University of the
Philippines.
 He was designated as a National Artist of the Philippines for Sculpture in 1973, three
years before his death.
 JUAN LUNA
 Filipino painter, sculptor and Political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late
19th century
 Won Gold medal at the Exposicion de Bellas Artes in Madrid
 Artworks:
o Spoliarium
o The Death of Cleopatra
o The Blood Compact
o Tampuhan
o The Hunting Party
 LEA SALONGA
 Singing Voices of:
o Princess Jasmine in Aladdin (1992)
o Mulan (1998) and Mulan II (2004)
o Les Miserables as Kim
o Kim is a Vietnamese girl who falls in love with the American marine Chris Scott
during the final days of the Vietnam War.
 APO WHANG-OD
 Last mambabatok And A national Icon
 Performs Batik tattoo Art Of the Butbut Kalinga


ART STYLES
 1. REALISM
 Representing the subject as they appear in real life (Portraits, self-portraits)
 2. ABSTRACTIONISM
 Drawing away from realism (came from the word abstract – draw away).
 Departure from what present in life
 3. SURREALISM
 Beyond realism Presenting art with fantastic imagery produced by unnatural combinations.
  A form of dreams and Presenting art Fantasy.
 4. FAUVISM
 Optimistic realism
 Presenting Real life Subject with Bright Colors Suggesting comfort, joy, and Pleasure.
 Thick pigment
 5. Dadaism
 Shocking realism
 Protest movement traditional paintings Against
 Intention is to shock the audience through the exposition of evils in Society
 Tries to start outrage to challenge faith and dependence to an established institution
 6. EXPRESSIONISM
 Emotional Realism
 Puts stress on intense Colors, brush strokes And violent imagery
 Dark brushstrokes, light balance
 7. IMPRESSIONISM
 Realism Beyond the Artists’ impression
 Emphasis On the Impression Left In The Artists’ mind or Perception
 Light colors and think brush strokes Impression, Sunrise Cloud
 8. CUBISM
 A revolutionary new approach to representing reality invented in around 1907-08 by
artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.
 They brought different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same
picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted

 ART STYLES AND ARTISTS

ART STYLES INTERNATIONAL PHILIPPINES

1. REALISM GUSTAVE COURBET NESTOR GARCIA LEYNES

2.ABSTRACTIONISM WASSILY KADINSKY JOSE JOYA

3.SURREALISM ANDRE BRETON ANDRES

BARRIOQUINTO
4. FAUVISM HENRY MATISSE

5. DADAISM HUGO BALL MANOLITO TOLENTINO

MAYO
6. EXPRESSIONISM VAN GOGH JOSE JOYA
7. IMPRESSIONISM CLAUDE MONET FERNANDO AMORSOLO
8. CUBISM PABLO PICASSO VICENTE MANANSALA

 FAMOUS PERSONALITIES
 GUSTAVE COURBET (1819-77)
 is usually regarded as the father of European Realism.
 He even used the term Realism in defining his aims and he championed the Realist cause.
 MASTERPIECE: A Burial at Ornans- Birth and Burial , The Desperate Man
 NESTOR GARCIA LEYNES
 Nestor Garcia Leynes, Sr was a Filipino realist painter. Leynes is regarded as one of The
leaders of the “Magic Realist" movement of the Philippines.
 MASTERPIECE: Mag-ina sa banig, Duyan
 WASSILY KADINSKY
 One Of the Pioneers Of Abstract modern art
 Wassily Kandinsky exploited the evocative interrelation between color and form to create
an aesthetic experience that engaged the sight, sound,and emotions of the public
 MASTERPIECE: Circles in a circle, Upward
 JOSE JOYA
 National artist Jose Joya was a pioneer modern and abstract Artist
 Former dean of the University of the Philippines’ College of Fine Arts.
 Active As A Painter, Printmaker, Mixed-media Artist and ceramicist.
 Harmonious color
 MASTERPIECE: Torogan , Dimension of Fear
 ANDRE BRETON
 National
 French Writer And poet, And recognized as the co- Founder, Leader, and Principal Theorist
Of Surrealism.
 MASTERPIECE: The Subconscious and Surrealism , Cadavre Exquis
 FERNANDO AMORSOLO
 Known for rural Philippine landscapes.
 Nicknamed the “Grand Old Man of Philippine Art”
 He was the first-ever to be recognized as a National Artist of the Philippines.
 He was recognized as such for his “pioneering use of impressionistic technique” as well as
his skill in the use of lighting and backlighting in his Paintings,
 MASTERPIECE: The Fruit Pickers under the Mango Tree, Afternoon meal of the Workers
 LEONARDO DA VINCI
 Painter, Architect, Sculptor, Inventor, Military Engineer and Draftsman.
 “He who thinks little,Errs much”
 He use sfumato to create monalisa
 MASTERPIECE: The Last Supper Mona, Lisa Vitruvian Man
 RAPHAEL (Raffaello Sanzio)
 Painter
 When one is painting one does not think.
 MASTERPIECE: The School of Athens,Transfiguration, The Sistene Madonna.
 VINCENT VAN GOGH
 Painter
 "I dream of painting and then paint my dream."
 Famous Works:The Starry Night
 CLAUDE MONET
 Painter, Philosopher
 “The richness I achieve Comes from Nature, the Source of my inspiration.
 Famous Works : Water Lilies Impression, Sunrise Rouen Cathedral Series
 PABLO PICASSO
 Painter, Sculptor, Ceramicist, Stage Designer, Poet and a Playwright.
 Quotes: “Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows Up.
 MASTERPIECE: Guernica, The Young Ladies of Avignon The Weeping Woman
 SALVADOR DALI
 Painter, Draftsman
 Quotes: "Intelligence without ambition is a bird without wings."
 MASTERPIECE:The Persistence of Memory, Swans Reflecting Elephants, Premonition of
Civil War

 ARTS
 DRAWING
 Involves making marks on a surface by Applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool
across a surface
 means of making an image, using any of a wide variety of tools/ mediums and
Techniques.
 MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES
 Mediums - Is the mode of expression in which the concept, idea or message is conveyed.
These are the materials which are used by an artist to interpret his feelings or thoughts.
 Technique – is the manner in which artist controls his medium to achieve the desired
effect. It has something to do with way he manipulates his mediumsto express his idea.
 MEDIUM
 CONTE -a drawing medium Composed of compressed Powdered graphite or Charcoal mixed with a
Wax.
 CHARCOAL-use of charred sticks of wood to make finished drawings and preliminary studies.
 CRAYON -a stick of colored wax, charcoal, chalk or other materials used for writing, coloring, and
drawing.

 TYPES OF DRAWING
 ANATOMICAL -mainly Used for Science to draw the Different structures or Illustrations
about the Body.
 ARCHITECTURAL
 Technical drawing of A building.
  Used by Create Architects To Or blueprint of how a Floorplans Building Should
Look Like.
 CARTOON
 Preparatory drawing for a piece of art such as a painting or Tapestry
 Drawers are called Cartoonists
 CARICATURE
 Portrait The Exaggerates distorts the Or Of Essence A Person Or Thing.
 To create an easily Identifiable visual Likeness
 SILHOUETTE
 Image consisting of An outline and a Featureless interior With the silhouetted Subject
usually Being black.

 ARTS
 PAINTING -it is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of pigments.
Different mediums are used.

 MEDIUM
 TEMPERA
 Is a type of painting medium that has been used for many centuries due to its quick-
drying ingredients and long- lasting pigment
 Known as egg tempera mixed with a water soluble
 FRESCO
 Method Of painting water- based pigments on freshly Applied plaster, usually on wall
Surfaces.
 The colors, which are made by grinding dry-powder pigments in pure water, dry and set
with the plaster to become a permanent part of the wall.
 OIL PAINT
 Is a slower drying artistic Medium and is made from various pigments mixed with oil,
such as linseed.
 Oil painting became a popular artistic medium due to its slow-drying properties as artists
could easily change their paintings by adding more layers to the canvas.
 ACRYLIC PAINT
 Acrylic paints dry much faster than oil paints and are water-resistant once dry.
 To create an effect similar to watercolors, you can dissolve the paint with a bit of water
before applying it to your painting.
 WATERCOLOR - watercolor is a water- based medium that is applied by brush, typically to white
paper.
 ENCAUSTIC
 Mediums Used By On the painted portrait on mummy cases.
 To heat and burnt it
 COFFEE
  Coffee painting is simply Created by adding coffee (usually instant) to water And varying
the strength to Get different colors and tones.
 TECHNIQUE
1. Dry brush -Painting technique in which a paint brush that is relatively dry, but still holds
paint, is used to create a drawing or painting
2. Sgraffito
 (Italian: “scratched”)
 A technique used in painting, pottery, and glass, which consists of putting down a
preliminary surface, covering it with another, and then scratching the superficial layer
in such a way that the pattern or shape that emerges is of the lower color
3. Wet in Wet - Technique involves wetting The paper first. Using just water on your brush,
create a shape or wash on the paper.
4. Impasto - Paint is laid on an area of the surface thickly, usually thick enough that the brush
or painting-knife strokes are visible.
5. Splatter – Paint technique in which paint is flung, with the flick of a brush, onto the painting
surface.
6. Glazing/ Funnel – Is a standard technique in painting, whereby a thin layer of paint is
applied on top of the main color, resulting in rich, iridescent colors. The glaze technique
requires special semi- transparent paints.
 TAPESTRY -It is a fabric produced by Hand-weaving colored threads upon a warp.

 ARTS
 SCULPTURE
 an artistic form In which hard or plastic Materials are worked into three-dimensional Art
objects.
 In choosing a subject for sculpture, the most important thing to consider is the material.

 MEDIUM
 Clay
 Is a natural earthly material That is plastic when wet. It consist essentially of hydrated
silicates of aluminum
 Clay is generally fragile so it becomes necessary to cast it in Another durable material.
Earth ware is referred as terra cotta.
 Glass -is a medium that is Hard, brittle, non-crystalline, More or less transparent substances
produced by fusion, usually consisting of mutually dissolved silica and silicates and contains soda
and lime.
 Wood- It is a medium easier To carve than any other a Mediums because it can Be subjected
into Variety of treatment.
 Stone -It is hard and brittle substance formed from Mineral and earth material.

 TECHNIQUES
 Stone Carving
  Ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled
removal of the Stone.
 Casting
 Manufacturing process by Which a liquid material is Poured into a mold which
contained a hollow activity of the desired shape and then allowed to solidify.
 The solid casting is then ejected or broken out to complete the process
 Wood carving
 Working wood by means of a cutting tool held in the hand resulting in a wooden
figure/sculptural ornamentation of wooden object.
 Relief
 Has a background support
 Images Are Being Held or projected from Its Background
 Ex: Andres Bonifacio Monument in Balintawak, Katipunero sculptures near SM
Manila
 Low Relief (bas relief)
 The design projects only slightly from the ground and there is little or no
undercutting of outlines.
 High Relief (alto relief)
 Forms project at least half or more of their natural circumference from the
Background àpart maybe completely disengaged from the ground.