HEOSOPHIST

A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHY, ART, LITERATURE AND OCCULTISM: EMBRACING
MESMERISM, SPIRITUALISM, AND OTHER SECRET SCIENCES.

Vol.. I. N o. 2. BO M BA Y , N O V E M B E R 1*7!).

SPEC IA L NOTICES them As we cannot obligate ourselves to return rejected

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AuvEnTiaiNG H ates
m anagem ent of the Indian G overnm ent, though very able
and convincing', is unsuitable for these columns. Ours is
F irst in se rtio n ...........16 linos and u n d er............1 Kupco
For ench additional liu e ....................................... 1 Anna. strictly a religious philosophical, and scientific journal
Spaco in charged for a t th e rate of 12 lines to the inch. Spccial arrange and it would be im proper for us to eith er discuss political
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Judge, Esq., 71. Broadway, New York. not over friendly— expressed th e ir incredulity th a t the
Ceylon : Isaac W corcsooriya, D eputy Coroner, Dodauduwa.
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will please apply a t th e new office, which has been fitted may surprise, as doubtless it will also gratify, editorial
irp iu th e com pound of th e Theosophical Society’s L ibrary, friends who forewarned us to wait two years for th e paper
adjoining th e llc a d -q u a rte rs resilience. T h e peon in a t ­ to m eet its own expenses, to learn th a t they were false
tendance will answ er questions and report th e nam es of prophets.
visitors. As regards our "bold innovation'' of introducing the
A m erican and English system uf "cash paym ent in a d ­
Articles intended for insertion in th e following num ber vance,” it would seem as if its superior m erits have already
of this journal, should reach th e Editors by th e 10th of the struck even the Indian public. In fa d it is no more agree­
current m onth, never later than th e l.r>th, if avoidable, able, and even less honorable, for a man to be dunned
A careful discrim ination has to be exercised, and when the m onth after m onth for his p etty arrearages to his publisher
sulections are once m ade, it is very inconvenient to change than for his ’ g re ate r ones to .....................
his lamllor "S hort paym ents
 is every way favorably disposed towardfc ^oti.” Such' m eii ;
inal<c long friends.” T he d eb to r is always t.lic slave of the
as these tw o w orthily exem plify th e divine doctrines of j
creditor, and iu th e n a tu ra l order of th in g s comes to hate
him ,as soon as th e la tte r's necessities m ake him im portunate. S ak h y a M uni. •_ - . :
In th e whole experience of th e officers of th e Tbebso-' ^
pliical Society, no incident has -been more, cheering an d !.'
» B U D D H IS T IC E X E G E S IS . d e l i g h t f u l , th a n the. friendliness w i t h w hich th e ir a d - .<
W e' feci honored in being able to lay before W estern vaiices have been m et by th e B uddhists. I f we h a d 1
th in k ers prelim inary con trib u tio n s from two of the been b rothers long separated, our g reeting could n o t have
m ost em inent priests of th e religion of B uddha, now living. been w arm er. Says th e venerable C hief P rie st S u m an a- 1 ,
T h e y a r c H. • Sinnnngala, H igh P rie st of A d a m s Peak,- tissa, of th e Pn-ram ananda V ihare, near P o in t de G alle—
C e y l o n , the m ost venerated of B uddhistic m o n a ste rie s; now in his sixty-sixth year.— “ To use an O riental simile*
and M ohottiw aito G unaiianda, superior of th e Vihare I and m y m any disciples anxiously w ait your arrival, ad a-
D ipadutta.ina, a t Colombo, Ceylon. T ho form er is recog­ s w a r m of peacocks joyously long for th e dow npour of a
nized by European philologists as th e m ost learned of shower.” W e tru s t th a t our duties will p erm it us before
all the represen tativ es of his faith ; in fact, Dr. M uir of long to m eet all our Sinhalese brothers in person, and
Edinburgh recently called him a polyglot, so extensive exchange congratulations over th e encouraging prospects
ami accurate is his know ledge of languages and philoso­ of our peaceful hu m an itarian mission. '
phies. ] I is em inence as an in stru cto r is also, shown in his
occupancy of the position of P resid en t of tho Elu, Pali A T H U N D E R C L O U D W IT H S IL V E R L IN IN G .'
and S anskrit, College Vidyodaya. As a preacher and
expositor of doctrine he is no less distinguished, w hile his “All comes in good tim e to him who klioWR to Wait,"
personal character is so p u re and winsome th a t even says tho proverb. flic slnalI plill,y of- New Y ork Theo-
the bigoted enem ies of his religion vie w ith-each other sophists who arrived a t Bombay eight m onths ago, had
in praising him. In th e y ear 1.807 a synod of the B ud­ scarcely enjoyed th e friendly g reeting of th e natives when
d h ist clergy, called to fix th e te x t of th e titU ras and they received th e m ost u n m erited tmd b itte r insu lt of an
P itnkas, was presided over by him . W hen it was deci­ accusation of political intrigue, followed by a shower of
ded to reorganize th e Theosophical Society upon th e basis abuse and s la n d e r! W e had coine w ith th e best and
of a Universal B rotherhood of hum anity, u n itin g men purest of intentions"—however utopian, exaggerated, and
of all creeds iu an effort to spread th ro u g h o u t th e world even ill-tim ed, th ey m ay have seemed to the indifferent.
the basic principles of a tru e religion, he cheerfully gave B ut lo ! who h a th “ believed our re p o rt? ’! L ike Israel, the
his adhesion to th e m ovem ent, and accepted a place in allegorical m an of sorrow of Isaiah, we saw ourselves for
th e G eneral Council : thus dignifying th e Society and no fault of ours “ num bered w ith th e transgressors,” and
securing it th e good will of B uddhists, th e world over. “bruised for th e in iq u itie s” of one for whose race we had
F a r from asking th a t it should be given a sectarian cha­ come to offer our m ite of work, and were ready to devote
racter and made a propaganda of B uddhism , he sent his our tim e and our very lives. T his one, whose nam e
“ respectful and fraternal salu tatio n to o u r b reth ren in m ust uever pollute the columns of this journal, showed us
Bom bay ” in his le tte r of acceptance, and 1ms shown from his g ratitu d e by w arning the police th a t we were come
first to last th e disposition to assist, unreservedly and cor­ with some dark political purpose, and accusing us of being
dially our labours. _ spies— th a t is to say, th e vile of th e vile— th e m anga of
Who our other contributor is, th e C h ristian world, or a t th e social system. B u t now, as th e hist thunder-clap of
any ra te th a t portion of it w ith which tho M issionaries in the monsoon is dying away, our horizon too is cleared of its
Ceylon have relations, very well know. F o r years he has dark clouds. T h anks to th e noble and unselfish exertions
been the bravest, subtlest., wisest, and m ost renowned of an E nglish friend a t Sim la, th e m a tte r has been brought
cham pion of B uddha’s D octrine, in Ceylon. Six, or more, before H is Excellency, th e Viceroy. T he sequel is told in
tim es ho has m et th e chosen d eb aters of th e M issionaries the A llahabad Pioneer, of O ctober l l t l i , as follows:
before vast assem blages of natives, to discuss th e respective “ I t will be rem em bered th a t iu the beginning o f'th is y ear their
feelings were deeply h u rt on th e occasion of n trip th ey luado up-
m erits ol' th e two religions, and Was never y et worsted. country by an insulting espionage se t on foot against th em by the
In fact, it is only too evident, in th e adm issions of C hristian police. I t appears th a t some groundless calum ny had preceded
papers th a t he silenced his adversaries by his searching them to th is country, and th a t th e police p u t a very clum sy con­
analysis of Bible history and doctrines, and his exposition struction upon certain orders they received from G overnm ent res­
of th e Law of Buddha. A p am p h let edition of th e report pecting th e new arrivals. However, since th e n th e su b ject has
been b rought especially to th e Viceroy’s notice, and, satisfied th a t
of one of these great, debates was published a t London and the Theosophists were ■misrepresented in the first instance, he has
Boston, two years ago, u nder th e title “ Buddhism and given formal orders, through the Political D epartm ent, to th e effect
( -hristia.nity Face to Face, ’ which should be read by all th a t they are n o t to be any longer subject to interference.”
for whom th e subject has an in terest. W e are prom ised a From th e bottom of our hearts we th a n k his Lordship
t ranslation of an o th er sim ilar d ebate from th e careful report for having w ith one single word rubbed th e vile stain
m ade a t th e tim e in the Sinhalese language. In all, Priest off our reputations. W e th an k Lord L yttoli ra th e r th an
Mohot.tiwa.tte— or, as he is popularly term ed in Ceylon, th e Viceroy, th e gentlem an, who hastened, to redress a
M effUlmvalte— has preached over 5,000 discourses upon the wrong th a t the Viceroy m ig h t have overlooked. T he high
B uddhist ic religion, and devoted th e whole stren g th of his official has b lit done an act of justice, and would not
noble heart, to his sacred mission. His in te re st in our have been wholly blam eable if, un d er th e tem porary pres­
Society is as sincere as Suinangala s, and his ardor in pro­ sure of political w ork of th e hig h est im portance, he had
m oting its influence characteristic of all he does. H e lm s p u t it off to th e G reek kalends. We love to feel th a t
no reluctance w hatever to cooperate w ith our A ryan, Brali- we owe th is d e b t of g ratitu d e to the son of one whose
niauic, Parsi, Jain , and H ebrew m em bers in carrying on memory will ever be dear and sacred to the h e a rt of eVety • >
our work. “ W e feel h ap p ier th a n can be described,” he tru e th e o so p h ist; to the son of the' au th o r of Zanorii,”
writes, "t,o learn about, th e cordial receptions given you by “ A S trange S tory,’’ “ T he Coining Race,” and, th e " Hoube,
the b rothers in London and by th e natives of India. 1 and the B rain ; one who ranked higher th a n any' other
am sorry th at, w ith o u t p u ttin g m y congregation and m y­ in th e sm all n um ber of genuine m ystical w riters, for.
self to g reat inconvenience, I can not be p resen t in person he knew what, he was ta lk in g about, which id m ore th an
a t tho m eeting w ith Sw am i D ayanund. B u t I enclose a can be said of o th e r w riters in th is dep a rtm en t of lite ra tu re ..
le tte r signed by th e llevd. Sum angala, th e H ig h Priest, Once more we th a n k Lord L y tto n for having prom pted
and myself, recording our unqualified approbation of your the Viceroy.- . . . . . . .
kind suggestion to place us as rep resen tativ es of our faith A nd now, for the last tim e in these columns, as we hope,
in your O riental Council.” In an o th er le tte r to Col. O lcott we will say a. few words more iu reference to this sad
lie says, “ W e are rejoiced to know th a t such a learned, good page in the history of our Society. W e first wish to
and influential gentlem an as D ayan u n d Sarasw ati Swami, th an k those m any outside friends, as well as Fellows of
 th e T heosophical Society, who, regardless of th e danger of zation long a n terio r to th e G reek__say from two to th ree
associating w ith strangers so m uch ostracized, k e p t tru e thousand years B. C." B u m o u f calls it tb e oldest form of
to ua th ro u g h o u t th e long trial, scorning to abandon us j the cross known, and affirms th a t “ it is found personified
even a t th e risk of loss of em ploym ent, or of personal d is­ in th e ancient religion of th e G reeks under th e figuro of
grace.' H ono u r to th em ; m ost gladly would wo, were it p er­ P rom etheus “the fire-bearer,” crucified o d m ount Caucasus
m itted, w rite th e ir nam es for th e inform ation of our W es­ while tho celestial bird— th e C yena of th e Vedic hym ns —
te rn Fellows. B u t we can never forget, on th e other daily devours his entrails. B oldetti, ( Osservazioni I., If,
hand, tb e two or th re e instauces of sham eful, cowardly p. 60) gives a copy from th e p a in tin g in th e cem etery of
desertion, th a t have occurred. T h ey w ere am ong those St. Sebastian, rep resen tin g a C hristian convert nud grave
who had talk ed th e most, who had m ost loudly protested digger, nam ed Diogenes, who wears ou both his legu and
th eir changeless and etern al devotion to u s ; who called rig h t arm th e signs of th e <S’iuasticu. The Mexicans and
us “ brothers ” near and d ear to th e ir h e a rts ; h ad offered th e P eruvians had it, and it is found as the sacred T an in
us th e ir houses, th e ir carriages, and th e co n ten ts of th uir th e oldest tom bs of Egypt.
purses— if we would only accept th e m — w hich we did not. I t is, to Bay th e least, a strange coincidence, rem arked
A t th e tirst apprehension th a t idle ru m o u r m ig h t become even by some C hristian clergym en, th a t A g n u s Dei, the
a reality, these were th e sw iftest to desert us. One, Lam b of God, should have th e symbols, ideutical with
especially, whose nam e we will refrain from m entioning, tho H indu God Agui. W hile A g n u t D ei expiates and
though we would have a perfect rig h t to do so, acted to ­ takes away th e sins of tb e world, in one religion, the God
wards us in th e m ost disgraceful way. A t th e first h in t A tjni in th e other, likew ise expiates sius against th e gods,
from an official superior, cowering like a w hipped hound man, th e manes, th e soul, and repeated s in s ; as shown in
before a danger m ore im aginary th a n real, be hastened to th e six prayers accom panied by six oblations. ((’olebrooke—
repudiate not only his “ brothers,” b u t even to pointedly i Unsays, Vol. 1, p. 190)
disclaim th e rem otest connection w ith th e Theosophical If, then, we find these tw o—the Cross and tho F ile —
Society, and conspicuously published th is repudiation so closely associated iu th e esoteric symbolism of nearly
an A nglo-V ernacular p ap er ! every nation, it is because on the combined powers of
To him, we have no word to siy, b u t as a lesson for the two rests the whole plan of the universal laws
such others as iu th e future m ay feel like im ita tin g him, In astronom y, physics, chem istry, in the whole range
we will (|iiote these words of an English gen tlem an (not of natural philosophy, in short, they always come out
the lowest am ong Govt, officials) who has since joined as the invisible cause and th e visible I CSll and only
our Society, who w rites us in reference to th is personage : m etaphysics and alchem y— or shall we say metarltcinifih t r y,
“ If I were you, I wuukl bless my sta rs th .it siu h a nue ik since we •refer coining a new word to shocking skepti-
left our Society of his own accord bot'ore lie p u t us to tlie tro u ­ eal ears > -c a n fully and conclusively solve the m ys­
ble of expelling him. F aints in u no, f a i t us in omniljut. A Fellow terious m eaning. An instance or two will suffice for
who, lifter pledgiug his io j n l o f honour *to p rotect tbe interest
of hi* Society, ‘ also the honour of si B rother Fellow ,’ even "a t those who are willing to th in k over hints
the peril of his life,’ (Hales, A rt. II.) breaks it and tu rn s tra ito r I ^ 1 he C entral Point, or th e great central sun of the
w ithout any other cause th an his own uhameful cowardice, Kosmos, us the K abalists call it, is the D eity It is the
ott'efw but a poor guarantee for his loyalty even to thu U ovein point of intersection betw een th e two great conflictin''
uiuut th a t he has sworn allegiance to ............’’ 1
powers— the centripetal and centrifugal forces, which!
In all th e ir search after strong words to lling u t it, our drive th e planets into th eir elliptical orbits, th a t m ake them
enemies never once th o u g h t of charging th e Theosophical trace a cross iu th e ir paths through th e Zodiac. These
Society w ith harboring and honoring poltroons. I two terrible, though as y e t hypothetical and im aginary
powers, preserve harm ony and keep the U niverse iu steady,
C R O S S A N D E IR E . unceasing motion ; and th e four b en t points of the
Syvastiea typify th e revolution of tho E arth upon its axis.
P erhaps th e m ost w idespread and universal am ong Plato calls the U niverse a "blessed god " which m ud
the symbols in th e old astronom ical system s, w hich have in u circle u m l decussated in the fo r m o f the Utter X. So
passed down th e stream of tim e to our century, and have m uch for astronom y. In Masonry the Royal Arch d e­
left traces everyw here in th e C h ristian religion as else­
gree retains th e cross as th e triple E gyptian Tau. I t is
where,— are th e Cross and th e F ire — th e hit ter, th e em blem th e m undane circle w ith th e astronom ical cross upon it
of the Sun. T h e ancient A ryans had th em both as th e
rapidly revolving ; th e perfect square of th e Pythagorean
symbols of Agui. W henever th e an cien t H in d u devotee m athem atics in the scale of num bers, as its occult m ean­
desired to w orship A gui— says E. B u rn o u f (Science dea ing is in terp reted by C ornelius Agrippa. F ire is heat,
Religionf, c. 10)— he arranged two pieces of wood in the — the central p o in t; th e perpendicular ray represents the
form of a cross, and, by a peculiar w hirling and friction male elem ent, or s p irit; and th e horizontal one the
obtained fire for liis sacrifice. A s a symbol, it is called female elem ent— or m atter. S p irit vivifies and fructifies the
Syottioq,, a,nd, as an in stru m e n t m anufactured o u t of a sa­ m atter, and ev erything proceeds from th e central Point,
cred tree aud in possession of every B rahm in, it is know n th e focus of Life, aud L ight, and H eat, represented by the
*a A rani. terrestrial fire. So much, again, for physics and chemis
T he Scandinavians had th e sam e sign and called it try, for th e field of analogies is boundless, aud U niversal.
T h o rs H am m er, as bearing a m ysterious m agneto-electric Layvs are im m utable and identical in th e ir outw ard aud
relation to Thor, th e god of th u n d er, who, like J u p ite r inward applications. W ith o u t in ten d in g to be disrespect­
armed w ith his thunderbolts, holds likew ise iu his h and ful to any one, or to w ander far away from tru th , we
this ensign of power, over n o t only m ortals b u t also the th in k we m ay say th a t th o re are strong reasons to believe
mischievous sp irits of th e elem ents, over which he p re­ th a t iu th e ir original sense th e C hristian Cross— as tb e cause,
sides. Iu M asonry it appears in th e form of th e grand aud E tern al to rm e n t by H ell F ire —as tb e direct effect of
m aster’s m a lle t; a t A llahabad it m ay be seen ou tb e F o rt negation of th e form er— have m ore to do w ith these two
as th e J a in a Cross, or th e T alism an of tb e J a iu a K in g s ; ancient symbols th a n our W estern theologians are p re­
and th e gavel of th e m odern ju d g e is no m ore th a n this pared to adm it. I f F ire is th e D eity w ith some heathens,
erux disaim ulata — as de Rossi, th e archudogist calls i t ; so iu th e Bible, God is likew ise th e Life and tho L ig h t
for th e gavel is th e sign of power and stre n g th , as th e of th e W orld ; if th e H oly G host and F ire cleanse and
ham m er represen ted th e m ig h t of Thor, who, iu th e N orse purify th e C hristian, on th e o th er hand L ucifer is also
legepds splits a rock w ith it, and kills M edgar. D r. Schlie- L ight, and called th e “ S on of th e m orning star.’’
mttnn foun(} j t in terrOf cotta disks, oq th e site, as he b e ­ T u rn w herever we will, we are sure to find these cou-
lieves, of ancientT roy, in tb e low est s tra ta of hjs ex cav atio n s; jo in t relics of an cien t w orship w ith alm ost every nation
which iqdipated, according to D r. Lundy, " an A ryan civili- and people. F rom th e A ryans, tho Chaldeans, th e Zoroas-

* The Theoeophioal Society require* do oattia, » it deems ao pledge more

trians, Peruvians, M exicans, Scandinavians, Celts, aud au-
tiludins; than the word of honour. Kit. cient G reeks and Latins, it lias descended in its com plcteness
to th e m odern Parsi. Tho Plia;iiieiun Cabiri and the
G reek D ioscuri arc partially revived in every tem ple,
cathedral, and village church ; while, as will now be shown,
th e C hristian Bulgarians have even preserved th e sun
worship in full.
I t is m ore than a thousand years since th is people, who.
em erging from obscurity, suddenly ln-oame fam ous through
th e late R usso-T urkish war, were converted to C h ristia n i­
ty. A nd y et th ey ap p ear none th e less pagans th a n they
were before, for th is is how they meet. C hristinas and the
New Y ear's day. To th is tim e they call this festival Sourj-
vaki, as it falls in with th e festival in h o n o u ro f th e ancient.
Slavonian god Sourja. In th e Slavonian m ythology this
deify— Sourja or Soiirva,— evid en tly identical w ith the
A ryan S u ry n — sun— is the god of heat, fertility, and a b u n ­
dance. T he celebration of th is festival is of an im m ense
antiquity, as, far before the. days of C hristian ity , tho Bul­
garians worshiped Soiirva, and consecrated New Y ear’s day
to this god, praying him to bless th e ir fields with fer­
tility, and send them happiness nnd prosperity. This
custom has rem ained am ong them in all its p rim itive
heathenism , and though it varies according to localities,
vet the rites and cerem onies are essentially th e same.
O n th e eve of New Y ear’s day t he B ulgarians do no work,
and are obliged to fast. Y oung betrothed m aidens are
busy preparing a large p h d iy (cake) in which they place
roots and y o u n g shoots of various forms, to each of which
a nam e is given according to th e shape of th e root. Thus,
one m eans th e " house,” an o th er represents th e “ garden
o thers again, th e mill, th e vineyard, t,Ik; horse, a cat, a hen,
and so on, according to th e landed property and worldly
possessions of tho family. Even articles ot value such as
jew ellery and bags of money are represented in th is em blem
of t he horn of abundance. Besides all these, a largo and
ancient silver coin is placed inside th e cake ; it. is called
biibha and is tied two ways with a red thread, which forms
a cross. T his coin is regarded as the symbol of fortune.
A fter sunset,, and o th e r cerem onies, including prayers
addressed in th e direction of the d ep artin g lum inary,
the whole family assem ble about a large round table
called paralyti. on which are placed th e above m entioned
cake, dry vegetables, corn, wax taper, and, finally, a
large censer containing incense of the. best q u ality to
perfum e th e god. T he head of th e household, usually
the oldest in th e family— e ith e r th e gran d fath er, or the
father him self—tak in g up th e censer w ith th e g reatest
veneration, in one hand, and th e wax ta p e r in th e other,
begins w-alking about th e prem ises, incensing th e four
corners, beginning and ending w ith th e East, and reads
various invocations, which close w ith th e C hristian “ O ur
F a th e r who art in H eaven,” addressed to Sourja. T he
ta p e r is th en laid away to be preserved th roughout the
whole year, till th e n ext festival. I t is th o u g h t to have
acquired m arvellous healing properties, and is lighted
only upon occasions of fam ily sickness, in which case
it, is expected to cure th e p atien t.
A fter this ceremony, th e old m an tak es his knife and
cuts th e cake into as m any slices as th ere are m em bers of
th e household present. Each person upon receiving his
or h er share m akes h aste to open and search th e piece.
T he happiest of th e lot, for th e ensuing year, is he or she
who gets th e p art containing th e old coin crossed w ith the
scarlet th read ; he is considered th e elect of Sourja, and
overy one envies the. fo rtunate possessor. T hen in order
of im portance come th e em blem s of th e house, th e vine­
yard, and so 011 ; and according to his finding, th e finder
reads his horoscope for th e com ing year. M ost unlucky
he who gets th e c a t ; he tu rn s pale and trem bles. W oe
to him and misery, for he is surrounded by enem ies, and
has to prepare for g re a t trials.
A t th e sam e tim e, a large log which represents a fla­
m ing altar, is set up in th e chim ney-place, and fire is applied
to it. T his log burns in honoiu- of S ouija, and is in te n ­
ded as an oracle for th e whole house. I f it b urns tho whole
n ig h t through till m orning w ith o u t th e flame dying out,
it is a good sign ; otherwise, tho fam ily prepares to see
death that, year, ami deep lam en tatio n s end th e festival.
N e ith e r th e m om ttee (young bachelor), nor the mom m eo
(the maiden), sleep th a t night. A t m idnight begins a series
of sooth-saying, magic, and various rites, in which tho b u rn ­
ing log plays th e p a rt of the oracle. A young bud throw n into
the fire and b u rstin g w ith a loud snap, is a sign of happy
and sjieedy m arriage, and vice versa. I .King after m id­
night, th e young couples leave th e ir respective homes, and
begin visiting th e ir acquaintances from house to house,
ottering and receiving congratulations, and rendering th an k s
to th e deity. T hese d eputy couples are called th e Sour-
yakiiri, and each m ale carries a large branch ornam ented
with red ribbons, old coins, and the image of Sourja, and
as they wend along sing in chorus. T heir ch ant is as ori­
ginal as it is peculiar and m erits translation, though, of
course, it m u st lose in being rendered into a foreign lan ­
guage. T he following stanzas are addressed hy them to
those th ey visit. -
SAurvo, Rofirvn, Lord of the Season, ■
H a p p y N o w Y enr n i a y s t t l i o u R en d ; . ,
H ealth nnd fortune on th is household,
Success am i blessings till uext year.
W ith good crops and full ears.
W ith gold and silk, nnd grapes and fruit. ; •
W ith barrels full of wine, and stom achs full.
You and your house he blessed l>v the (!o d ...
H is blessing 011 you all.—Amen ! Amen ! Amen !
T he singing Souryakari, recom pensed for th e ir good
wishes w ith a presen t a t every house, go home a t early
d aw n ...A n d th is is htiw the symbolical exoteric Cross and
F ire w orship of old A ryavart go hand in hand in C hris­
tian B ulgaria.........
T H E M A N -S H O W A T M OSCOW .
B y H er E r r y .Y. A . Fiuleyef, F.T.S.
H alf Asiatic, w hite walled Moscow, the tim e-honoured
capitnl-m etropolis of our “ S ainted Russia,” is ju s t now
having the best of her fashionable m odern rival— St. P eters­
burg, and even of th e o th e r capitals of Europe. If we
m istake not, her presen t Anthropological Exhibition is the
first of th e kind ever held, as it is also th e most unique of
all expositions. Tho design was to present a t one view,
with the help of the geologist, paheontologist and ethno­
grapher, all th at is known or suspected as to the origin of
man and his history upon th e planet ; more particularly to
show the physical condition, th e dress, m anners, and customs
of the diverse races and tribes of the world, especially
those, so little know n and studied yet, th a t- acknowledge
tho sway of H .l.M .— our Czar.
So problem atical seem ed tlie issue of this scientific e n te r­
prise, th a t th e em in en t Russian n atu ralists who were its
•rejectors k e p t th e ir purpose very q u ie t for a tim e. They
lad even decided, for fear of a failure, to m ake 110 display
of th eir invitations to various m en of science, but, as soon
as the m ain preparations had been thoroughly achieved, to
privately send cards to a lim ited num ber of th e ir colleagues
th ro u g h o u t Europe. M useums were ransacked, and private
collections p u t u n der contribution, and th e governm ent
itself helped by sending specialists to various p arts of the
Em pire to collect inform ation. A nd now th e exhibition
has proved a thorough success.
T he m ost in terestin g specim ens in the palaeontological
d e p a rtm e n t are th e im plem ents and arm s of the stone age-^-
tlio best being the priv ate collections of M essieurs Anout-
chine, d ’Assy, and M artillier. A m agnificent specim en of
a well preset ved skull of th e m an of th e stone age, found by
C ount O uvarof a t M ouromsk (governm ent of V ladim ir), and
a few of th e bones of th e skeleton, a ttra c t general attention
as being th e first perfect specim ens of th a t age ever found.
The in terest is divided betw een these and th e adm irable
m odels of dolm ens, th e ancient tom bs of the second neolitty
period of th e stone age. T he specim ens of . th e fossils of
the cave m an, bear, boor, bull and deer, from tb 6 caves of
Swabia, sen t by th e Leipzic A nthropologico-Ethnographi-
cal M useum (M u se u m f i l r V o lk rrk u v d e ), are Very firfe
also. N e x t to these in interest, b u t on an ascending scale,,as
it touches directly the philanthropist as well as th e ethiiogra-
 pher, oiul may serve as a key to u n rid d le th e m ystery of uses'; and th e E squim aux Tchookchis, w ith th e ir neigh-
f
many d istin ct and strange characteristics of th e peoples _of ours, th e Coriaks. A ll th e se ‘are d istributed in several
the world, are th e m odels of th e cradles and in fa n t h ead ­ large com partm ents, living in th e ir respective te n ts and
dresses of nearly all th e n ations and trib es— civilized as well dwellings, and su rro u n d ed by a scenery fam iliar to each,
as savage. T he full details of th e ways of n u rsin g a baby an8 even by th e anim als th e y have been accustom ed to.
from its birth , are given here. C radles of m ost various forms, For, living and stuffed specim ens of th e reindeer, the
— R ussian, Georgian, T artar, Persian, R ed In d ia n of A m e­ roebuck, th e elk ; of th e wild sheep, and th e arctic or
rica, Asiatic, A ustralian an d A frican— m ost of th em con­ stone fox ; of sables, erm ines, m artens, m arm ots and s q u ir­
trived so as to give a certain form to th e head of th e grow ­ rels, are brought, to g e th e r w ith th e w hite bear, th e wolf,
ing in f a n t; and th e curious tig h t-fittin g head-dresses, and th e lynx. E ven th e p a tie n t camel has found room
crowd, a wh6le com partm ent. B eginning w ith th e narrow in a corner, w here h e shares his food w ith th e strange
ap ertu re of th e Georgian C aucasian cradle, which com pres­ looking sp o tted little w hite horse of Siberia.
ses th e head so as to p rev en t its grow ing in bread th , b u t As, of all th e nations of th e world, th e tribes of N o r­
forces its grow th upw ards th a t th e p a p a h a (fur cap) th e rn S iberia are th e least known, I m ay as well des­
m ight fit it th e better, and down to th e oourrelet of th e cribe some of th e m ost curious of th e ir strange ways,
Bordelese o f S outh ern France, w hich m ade a fam ous F rench customs, and religious beliefs. T he inform ation was all
anthropologist who has ju s t delivered a lecture upon derived from th e catalogues of th e E xhibition, and the
th e effects of these .various modes, affir-m th a t th is custom, official R eports of th e m en of science purposely sent to
while throw ing a mass of good singers and artists upon these far-aw ay countries, and eye-witnesses. L e t us begin
the world from B ordeaux,-nad p revented th e ir raising one w ith
good scholar in th a t p a rt of his own cou n try — all th e fash­ T h e I n tra c ta b le S a m o yed es,
ions are rep resented h e re ; little m anikins lying in the
cradles, and m anikin m others a tte n d in g on them . who ‘w ill not be converted to C hristianity, do w hat the m is­
T he whole in terio r of th e vast E x h ib itio n H a ll is m ade sionaries may. T heir m ulticolored tchoum (tent), the
to resem ble a gigantic grotto, divided by tw o hillocks, re ­ n um ber of sm all bells decorating th e dresses of th e ir chil­
presenting in m ih iatu re th e various s tra ta of our earth 's dren, and th e ir own parti-coloured queer garm ents, pro­
fo rm atio n ; w hile each of a series of im m ense squares, voke th e adm iration of th e Moskvitch. A funny anec­
presents a scene of some geological period— fancy and h y ­ dote is told of him self by Professor Zograf, who travelled
pothesis having, as a m a tte r of course,, h a d a lf\i'ge share last year am ong th ese people for th e purpose of col­
in th e arrangem ent.. T h e glory of th is charm ing plan lecting his data. W h ile on th e peninsula of K aninsk,
belongs to M. K am eief, our celebrated architect. A nd desirous to ascertain th e average h e ig h t of th is people,
now, th a n k s to his ingenious idea, in one square, th e p u b ­ he began by m easuring an old Samoyede. Seeing this,
lic can stare a t cleverly executed m anikins of th e m en of his friends took into th e ir heads th a t his operation had
th e bronze age, w ith th e ir im p le m e n ts ; in th e next, a t the som ething to do w ith recru itin g soldiers, and raised an
resum able in h a b ita n t of th e glacial period, crouched near o u tc ir ; pouring upon th e m an of science a shower of choice
is den, in dangerous proxim ity to th e fossil elep h an t and half-R ussian and half-vernacular abuse, which was follow­
cave-bear. A t th e foot of one of th e hillocks is a pond, ed up w ith a volley of stones. T hey confiscated his
fed by th e w aters of a sm all cascade which falls from th e reindeer and lu g g a g e ; and would have killed him b u t
to p of th e adjoining rocks, and in it sports a h uge plesi­ for his presence of m ind. T ak in g o u t a revolver he show­
osaurus, in com pany w ith o th er an ted ilu v ian m onsters. ed them th a t it could kill five m en a t once. T hen they
All these are m ost cleverly executed auto m ata. Over got th e ir revenge o u t of his collection of insects and rep ­
th e slim y surface of artificial banks, creep, crawl and tiles. E very drop of th e spirits-of-w ine in which th e spe­
wriggle stran g e organic forms of th e D evonian t i m e ; th e cim ens were k e p t having been drunk, th e y becam e very
. motion being given to th em by a clever m echanism of caressing, ten d erly stroked th e Professor’s beard, and then,
wires, w heels and springs. T h e idea suggested by these as he n arrates himself, began dancing around him , rep eat­
varieties, including th e gigantic m astodon, th e w alking ing in chorus : " Pig, p ig .. .R ussian pig !.. .B lack beard !...
fish, and ru d e rep tilian birds, is th a t th e m ain concern of P ig !...D og, good old d o g !...” u n til finally th ey fell around
all was, on th e one hand, to devour, and on th e other, to him in prom iscuous heaps, dead drunk. O ne ^ld S am o­
escape from being 'devoured, by th e ir neighbours. T he yede lay th e re insensible, w ith an em pty b o ttle in his hand
“ survival of th e fitte st” is, in short, th e ‘ lay serm on’ th ey and th e rem ains of a m agnificent “ collection of insects ”
preach. . . strew n over his m outh and b reast...B efore his departure
from th e tu rb u le n t trib e Mr. Zograf had another adventure.
T he living types of T u ran ian trib e s and races— in h abi­
T he old hostess of th e tchoum he was allowed to in h a ­
ta n ts o f-S ib e ria and o th er far-aw ay provinces* of A siatic
b it for th e consideration of a barrel of whiskey, saw him
R ussia— aro also creating a reg u lar fu ro re . E v ery people
once w ashing his face w ith a piece of rose-coloured gly­
and n ation is represented h ere— e ith e r b y living specim ens
cerine soap. Im agining it to be a universal panacea
or dressed figures— so tru e to life in every p articu lar th a t
against every m ortal ailing, she begged of him and re ­
this has led to th e m ost ludicrous m istakes in th e public.
ceived a piece. A t th is m om ent her husband, happening
An artificial w oolly-headed Kaffir g listen in g like a freshly
to e n te r th e tchoum, snatched th e soap from his wife's
blackened boot, glares a t a liv in g Z ulu who th re a te n s him
hand, sniffed it, and rem arking th a t it “ stan k good,”—
w ith his a s s e g a i; and, close by, a living w iry A fghan, fol­
swallowed it as if it had been a piece of pork!
lows w ith a so rt of dream y gaze th e ever m oving stream
L e t us m ove on further, to th e far, far N orth, toward
of ladies and gentlem en, belonging to a civilization which
th e river Lena, w here live scattered about in solitary
he n e ith e r appreciates nor adm ires. • N
groups, the Y akoots. A piteous tribe, th at, and -
Curious specim ens of th e A borigenes of S iberia a ttra c t
th e general attention. H e re we see th e Sam oyedes of A D r e a r y , n e v e r - t h a w in g , i c y L a n d !
th e N o rth W estern p a rts of th e land of e x ile ; and th e In its S o u th ern portion th e re is a sem blance of Sum m er
O stiaks of th e river Yenisei. -T h e barb aro u s B ashkir, th e so m etim e s; b u t in its n o rthern regions th e sun, though it
mild Y akoot, an d th e K irgheez from th e d reary steppes of never sets d u rin g a period of fifty-two days, can barely call
Irtish and Ishim . T he Calm ucks, clean and shining forth w ith its oblique rays a few m eagre bushes, and here
in th e ir gold-cloth- chalats, caps, an d long queues of and th e re some blades of grass, on those fields covered
hair ; th e tribes of Sagai, B eltires, B eruisses an d K atchi- w ith perp etu al ice,, and frozen so hard th a t to th e depth of
nes; th e M ongolian Bouriiats of lake B aikal, and th e a yard th e ground never thaw s. In Ju ly , appear clouds of
T unguses from th e frontiers of C hina. G reat h u n te rs and m osquitoes, w hich literally darken daylight. These mos­
• the m ost civilized- am ong all th e se tribes, th e se Siberian quitoes are th e plague of m an and c a ttle ;' in th e form er
N im rods are now ex hibited to g e th e r w ith th e fire-arm s of th ey produce a cutaneous fever, th e la tte r they to rtu re to
th e ir owp m anufacture. N e x t come th e pastoral, horse death. . . r
and cattle breeding, nom ads— th e T artar-lo o k in g Tun- W ith th e first days of N ovem ber begin th e fearful
 Si ben'a n frosts, and th e sun sets, to reappear only alter
th irty -eig h t days. .Tliis polar n ig h t is terrific. D arkness
is m o d e ra te 1 but by th e reflection of th e w h ite snow, and
occasionally dispersed by th e flam ing splendors of th e
aurora borealis. It isn ex t to an im possibility foryour H indus,
a t least, the inh ab itan ts ol C entral or S o u th ern In d ia to
conceive of such a cold, and yet, at th a t tim e, th e cold
reaches <S(i degrees Kali, below zero ; and even th e en d u ­
ring, patient, reindeer hide them selves in th e thickets,
and stand motionless, closely huddled to g e th e r to keep
from freezing. Clear <lays are rare even in th e so-called
Slim m er, for the wind chases th e vapours, th e sun is
darkened, nnd all the sky is covered w ith mirages. D uring
such colds, a spoonful of soup tak en d irectly out. ol the
pot lwiiling o n the lire, freezes before one has tim e to
carry it to th e mouth.
T he surrounding,s o f a Y akout are d isg u stin g : the
stench and dirt, are beyond expression ; for m en and c a t­
tle live together. There is n e ith e r tim e, nor need, nor
yet possibility to wash, as the w ater is constantly frozen ;
consequently th e Yakout never washes. B u t ho has few
prejudices. He will drink w ater from th e d irtiest pool,
in which his beast had ju s t rolled itself. W h en there
is food, he eats much ; b u t he is very en d u rin g and can go
w ithout any food lo r a long while. T h e \a k o iita are
hospitable, obliging, respectful, and subm issive to the
a u th o ritie s ; little addicted to cheating, they have no ex-
|K*rience o f courts o f ju stice, b u t a t th e sam e tim e they
are lazy and careless. T h an k s to this la tte r fault, they
often die of accidents, but regard death w ith perfect in­
difference. “ T h eir life is no life,” says a correspondent
of Nova? V yyn n ru it is a half-sleepy vegetation am idst
ices. T heir num bers dim inish w ith every year, and n o t­
w ithstanding th e care of th e Russian G overnm ent to help
this race while studying it, th e eth n o g rap h er feels th a t
lie is w riting it.s obituary." F a r m ore jjoetic.il, and con­
soling from a moral stand-jioint, ap p ear
'I'll K N o .MADK! TUNfiUSK.
The ethnologists paint, q u ite an ideal p ictu re of them .
The T unguses are described by them as, “ gentle, brave,
obedient to th e ir chiefs, and serviceable; no q u arrels or
st rifes arc ever heard of am ong them . T hey have not the
slightest, idea of a law-suit, aud malice, envy, hatred and
obstinacy are feelings q u ite unknow n to them .” D uring
the last, half-century the only cases th a t ever cam e before
the m agistrates, were a few m anslau g h ters com m itted by
the T unguses when drunk. In every instance, th e poor
culprits come forward voluntarily to su rren d er them selves
to th e authorities, ami then su b m it to th e ir sentence
w ithout.on e word of com plaint. In vivid contrast to the
Tunguse stands the passionate,
Til K I''K lin e KM'S A N D V IN D IC T IV E , T C H O O K T C H A ,
who never forgives an offence. W hen insulted he seeks
to kill his enem y on th e sly. I f revenge fails d u rin g his
own life-tim e, lie will bequ eath it to his son, and th u s it
passes from one generation to an o th er u n til th e o p p ortu­
nity arriv es; for revenge can be satisfied b u t w ith the
death of th e offender. A T chooktcha who p repares for
m urder does it with a g reat so lem n ity : he dons a new
garm ent, all covered w ith b its of w o lfs fur, a sim ilar fur
cap, and provides him self w ith th re e knives ; th e largest
he conceals behind his back (near th e neck) u n d er th e
upper garm ent, the two sm aller he hides in his sleeves.
H e arm s himself, moreover, w ith a spear, and goes about
arm ed and prepared in this wise till th e desired catastro ­
phe happens. In the bosom of his fam ily a Tchooktcha
is no less a ty r a n t;— enraged ag ain st his wife, he will of­
ten chop off her ears or th e left arin as far as th e shoulder.
A t the sam e tim e, ho w illingly lends his wife to friends
and a c q u a in ta n c e s; b u t delib erate unfaithfulness on her
part, is punished w ith d eath .
T h k F e m a l e T c h o o k tu h i
are far from handsome, th o u g h th e y have even a more
passionate love of personal a d o rn m en t th a n our E u ro ­
pean ladies. Kor instance, th ey embroider their h a n d t
/n n d ^ a c e s , em ploying for th e purjiose th read s m ade of
anim al tendons and veins— th u s presenting a m ost original
style of decoration of a deep blue color in high-relief upon
th e ir bronzed countenances. F rom th e p a tte rn one can
recognize a m arried woman from a girl. T he form er has
her nose em broidered in two rows, w hile th e virgin is
denied th e beau ty of such delicate adornm ent. A t the
exhibition, th e re are some women whose noses look like
a mass of varicose veins !........
T h e i r M a r r ia g e C e r e m o n ie s
are sim plified to th e utterm ost. A young m an on th e look­
o u t for a wife goes to th e fam ily of th e bride, and says :
“ I w ant y o u r-g irl."— " G o and feed th e flock ” is th e p a ­
triarchal answ er, Jaco b like, he goes and tends th e c a t­
tle for three, som etim es four, years, living a t th e same
tim e w ith th e girl a9 though she were his wife. In case
a m utual lik in g springs up betw een them , she becom es
his wife bona fid e s ; if otherwise, th e bridegroom is asked
to decamp, and th e bride w aits for an o th er pretender.
D uring th is te n ta tiv e wedlock, th e a tte n tio n s And lit­
tle presents bestowed by th e young m an who courts
his beloved are very original. T hey consist n eith er of
flowers nor jew ellery, for nothing of th e sort is know n in
those regions. B u t they have instead th e ir reindeer,
which afford them verm in enough for a whole, zoologi­
cal garden. Tow ards Spring, a large, w hite, fat and ex­
ceedingly succulent worm m akes its appearance in the fur
aud u n der th e skin of th e reindeer. I t is these worms
th a t th e T chooktcha g allan t squeezes o u t and brings to
his beloved. De guttibuB n o n eet d isp n ta n d u m . N one the
less original, and still gloom ier is th e picture given of
T h e H o u r ok D ea t h
of these eccentric, gloomy, vindictive savages. S trange to say,
a T chooktcha dreads above everything to die a natural
d eath ; for it am ounts w ith him to allow ing th e devil to
devour him ! Old people who feel tired of life and reluc­
ta n t to becom e a burden upon th e ir fa m ilie s; or young
ones who are e ith e r sickly, or who sim ply desire to join
th e ir deceased relatives or see th e ir departed friends as
soon as th ey can,— voluntarily p u t an end to th e ir earthly
peregrinations. T h e nearest of kin, or in his absence, a
friend, or a sim ple acquaintance, obligingly takes upon
him self th e good office of dispatching th e volunteer to a
b e tte r world. H aving arrayed him self in his b est clothes,
th e candidate falls into th e best of hum ours, becomes ra ­
d ia n t w ith joy, and cracks jo k es while bidding good-bye
to his fam ily and acquaintances. T he la tte r in th e ir tu rn
overload him w ith m essages and com plim ents for th e ir
friends in th e " o th e r world.” T he day of the k illing of
a T chooktcha is a day of rejoicing and a general fe stiv a l;
as for th e self-doomed man, he keeps his te n t from early
m orning, and aw aits d eath w ith im p atien ce; while all
around th e te n t th e h u b b u b of m any voices is heard, the
wife and children of th e dep artin g one going about in the
crowd, w ith the u tm o st indifference. A nd now comes the
last m om ent. T h e hum of th e spectators hushes, and
they solem nly prepare. T he victim bares both his sides,
anil seating him self on his bed, behind th e tent-w all of
skin, braces his rig h t side against th e log of wood which
serves him for bed-pillow. T h en th e chosen executioner,
piercing th ro u g h th e fur tent-w all w ith his spear, directs
its sh arp p o int tow ards th e dying m an, who, placing it
carefully over th e region of th e heart, shoutB to him :
“ K il l qu ick ly I P u s h !!...”
T he executioner th e n strikes a blow w ith his palm on
th e head of th e spear-liandle, and th e sh arp blade passing
through th e m an ’s h e a rt em erges from th e back covered
w ith gore, and nails him to th e lo g ; a feeble groan, 4ome-
tiines a piercing shriek, is all th a t th e crowd b e a r s ' frohi
w ithin th e t e n t ; th e weapon is pulled o u t and th e corpse
rolls to th e g ro u n d ; th e wife and children, exiled: from
th e te n t d u rin g th e ceremony, re-en ter th e ir abode and
coolly exam ine th e dead m an. A fter th a t, a k in d of g e­
neral " w ako” commences, w ith joyouB songs and drinking.
T h e su b sequent disposal of th e deceased v a rie s: he is
e ith e r crem ated, or cem ented w ithin a heap of stones, in
com pany w ith four sacrificed reindeer, and th e grave is
November, 1870.J TH E T H E 0 S 0 P H 1 S T . :(!)

left (o th e wild beasts. H is tom b is soon forgotten, even critics, th e abovem entioned Mr. Rice, shows narrowness
by his family, an d b u t for occasional passers-by, who of this conception. H e properly says th at “ music is not
throw a few tobacco leaves upon th e cairn as a m em orial a hum an invention, it is a p a rt anil pa reel o f N a tu re .
tq th e brave suicide, no one would d istin g u ish th e m o nu­ T he laws o fv ilb ratio n u re ...a s im m utable as thoseof gravity
m ent from un o rdinary heap of stones. ...T h e re is the hum an throat with its rem arkable arran g e­
W e m ig h t search th e whole world in vain for th e p aral­ m ent for th e purpose of song alone. A far inferior con­
lel to this T chooktcha contem pt for life and d eath. struction would have served the purposes of language, or
for th e production of sound incidental to m uscular excite­
m ent.” O ur H indu contributor shows us how the Aryans
A R Y A N M U SIC . caught and classified the sounds of nature ; and so, too,
An additional in terest and value is given to th e p resen t Mr. Rice scntentiously asks, " Did not singing-birds
num ber of th e T h e o s o p h is t by th e able essay upon Indian exist before the tim e of man ? Did they evolve th eir
Music, contributed by th e Uayan Sam&j, or M usical R e ­ singing from speech ; or did they develop it from m uscular
form Society, of Poona, through th e ir respected Secretary, e x c ite m e n t; or did they sing because it was -natural for
Mr. Bulw ant. T hough much has, we believe, been done them to sing? No, music is not a hum an invention. The
iu Bengal by un em in en t native m usical am ateu r, to m ake proijress in m u sic is of th e same nature as the progress in
the m erits of A ryan music know n to our generation, and science, it is based 011 discovery. T he o th er a rts are im i­
he has been decorated by th e kings of P o rtu g al and Siam , tativ e of things in N atu re, b u t music is a very [iart of
we, being strangers here its yet, are not inform ed th a t bis N a tu re itself.”
essays have had vogue in th e E nglish language. But, W hile b u t few W estern composers can ever enjoy the
w hether our p resent p ap er is or is n o t th e first formal opportunity of com ing to In dia to study the beginnings of
challenge from a H in d u to th e W est to recognize th e claim th e ir ennobling art, yet th ey may a t least avail of the
of In d ia to th e m atern ity of m usical science, th e challenge patriotic assistance of th e Poona Gayan Sam aj, to procure
is here m a d e ; and it will be our d u ty and pleasure, alike; to proper musical instrum ents, ami to explore the ancient
see th a t it comes to th e notice of som e of th e best critics S an sk rit lite ra tu re ; in which th e germ s of musical science
of E urope aud Am erica. have been preserved, like flies iu am ber, to surprise and
L ast m onth, Mr. D in a n a th A tinarom , M.A., LL.B., th a t in stru ct us. T he sym pathy of every lover of the tru th
great contem porary H in d u m ath em atical genius, who— aud of In d ia should be unstiu tin g ly given to Mr. B ulw ant
according to no less an a u th o rity th a n Mr. J . B. Peile, and his honorable colleagues.
D irector of P ublic In stru ctio n , B om bay P residency— “ pro­
ved his point th a t S ir Isaac N ew to n ’s R id e for im aginary Som e interestin g results on the hereditary transm is­
roots is not universally true, b u t th a t it is perfectly easy sion of artificial injuries have been obtained by Dr. Brown-
to form E quations having im aginary roots, th e existence Sequard. H e concludes that I,lie young of parents abnor­
of which would not be m ade m anifest by th e application of m ally constituted in h e rit external lesions, but not the cen­
New ton's R u le’— showed us th a t an A ryan geom eter, and tra l anom aly which determ ines such lesions.
not the G reek H ip p arch u s— as h ith e rto com m only believed
—was th e au th o r of Trigonom etry. iA ud now we see the
most conclusive evidence th a t M u sic,'the ‘ H eav en ly M aid,’ M. (J. Ponchet states th a t Averroes is the first w riter
was begotten n eith er by G reek nor R om an, nor E gy p tian who gives an approxim ately tru e account of the sensation
inspiration, b u t sprang, a m elodious infant, o u t of the caused by the touch of electrical fishes. H e com pares it
Aryan cradle. T he fa c t of the A ryans and C hinese hav­ to m agnetism , while Galen tilid others had considered it
ing had a system of musical notation, is conceded by the analogous to colil.
C h ristia n s; b u t th a t it fui an ted ated th e epoch of the
fabulous Ju b al, “ th e fath er of ull such its h andle th e harp T he first money iu the British Isles coined by the
and the organ,” of th e Bible, is not a d m itte d by them , or,
Rom ans a t C am alodunum (C o lc h ester) '>■"> B. C.
at all events, has not been u n til recently, if such be th e fuct
even now. T he peculiar poetical ch aracter of th e ancient
H indu showed itself in th e question, “ W h a t is m usic ? ” T H E S O C IE T Y ’S B U L L E T IN .
as p a rt of th e question, “ W h a t is N a tu re f rem arks Mr.
Rice, tre atin g upon H in d u m usic.*. T h e T h e o s o p h i s t re ­ The increasing d u ties of the several m em bers of the
presenting E astern and not W estern views and interests Theosophical Mission, compel the strict, enforcem ent of the
in all th a t concerns O riental history, it is o u r a rd e n t wish rule th a t on w eek-days no social visits can be received un­
til after (i P.M . except by sjiecial a p p o i n t m e n t . On S u n ­
to be helped in brin g in g out ull th e tru th about th e A ryan
priority in philosophy, science, and art, by every m an who days, from 2 to and afte r (J p . m .
can give us th e facts. W e fear n eith er th e frown of mo­
dern science, nor th e wry faces and abuse of th e tlieolo- Of the last edition of Col. Olcotl s Address at Frainji
j'tsts. Cowasji H all, on the “ the Theosophical Society and its
Mr. H erb e rt Spencer, tru e to liis m aterialistic instincts, Aims,”— to which are appended the Rules, n,s revised in
uttibutes th e p rim itiv e developm ent of m usic ty a correla­ G eneral Council a t Bom bay— the. few copies rem aining
tion of m ental and m uscular e x c i t e m e n t s t h e m uscles m ay be had, upon application to the Librarian, at the rate
that move th e chest., larynx and vocal chords, contracting of annas 4 per copy, free of postage. The P re sid en t’s a*I-
like other m uscles in proportion to th e in ten sity of the dress a t M eerut, N. W. P. upon “ T he Jo in t Labors of the
feelings,” and song being b u t an exaggeration of th e n a tu ­ Theosophical Society and th e A rya Sam aj,” can ho pro­
ral language of th e emotions. (7(lustrations o f U niver­ cured of Babli Sheo N arain, D epot Godown G um ashta,
sal Progreso, ch ap ter 011 ‘ T he O rigin and F u n ctio n of M eerut, a t the sam e price. .
Music). B u t 011c of th e best of our m odern musical
• IfAiif it J/m ic /, n cliartniiiK monouruph l>y Isaac L. Kice, A uthor of I t is never too late to do an act of justice, and therefore,
Analysis nnd Practice of th e Scales." (Now York., D. Appleton k Co., 649, in referring to Col. O lcott’s Bombay Address, the Council
Broadway). “ How .’difforently th e Cliinose nnd H indus accounted for the wishes to publicly acknow ledge the Society's obligations to
uuotivo power of m usic ! “ exclaim* th is au th o r." On tho one band, the
gloomy m ysteries of th e num bers and tho elem en t* ; on th e other, tbo b rig h t Mr. Sainuldass Jag in o h u n d ass aud his associates in the
fantastic gorgeous heaven of sunshine, m arriages aud pleasures ! And y e t m anagem ent of th e H indu D nyan Vurdhak Library, for
who knows b u t th a t th e H indu philosophers, who established such a flowery
■ysteni, were thinkers fully as deep as tho CTiineso sa^es—that tkeir original organizing th e splendid m eeting of welcome at Fnim ji
coHCtpitcH aud kultUn wraHiHy w n Mot us tpiritual a t tkote « / htoJtrR day* T’... Cowasji In stitu te , 011 the 23nl of March hist. I t was in ­
I t is our especial task to diipol such fatal errors ab o u t India as the ubove
)uusiige (underscored by ui>) contains. To u n d e rra te tho sp iritu a lity of th e tended th a t th is should be said in the Preface to the A d­
uid Hindu philosophers b u t proves th a t we do n o t know them . And if dress, b u t as the proofs were road, and the preface w ritten
knowing them , wo were to allow them 110 m ore th a n th e ipiriluattiy ex is­
ting l)iour “ modern day s"—tliut w oiilj b« to in tu it ttiutu arid tru th . £i>. while Col. O lcott was absent from Bombay, the m a tte r was
'iBtoa. . in advertently om itted.
 W A R IN O L Y M P U S . desperate, and evidently short o f’ ‘a m m unition, since they
are reduced to th e expedient, of try in g to ro u t th e enelny
B y II. I ’. B lavul'tky. with (lie most rem arkable paradoxes. T h e p ro and con
D ark clouds are g ath erin g over (lie h ith erto cold iiml of tho dispute are too interesting, and our posterity m ight
serene horizon of exact, science, which Ion-bode a squall. complain were t,lie incidents suffered to be left beyond the
A lready two wimps arc form ing am ong the votaries of I reach of English and Am erican readers interested iu Spiri-
scientific research. O ne wages war on the other, and hard j tualism by rem aining confined to the G erm an and Russian
words are occasionally exchanged. T h e apple of discori newspapers. So, H om er like, we will follow the comba­
in this case is— Spiritualism . Fresh and illustrious vic­ tan ts and condense this modern Iliad for the benefit ot our
tim s are yearly decoyed away Irom th e im pregnable strong­ friends.
holds of m aterialistic negation, and ensnared into exam ining A lte r several years of diligent research, and in vestiga­
and testin g th e alleged sp iritual phenom ena. And we tion of the phenom ena, Messrs. W agner and B utlerof, both
all know th a t when a true scien tist exam ines them w ith ­ distinguished savants and professors ill St. P etersb u rg U ni­
out p re ju d ic e ........well, he generally ends like Professor versity, became thoroughly convinced of th e rea lity of th e
H are. Mr. W illiam ( Jntokes F.R.S.. th e great Allred Russell weird m anifestations. As a, result, both wrote numei*ous
W allace, an o th er F.R.S. and so m any o th e r em inent men and si,long articles in the leading periodicals in defense ol"
of science— lie passes over to th e e n e m y ........ the " m ischievous epidem ic”— as in his m om ents of “ u n ­
W e are really curious to know what, will be the new conscious cerebration” and “ prepossession” in fa vour of his
theory advanced in the present crisis by the skeptics, and own hohbv, Dr. C arp en ter calls spiritualism . Both of the
how they will account for such an apostasy of several of above em inent gentlem en are endowed w ith those precious
th eir lum inaries, as lias just occurred. T he venet able ac­ qualities which are th e more to be respected as th ey are
cusations of non compos m e n tis, am i “ d o ta g e ” will not. so seldom m et with am ong our men of science. These
bear an o th er refu rb ish in g : th e em in en t perverts are in­ qualities, ad m itted by th e ir critic him self—M r.B ourenine,
creasing num erically so last, th a t if m ental incapacity is are : ( 1) a serious and profound conviction th a t w hat they
charged upon all of them who experim entally satisfy them ­ defend is tr u e ; (2) an unw avering coinage in sta tin g at
selves th a t tables can ta lk sense, and m edium s float every hazard, before a prcjudi .‘(1 and inim ical public th a t
through th e air, it m ight au g u r ill for science ; there m ight such is th e ir co n v ictio n ; (3) clearness and consecutiveneks
soon be none hut weakened b rain s in th e learned societies. in th e ir statem ents.; (4) th e serene calm ness and im partia-.
T hey may, possibly, for a tim e find some consolation in lity w ith which they tre a t th e opinions of th e ir opponents ;
accounting for the lodgm ent of th e extraordinary ‘•delu- (o) a, full and profound acquaintance w ith th e subject u n ­
sion” in very scholarly heads, upon th e theory of a ta v ism der discussion. T he com bination of th e qualities eniime-
— the m ysterious law of la te n t transm ission, so m uch fa- rated,..............................................
adds th eir critic, “ leads us to regard’ th’ e recent a rti­
•
voured by th e modern schools of D arw inian e v o lu tio n ism cle by Professor Butlerof, E m p ir ic is m a n d D o g m a tism
— especially in G erm any, as represented by th a t thorough­ in the D o m a in o f M ed iu m sh ip , as one of those essays
going apostle of “ m odern stru g g le for cultu re,” E rnst whose com m anding significance-cannot be denied, and
.Haeckel, professor a t Je n a . T hey m ay a ttrib u te th e he- which are sure to strongly im press tlie readers. S u c lia rti- .
lief of I,heir colleagues iu th e phenom ena, to certain mole- ,eles are positively, rare in our periodicals ; rare because of
cular m ovem ents of th e cells in I he ganglia of th e ir once ;th e originality of the a u th o r’s conclusions, and because of
powerful brains, h ereditarily tran sm itted to them by th e ir j th e clear, precise, and serious presentation of facts” ......
ignorant mediaeval ancestors. Or, again, they may split i T he article so eulogized m a y b e sum m ed-up in a few
th eir ran k s,an d estalilish in g an im p e riiu n -in irnprrio “ di- words. We will not stop to enum erate th e m arvels of spi­
vide and conquer” still. All this is possible; but. tim e ritual phenom ena w itnessed by Professor Z ollner with l)r.
alone will show which of the part ies will come off best. Slade and defended by Prof. Butlerof, since th ey are no
We have been led to these reflections by a row now more m arvellous th an th e la tte r g en tlem an ’s personal ex­
going on between Germ an and Russian professors— all perience in this direction w ith Mr. W illiam s, a m edium of
em in en t and illustrious. &m in ts . T h e T eutons and Slavs London, in 1870. The seances took place in a London hotel,
in the case under observation, are not, fighting according in th e room occupied by th e H onourable Alexandre
to th eir nationality b u t com form ably to th e ir respective Aksakof, R ussian Im p erial Councillor, in which w ith the
beliefs and unbeliefs. .Having concluded, for the occasion, j exception of this g en tlem an there were b u t two o th er per
an offensive as well as a defensive alliance, regardless of j sons,— Prof. B utlerof and the m edium . Confederacy was
race— they have broken up in two camps, one representing thus u tte rly impossible. A nd liow, w hat took place under
the spiritualists, and the o th e r th e skeptics. And now these conditions, which so impressed one of th e first scien­
war to th e knite is declared. L eading one party, an; Pro­ tists of Russia { S im ply th is : Mr. Williams, th e medium,
fessors Zollner, Ulrizzi, and F ichte, B u tlero f and W agner, was m ade to sit w ith his ha,nils, feet, and even his person
of the Leipzig, Halle and St,. P etersburg U niversities; the tightly bound with cords to his chair, which was placed in ■
other follows Professors Wundt,, M endeleyel, anil a host of a dead-wall corner of th e room, behind Mr. B u tlero f’s plaid,
other G erm an and Russian celebrities. H ard ly has Zollner Inmg across so as to form a screen. W illiam s soon fell in­
a m ost renowned astronom er and physicist— printed his fo a kind of lethargic stupor, known, am ong spiritualists
confession of faith in Dr. S lade’s m odium istie phenom ena a s 't h e trance condition, “ and spirits” began to appear
ami set his learned colleagues aghast, when Professor before; the eyes of the investigators. V arious Voices were
Ulrizzi of the H alle U niversity, arouses th e w rath of the heard, and loud sentences, pronounced by th e “ invisibles,”
O lym pus of science by publishing a p am p h let entitled from every part, of the mom ; tilings—‘toilet appurtenances
“T he no-culled Spiritualism a Scientific Q uestion,” intended and so forth, began Hying in every direction th ro u g h -th e
as a com plete refutation of th e arg u m en ts of Professor a i r ; and, finally, “Jo h n K ing”— a sort of king of the spooks,
W undt, of th e Leipzig U niversity, ag ain st th e m odern be­ who has been famous for years— m ade his appearance
lief. and contained in another p am p h let called by its author bodily. B u t we m u st allow Prof. B utlerof to tell his phe­
“sp iritu alism — the so-called scientific question.” And now nom enal story himself. " W e first saw m oving”— lie
steps in an o th er active com batant, Mr. Butlerof, P ro­ writes— “ several b right lights in the air, and im m ediately
fessor of C hem istry and 'N atural Sciences, of St. Petersburg, a fte r that, appeared the lull figure of ‘ Jo h n K ing.’ H is
who narrates h is experim ents in London, w ith the m edium apparition is generally preceded by a greenish phosphoric
W illiams, and th u s rouses up a m ost ferocious polemic. light, which gradually becom ing brighter, illum inates, more
T he hum oristical illustrated paper K ladderndatch, exe­ and more, the whole bust of Jo h n 'K in g . T hen it is th a t
cutes a war-dance, and shouts with joy, w hile th e more those presen t perceive th at the light em anates from some .
serious conservative papers are indignant. Pressed behind kind of a lum inous object held by tho “ spirit.” ' T he face
th e ir last en trenchm ents by th e cool and uncontrovertible of a man w ith a thick black beard becomes clearly distin ­
assertions of a most, distinguished n atu ralist, th e critics, led g u ish ab le; th e head is enveloped in a w hito turban. Tho
forward by th e St. P etersb u rg star-—Mr. Bourenine, seem figure appears outside th e cabinet (th a t is to say, -t h q .
screened corner where th e m edium sat), and finally ap­
proaches us. W e saw it each tim e for a few seco n d s; th en
rapidly w aning, th e lig h t was ex tin g u ish ed and th e figure
became invisible to reappear again in a m om ent or two ;
then from th e surrounding darkness, “ J o h n s " voice is
heard proceeding from th e spot on which lie had appeared
mostly, though n o t always, when lie had already disap­
peared. “ J o h n ” asked us “ w hat can 1 do for you ? ” and
Mr. A ksakof requested him to rise up to th e ceiling nnd
from th ere speak to us. In accordance w ith th e wish
expressed, th e figure suddenly appeared above th e table
and towered m ajestically above our heads to tho ceiling
which becam e all illum inated w ith th e lum inous object
held in the sp irit’s hand, w hen “ Jo h n ” was q u ite under
the ceiling he shunted down to us : “ W ill th a t do ? ”
D uring an o th er seance M. B utlerof asked “ J o h n ” to
approach him q u ite near, which th e “ s p irit ” did, and so
gave him th e o p p o rtu n ity of seeing clearly “ th e sparkling,
clear eyes of Jo h n .” A no th er sp irit, “ P eter,” though he
never p u t in a visible appearance d u rin g th e seances, yet
conversed w ith Messrs. B u tlero f and A ksakof, w rote for
them on paper furnished by them , anil so forth.
Though the learned professor m in u tely en u m erates all
the precautions he had tak en again st possible fraud, tlio
critic is not y et satisfied, and asks, p ertin e n tly enough :
“ W hy did not th e respectable nartnit catch “ J o h n ” in his
arms, w hen th e sp irit was b u t a t a foot’s distance from
him ? A gain, why did n o t both Messrs. A ksokof and B ut-
lerof try to g et hold of “ J o h n ’s” legs, when he was m o u n t­
ing to th e ceiling ? Indeed th ey o u g h t to have done all
tins, if they are really so anxious to learn th e tru th for
th eir own sake, as for th a t of science, which they struggle
to lead on tow ard th e dom ains of th e “ o th e r world" And,
had they com plied w ith such a sim ple and, a t th e same
time, very little scientific test, there would be no more
need of for them', perhaps, to ........ fu rth e r explain th e scien­
tific import.-mcc of th e spiritu al m anifestations.”
T h a t this im portance is not exaggerated, and lias as
much significance for th e world of science, as for th a t of
religious thought, is proved by so m any philosophical m inds
speculating upon th e m odern “ delusion.” T his is w hat
Fichte, th e learned G erm an savant, says of it. “ Modern
spiritualism chiefly proves th e existence of th a t which, in
common parlance is very vaguely aud in ap tly term ed ‘ a p ­
p a ritio n o f s p ir its ' If, we concede th e reality of such
apparitions, then th ey become an undeniable, practical
proof uf the continuation of our personal, conscious exist­
ence (beyond th e portals of death). And such a ta n g i­
ble, fully dem onstrated fact., cannot be otherw ise b u t
beneficent in th is epoch, which, having fallen into a
dreary denial of im m ortality, th in k s in the proud self­
sufficiency of its vast intellect, th a t it lias already happily
left iHjhind it every sujierstitioii of th e k in d .” I f such a
tangible evidence could be really found, and dem onstrated
to us, lieyond any doubt or cavil, reasons F ich te fu rth er
on,— “ if th e reality of the contin u atio n of our lives after
death were furnished us upon positive proof, in stric t ac­
cordance w ith th e logical elem ents of experim en tal natural
sciences, then it would be indeed, a resu lt w ith which,
owing to its n atu re and peculiar signification for hum anity,
no o th er result to be m et w ith in all th e history of civili­
zation could be compared. T h e old problem ab o u t m an’s
destination upon earth would bo th u s solved, and conscious­
ness in hu m an ity would be elevated one step. T h a t which,
hitherto, could be revealed to m an b u t iu th e dom ain of
blind faith, presentim ent, and passionate hope, would be­
come to h im — positive know ledge ; he would have ac­
quired the certain ty th a t lie was a m em ber of an eternal, a
spiritual world, in which he would continue living, and
th a t his tem porary existence upon th is earth forms b u t
a fractional portion of a future etern al life, and th a t it is
only there th a t he would Imj enabled to perceive, and fully
comprehend his real destination. H aving acquired this
profound conviction, m ankind would be thoroughly im ­
pressed with a new and an im a tin g com prehension of life,
and its in tellectual perceptions opened to an idealism
strong with incontrovertible facts. T h is would prove ta n ta ­
m ount to a com plete reconstruction of man in relation
to his existence as an e n tity and mission upon earth ; it
would be so to say, a ’ new b irth .’ W hoever has lost all
inner covictions sis to his eternal destination, his faith in
eternal life, w hether th e case be th a t of an isolated indivi­
duality, a whole nation, or th e representative of a certain
epoch, he or it may be regarded as having had uprooted,
and to the very core, all sense of th a t invigorating force
which alone lends itself to self-devotion and to progress.
Such a man becomes w hat was inevitable—-an egotistical,
selfish, sensual being, concerned wholly for his self-preserva­
tion. H is culture, his en lig h ten m en t, and civilization,
can serve him b u t as a help and ornam entation toward
th a t life of sensualism , or, a t best, to guard him from all
th a t can harm it.”
Such is thi! enorm ous im portance attrib u te d by Pro­
fessor F ichte and Professor B utlerof of G erm any and R us­
sia to the spiritual phenom ena and we may say, the feel­
ing is more th an sincerely echoed in E ngland by Mr. A.
R. W allace F.R.S. (see his “ Miracles and M odern S p i­
ritualism .”)
An influential A m erican scient ificjournal uses an equally
strong language when speaking of the value th a t a scien­
tific dem onstrat ion of th e survival of the hum an soul would
have for th e world. I f spiritualism prove true, it says, “ it
will become th e one g ran d event of the world’s history ;
it will give an im perishable lustre of glory to th e N in e ­
te en th C entury. Its discoverer will have no rival in re­
nown, and his nam e w ill be w ritten high above any other.
* * * If the pretensions ot Spiritualism have a rational
foundation, no m ore im p o rta n t work has been offered to
men of science than th e ir verification.” [Scientific A m e ri­
can, 1<S74, as quoted in O lcott’s “ People from the O ther
World," p. V. Pruf.)
And now we will see what the stubborn Russian critic
(who seems to be but, th e m ontli-piece of l'2iiropean m ateri­
alistic science), has to say in response to the unansw erable
argum ents aud logic of Messrs. Fichte and Butlerof. If
skepticism has no stronger arg u m en ts to oppose to sp iri­
tualism b u t tbe following original paradox, then we will
have to declare it w orsted in the dispute. Instead of the
beneficial results foretold by Fichte iu the case of the
final trium ph of spiritualism , the critic forecasts qu ite a
different sta te of things.
“ As soon,” he says, “ as such scientific m ethods shall
have dem onstrated, beyond doubt, nr cavil, to the general
satisfaction th a t our world is cram m ed with souls of men
who have preceded us, ami whom we will all join in turn ;
as soon as il shall be proven th a t these ‘souls of the
deceased ’ can com m unicate with mortals, all the earthly
physical science of the em in en t scholars will vanish like
a soap-bubble, and will have lost all its in terest for us
living ni(Mi. W hy should people care for th e ir propor­
tionately short life upon earth once th a t they have th e po­
sitive assurance and, conviction of another life to come after
the bodily d e a th ; a death which does not iu the least
preclude conscious relations with the world of the living,
or even th e ir pu.st-'inoiieui participation in all its in te r­
ests ? Once, t hat w ith the help of science, based on niedi-
um istic experim ents and the discoveries of spiritualism
such relations shall have been firmly established, they will
naturally become w ith every day more and more in ti­
m a te ; an extraordinary friendship will ensue betw een
this anil the ‘ o th e r’ w orlds; th at other world will beuin
• • . t • . •
divulging to this one th e most occult m ysteries of life and
death, and the h ith e rto most inaccessible laws of the
universe those which now exact the greatest efforts of
m an’s m ental powers. Finally, nothing will rem ain for
us in this tem porary world to eith er do, or desire, b u t to
pass away as soon as possible into the world of eternity.
N o i n v e n t io n s, n o o b s e r e u t inns, no x cicn cc t, w ill be a n y
m ore needed !! W hy should people exerciseth e ir brains,
for instance, to perfecting the telegraphs, when nothing
else will be required b u t to be on ...... 1 term s w ith spirits
in order to avail of th e ir services Ibr the instantaneous
transm ission of thoughts and objects, not only from E u ­
rope to A m erica, b u t even to the moon, if so desired ?
 T he following are a few of th e results w hich a com m u­
nion de fa c to betw een th is world and th e ‘ o th e r ’ th a t cer­
tain men of science arc hoping to establish by th e help
of spiritualism , will inevitably lead us t o : to th e com plete
extinction of all scicnce, and even of th e h u m an race,
which will be ever ru sh in g onw ard to a b e tte r life. T he
learned and scholarly .p h a n ta sists who are so anxious to
prom ote th e scicnce of spiritualism , i.e. of a close com ­
m unication between th e two worlds, o u g h t to b ear the
above in m ind.”
To w hich th e " scholarly p h an tasists ” would be q u ite w ar­
ran ted in answ ering th a t one would have to b rin g his own
m ind to th e exact m easure of microscopic capacity required
to elaborate such a theory as this, before lie could tak e it
into consideration a t all. Is th e above m ean t to be offered
as an objection for serious consideration ? S tran g e logic!
we are asked to believe (bat, because these m en of science,
who now believe in n au g h t b u t m atter, and th u s try to fit
every phenom enon— even of a m ental, and spiritu al cha­
racter,— w ithin th e Procrustean bed of th e ir own precon­
ceived hobbies, would find them selves, by th e m ere strength
of circum stances forced, in th e ir turn, to fit these cherished
hobbies to tr u th , however unwelcome, and to fa c ts w herever
found— th a t because of th at, science will lose all its charm
for hum anity. N ay— life itself will become a b u rd en !
T here are m illions upon m illions of people who, w ithout
believing in spiritualism a t all, y e t have faith in an other
and a b e tte r world. A nd were th a t blind faith to become
jw s itiv c knowledge indeed, it could b u t b e tte r hum anity.
Before closing his scathing criticism upon th e "credulous
m en of sciencc," our review er sends one more bom b in th eir
direction, which u n fo rtu n ately like m any o th e r explosive
shells misses th e culprits and wounds th e whole group
of th e ir learned colleagues. W e tra n sla te th e m issile ver­
b a tim , this tim e for th e benefit of all th e E uropean and
A m erican academ icians.
‘‘ T he em in en t professor,” he adds, speaking of Butlcrof,
nnd his article, "am o n g o th er th in g s m akes th e m ost of the
strange fact th a t spiritualism gains w ith every day more
aud more converts w ithin th e corporation of our great
scientists. Jle en um erates a long list of E nglish and G er­
m an nam es am ong illustrious men of science, who have
more or less confessed them selves in favour of th e spiri­
tual doctrines. Am ong these nam es wc find such as are
q u ite auth o ritativ e, those of th e g re a te st lum inaries of
sciencc. Sueli a fact is, to say th e least,, very striking, anil
in any case, lends a great, w eight to spiritualism . B u t we
have only to ponder coolly over it, to come very easily to
th e conclusion that it is j u s t a m o n g such great m e n o f
sciencc that sp ir itu a lis m is m ost lik e ly to spread a n d find
ready converts. W ith all th e ir powerful intellects and
gigantic knowledge, our g re a t scholars are, firstly, m en of
sedentary habits, ami, secondly, th ey are, w ith scarcely an
exception, men v;itli diseased a n d shattered nerves, in c lin ­
ed tow ard a n a b n o rm a l devclojnnent o f a n overstrained
brain. Such- sed e n ta ry m e n are the easiest to h o o d w in k ;
a clever charlatan will m ake a n ea sier prcij of, a n d bam -
booile v i t h f a r m ore fa c i li t y a scholar th a n u n u n le a rn e d
but p ractica l m an. H allucination will far sooner get
hold of persons inclined to nervous receptivity, especially
if th ey once concentrate them selves upon some peculiar
ideas, or a favourite hobby. This, 1 believe, will explain
th e fact th a t wc see so m any m en of science enrolling
them selves in th e arm y of spiritu alists.”
W e need not stop to enquire how Messrs. Tyndall, H u x ­
ley, D arw in, H erb ert Spencer, Lewes, and o th er em inent
scientific and philosophical skeptics, will like such a pros­
pect of rickety ganglionic centers, collective softening of
th e brain, and t he resu ltin g " hallucinations.” T he arg u ­
m ent is not only an im p e rtin e n t n a iv e //, b u t a literary
m onstrosity. • the ruin and ultim ate extinction of national power follow
W e are far from agreeing en tirely with th e views of Pro­
fessor Butlcrof, or even Mr. W allace, as to th e agencies a t
work behind the m odern phenom ena ; y e t betw een the
extrem es of spiritu al negation and affirm ation, th e re ought
to be a m iddle ground ; only p u re philosophy can establish
tru th upon firm principles; and no philosophy can be com­
plete unless it em braces both physics and m etaphysics.
Mr. Tyndall, who declares (“ Science and M an”) th a t “ M eta­
physics will be welcomed when it abandons its pretensions
to scientific discovery, and consents to be ranked as a kind
of poetry,” opens him self to th e criticism of posterity.
M eanwhile, he m u st not regard it as an im pertinence if
his sp iritu alistic opponents reto rt with the answ er th a t
“ physics will always be welcomed, when it abandons its
pretension to psychological discovery.” T he physicists
will have to consent to be regarded in a near fu tu re as no
m ore th a n supervisors and analysts of physical results, who
have to leave th e ■spiritual causes to those who believe,
in them . W hatever the issue of the present quarrel, we
fear though th a t spiritualism has made its appearance
a century too late. O ur age is preem inently one of ex­
trem es. Tho earnest and philosophical, yet reverent doub­
ters are few, and the nam e for those who rush to the
opposite extrem e is— Legion. W o arc th e children of
our century. T h an k s to that, sam e law of atavism , it
seems to have inherited from its p arent— th e X V I llth —
th e century of both V oltaire and Jo n a th a n Edw ards—
all its extrem e skepticism ,and, a t th e sam e tim e religious
credulity and bigoted intolerance. Spiritualism is an
abnorm al and p rem ature outgrow th, standing betw een the
tw o ; and, though it stands rig h t on th e high-w ay to
tru th , its ill-defined beliefs m ake it w ander on through
by-paths which lead to an y th in g b u t philosophy. Its
future depends wholly upon th e tim ely help it can receive
from honest scicnce— th a t science which scorns no tru th .
I t was, perhaps, when th in k in g of th e opponents of th e
latter, th a t Alfred de M usset w rote t h e ’following m agni­
ficent ap o stro p h e :— .
“ Sleep'st tliou content. Voltaire ;
Anil th y dread smile hovers it still above
T hy flesliless bones.......................................... I
Thino ago they call too young to u n derstand tliee ;
Thin one *)iould,Nitit tlice b e tte r —
Tliy men are born !
Anil the huge edifice th at, day and night, th y g reat hands
underiniiH'il,
Is f i i l l c n i)]x > n u s ................ ....................
T ill-: R U IN OK IN D IA .
W hile every p atrio t H indu bewails the decadence of his
country, few realize the real cause. It is n eith er in
foreign rule, excessive taxation, nor crude and exhaustive
husbandry, so m uch as in th e destruction of its forests.
T he strip p in g of th e hills and drainage-slopes of th eir
vegetation is a positive crim e against th e nation, and will
decim ate th e population ihore effectually than could the
sword of any foreign conqueror. T his question of forest-
conservancy has been thoroughly studied in W estern coun­
tries u n d e r t he lash of a dire necessity. In spite of the
opposition of ignorant and selfish obstructionists, nation
after nation lias taken the first steps tow ards restoring
the woods and ju n g les which had been ruthlessly e x tir­
pated, before meteorology and chem istry becam e deve­
loped, and polif ical-ecoimmy was raised to th e dignity
of a science. In A m erica, w here our observations have
been chiefly made, th e w anton destruction of forests has
been appalling. W hole districts have been denuded of
large timl>er, through th e agency of fire, m erely to obtain
cleared land for tillage. The [10,000 miles of railw ay and
80,000 of telegraph lines have caused th e denudation
of vast tracts, to procure th e ir supplies of ties and poles.
N o t a m om ent’s th o u g h t was given to th e u lterior con­
sequences, until, recently, the advancem ent of statistical
science rudely awoke A m erican publicists from th e ir care­
less apathy.
W e need only glance a t (lie pages of history to see th a t
the extirpation of forests as surely as n ig h t follows day.
N a tu re has provided the m eans for hum an develop m ent;
and her laws can never bo violated w ithout disaster. A
g rea t native p atrio t wrote us, some m onths ago, “ this poor
nation is slowly dying for lack of food-grams.” This is,
alas! too tru e ; and he who would learn one g re a t secret
 why food-grains fail, poverty increases, w ater courses dry th e proper object of m an ’s life. “ iikayano ayam bhikkave
up, ami fam ine find disease ravage th e land in m any parts, maggo sattAnam visuddhryil sokapariddavanani sam atek-
should read th e com m unication of “ F o rester,” in th is n u m ­ k a m ly a dukkhadom anassanam atthagam iiya, n ay assaad h i-
ber, to give place to which we gladly laid by o th e r m a tte r gam aya, nibbdnassa sachchikiriyaya yadidam cattaro sati-
already in type. O u r love lor our adopted co u n try moves p a tth a n a ’
us to give th is subject of forest-conservancy m uch consi­ SatipatthfU ui is th e ono and only way to holiness of
deration in these colum ns from tim e to tim e. O u r trip being, to destruction of sorrows, pain and sufferings; to the
N orthw ard last A pril, through 2,000 m iles of scorched p ath to nirw ana, and to its a ttain m en t.
fields, through whose quivering a ir th e dazzled eye was H erein are em bodied “ tho four sa tip a tth a n a s (starting
oidy refreshed here and th ere w ith th e sig h t of a green of m em ory) on body, on sensation, on m ind, and on tho
tree, was a m ost painful experience. It required no p o et’s tru e doctrines largely discoursed upon by our Lord, tho
fancy, b u t only th e trained forecast of th e statistician, to om niscient G au tam a B uddha.
see in this treeless, sun-parched waste th e presage of doom, “ Kaiimiam vijjA dliannnrtea”
unless tho necessary steps were a t once ta k e n to aid lavish “ Si la ni jl vita nuiltam am "
N a tu re to reclothe th e m ountain tops w ith vegetation. ■ “ rctuua maccA m ijjlm nti"
“ Na-gottflua dliaueuavA.”
(Men are sanctified by (their) deeds, th e ir learning, th e ir
BUDDHISM AUTHORITATIVELY religious behaviour, th e ir morals, and by leading a holy
DEFINED. lif e : they do not become holy by race or by wealth,)
(To be continued.)
T H E N A T U R E A N D O F F IC E O F B U D D H A ’S I I . S.
Colombo, Ceylon, 20th S ep tem b er 1879,
R E L IG IO N .
B y the li t. Ilcv. I I . S u m u n y a la , H ig h P r ie s t o f A d a m 's
P ea k, a n d P re sid e n t o f W id y o d u y a C o lleg e ; S e n io r [T ranslated from tho Sluhalcso for tho THEOsoFinsT.] *
B u d d h is t M em b er o f the G e n e ra l C o u n c il o f th e T h e o ­ T H E L A W O F T H E L O R D S A K H Y A M U N I.
so p h ic a l Society.
B y th e lie v . M o h o ttiw a ttc (lu n a n a n d e , C h ie f P rie s t o f D i-
W h at m u st a religion chiefly reveal ? A religion as p a d u ttu m u V i ha re, Colom bo, C eylon ; M em b er o f the
such, m ust for th e m ost p a rt propound w h a t is not g en e­ tic n e r u l C o u n cil o f th e T h e o s o p h ic a l S o ciety.
rally seen and felt in th e n a tu re of s e n tie n t beings. I t
U n d erstanding th a t even O riental folk-lore will find a
m ust also proclaim “ th e ways and m eans” by w hich th e
place in your new m agazine, T jiu T iikosoim iist, I purpose
good of th e world is attain ed . T hese teachinyx are essen­
to send you for publication from tim e to tim e “ E xtracts
tial to a religion or it would, a t bc9t becom e only a system
from the P ali B uddhistical S criptures of Ceylon," pro­
of philosophy or a science of nature. W e find these two
pounding the popular B uddhism of my countrym en th e
essentials fully treated in tho religion of B uddha.
Sinhalese, the N atives proper of Sri Lainka, My first
B uddha says
selections are from tho “ S addham m a Sam gaho.” I t is a
“ Tunhuyu uddito 16k6”
“ Jarfiya pari vArito” book very generally read in Ceylon, b u t it has never been
“ Maceuuft pibilo loko” translated into any European language. T he Book trea ts
“ Dnkkho loko p a tittliito ” in detail, and in regular order on T h irty Theses of B u d ­
The world has m ounted on th e passions and is su sp end­ dhism, each of which is a grand division in th e exoteric
ed therefrom (tho th o u g h ts of m en a re h an g in g down creed of the land : and, the denom inations of th e three and
from th e lusts and o th e r evils). T ho whole world is e n ­ th irty several subjects are em bodied in the following yitth a s:
compassed by d e c a y : and, D eath overw helm s us all. (Con­ 1 " L okuppatti k a th i ccva, ,c “ Dcvalokaasa, g.unano
sum ption and decay ever slowly b u t steadily creep iu and ■»-“ Atlio Hjitta kathil pH‘a, ' “ KatliAbhidliainma-ko KatliA,
3 “ Bodlii.satta katliAcapi, “ liodliipakkhika dhaimnAuam,
eat into each and every th in g in existence, and it is here *-•“ AbliisainbodliiyA katlia, “ K atluitha ditthiyA kathil,
likened to som ething like land encircled by sea). N a tu re v “ Dliaiiinia cakkappavatttca, *• Saraunganianatn ceva,
has subjected us to birth, decay, and death, and th e deeds 6 ‘- SiivakAunm katlia puna, “ O a lia tth a vinayam tatlia,
of our past lives are covered by th e terrors of d eath from 1“ K atlia viuaya dhammoca, “ K am m ablieda kathaceva,
our view, alth o u g h th e tim e of th e ir action is not far re ­ i LakauAllioim deniU', “ DAua stla katlillpica,
o “ Acclinnya katlia cAtlm,“ Sa^guisiya kathacai>i,
moved from our p resent s t a te 'o f existence. H ence it is ‘J ‘ Biiddluuli rataim Uaye, *• KAinAdiuAvaka katha,
th at wo do n o t view th e scenes of our post b irth s. H u m an *' '' liliavaiia rannanAcuva, “ I*ainkadtpaiisa sninbuddba,
life before it arrives a t its final destiny, is ever inseparable B raluna-loka katliA puna, “ M unim la silinmo tatha,
from Jilti, Jartl, M anilla, etc. (birth, infirm ities, death, &c.). T anliakkliaya katliA cApi, “ Mabimla yatinomassA,
, Parinil)l)AiiakA katliA, “ (iam aiiassa kathApana,
As wo are a t present, we are in sorrow, pain &e., and we - “ T atlia dliAtuvibibliAgns.sa,“ Mutt^yyii loka-nAtliasso,
have not yet obtained th e h ighest object of our being.* , Utlanuuuia niahusiiio, “ l)ayaH.sa dlpanA katlia,
I t behoves us therefore th a t we ex ert ourselves every tim e , K atlia KiiipyitiyAa'ipi, “ KatliA pakiunakacapi,
and by all m eans to attain to our s u m m u m u ltim u m , and . “ SAsanavnmsaka katlia, “ Tiinsatottlia bhavo kmiuA,”
c • • ’
we have to use and practise “ th e ways and m eans” reveal­ (1) T he Discourse on th e b irth (coming into being) of
ed in religion in earnestness and in teg rity . A nd w hat are th e W orld, (2) on C reatures, (3) on B odhisatva (B uddha
they as set, forth in B uddhism ? prior to his a tta in in g to Buddhahood), (4) on B uddha’s
“ SabbndA bll;i sampaimo" atta in in g to Buddhahood, (5) cm th e P reaching of his
“ PaniiavA mmainAliito” W heel of D harm a or Law, (li) on his Disciples, (7) on
“ Araddlia viriyo p ah itatto ”
“ Ogham taratl duttaram” Viuaya or Cerem onial Law, (8 ) on th e S u blim ity of the
T hree Gems, (9) on th e C elestial W orlds, ( 10) on A bhidliam -
(The m an who is ever fully in th e observance of th e m a or tho T ranscendental D octrines, ( 11) on the peculiar
precepts of m orality, who secs and u n d erstan d s th in g s well Dogmas of B uddhism , ( 12) on False Creeds, (13) on th e
and truly, who has perfect and serene com m and over his
tak in g of Refuge, (14) on L ay-V iuaya or Precepts reg u ­
thoughts, who has his ever contin u in g exertions already
lating th e conduct of Laym en, (15) on th e D estiny of m en,
in operation, and who has his m ind fixed well in proper (1G) on Alms, (17) on R eligious Life, (18) on H eaven, (19)
contemplation, I say, th a t such a m an alone will safely on Hell, (20) on Passions &c., (21) on M editation, (22) on
pass over th e dreadful to rre n t of m etem psychosis w hich B rahm a-W orlds, (23) on N irvana, (24) on P « n '-N irv a n a ,
is hartl to be gone over safely and w ith o u t m eetin g w ith (25) on Relics, (20) on (C ollation and) R ecitation of
great obstacles and difficulties.) D ham m a or Buddhtis Teachings, (27) on th e Im p o rta tio n
And, again, here is an o th er description of a tta in in g to of th e Religion into Ceylon, (28) on tho Prom ulgation of

•Tfcia ia tho explanation wo placo boforo boHovoni of a crontor who ask

th e D ispensation, (29) on M aittri B uddha, and (30) o u tlie
why a man cuiiuot rcmcin bor tho actions of any of liis fo rm er births. Miscellaneous Discourses,
 I t is necessary, T believe, to set forth, in lim ine, th e a u ­
th o rity for th e statem en ts oontnined in th e book I have
chosen from which to e x tract selections. R elative to the
genuineness anil orthodoxy of th e doctrines explained in
“ th e Saddham m a Sam gaho,” th e a u th o r sa y s:—
A tho lokaliitaltliaya, (ijilictwatnmlii siijana
ITildharitwa t.-itu into, U gganliatlia liitesino,
Pali A ttlia katliailtsu, Sam attiin*atim o illianimsl,
Siiraiiiiulay.i xuilhukam, L okii|i|m lti katlia<layo
Sadilliiuiima Samgalia'imlani, Saililliamm a Saingahe’inasmiui,
Kariwtama yatha bnlnm .Susmmna Kiiuigaliain gata
“ And lor th e good of the world, having carefully selec­
ted (sadlm kani udilharitva) th e im p o rtan t (saram ) teach­
ings found scattered “ up and down ” in (tato tato) in the
[volum inous] Pali A tth ak ath as &c., we now [shall] com­
pile " th e Saddham m a Sam gaho ”— () good m en ! Ye,
therefore, who strive to be good (hitesino sujana) learn
these T h irty D issertations, beginning w ith th e account of
“ T he com ing into being of th e W orld &■(;.” They are
well contained in tlii.s " Sadi Ilia in mft, Saiugaho.”
T he above declares that, th e a u th o r of th e D h a m m a
T reatise has tak en th e accounts contained in bis W ork
from th e Pali A tth ak ath as ; and, n o tw ith stan d in g au g h t
said to th e contrary by M issionaries and o th e r biassed
opinionatists of these tim es, th e A tth a k a th a s (com m en­
taries) have ever been held as m ost sacred by, a t least, the
generality of B uddhists of Ceylon, B urm ah and Siam.
T hey are received as equally infallible as th e T rip ita k a
V o lu m es; and, holy inspiration is u n grudgingly a ttrib u ­
ted to th e ir ra h a t authors.
T here is no d o u b t th a t exoteric B uddhism has them
all as " gospel t r u t h a n d th e generally prevailing reli­
gion in Ceylon is all made up of th e ir teachings as well
as of th e P ita k a volumes.
M. (1.
A llY A 1’ I >A K A S I I .
[Continued from tlio last m onth. |
Y<)(! A VIDYA.
Ih j F. T. S.
T he Siddhis of K rish n a may be th u s defined:
1. A v i m d — th e power to atom ize " tlio b o d y ;” to
m ake it become sm allest of tin; sm allest.
2. M ah'tm d— th e power to m agnify one’s body to any
dim ensions.
3. L a g liin u i— th e j>ower to becom e lig h te st of the
lig h test.
These three, th e com m entator says, relate to “ th e body; ”
b u t he does not enlighten us as to w h eth er th e o u ter or
in ner— th e physical or astral— body is m eant. T urning
to Bhoja R aja’s com m entary on P atan jali (O oviuda D cva
S astri’s translation, in P a n d it, Vol. V. p. *20G), we find
Anim u explained as “ M inuteness— a tta in m e n t of an ato ­
mic form ,or th e power of becom ing jus m in u te as an atom ;
[by this power th e ascetic can e n te r into a diam ond, etc.]”
G arim d — is th e obtaining of control over th e attraction
of gravitation, so th a t one’s body m ay a tta in such great
heaviness as to weigh tons if one chooses ; or acquire such
levity os to be like a (lake of cotton in lightness.
L e t th e reader observe th a t here are two Siddhis (anim d
.and m u h im d ) ; which can only refer to conditions of
th e astral body, and a third which m ay be applicable to
e ith e r tho astral or physical body of th e ascetic. W hen­
ever we have such instances com ing u n d er notice our first
th o u g h t m u st be th a t them is no stick thing possi'Me as
a m ira cle ; w hatever h a p p en s does so in strict com pliance
with n a tu ra l larv. F o r instance ; know ing w hat \vc do
of th e composition and stru c tu re of a m an's body,— a
mass of bioplastic m att er— it is u n th in k a b le th a t he should
m ake it small enough to e n te r into an atom or a dia-
m ond-grain. So, also, th a t he should illim itably swell
i t o u t and stretch it, so as to " occupy as m uch space
as he likes. ” A living ad u lt m an cannot be com press­
ed into a speck. B u t as to tb e in n er body, or soul,
th e case is different. By 's o u l ’ we mean, in this ins’
tance, the plastic, ethereal inner-self, th a t which corn'V
ponds to th e W estern idea of a “ double,”* and, in the
an cien t Indian philosophy is known as th e —
m d y u v i-r u jm — (illusionary form), and as —K dm a-
ru jxi— (W li.i,-lbrm ). These arc indentical, for the double
exists in its la te n t sta te in every living being, as it is
th e exact ethereal countci|>art of the o u ter body. The
difference in nam e but indicates the different circum stan­
ces u n d er which it is at tim es made to become objective—
th a t is visible. In th e case of mediums, or when, as a
resu lt and th e unconcious effect of an intense desire which
a ttra c ts a person’s thoughts to a certain place, or prom pts
him to a certain action, it thus oozes out of its envelope
of flesh, it th en is called M ai/avi-rupa (illusionary form).
I t m ade itself visible because compelled to it by the
law of intor-m ngnetic action, which, when left to itself,
acts blindly. B ut when it is projected by the trained
will of an adept, n Yogi, who directs it, at, his own con­
venience, then it is designated a.s K d vid -rttp tt,— Wll,l,-
form, or Desire-form ; i. e. so to say, created, or called
forth into objective shape, by the will, and a t th e desire
of its possessor.
T his " dual-soul,’’ must, not be confounded w ith either
Jiv d tm a (the vital principle resident in in ert m atter), or,
the L tn tj-S ttrir. T his last, nam ed is the subtile, ethereal
elem ents of th e ego of an organism ; inseparately united to
th e coarser elem ents of the l a t t e r ; it never leaves it but
a t death. W hile its functionary principle— th e L in g a -
Deha— is th e executive agent, through . which it works ;
th e objective form ation of K d im d -n tjx: being performed
by the power of Yoga-balht.
T his “ d uni soul” possesses properties peculiar to itself,
and as distinctly its own :is those of the physical body are
peculiar to it. A m ong these properties are com pressibi­
lity, th e power of passing through th e most solid sub­
stances, infinite expansibility, nnd m any more th a t m ight
be enum erated. T hese are not idle words, b u t facts d e­
rived from the experiences of m any Yogis, adepts, ascetics,
mystics, m edium s, etc. of many different classes, tim es and
countries. We may think, therefore, of the capacity of
th e K d m 't-rttp a to become a m ere speck or enlarge itself
to enorm ous dim ensions; en terin g a grain of diamond
dust, and the next m om ent filling every pore of the entire
g lo b e: for th o u g h t is unparticled and illim itably elastic.
And, we could apprehend how, when once in the grain
or in th e globe, our trained thought can act there as if it
were our own whole self. So, too, we may conceive of th e as-
tral-body— or kdmd-rujM t, which, although m aterial as com­
pared w ith pure spirit, is y et im m aterial in comparison
w ith th e dense physical body— having like properties, and
th u s come to an understanding of th e esoteric (secret)
m eaning of A n in id and M a h im d .
W hole libraries have been w ritten to define w hat
soul is, and y et for our practical purpose, it will suffice to
sum u p th e definition in a word : m an ’s soul is th e aggre­
gate of all th e above given subdivisions. T his “ s e lf”
through the L inga-D elta is ever conscious d u rin g the sleep
of th e body, and transfers the sense of this inn er con­
sciousness into th e w aking brain ; so th a t the Yogi may,
a t will, be inform ed of w hat is transpiring in th e outer
world, through his physical organs, or in th e in ner world,
through his soul ]>ercept,ions. W hile average m ortals
m aintain th e ir perceptions only during th e day, th e ini­
tiated Yogi has an equally real, undim m ed, and perfect
appreciation of his individual existence a t night, even
while his body sleeps. H e can go even f u r th e r : he can
voluntarily paralyze his vital functions so th a t his body
shall lie like a corpse, th e h e a rt still, the lungs collaps­
ed, anim al h e at transferred to the interior su rfa c e s; the
vital m achine stopped, as it were, like a clock which
waits only th e key th a t rewinds it, to resum e its beating.
W h a t n a tu re does for tho scores of hybernating quadru-
* T h e double which appear* umlor two a*pccts a t tim es a s—a dull non*
in tellig en t form or ainnm to ntntuc, nt o th er time* ns an intelligen t entity.
More th an any one olso, th e npirUunlinta ought to l>o awi.ro of tho tlifTcrencc.
 peds, rep tiles and insects, u n d er tlie spontaneous action centre. B u t if we double th e intensity of th a t a ttra c ­
of h er established laws, th e Yogi effects for his physical tion we becom e twice as heavy as we were before ; if we
body by long practice, and th e inten se concentration of quadruple it, four tim es iis heavy ; centiple it, one h u n ­
an u n d a u n te d ill. And w hat he can do for him self the dred tim es as heavy. In short, by a m ere alteration of
m agnotizer can do for Ins catalep tic s u b je c t; whose body our polarity we would be giving our flesh th e w eight of
in tho sta te of ecstasis, th e h ig h e st in th e range of an equal bulk of stone, iron, lead, m ercury, etc. A nd the
m esm eric phenom ena, presents all th e physical ap p ear­ Yogi has th is secret, or Siddhi, also.
ances' of death, including even rigor m o r tis ; w hile th e M any H indus who adm it th a t th eir sacred books contain
active vitality of th e soul is shown in th e descriptions accounts of th e phenom ena of levitation, th a t is, of walking
given by th e ecstatic eith er of d ista n t events on the or floating in the a ir— affirm th a t th e power has been lost,
earth, or th e scenes in which he is ta k in g p a rt in th e world and th a t th ere are none living who can exhibit it, or even
of the invisible. T bo records of a thousand such cases, oc­ th e appearance of it, save through the help of jugglery.
curring in every p a rt of the world, com bine to show (a) th a t T his false conclusion is assisted by the tendency of W estern
the soul lias th e capacity of a conscious ex istence sepa­ education, which b u t reflects th e m aterialism of modern
rate from th e body ; (b) th a t it is lim ited by n e ith e r tim e experim ental science— so m isnam ed, for it is b u t partly
nor space, it being able to visit and re tu rn in an in stan t experim ental and proponderatingly inferential guess-work.
from the farth est localities, and to reach such— th e tops F o rg ettin g th a t th e law of gravitation is after all, b u t an
of m ountains, for instance, or th e centres of deserts, or the incom plete hypothesis which holds its ground for th e ’want
bottom s of rivers or lakes, as th e w aking m an could eith er of a b e tte r one,— our young men say th a t science has
not exist in or could only visit w ith th e m ost tedious defined th e laws of gravity, hence levitation is an ab su r­
exertions and th e g re a te st p re c a u tio n s; (c) th a t it can dity, and our old books teach nonsense. T his would bo
p en etrate closed rooms, rocky walls, iron chests, or glass sufficient if th e prem iss were not false. Science has
coses, and see and handle w hat is w ithin. All these, if b u t noted th e more fam iliar phenom ena of gravity, and
it were particled and unyielding, like th e physical body, knows nothing w hatever of its nature, or its variabjo
would bo im possibilities ; and so, seing w h at o u r m odern m anifestations u n der tint im pulse of th e undiscovered
experience has ta u g h t us, we can readily com prehend Pa- prim al force. Op»sii any book on any branch of physical
tanjali’s m eaning and avoid th e absurd conclusions which science, aud th e author, if he have any professional re­
some of his m aterialistic and inexperienced com m enta­ putation to lose, will be detected in th e confession of his
tors have reached. “ H u nd red s of tim es ” says Professor ignorance of th e u ltim a te cause of natu ral phenom ena.
D enton, “ have I had th e evidence th a t th e sp irit (m ean­ Superficial readers will be deceived by g litte rin g g en e r­
ing ‘ soul 1— th e two words are m ost u n h ap p ily and we alizations from p artially proved data, b u t the th o u g h t­
fear inextricably confounded— Ed.) can sm ell, hear, and ful stu d en t will ever find the em pty void a t th e bottom .
see, and has powers of locomotion.” Cicero calls th e soul H uxley sum s it all up in the self-condem natory sentence,
sp iritu s (a breathing), iis also does V irgil, aud both re ­ “ w e ”— th a t is W2 scientists, we men who talk so glibly
gard it as a su b tile m a tte r which m ig h t be term ed eith er about ancient superstition and ignorance, and would im ­
aiii‘ii (a breeze), or ig n is (fire), or ivther. So th a t here press Indian y o uth w ith the notion th a t we are the very
again we are xssisted to th e conception th a t A n im a a p ­ H igh Priests of nature, th e only com petent instructors
plies only to a certain portion of th e sold— (paucM ) and of her m ysteries, th e key to which we all carry in our
not to th e hotly. And, we th u s find th a t th is Siddhi is vest pockets— “ we know nothing about th e com position
entirely possible for one who has le a rn t th e m anifold fa­ of any body w hatever, as it is.”
culties of th e in n e r man, aud knows how to apply and P u t supposing th a t not one w itness could be found
utilize th e manifold functions of jiv a tm a , lin g -sa rir, and in all our In dia to-day to prove the fact of levitation, would
the m dydua anti kdiua-rnpa. Plutarch m akes p retty n ear­ we have to let th e case go by d e fa u lt? By no m ean s;
ly the same division of the functions of th e “ Soul." T he for, to say nothing of th e unbroken chain of lay testim ony
ling-sarir lie c a lls . pxuchti (physical en tity ), and teaches th a t stretches from the earliest historic period to our times,
th a t it never leaves th e body b u t a t d eath ; m d yd u a and we can tak e th a t of em in en t W estern physicians who have
kdinn-rupa answ er to his dtem on, o r spiritual-double, one witnessed such levitations in the cases of patien ts atllic-
half of which is irra tio n a l and called by him eidolon, and ted with certain nervous dise:ises ;— Professor Perty, of
the o th er r a tio n a l and usually term ed “ blessed god.” Geneva, and Dr. K erner, of W urtem berg, am ong others.
P ut, w hile th e physical body m ay n o t bo atom ized or I f a phenom enon of such a n ature takes place in a dis­
magnified inim itably, its weight m a y be v o lu n ta r ily changed eased body, w ithout being regarded as a violation of the
without tra n sc e n d in g n a tu r a l law in the slightest degree. “ laws of natu re,” why should it not occur— provided the
Hundreds, if not thousands, are living in In d ia to-day same conditions i.e. a reversed polarity, are furnished it
who have seen ascetics, while in th e sta te of dhfirand, — in a body free from disease > T his testim ony of science
rise from th e ground and sit or float in th e a ir w ith o u t th e secured, we need not hesitate to cull from contem porane­
slightest support. W e d oubt if a phenom enon seen by so ous records th e m ass of available proof th a t the bodies
many reputab le persons will be seriously denied. A d m it­ of living m en can be, and are, floated through the air.
ting, then, th a t th is levitation does happen, how shall we W ho shall deny it ? Science ? No, for we have seen t hat
explain it ? T h a t hiis already been done in “Isis U nveiled,” it is attested by some of the most em inent scientific men
where tho au th o r shows th a t by sim ply changing th e polarity of our day ; and to these we may add Lord Lindsay, P re ­
of his body, so as to m ake th e la tte r sim ilarly electrified to sident of th e Royal Ast ronomical Society, and one of the
the spot of ground upon which he stands, th e ascetic can Council of the lloyal Society itself. One witness of his
cause him self to rise perpendicularly into th e air. T h is is stam p is enough, and he is on record (Loudon Dialec.
no miracle, b u t a very sim ple alYair of m agnetic polarity. Soc. “ R eport,’' p. 21.')) as saying th a t lie had seen a
The only m ystery is as to th e m eans by which these changes certain m edium , not only lloat through the air of a draw ­
of polarity m ay be effected. T his secret th o Yogi learns, ing-room, b u t carry w ith him the chair upon which he
and P atanjali’s nam e for th e Siddhi is G arim u, which in ­ had been sitting, and w ith it “ pushing the pictures out
cludes L a g h im d . I t follows, of course, th a t he who knows of th e ir places as he passed along the walls.” They were
how to polarize his body so as to cause him self to be far beyond th e reach of a person standing ou the ground.
“ light as a Hake of cotto n ” and rise into th e air, has only Ami he adds th e highly im p o rtan t fact, “ The lig h t was
to reverse th e process to m ake his body ab norm ally heavy. sufficient to enable m e to see clearly.” T his sam e m e­
We stick to th e surface of th e earth because o u r bodies dium he saw floated horizontally out of th e window in
are of an opposite polarity to th e ground on which we stand. one room of a house, in V ictoria S treet, London, and iu
Science explains th a t we are attracted tow ards th e cen tre again a t the window of th e adjoining room. " I saw him ,”
of the earth by gravity, and o u r w eight is th e m easure says Lord Lindsay, “ outside th e o ther window (th a t in
of the combined attractio n of all th e p articlcs of our the next room) floating in the air. I t was eighty-five
physical body tow ards tho central poin t a t th e e a rth ’s fe e t fr o m the gro u n d . T here was no balcony along the
 windows, * * * 1 have no theory to explain these things. H IN T S TO T H E S T U D E N T S O F Y O G A V ID Y A
I have trie d to find out how th ey .ire done, b u t th e more
lly Lallct R ultun Chttnd.
I studied them , the more satislied was I th a t they could
n o t be explained by m echanical trick. I have had the T he stu d e n t should realize th a t in order to render one’s
fullest opportunity for investigation.” W hen such a man self w orthy of an admission into tho sanctuary of Yoga, a
gives such testim ony, we m ay well lend an a tte n tiv e ear thorough regeneration of t he m ind is th e essential condition
to th e corroborative evidence which has accum ulated at imposed upon him . In teg rity of purpose and p u rity of in­
different epochs and in m any countries. tention lie has rigidly to observe in bis desires and actions
T he case of th e levitated ' m edium ’ of th e m odern sp i­ th ro u g h o u t life, and no sensual appetites or cravings of tho
ritualist, affords us an exam ple of a phase of L a y h im a of flesh can he be allowed to cherish in his bosom. In short,
which no m ention is m ade in t-lio portion of tho S h rim a d to keep his passions and anim al propensities in e n tire su b ­
B h a y a ra ta u n d er consideration, b u t m ay he found in jection, is the vow he has to m ake a t the very threshold of
m any o th e r m anuscripts. W e have seen th a t a Yogi th e sacred science of Yoga.
m ay reverse his corporeal polarity a t pleasure, to m ake E ver successful to abide by this vow arc they who have
him self lig h t as a cotton flake or heavy as lead : and th a t a determ ined w ill to do so: b u t it m ust be clearly un d er­
he acquires this Siddhi by long self-discipline, and th e sub­ stood th a t a violation of th is vow, 011 th e p art of the stu ­
o rdination of the general law of m a tte r to th e focalized d en t of Yoga Viilya, however advanced, will lower him in
pow er of spirit. It has also been affirmed th a t th e c a ta ­ his developm ent as much, a t least, as a decimal point lowers
leptic sim ilitude to death, which in 1mlia is called S a m a d h i, in value th e integer before which it is placed.
m ay be produced in the m esm erised, or m agnetized, subject T he sanctification of th e mind, to such an e x te n t th a t
by the m agnetizer. W e have th e rep o rt of th e late W illiam evil em otions and feelings may never be able to m ake th eir
Gregory, Professor of ( ,'hemistry in K dinburgh University, way into it, is m ost assuredly secured by a perfect con­
( A n i m a l M ayu ctism ; or M esm erism c u d its Phenom ena, centration of th e m ind 011 one single object; and th e proper
pp. 1o-l-, lf>">) of one of m any ex perim ents, a t his own house, object for th is purpose is( 3q,[) OM, which my im perfect know ­
by Mr. Lewis, a famous negro m esm erize)- : ledge of f lic E nglish language, or rather, perhaps, its own
“ Ciiso 5.— Mr. J . II., ii younj; anil heallhly m an, coulil lio ren­ poverty, constrains m e to tran slate .os th e “ Infinite One.”
dered iiiMtjmtly nnd com pletely cataleptic by a "lance, or a Hinkle I t is tru e th a t th e concentration of th e m ind upon one
pana. lie could be li.xed in any position, however inconvenient, nnd
would rem ain ten or fifteen m inutes in such a posture, th a t no man single object, and especially such object as th e ( afj) OM
in a n atu ral state could have endured it for h alf a m inute. * * * — D eity, is a difficult task ; but 110 difficulty however great,
W hen Mr. L. stood ou a chair and tried to draw M r. If., w ithout depend upon it, can stand in th e way of a re a lly deter­
contact, from the "round, ho gradually rose 011 tiptoe, making the m in e d m an. ■
most violent efforts to rise, till ho was li.icd by cataleptic rigidity
Mr. Lewis said that, had ho been still more elevated above Mr. If., Again, to a beginner, th is scicnce appears dry and u n a t­
ho could have raised him from tho lloor w ithout contact, and held tractive, and one th a t involves tho loss of tim e, app aren tly
him th u s suspended for a sh o rt time, while somo spectator should to 110 purpose ; b u t a few m onths’ practice of its principles
p.iss his hand under tho feet. A lthough th is was not done iu my is sure to secure to its devotee a com fort and bliss which
presence, yet the attraction upwards mis so strong that I see no reason
to doubt the statement made to me by Mr, /.firi'i, and by others who lie could not have obtained in years, from any o th er source.
sate it, that this experiment has been successfully performed. What­ Sidhis, i.e. psychic powers, which are certain to attend
ever be the influence which nets, it would seem capable, when very more or less every Yogi, should never be m oving cause to
intense, of overpowering the law of gravity." induce one to pursue this science ; for desires o th er than
L e t us first clearly com prehend th e m eaning of the th a t one of realizing OM in th e soul, are to be abandoned
word gravity, and then th e infer.-nce of Professor G reg­ a t tho outset.
ory will not seem so extravagant after all. In this A ttac h m en t to th e world and its pleasures, should ndver
pluuse of Latjhim ii, observe th a t th e changed polarity of be stronger, on th e p a rt of th e Yogi than th e attach m en t
tin; hum an body is effected by th e m agnet iser’s will. We which a traveller, bound homeward, has for an inn in
have, theicfore, one class of cases w here th e effect is sclf- which lie lia.s to stop for a fleeting night.
jtroduced by th e conscious will of th e Yogi ; an o th er whore Such tire the sacrifices ir/iich arc to be made by ever//
it occurs involuntarily in the su b ject as th e resu lt of an student o f this spir itual science; and none need attempt to
outside will directed upon him. T h e th ird class is illus­ approach it who are loth to nhtcrvc these terms. Namasti.
trated in th e exam ple of th e floating m edium which Lord Lahore, P u n ja b , Ocf. 1'Mh 1879. •
Lindsay attests. H ere th e mthrobat,— as air-w alkers were
called by th e G reeks— n eith er practices Y oga Viilya, nor is [W ritte n e x p re ss ly fo r th o T iik o b o n h p t .]
visibly depolarized by a living m agnetiser, and y e t his body H I N D U M U SIC .
also rises from th e earth, light as a cotton-flake or th istle ­
down. If th is happens, w here is th e c a u s e ; for cause B y B u lw a n t T rim b itk , H on. Sec. o f the P o o n a
thero m ust be, since m iracle is an im possibility ? Modern “ G dyan S a m a j."
S p iritualists as we are inform ed vaguely ascribe th e fact
W e wish to give our readers some idea of H in d u Music,
to the agency of th e disem bodied spirits of th e ir do;ul which is a p la n t of an cien t grow th, having beau ties of its
friends, b u t have given no sufficient explanation of the
own. . I t will require some tim e before a stran g er can
m ethod employed. One of th e ir m ost in tellig en t w riters
qualify him self to appreciate its m erits. T h a t it was d e­
— Miss Blackwell, who won th e gold m edal of th e B ritish
veloped into a sciencc ad m its of 110 question, as th e sequel
N.A.S. for her essay 011 S p iritu alism — a ttrib u te s it to " je ts
will prove. H indus, as a fact, do find beauties in , it, and
or curren ts of m agneto-vital force,” which sounds vaguely
they avail them selves of every opportunity for enjoying
scientific, to say th e least. To follow o u t th is branch of
this sort of am usem ent. T here arc various reasons why
th e subject would cause too wide a digression for our pre­
foreigners do n o t ta k e equal in terest in cu ltiv atin g it, of
sent purpose. Suffice it th a t th e m ed iu m ’s body is
which we will e n u m erate a few.
depolarized, or differently polarized, by some force external
1. N o standard work 011 the subject has as y e t been
to him, which we have 110 w arran t for ascribing to th e
presented to th e public in any of th e c u rre n t languages.
voluntary action of living spectators.
T here are several in S anskrit, it is true, b u t th a t is a .
A n other branch of this g re a t su b ject of L aghim a is re ­
language difficult to learn, and now,- unfortunately, alm ost
served for our n e x t article. T h e m ore it is studied, the
dead. ; . .
more cum ulative is th e proof th a t P a tm ja li was a m aster
2. T ho second reason is th a t th e notation for reducing
of Psychology.
m usic to w riting as given by ancient w riters on ,,H in d u
(To be continued.) Music is not generally known. •
U. T he th ird reason is th a t strangers pass a very hasty
In 1272, A.I)., 280 .Jews were executed for clipping the ju d g m e n t upon its m erits. T hey do not m ake th e best of,-,>
cu rre n t coin of th e realm. th e m any op p o rtu n ities th a t are presented to them whil<;:.
living in India. T h e y disdain to a tte n d singing and nautch science ; w ithout being charged w ith p artiality we th in k
parties a t th e houses of gentlem en, and declaim against we can cred it th e an cien t Ary&s w ith a great deal of both.
them as im m oral ; an d when they re tu rn to th e ir native Close observation of the h ab its of the m em bers of the
countries try to h id e th e ir ignorance by passing all m an ­ anim al kingdom m u st have shown them th a t a growl and
ner of bad r e m a r k s ; holding, tho while, th e jig s of such a shriek w ere respectively th e two sounds betw een which
low-caste people as are usually th e ir a tte n d a n ts, as types of all others m u st f a ll; and lo ! how ap tly th ey have illus­
H in d u Music. . trated them . In order th a t th e ir children m ig h t accustom
4. W e know of m any persons who can distin g u ish anthem selves to these high, low, mid m iddle sounds, th ey
individual and y e t cannot identify him in his photograph. advised them to rep eat 0) th e ir lessons in tho m orning
T his is due to th e ir w ant of fam iliarity w ith th e effects of in th e low note, which proceeds from the chest and resem ­
light and shade, on th e vision ; th e sam e is em phatically bles the growl of a tig e r; in tho afternoon in th e m id-tone,
true of any system of music. T h e E nglish, F rench, G er­ which proceeds from the th ro a t and resem bles th e cries of
man, and Ita lia n system s of m usic are d istin c t from one the Cltakra or round bird ; and a t nil other tim es in a high
another, having been separately develo p ed ; y e t each has tone, which proceeds from th e head and resem bles the
charm s peculiar to itself, and each school has its adm irers cries of a peacock and others of its kind.
and panegyrists who find it th e best of all rep resen tativ es They have divided sound into three classes— M a n d ril
of tru e harm onic science. C ultivation and ta ste are th e p rim ­ (lowr), M a d h y a (th ro at voice), and T a r (high). These go
ary perquisites for m usical criticism , and unless a man also by th e nam es (-) of U dutta, A n u d d tU i, and S w a rita ,
spend some years on any given system of m usic he will respectively. T hey say th a t in U dutta are recognized the
not come to realize its b eau ties and ap preciate its m erits. notes N i and Ga, corresponding to the E nglish notes E
I f an Englishm an, a Frenchm an, and an Italian sit in ju d g ­ and 15; th a t in A n u d atta arc recognized th e notes lli and
m ent upon th e m erits of our In d ia n Music, each will try Dha, or D and A ; and in the S w arita Sii, Mr, and Pa, or
to find som ething in it which he is accustom ed to and which C, F and G. *
he has from childhood le a rn t to look upon as th e best. It is w orthy of rem ark th a t E and B arc semi tones, D
N e ith e r of th em is used to th e softening influence of H in ­ and A are m inor tones, and C, F and O are m ajor tones.
du melody, and therefore each cries it down w ith a sep arate How nice m u st have been th e ir sense of hearing ! f
phrase. To expect therefore th a t H in d u Music will N a tu re is never stingy or cruel to her children, when
stand th e te st of every connoisseur whose e a r is accustom ­ they serve her earnestly. Tho sam e craving after know ­
ed to a different developm ent, is to forget tho theory of the ledge and spirit of p atien t enquiry which discovered to the
formation of ideas. A gain, if H indu Music had been a A njds th a t th e high, low, and m iddle notes had typical
growth of m odern tim es, containing all th e several charm s representatives in the anim al kingdom ; th e sam e m usical
of different m usical systems, it would p erh ap s liavo a n ­ ear which showed them th e sounds proper for repeating
swered th e expectations of these conn o isseu rs; b u t upon the the lessons in th e m orning, noon, and a t o th er tim es,— d is­
testim ony of w orks of g re a t a n tiq u ity lying around us closed to them th a t th e anim als produce certain notes,
(some 4000 to 8000 years old), we can safely nllirm th a t and no more. T hey <3> found th a t the peacock, ox, goat,
H indu M usic was developed into a system in very an cient crane, black-bird, frog, and elephant, uttered certain distinct
tim es; in tim es of which we have no g en u in e records; in notes, and th a t all th e notes of the denizens of the forest
tim es when all o th er nations of th e world w ere stru g g ling could he p u t down un d er one or o ther of these 7 heads. In
with th e elem ents for ex isten ce; in tim es when H in d u this way were th e 7 musical notes found and fixed upon.
R ish is were enjoying th e fru its o f civilization, anil occupy­ They also fixed m easures of tim e th u s (*>:— T he mangoose
ing them selves w ith th e contem plation of tho m ighty pow­ uttered .I m easure, the chdssbird cried in I m easure, the
ers of th e etern al Brahm a. crow in the double m easure, and th e peacock shrieked in
W e will therefore p resen t our readers w ith a bird's-eye thi) treble.
view of H in d u Music, leaving to them selves th e task of Thus, while the A n /d s w ere teaching th e ir children n e­
cultivating th e ir c a r; for w hile we can describe to a cessary lessons, they were im parting to them a sort of
person th e oxternal appearance of an orange, its colour, musical instruction and preparing th eir voices for it. T he
its odour, and nam e to him, its order in th e vegetable transcendental charm s o f m usic can not have fallen flat upon
kingdom, no words can convey to him an a d eq u ate idea of th e ir appreciative sense o f hearing, and th ey m u st have
its ta s te ; and so is it w ith respect to H indu Music. T hough set a p a rt a n um ber o f verses to lie snug, and th u s m ust
we m ake you m asters of its theory, nam e to you th e dif­ have sprung the Siiina Veda— a Veda which is recognized
ferent T u n a s and M urchhands, th e G ra m a s an d lh iy a s, by all to be very old and designed lor sin g in g ; a Veda
we cannot convey to you any idea of R a ld i or th e power ou t o! which verses are even to th is day sung m ost h a r­
of affecting th e heart, th e end of any m usical .system ; it m oniously by th e I ’di/atri, a priest who perform s the
must be tasted by th e ear. singing service a t th e tim e o f Vadiiya (Sacrifice).
S ound. • T he recognition of these 7 notcfi as all the alphabets of
Sound m ost n atu rally forms th e sta rtin g p o in t of a dis­
11 > w t : tfc m
sertation on music. T h e theory of sound as given in
Shihsha is as follows O :—• h | m rj m i
“ T he soul com prehends by m eans of its faculty of know ­ | fsT c fw ff |
ledge w hat is w anted, and, desirous of speaking out, " * ff a r r
enjoins th e m ind. T h e m ind upon th is excites the bodily
<2 > * '7 0 O T : | 3 ^ R iM lC I
heat, and th is h eat p u ts th e wind in m otion ; th is wind
moving in th e cavity of th e chest, produces a sound which
is recognized as M andra, or chest voice.” • “ Tho nj'i'rcjm to bound of N atu re, ns heard in tho roar of a ilistaiit clly.
or tho waving folinyo of a largo fore>t, is said to ho a single detiuito tone, of
In this theory which is very old, as th e work from which appreciable pitch. T his tone is h«M to bo tho m iddle V of ihc piau o fo rt'j,
it is extracted will show, we m ay recognize th e crude ex ­ which may, therefore, bo cointidcrcd tho key Dole of nnturc.” *-(/'»iiia'j/lts >\f
Phy&i’S), by IVof, D. Sillinmu. Tho 1‘hlncso renownizt?-1 it soino ‘thoiiMuudi
pression of tho principles of th e m odern u n d u lato ry theory of yoiu\s ago, by teaching th a t “ tho water? of tho lloungdio, n u llin g by,
of sound. iutoued tho 1‘HHff called, “ tho g ro a t touo," in Chinese music, and ono
which corresponds exactly with cur F, now* ** considered by m odern phy*
Observation and g eneralisation are tho two essential sieixU to ho tlia actual tonic of Nature.*' (Uico). Ki>. T»li:os.
things required in th e form ation and developm ent of a f “ Tho doctrine of sound is un<jucdtiouably the must Mibtilo ami abstruse
iu tho whole raugc of physical *cicucoM—says IVofcssor Ixdio. Ki>. 'l’UKo.i

t 1) aTTcm jw tt sfacin’frw T t f*pr$fm | im if iw ^ P c r (3 ) ^ | s p ir 'T ^ ftr n r ^ i c * f -

fW!TT?r WTfT | | W : fm ^ | <prai'Trc°r ^ | ^ | c r v-
qincr 'r r ^ r r if a c f | fV r g»i I fn c 'Tcf |
s t i ' H s tR c n g 'f I w f r n i m w w w r < r : ’| . (•»» R rat 'T R tf: | clicT h-
v f is s F P r a - I J> 3 f^ (
musical language nil over th e world, in th e n in eteen th T he relative n u m ber of vibrations of the notes of the
century, proves beyond all d o u b t th e nice appreciation of g am u t are : <' >— ”
the ancient Aryas. Hut, this was not all. W rite rs on H indu Sa, Hi, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dim, Ni, fca
Music even discovered th a t these seven notes had peculiar C, 1), E, F, G, A, P., 0
“ m issions” d> to th e hum an m ind ; th a t certain n o tes were 1, 0/8, /S/4, 4/3, .‘1/2, i/3 , 15/8, 2 .
peculiar to certain sentim ents, and th a t w ith o u t those th a t is 24, 27, 30, 32, 3(i, 40, 4-i, 48.
n o t e s these sentim ents could not be well expressed. AU who B ut th e lengths of th e wire arc inversely proportional to
have had occasion to h ear th e ad ap tatio n of mus\ctv\ notes th e s e :—
to different sentim ents can bear testim ony to th e fact th a t Sa, Ri, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni, Sit
th e observations of these w riters wen? correct. I t m u st 1, S/0, 4/:>, 3/4, 2/3, .'{/.I, 8/1 a, 1/2
not how ever be considered th a t we m ean th a t so u n d s alone th a t is:—
can w ith o u t the assistance of language express a s e n tim e n t 180, 100, 144, 13.i, 120, 108, !)(!, 0 0 ;
to reality. N o : although, by association we com e to recog­ and th e intervals bet ween the two consecutive notes arc
nize “ a M arch” or “ a G a llo p ” as so m e th in g stirrin g ; 20, Ifi, 0 l . i , 12, 12. fi.
our point is t h at if ap propriate lingual expressions be as­
W hen these intervals are reduced to a length of 48
sociated w ith proper musical notes th e effect is m ore certain
u n its th e y becom e :—
and real.
Sii, Ri, Ga, Ma, Pa, D ha, N i, Sa
T he tab le given below will show a t one glance th e se­
r . n , 41 (>, 2 3, 3 0 , 3-12, 3-12, 3 1 2 , l r,.
veral notes, th e ir names, th e ir types in th e anim al kingdom ,
and the sen tim en ts to which th ey are ap p licab le: L et us w rite against these num bers th e t>hriifis or in te r­
vals according to S a n sk rit w riters, and it will a t once he
T a u i. h I. seen th a t they arc closely analogous’.
Sans­ En*« Kne- Type* in the T able 2.
krit H'h Sanskrit lish Animnl Bcntimcntn pccultnr to
Note*. Notes. N nines. Names Kingdom. E stim ated
Hindu Notes. Kn^lisli Note*. intcrvnls.
| Slirutis.

HT S:i e Shndjn Do 4 I'OACOC’k !loroi*m , W o n d er, T e rro r.

c
fl 1!i i> Itislmlilm Uo • Ox or clmlxik »» »> M r»- 3 4
1)
(!.\ K (•nitdliit in M i. (’(•at Compulsion. •W0 3
*
»T .12
*1 Ma r Mndliyntnn Fa O anc H u m o u r n n d Lovo. 2- 3 1
K
7 Pn (i Pniuhnnm Sol lilnck bird *» ft »* 3‘ !) 4
7 C,
*4 I>lm A Dlmivntn La Kiok D isg u st. A larm .
:!■12 4
n Si l!lc|ilinlit
V A
ft* ' Nifdntdlm l'om pn*M on.
3 12
r.
i- r> 32 1I
AT a
In the Veda itself sentences are found which go to
prove the same.
If a monochord w ith m oveable bridge be tak en , and How delicate and accurate m ust have been the organs
space equal to 44 u n its be m easured aud th e b ridge shifted of hearing of th e A n/<i .f, when th ey could reach so near
to this point, tho strin g when stru ck will yield a n o te ; if th e tru th unassisted by th e paraphernalia of modern
we sta rt with this note a.s tins tonic or key-note, and run science.
through the g a m u t by shiftin g th e bridge (the Sanskrit, A ccording to S a n sk rit w riters no sound is said to be
w riters affirm <•) the following facts will be observed. iSVi, perfect unless it goes through the S h rill in or intervals a t­
will be produced at the, distance 44 ; H i at 40, Ga a t 37, tached to it. T he 7 notes thus fixed form th e natural
M a nt, :i'>. Pa a t III, Dim. a t 27, N i at 24, and S a again scale, and th is is called by the Sanskrit w riters a Nhatlja
a t 22 : but. th e la tte r S a will be twice as intense as Grdmo, or a scale in which (J is the key-note.
th e former. B u t a singer m ay sta rt with any key-note, and the seve­
L e t us now see how far th is doctrine is correct accor­ ral succeeding notes will be affected consequently. Lot
ding to th e theory of vibrations as given by E nglish him s ta rt for instance w ith M adhyam a, or F, as his tonic,
physicists. and le t him transfer his gam u t to an in stru m e n t with
m oveable frets, he will find th a t th e positions which the
< f r c w j f r t 'f l : hci | crur sn^i frets were in in the natural scale will be of no use now.
ch II > * || I 3V - F or he will have to play his Sa on M u fret of the na­
v w || ^ a flHrfacr ?ti^ k : tural scale and Jii on the l'a f r e t ; Ga on th e Dim , Ma
( -) T h e S en tim en ts a r e : on th e N i fret, and so on ; b u t he will find th at he will
sTjfrr^c ^ o rrffT ? i^ r I € ih <p c i 5 R cm.- | not be able to play Ga and M a on th e ]Jha and N i f re ts ;
~ 3?»rr:
he will be obliged to push Dha one S tn u ti up and N i
two S h r u l is.
T he following diagram will m ake this clear—
(3 ) V i) A

I
HI j I la II*
T he reason of this is th at the interval betw een the
notes E and F is 2, and I) and E 3, whereas, on the na­
tu ral scale, th e interval betw een G and A is 4, and A
t o ’J i n : ^ f f r |
and B 3 slirutis, respectively.
R»W[ ^ 1 : SIlWcT: || || I t will therefore be seen th a t an in stru m e n t with its
■rifat frm h w \ y m 11 frets fixed for the natu ral scale will not do for any other
# *rp r : i| v» k e y ; we shall have to insert o ther frets for convenience,
Cfrrq-stivr: and those frets will give notes different from those of the
<S) iH ii y iv i : i t t ' T R ’THtfiT: || ^ ||
7 original fre ts; th e necessity of sharp and flat notes is
C R f W 'f : (1) Gnuot's Physics—Acoustics.
 therefore evident. I t is found th a t 12 such flat and sharp
notes are required to be added, m ak in g in all 19 notes ; and
these are found to answ er for tho purposes of H in d u M u­
sic. T hese flat an d sharp notes nro called th e V ilerita
or changed notes. Besides this, th e m oveable frets of our
m usical in stru m e n ts enable us to m ake provision for the
sharp-sbarp or flat-flat notes w hich are required in some
of our songs. In th e piano and th e several keyed E nglish
in stru m en ts th e n atu ral scale is dreadfully abused and dis­
torted by th e m ethod of w hat is called “ equal te m p e ra ­
m ent.” T hey divide th e scale into 12 equal sem ito n es;
it is th is th a t accustom s th e ear to false notes ; and m any
singers of note try to sing w ithout “ th e piano.” T h is lim i­
ted scope of E nglish in stru m en ts disqualifies th em to
perform m any of th e beautiful airs of H in d u Music of which
we will give some .in s ta n c e s :
K a ly a n a an d A b h i m n i t a are tw o of th e best and
choicest specim ens of H in d u R£g6s or scales.
K alyana requires ( 1 ) : —
Su Ri G a Ma a PP a D h a N i S a Sa
C D E F Q Q A B C C
Sharp. 2 b b
or C n a tu ra l and flat,
D sharp-sharp,
E F and A natu ral,
Q n atu ral and flat.
A g a in :—
A bhirantita r e q u ire s :—
Sn R i G a Ma P a D h a N i Sa Sa
O D E F G A B 0 (J
Slmrp. h b u t th a t at least some atte m p ts a t a system atic arrangem ent
or 0 F G A natural,
I) sharp-sharp,
. C natu ral and flat.
I t will th u s be seen th a t these m elodies will never
be executed on an in stru m en t w ith fixed keys and te m ­
pered sharps and flats.
How is it possible, therefore, to enjoy th e m elody of
the m usic of th e H indus unless our readers provide th e m ­
selves w ith in stru m en ts of very good m ake, such as are
made here to su it th e purposes of H indu Music ?
W ith respect to th e a p titu d e of different notes to p ro ­
duce a pleasing sensation, they are divided into :—
V a d i, S a m v d d i, A n u in 'td i and V i v i u l i; th e first are
styled sovereigns,' as form ing, th e principal notes in a
Rdga or s c a le ; th e second, or Sanivdtdi, are like m inis­
ters th a t assist th e first iu developing th e scale ; th e th ird,
or A n u i'iid i, are reckoned .as serv an ts th a t a tte n d upon
their superiors, b ear stren g th , b u t cannot com m and ; and
the fourth, or V iviu li, are d istin ctly set down as enem ies.
T he intervals which marjc th e positions of S a m vd d i,
are 12 and 8 sh rutin ; e.g. ;
dn I IO' I in i *h i i<f
1) ' E F G
i
O' A IT
c I) K F
4 sft'
(i A B C Puuuu U uynn Sa m a j,
—all those th a t lie in one row are atnnvadi.
Viv&di are such notes as m ar th e effect of any R uqa
by th e ir introduction; e.g. notes which are separated from
each o th er by one sliru ti (kiikali), and such as are conse­
cutive. C onsecutive notes, such as B and C, are ad m itted
among E nglish m usicians as discordant.
It will th u s be seen th a t in order th a t a pleasing effect
may be produced on th e ear by m eans of a species of a r­
rangem ent of th e m usical notes, it is q u ite necessary th a t
____________________________________________ ______ i _ proved. N inety-four per cent, of the Imr.sc-power is set
(1)
«<wrfa:ftcnff3<TC: I hi'Tic®!*
|| i |
w
(f; fnzrar: |i v * | O'TPHT'T:
account shall be tak en of notes th a t arc concordant, or
otherwise.
According to S a n sk rit w riters on music there m e six
principal Rdujds, and th e ir nam es are, (1) S liri Rdga, (2)
V usanta, (.‘5) P iiticliam a ( t) B h a ir a m , (o) M ejha and ((»)
N a t N d r a y an.
Each R u g a is said to have 5 wives, and each wife <S
children. T h u s it will be found th a t H indu m usicians
sing 270 different scales, each d istinct from the others,
and each having a charm in itself.
M urchhanas, Tdndts and Alan/cars are th e various orna­
m ents, or fio r itu r i, which are introduced by m aster singers
to give effect to and develop the scale, or Ruga, which
th ey sing.
M u rchhanas arc perform ed by going over 7 notes of
the selected scale (R dga), backw ards and forw ards: this is
ascending and descending A rohaua and A m rvhuna-, e.g.:—
C D E F (i A B 'C '
C B A G F E D (J
T dnds are h a lf M urchhandts, or motions in a single direc­
tion.
A la n k d rs arc several thousand in num ber, and are p er­
formed by grouping to g eth er and repeating the musical
notes in p erm u tatio n s : e.g.—
A N ish k a rsh a is C 0 , I) J), E E, & c.;
V is tin ia is (J 1) E, 1) K l1' ; E F G.
B in d a is C D, I) E, E F &e.
W e th in k we have laid before th e readers of the T iiko-
S O P H IST m aterials which will enable them to see that the
H indu Music is not liap-liazard work and a low caste jig,
have been m ade by w rit in's who m ade it th e ir specialty.
Nay, we find them so anxious to realize the g re at aim of
music, which we have nam ed above as R a lti, or the power
of affecting the heart, th a t not only have they inserted
various ingenious perm u tatio n s and com binations of har-
m onical notes, b u t have actually set down rules and m edi­
cines for the cultivation of the voice, the singer’s instrum ent.
T hey have been so careful to secure this aim th a t they
have prescribed certain seasons of the year and certain
hours ot the day for certain Rdga.s, and have most search -
ingly enquired into th e effect of each musical note on the
heart. D ancing they have reduced to rule, and keeping
tim e becam e a science under th eir watchful ami anxious
care, such ;us will vie iu its nicety with the S an sk rit g ra m ­
mar, which is recognized as alm ost the perfection of d e­
ductive logic.
I t is m usical notation which we want, and feel this the
more for we cannot p e rp e tu a te the melodious arrangem ents
of tunes, of perform ers of g en uine styles who, in the course
of nature, are fast fading away. It. is true we have a m usi­
cal notation which we can claim as our own, but we th ink
it is not sufficient nor elegant enough to m ark the various
graces of H indu Music wit h the rapidity of a. phonographer.
W e th in k tin; Knglish system of music, such as it is, cannot
be adopted by us w ithout m aking necessary ch an g es; this
we mean to do erelong, and so enable our friends living far
away from In d ia to share with us the enjoym ent of m elo­
dious graces richly fraught with H a iti. ' 1 )
20th Septem ber IS/V .
Mr. Edison says th a t since the p atents for his electric
light were issued, he has im proved the standard m eter for
m easuring th e electricity led to th e burners, and has p e r­
fected a m ethod ot in sulating and conveying the wires
from the g en eratin g stations to the houses of the consu­
mers. H e is satisfied th a t the generator cannot be im ­
free in th e electric cu rrent, and eighty-tw o is delivered in
| the wire outside the m echine. W ith the sam e resistance
of the wire the g en erato r has twice the electro-m otor of
6
any o th e r m achine yet made.
(1) ^ TO cN : B i w l Jt°I: ||
 T H E VEDA, T H E O R IG IN A N D H IS T O R Y O F g eth e r th e y certainly unfold the a u th en tic history— a u ­
R E L IG IO N . th en tic because w ritte n contem poraneously— of the rise
and fall, th e fall being g rea ter th a n th e rise, and th e sub­
B y Shankar Pandurang Pandit, M .A . sequent regeneration of th e H in d u m ind in its religious
M uch difference exists in th e ideas of people as to and philosophical aspects. T he popular saying, th ere
w h a t they should include in and w h at thoy should ex­ is no rise w ith o u t fall, and th ere is no fall w ithout rise,
clude from th e very com prehensive term Veda. A nd it is is n o t less applicable to the history of hum an th o ught
exactly in proportion to th e ex actitu d e of w hat we mean th a n it is to th e history of hum an action. T he highest
by th a t word th a t it can be ju s tly said to contain or not achievem ents of h um an th o u g h t and speculation are, his­
to contain such and such m atter. T h ere arc those, re­ tory teaches us, followed by a fall which is proportionate
p resen tin g one extrem e, th a t sto u tly m ain tain th a t the to tho rise. N o religion, howsoever pure, has been found­
Veda contains everything, i. c. b e i n g f]m record of God's ed b u t has been debased by those who followed its no­
own revolution it is tho repository of nil know ledge th a t ble propagator. A nd th e rise and decline of an edifice
m an has h ith e rto had or shall in fu tu re come to possess, should be stu d ied to g eth e r by those who wish to have
riot excepting th e latest discoveries and inventions con­ a full and correct idea of th e edifice. Such a study of
nected w ith th e telephone and th e m icrophone. On the history is especially necessary w hen th e rise is not simple
o th er side people, who represent tho o th e r extrem e,— rise b u t contains p a rts of the fall, and th e fall is not
and these th e vast bulk of foreigners in and o u t of the sim ple fall but contains p arts of th e rise.
country, native and foreign— who have heard of the T aking this view of th e A ryan Vedic th o u g h t we th in k
V eda, m ain tain th e ir belief th a t th ere is n o th in g worth th a t the Sniiihitiis, tho_ B rfihvutnas and th e U panishads
know ing iu it. th a t it is a book or set of books which should be allowed to constitute " th e V eda.” F or the
w herever intelligible are full of descriptions ami ordinances four SaiiihitAs contain m uch th a t is fit to be contained
of superstitious rites, and w herever u n in tellig ib le they in the B n'thnw nns, and the B dthm anas are not always
are so hopelessly m ystic as only to serve th e purposes of void of tilings w orthy of the Soiiihitas, and again the
designing and selfish p riestcraft th a t is always ready to Sanihitvs are not q u ite strangers to th e philosophical spe­
ta k e sheltcl' in w hatever is old and obscure, revered but culation, poetically clothed, of th e U p a n ish a d s, and these
not understood, believed in but. not exam ined. L ike other last are som etim es q u ite as sim ple and prim itive as the
extrem es the two just indicated are both tru e and false, contents of the Saiithitds.
n o t sim ply because " f differences of interpretatio n s, but T hus circum scribed wc believe th e V eda is th e origin of
also 1wcause of some m a tte r being included by the one all religion. T here can be no doubt th a t th e V eda is the
and the sam e being excluded by th e o th e r from the oldest Aryan book e x ta n t ; nay it is m ost probable th a t it
thing' signified by tbe term Veda. T he strictly orthodox is th e oldest, book in the world. T his can certainly be pre­
H indu not only understan d s by it all th e S a ilth ild s or dicated of parts a t least of the hym ns of tho SauihitAs.
collections of hymns, the Ih ah m an as and th e U panishads, And as such it is th e m ost reliable record of th e gradual
b u t even subsidiary Vedic treatises tre a tin g of th e g ra m ­ rise and developm ent of religious ideas am ong one a t least
m ar of th e Veda, the pronunciation of V edic words, the and th a t tho most im portant race of m ankind— the Aryans.
Vedic vocabularies and so on ; w hereas m any confine the The fundam ental tru th s of universal religion are there,
nam e to the ctillrcl i<ntx (Suiiih iliis,) tb e Brtihinanas, and and not sim ply th e bare fundam ental truths, b u t also th eir
th e Upnn ini'ad#, and s o m e classes of people would not history, th e history of th e ir prim eval rise and progress.
allow the word to apply to a n y th in g more th an th e S " m - Thus not only have we in the V eda— the Veda as we have
hitds. described above—one deity as th e creator, the preserver
Tho Sm 'nhi/ds are collections m ostly of hym ns, and and tho destroyer of all th e universe, b u t we possess in it
som etim es of religious formula', prayers, ritu alistic d e­ clear evidence of the m anner in which th e idea of a God
scriptions of sacrifices and o th e r rites and ceremonies. The was first conceived and a well-connected chain of the
Bnthmana-H are a class of com position th a t g reatly par­ stages through which th a t idea passed for m any ages
takes of the n atu re of com m entaries expounding but u n til it rose to the em inence of a belief in th e non-exist­
more frequently speculating on m any V edic things which ence of m any gods and th e existence of one single S u ­
though originally sim ple and com m only understood h;ul prem e l ’ower w ith o u t a second.
begun to be obscure long after th e tim e liad passed when (To he continued,.)
th e sim ple religion of th e au th o rs of th e num erous hym ns
prevailed. T he UjHinishndx represent a la te r period of
tim e when men had begun to perceive the uselessness T H E B R A H M A C H A R I BAW A .
of mere rites and cerem onies and com m enced generally B y an E nglish Admirer.
to philosophize on man and nature, and as being a re­ More than tw enty years ago, when the advocates of
cord o f the flights o f freedom o f th o u g h t, point to a very C h ristianity wore loss sensible th an thoy now are th at
difTeront epoch in tho intellectual history of th e H indu the ten ets of th e ir m ultiform religion, were things to Ik;
Aryan. screened from rude criticism , th e m issionary world was
Though, however, generally speaking th e StifithiUh. the startled by tin: arrival in Bom bay of a B rahm an, who did
B rd h m a w m and the V paniphnds point to th ree succes­ not shrink fiom applying such criticism. N ot th en ta u g h t
sive and different periods of tim e, still having regard to tho b e tte r part, of valour, as to tho open profession of a
the n ature of the three classes of books and of the Sttiit- knowledge of the unknow able, the missionaries m et this
hittix especially, there can be no doubt th at each contains rude person on th e sea shore, and there discussed, where
som ething th a t belongs to the periods of tb e o th er two. tho Bombay Baroda and C entral India Railw ay trains
T he fiaiitltihis comprise hym ns which em brace a very now run, the peculiar arithm etic, astounding morals, and
long period of tim e when doubtless th e hum an mind had queer history, which th ey were in the h ab it of propound­
passed through m any different stages of developm ent, as ing as C hristianity, T here they found th a t glib asser­
well a.s different phases of decline. tions of intim ate acquaintance w ith the inm ost counsels
The inclusion of th e Brfthm annx and th e U panishods of th e A lm ighty were easier m ade th a n proved ; and wider
both adds to an d takes aw ay from w hat we m ay call the and sadder men, th ey decided th a t public discussion of
fair reputation of th e Veda. F o r if we have in th e U pttni- the basis of w hat th ey professed 'as C hristian belief, was
shrnls some— if not indeed all— th e sublim i’st ideas which no longer opportune in Bombay.
m an has ever conceived, we have iu th e B rtihnw iw s From th a t date all prospect of th e conversion of any of
th e m ost puerile speculations on com m onplace m atters, the educated classes from H induism to any of th e forms of
and the most pitiable perversions of b eau ty an d carica­ C h r i s t i a n i t y presented to them for acceptance in Bombay
tu res of sim plicity. V et we th in k th a t th e ticimhitiis practically cam c to an end. M issionary enterprise has
th e Briihm anus and tho U jxuiishads to g eth er m ay fitly |gathered some harv est here and th ere am ong th e — from any
be styled tho V eda or tho Vedic literatu re, as tak en to­ Intellectual p o in t of view— riff-raff of th e p lace; b u t all the
 efforts of tho m any devoted, and some gifted, m issionaries, and tlie Vedas, was acquired in the interval betw een my
to attack, or m ay we say, to com prehend, th e e n tre n ch ­ seventh (the year in which I received the sacred Brahm i-
m ents of V edantic and oth er O rien tal Philosophy have nical thread) and eighth years. In my ninth year, as by
failed. practice my handw riting had considerably improved, I b e­
T his resu lt is doubtless due in p art to th e deadening gan to work as a candidate in th e British Land R evenue
effect of th e m aterialistic teaching of tho W est. E very D epartm ent. A fter a year and a ball of this service—
pupil in those longitudes is b ro u g h t up a practical m a te ­ my lath er had died in my lillli year I was obliged by
rialist. „ He is ta u g h t th at^io fJiin g exists beyond, th e cog­ my m other to retu rn home and engage in the care of
nisance of, his m aterial senses: th e reality of tho spirit our lands, * * * * * * * l-l-mntf thus worked l.urd for
world is m erely ta u g h t as a m ake-believe branch of a a period of two years, in the tw elfth year of my life I got
doubtful Archudogy : and any real belief in its existence myself em ployed iu a grain-ilealer’s shop in the m arket
is stifled in its birth . . H ow then can th e preacher 011 a place of JIalidd, a town of R aighud taluka, about tw enty-
m aterialist plane reach th e V edantic philosopher, to whom four miles from m y birth-pluce. T hus for a period of
the visible, th e tangible, and th e audible, are th e less two years I worked hard in selling things by w eight and
real en tities ab o u t him ? , measure. Ih e re I also sold d o th , changed monies, aud
B u t th e chief cause of th e dead stop p u t to th e C h ris­ k e p t accounts of bills of exchange and sales, as well as
tian propagnada am ongst th e b e tte r in stru cted classes, of interest on credit and d e b it accounts. At this tim e I
was um nistakeably th e effect produced on his co u n try­ becam e desirous to serve the B ritish G o v ern m en t; b u t
men by th e Brahm achdri Bawd. Som e account of his as m y m aster would not let me resign from his service,
personality will therefore in te re st our readers. I wits obliged to stop th e re as long as it was agreed upon
In person V ishnu P a n t was a fine exam ple of th e m ore betw een us. A fter th a t, iu th e fourteenth year of my
delicate M aratha B rahm an type. H is head was arched, life, I sailed from th ere in a ship to l!atuagiri, anil enga­
and the brain highly developed. H is figure was elegant ged m yself as a candidate in the British C ustom s R eve­
aud distinguished ; and his oratory was set off by th e nue d ep a rtm e n t at th e port of Sangam eshw ar, iu th e
graceful action w ith which it was accom panied. H is deli­ R atnagiri taluka. T h en I served the British G overn­
very was alm ost too rapid, as ho never had to pause for m ent for two m onths as a substitute' for an absent clerk,
the rig h t idea, and th e word to express it. B u t his g reat and after th a t w ent over to T hana. T h e n 1 I was exam i­
charm was th e expression of his face; cheerful conten tm ent, ned by appointed exam iners, and was found eligible for
a happy m irthfulness, and regard for o thers an im ated his G overnm ent service. Im m ed iately a lte r this, betw een
features. It was a rem arkable sensation to m eet him, my lo th and th e lGtli years, I obtained a position in the
draped in th e sim plest garb, w ith o u t purse or scrip, and to Custom s d e p a rtm e n t in the S alsettc taluka, of the T h d ­
trow th a t lie took literally 110 need for th e morrow, in th a t na Zilla. Thus, for a period of seven years subsequently
he depended for his food entirely upon th e free gifts of the I served w ith g rea t zeal, honesty, and independence in
day. Beyond his gourd and his staff, lie owned no “ pro­ the Sea-C ustom s R evenue departm ent, of ttalsotte, Bas-
perty.” In w estern climes th e com m unistic clauses of sein, Kallydn, Bhinw adee, etc.
Christian obligation are so thoroughly explained away, th a t _ D u rin g all this tim e, as from my childhood, I had been
a living em bodim ent of them was sufiiciently sta rtlin g to in the h ab it of m ed itatin g upon the Vedic religion aud
the E uropean m ind. I t becam e bew ildering to find th a t m y m ind always shuddered at even the idea of sin. In
as saints westward “ found J e s u s ” so th e B rahm achdri had m y tw entieth year I received the first w arning of, and was
“found Param &tm a.” As in th e west, his “conversion” in allowed a glim pse into my fu turity, through the divine
his tw entieth year, had a specific date. L onger a c q u a in t­ power m anifested under the form Sttkshtilktir.
ance w ith him m ade evid en t th a t th e in to leran t bigotry W henever before and a lte r my personal experiences
which woidd exclude him from a high place iu th e hierarchy in the seclusion of self-initiation I addressed any of the
of moral teachers, would have asked M elchizedek for his B rahm ins as to th is tru th , 1 was answered th u s ! “ If
certificate of ordination by an A nglican Bishop. H is pure you will woi’ship v s and learn oui' m antras and incanta­
and stainless m em ory is preserved by a sm all b u t affection­ tions from U.i, we will disclose to you the tru th about the
ate following, b u t as y et his m antle has fallen upon 110 one. ‘ S elf-existent’.” A nd so, in older to try them , I learned
Perhaps his special work was done : th o u g h tho search, for th e ir m antras and did all th ey bid me do, and th en d e ­
which he gave u p all, is still to m ake by each of us for m anded th a t the tru e know ledge should be divulged to
himself. W e m ay not all adopt his conclusions, b u t his me. T heir answ ers proved th e ir .selfish wickedness, foo­
m anner of seeking th e T ru th , his self sacrifice in its p u r­ lishness and often en tire ignorance upon the subject.
suit, and his p u rity of life, are beacons which all c(in see, M any proved them selves im postors ; some used intoxica­
and which convey a definite lesson to every one who wiU tin g liquors ; others again, pursued the sacred knowledge
open his eyes to see it. only w ith th e avaricious object of obtaining the secrets of
alchem y ; others again w ere in search of magic for selfish
The following translatio n has been m ade for us from motives, such as striving to gratify th eir sensual desires,
the M arathi, by a young Parsi, of to obtain filthy lucre by pecuniary g a in s ; and various
o ther as interested motives. A ll those I have come in con­
TDK U HAHM ACIIARI BAW A'S OWN ACCOUNT 01'’ IIIS L IFE . ta c t with I have tried them ; b u t most of these m en were
I was born a t sunrise, on th e 5th of Shrdvdn S huddha, in found by m e full of doubt and ignorance, and therefore,
the year 174G of S h d liv in era, or ] 882 of Suniv&t. My b irth ­ unable to teach others. H aving thus discovered th a t
place is th e gaum Sirvallee, which is a t tho confluence of m ost of them were only h u n tin g after lame and selfish
two rivers, in th e plain, a t th e foot of the Sayiidri range, in ends, and yet dared to brand those who questioned them
the ta ra ti (subdivision) of D evighdt. I t is in tho N izam - as to th e ir learning “ faithless infidels ” a g reat aversion
pura pet a (section) of th e R djdpur ta lu k a (division), at arose iu m y h eart for th em and T got fully convinced
present called th e M ungaon taluka, in th e zilla (district) th a t th ere was little in th is world beyond im posture and
of Thdna, B om bay Presidency. I was born in th e C hitpa- selfishness. T henceforth, I took a vow never to approach
van caste of th e Brahm ins. My g reat gran d -fath er's nam e again such men. A nd as I had learned from th e study
was R am chan d rap an t G okhle ; g ran d -fath er's M aliadajee of various religious works how to worship, reverence and
Pant Qokhle ; fath er’s Bhicdji P a n t G okhle ; m other's R a- com m une w ith th e only powerful universal Teacher, I
m&b&i P a n t Q okhle ; and m y own nam e is V ishnu P a n t th en resolved to act accordingly, and betook m yself to the
Qokhle. My m other gave b irth to eleven children, (six ju n g les of th e S aptsangi m ountains, relying fully on th e
sons and five daughters) of whom I was th e te n th . I am protection and om niscience of th e om nipotent M aster*
called B rahm achdri Bdwd because I am a celibate, and (Isliwar). I t was on th e 23rd day of th e St h m onth of the
also on account of m y stric t observance of tho laws of 23rd year of my life, th a t giving up every worldly tie
chastity. "
• See Bulwer'a Z anoni— the scene where Zanoni sou* and meets with his
W liatever I learned of reading, w riting, th e Shastras, “Adonni.” Ei>.
and possession, save a piece of loin-cloth, I retired to the th e flatterers and th e flattered, those foolish people who
dreary solitudes of Saptsangi and its ju n g le s to m editate h u n t after fame, though th e y undoubtedly know me to
in silence upon th e m ysteries of th e universe and try to be a m an of power, outw ardly ridicule m e in m y absence.
discover the tru th as to the n a tu re of our real inner- T hey dare not ridicule me in th e ir hearts, for they too
self........ well see and know th a t I am in th e possession of occult
T here, in those solitary and deserted places, for n num ber and un u su al powers. W hile th e im partial and indepen­
of days, months and years, I perform ed tins prescribed acts d e n t who burn w ith th e desire of obtaining the knowledge
of devotion (self-impi ovem ent). A nd, as th e effect of my of tru th , praise m e in exact proportion to th e ir abilities.
ardent desire, concent rat ion, and perscveivnco to learn by N evertheless I woidd im p art such knowledge as I have
personal experience the sta te of “ S ell-existence’ (/'. e. th a t of the. tru th w ith exact im p a rtia lity to my haters as well
sta te in which the astral m an, or l.d m a -r v p a is inde­ as those who applaud m e................. T his is my account of
pendent. in all its actions of the body) I finally succeeded myself. Now pass on me w hatever rem arks you will.
in seeing and know ing practically th e om nipotence of the
Lord (the divine I, or Spirit, th e perso n a l God of every
individual.*) T he Lord did m anifest him self to m e in a T H E IN D IA N F O R E S T Q U E S T IO N .
certain w a y which it is not lawful to describe— and reveal­
B y “ Forester
ed to mi! th e various ways of b ringing o u t m y own "S elf-
existent" into action. And it is th u s, a t last, th a t I was Y our m onthly jo u rn al professes to seek th e welfare
convinced of th e reality of th e “ E vor-existent.” In my of th e country and th e people— I tr u s t therefore th a t
ease, a t least, my only teacher of th e one T ru th , m y Sat- you will give space th erein to th e following few rem arks
{Ia n t was the Lord f upon th e influences of trees and forests, and th e disas­
Perfectly assured of His power to sustain m y life, I lived trous effects arising from th e denudation of hill and m oun­
on th e tuliers and roots of wild p lan ts and creepers and th e ta in slopes. Y o u r jo u rn a l will probably reach am ongst
w ater from th e sp rin g s ; going ab o u t in a sta te of en tire others, th e h an d s of nativ e K arbaries o f N ativ e S ta tes who
nu d ity and inhab itin g a solitary cave.... I th o u g h t and will, perhaps, u n d er your advocacy, be led to consider
m editated mid practiced perfect abstraction d lty d n and the su b ject deserving of far more atte n tio n th a n has yet
dhdrand and w ith th e help and protection of “ My Pow er” been given to it. T h e Bom bay G overnm ent are fully
— th e Self-existent, I acquired th e tru e know ledge of the aware of th e g ravity and im portance of th e subject, and
P aram atin a (the U niversal and H ig h est Soul.)* * * th e B o m b a y G azette has lately rem arked in its editorial
Som e tim e later I was ordered by th e M aster of the colum ns upon th e pressing im portance of th e forest ques­
universe to spread th e tru e know ledge am ong m an k in d ; tion connected w ith th is country, and enlarged upon the
and fo r this reason I go about from place to place, deliver­ benefits conferred upon ag ricu ltu re in th e plains and level
ing lectures to th e people to dispel th e ir ignorance (a d n y d n ). lands of a country by th e presence of forest vegetation
I have passed my tim e am ong various exoteric religious upon its hill and m o u n tain slopes, and also regarding
bodies and sects to discover w hat they possessed of tru th . the m an n er in which th e grow th of forests ten d s to in­
After testin g them , I was obliged to give th em all up with fluence rainfall. R egarding th e p ast heavy monsoon and
disappointm ent. I have seen various kinds of m en with the rain which fell in torrents, I would ask m y readers
(various) good and bud qualities. I have discussed the to consider how m uch of th is precious water, which is
philosophy of religion, i.e. of tru th , w ith lots of ignorant sen t by N a tu re to givo fertility to th e soil, to cause the
and presum ptuous men, aud have m ade them give up th eir germ ination of seeds, to irrigate crops, and in short to
false beliefs. S tan d in g surrounded by thousands of ques­ give life and health to vegetation for the food and benefit
tioners and inquirers, I could satisfactorily answ er ques­ of m an and beast, was p erm itted to escape and ru n ofl
tions and problem s of any nature, upon th e instant. j the land unutilised, and to retu rn to th e Ocean by th e
W hen I rise to lecture to th e public, w hatever is asked | m any rivers, stream s and w ater-courses intersecting the
of me bv any or all of th e audience to solve and clear country, sim ply because th e hills and drainage slopes sur­
away th e ir doubts, difficulties, and ignorance flows from rounding us lack th e power of stopping th e downward
m y m outh as if spontaneously. I possess th is m arked flow of w ater and of causing it to lodge in th e earth ?
faculty through th e special favour of D attutraya, J the T he restoration of vegetation to our hills would work a
universal Lord. In short I could answ er in a m om ent magical transform ation in th is respect. T he so-called
any question asked by any one a t any tim e. As I have “ w orthless scrub and brushwood ” which first appear
lteen th u s specially endowed by th e o m n ip o ten t Lord of un d er forest conservation on th e sides of denuded hills,
the universe, D attutraya, no m an can falsify w hat I say, play a -most im p o rtan t p a rt in regulating the ofi'-flow and
and thus silence me. M any have satisfied them selves storage of water, and th e consequent natural irrigation
respecting th is q u ality of mine, and w hoever come to of th e country ; each bush offers an obstruction to the
m e hereafter m ay be satisfied on th e point over and over dow nw ard flow of w ater, stopping it for a while, and in­
again. 1 fear uothing. N ot even th e m ost m ortal and ducing some portion of it to filtrate into th e ground, con­
fearful dangers and difficulties have tho pow er to pro­ ducted by its roots through th e holes and tunnels they
duce fear w ithin me. W hatever I m y or speak is based have excavated and worked, into hidden reservoirs below.
u p o n m y ow n perso n a l experience, a n d it a lw a ys tallies W hen scrub and brushwood have developed into “ tim ber
w ith reason, a n d the d o ctrin es o f the. tru e shdstrds (books and forests ” and undergrow th is suppressed by tall trees,
of the religion of tru th ) ; therefore no one will ever be able th en o th e r vegetable ag en ts come into play, in controlling
to defeat and refute me on any p o in t w hatever. As I the surface and sub-soil drainage of water, and in form ing
have served no one w ith a d ep en d en t and servile spirit, natural surface and sub terran ean reservoirs.
I am not in th e h ab it of flattering any one. Therefore T he first question has of late years been a ttra c tin g con­
siderable a tte n tio n all over th e world. Able, interesting
* By Uliwar and m aster isnofc m eant the piirsonaM lod, whom tho Rollovers
in such Ood suppo.se to ho tho creator of th e univorso, nnd outside tho uni* and instuctive le tte rs by correspondents have, from tim e to
verse —Hrnhmachrtri B<(wa dors not recognize such a god in relation to the tim e, appeared in our local papers on “ the influences atid
univcrso I li* god i* Brahm a, th e eternal and universal essence which pervades
every thing and every where nnd which in m an is the divine essence which uses of forests.” In America, as well as on th e C ontinent
is his moral guide, is recognized in ihc instinct* of conscience, m akes him of E urope, th e subject has been ably tre a te d by scientific
aspire to im m ortality and leads him to i t T his divine sp irit in man is
designated Isliwar and corresponds to the name Adonai -Lord, of tho Kuba- m en who have m ade it th e ir study. In t he B o m bay
JUts, if. tho I<ord w ithin man En. Gazette of th e 31st M arch last, I was inform ed th a t M.
t Known under th e generic nam e of Ishwar, or personal God.
£ In tho popular sense, /M Untrava is the T rin ity of Brahma, Vishnu, Barbie, a F ren ch savant, has recently presented to the
and Shiva, incarnato in an Jivi/aY —o f course as a triule essenco. Tho eso* F rench Society of A g riculture a long paper, which contains
tcric, nnd truo, m eaning is tho ad e p t’s own trin ity of body, soul, and s p i r i t ; a resum e of th e tim b er supply now existing in various parts
tho threo boingall realized by him as re il, existent, and potential. By Yo.»*
train in g , th e Itody become* pure as a cry stal casket, tho soul purged of nil its of th e w o rld ; and from a B lue Book it is gratifying to
groyne**, and tho sp irit which, l>oforc the beginning of his course of self­ learn th a t our own G overnm ent a t home has been in no
purification and developm ent, was to him b u t a dream , has now btcom o ft
rc*nlity--tho man has becomo a dem i-god. JSif. . way backw ard in g ath e rin g inform ation on th is very impor-
Novomber, 1870.] T II K T I I 13 0 S 0 P H I S T .
ta u t subject. So long ago as 1874, Lord D erby, then
Foreign Secretary, addressed a C ircular to H . M's. represen­
tativ es abroad, em bodying a series of ijuestions as to foreign
tim ber, including tim ber used for ship-building, and ra il­
way purposes, for furniture, fancy articles, firewood, lattice-
wood, shingles for roofs & c.: also as to tim ber, from which
valuable barks, gum s, dyes &c., are derived. A m ong others,
question No. 13 asked, ‘'H a v e any observations been
m ade or conclusions arrived at as to th e clim atic influence
of forests, or th e effect of th e ir clearance on th e rainfall,
Hoods &c. ? R eports were received from A ustria, H ungary,
Brazil, France, H esse, D a rm sta d t and B a d e n ; Russia,
Saxony, Sw eden and N o rw a y ; Sw itzerland, th e U nited
States, and W u rtem b erg ; C uba and Honduras. A few of
these I will now proceed to give. Mr. Percy French, for
A ustro-H u n g ary replied to th e above question as fol­
low s:— “ T he expropriation or d im in u tio n of th e forests iu
“ p arts of A ustria, and more especially in H ungary, has
"b ee n followed by effects of a serious and baneful nature,
“ such as long seasons of d ro u g h t and a perm anency of
“ trem endous winds, which come from th e C arpathians,
sweeping th e wholo of th e plains of H u n g ary ; filling the
“ air w ith unceasing clouds.of dust, and considerably in-
“ creasing th e developm ent of pulm onary disease, especially
“ in th e tow ns which are now totally unp ro tected ; am ong
“ these m ay be m entioned Pestli, P resburg and Vienna,
“ which aro perfectly intolerable iu spring, su m m er and
“ au tu m n on th is account. A m ple inform ation on this
“ point will be found in the storeographic and mcteorologi-
“ cal retu rn s.”
H ere in th e D eccan is experienced m uch of th e same
effects, resu ltin g from th e d estruction of forests and trees,
during a g reat p art of th e monsoon m onths. Fierce winds
from th e W est and S. W. sweep over th e country, driving
away th e vapour-laden clouds a t a rapid rate high over the
thirsty plains, w ithout p erm ittin g them to discharge th e ir
precious m oisture to benefit cultivation aud to m ik e the
soil yield its due increase ; w hile in th e d ry season equally
fierce b u t hot winds from th e opposite direction rush over
tho land, and assist th e untem pured rays of a tropical sun in
com pleting th e work of evapo.v.Von :v' ! <; >’.! exhaustion.
From Rio, Mr. V ictor D rum m ond reported, “ T h ere is
no doubt th a t th e destruction of forests has a g re a t influ­
ence on the clim ate, both in causing a decrease iu th e rain ­
fall and an increase in th e beat, and a consequent d im in u ­
tion of h ealth y atm osphere ; and these have been p a rticu ­
larly rem arked a t Rio Janeiro, w here form erly th e clim ate
was very good and healthy, w here th e tropical heat w<is
supportable, anil where no yellow fever was know n.”
In proof of these rem arks, I will give an e x tra c t tra n s­
lated from a speech made a t th e In tern atio n al Congress
at Vienna in 1873, by Senhor Jose de S aldauph de Gama,
who was one of th e Brazilian delegates there. He says
“ T he woods of Brazil now furnish com paratively so little
“ to w hat th ey used, th a t to fill th e reservoirs of Itio Janeiro,
“ a town of 3,00,000 inhabitants, the Brazilian G overnm ent
“ was obliged to bring w ater from th e m ountains at a long
distance off, anil a t a considerable cost. Is it absurd to
“ suppose th a t th is drying up of certain w ater-sources, and
“ the sm all q u a n tity to be found in others, is entirely
“ owing to th e d estruction of a g reat p a rt of th e woods
“ surrounding Rio de Ja n e iro ? I believe not. T h eir in-
“ Huence on th e clim ate is also clearly proved. In th e tim e
“ when th e vegetation w;ts h ealth y and vigorous, th e at-
“ mosphere was m uch softer, anil m uch p u re r in the
“ threo m onths after D ecem ber, and which all,hough na-
“ turally hot were certainly m uch cooler th a n they are
“ now. T here were th en constant storm s every evening
“ in sum m er ; th u n d e r was heard and th e rain fell d u ring
“ two or th ree hours w ithout exception every day. The
“ air becam e fresh, light, transparent, and agreeable. T hen
“ we enjoyed a p leasanter clim ate anil could su p p o rt w ith ­
o u t an effort th e tropical beat, w ithout fearing epidemics,
“ which a t th a t tim e were unknow n. L ittle by little,
“ and by th e destruction of th e forests, th e storm s so
“ healthy iu th e bad season, lost th e ir rem arkable re g u ­
l a r i t y ; tho h eat increased in th e sam e proportion, the
53
“ clim ate becam e less favorable to health during th e three
‘ sum m er m onths, and those in affluent circum stances,
“ retired from Itio till th e end of A pril.”
T he sam e influence, owing to the destruction of forests,
is noticed in o th er p arts of Brazil along the coast.
T he report from France stated th a t observations have
been made at different tim es with regard to the clim atic
influence of forests and to t he effect of th e ir clearance, and
particular a tte n tio n wa.s bestowed upon these questions in
1N">(I, after the inundations which took place in France in
th a t year. In ISoN the question was studied by Messrs.
Billand, C autegirl and Je a n d e l in th e D ep artm ents of th e
M curtlio ; and M. Becquerel, m em ber ol the A cadem y of
Sciences, continued these studies in the basins of the Loire,
and of the Seine, in the large forests of O rleans and of
Fontainebleau ; be, a t the sam e tim e, studied the iulluence
of forests upon atm ospherical phenom ena, such as upon
the am ount of rainfall, storm s &c. T he following are some
of the conclusions arrived a t by M. Becquerel :—
( 1) T h a t g re at clearances of wood dim inish th e num ber
of springs.
(2) T h a t forests while preserving springs regulate th e ir
course ; aud,
(3) T h a t cultivation in a dry and arid soil does away to
a certain ex te n t w ith springs.
These conclusions of M. Becquerel gave rise to contro­
versies, and the B otanical School a t N ancy (Ecole Fores-
tiere) was in consequence charged with studying tho ques­
tion ami with draw ing up reports upon it. These reports
are given in extciuto in a work en titled “ Met^orologie
Forestiere.” I t is stated herein th a t observations were
made in two places, the one wooded and the o ther devoid of
wood, situ ated in the sam e la titu d e and longitude, and at
no g reat distance from ono another, and it was found th a t
th e rainfall was greater in th e wooded th an in th e agricul­
tural district, that, the soil iu forests is as well w atered by
rain as the open country, anil th a t springs are more a b u n ­
d an t and regular in th e ir supply of w ater in a wooded th an
in an unwooded d is tr ic t; th a t it has been proved th a t forests
m oderate the tem p eratu re of clim ate both in dim inish­
ing cold and in m odifying heat.
In the Island of C uba it has been observed th a t in
proportion ;is the forests, especially in the plains and lower
uplands, have been destroyed and cleared away, th e rains
have dim inished and th e natu ral storage of w ater made
impossible.
T here can lie no d o ubt then, not only from these reports
b u t also from th e exam ples su rrounding us on all sides,
aud which un fo rtu n ately are continually forcing them selves
upon our observation, th a t th e destruction of th e forests
of a country is productive of most disast rous consequences.
Tho clim ate changes for th e w orse; the rainfall becomes
capricious ; the w ater supply gradually dries up and atm os­
pheric hum id ity disappears. Thus, while in th e W estern
districts of Poona cold-w eather crops are grown, yielding
th eir due increase, being irrigated by dew and the mois­
tu re th a t trees tran sp ire through th e ir leaves, in the E as­
tern D istricts, cold-w eather crops are b u rn t up by dry, hot
winds and th e absence of dew. N avigable rivers become
shallow stream s. T he ltatn ag iri D istrict offers rem ark­
able exam ples testifying to th is fiict. The C hiplun creek
has so silted th a t large native craft cannot now come w ith ­
in four miles of Goalkhot bunder, to which place the largest
vessels plied a few years ago. T he S hastri river affords
a strong illustration. T he largest native vessels could, w ith­
in tl i«j past 30 years, ply up to the quay a t Sungweshwar,
which town is now left high and dry, six miles from th e
nearest navigable point ! Brooks change into to rren ts d u ­
ring one p a rt of th e year anil stony tracts d u rin g th e
re m a in d e r: th e rivers in th e Poona districts, especially the
stream s th a t issue from the cross ranges of denuded hills,
are exam ples of this. L akes dry up and reservoirs are filled
w ith silt. The W adki tank, a few .miles from tho Poona
city, and th e P atu stan k , an old work d atin g from the
Peishw a’s tim e, 30 m iles east of Poona, prove th e correct­
ness of th is statem en t. T he subterranean w ater-level sinks
by gravitation, in th e absence of trees and th e capillary
attractio n of th e ir roots. W ells which form erly held w ater
all the year round, .arc now to be seen very inconstant
in m any villages in the Deccan. L andslips are of fre­
quent occurrence : the surface of once fertile valleys, in
litany parts of th e Deccan, is now covered w ith fallen
earth and stone, while in the K onkan it is very com ­
mon fur Ryots to seek remission of ren t ou th e plea
th a t th e ir rice fields have heen covered with avalanches
of soil brought by heavy ruins off u nprotected hills. Ri­
vers r u n )/ a iray the stoutest brill yes, as th e N ira, (lirna,
Tarla, Moosum and fifty oth er Deccan rivers have recor­
ded. D am s of irrigation reservoirs are breached, as Kore-
gaon iu th e S holapur D istrict and m any more can w it­
ness. T hese are some of th e evils which resu lt from ! m ade fast to a lever with a pivoted jo in t in the centre, tho
the destru ctio n of forests. It will be seen th en , how very iron becom ing a m agnet by induction when in the m agne­
necessary it is th a t forest conservation which, by res­ tic field of th e perm an en t m a g n e t; C, a small nail th a t
toring forest vegetation to th e hills and m ountains of drops oft' when th e iron, or induced m agnet, is on the
th e country, will m itigate, and in tim e rem ove these evils, neu tral line. By pressing the finger on th e lever a t D the
should he pushed forward w ith system nnd vigour. I t iron is raised above th e neu tral line. Now let th e nail
is possible th a t tem porary inconvenience m ay be occa­ be applied to th e end of the induced m agnet at E ; it
sioned to a few people by th e wholesale protection of clings to it, and th e p o in t is tu rn e d inw ard toward the
hills and drainage-slopes, b u t w hen it is considered th a t pole of th e m agnet directly below, th u s indicating th at
th e work is for th e country's welfare, an d th a t m u ltitu d es th e induced m agnet is of opposite polarity from th e per­
will benefit by it, then it m ust be acknow ledged th a t m an en t one. Nowr le t th e iron be gradually lowered
considerat ion of individual in te re st cannot for one m om ent toward the m a g n e t; th e nail drops off a t th e neutral line,
be allowed to stand in tho way of th e public good. b u t it clings a^ain w hen the iron is lowered below the
line, and now its point is turned outw ard, or away from
October 21 st, 1879. the m agnetic pole below. In th is way Mr. G ary proves
th a t the polarity of an induced m agnet is changed by­
passing over tb e n eu tral line w ithout coining in contact.
G A R Y 'S M A G N E T IC M OTOR. ! In th e ex p erim en t strips of paper are placed u n der the
W it h an ordinary horseshoe m agnet, a b it of soft iron,
soft iron, or induced m agnet, as shown in th e figure, to
and a common shingle-nail, a practical inventor, who for p rev en t contact.
years has been pondering over th e pow er lying d o rm ant T he neu tral line is shown to extend com pletely around
iu th e m agnet, now dem o n strates as his discovery a fact of th e m a g n e t; nnd a piece of soft iron placed upon th is line
the u tm o st im portance in m agnetic science, which has will en tirely cut off tho a ttra c tio n of th e m agnet from any
h ith erto escaped th e observation of both scientists and th in g beyond. T he action of th is cut-off is illustrated in
practical electricians, nam ely, th e existence of a neutral Fig. 2. T he le tte rs A and B represent, th e one a balanced
line in the m agnetic field— a line w here th e polarity of an m agnet nnd th e o th e r a stationary m agnet. T he m agnet
induced m agnet ceases, and beyond which it changes.
W ith equally sim ple appliances he shows th e practical
utilization of his discovery in such a way as to produce a
m agnetic motor, th u s opening u p a bew ildering prospect
of the possibilities before us iu revolutionizing th e p resent
m ethods of m otive power th ro u g h th e su b stitu tio n of a
w onderfully cheap and safe agent. By his achievem ent
Mr. W esley W. G ary has q u ite u p set th e theories of m ag­ A is balanced on a jo in t, and th e two m a g n e ts a re placed
netic philosophy h ith e rto prevailing, and lifted m agnetism w ith op|X)sitc ])oles facing each other. T he le tte r C is a
ou t from am ong th e static forces w here science has placed piece of th in or sh ee t iron, as th e case m ay be, m ade fast
it to the position of a dynam ic pow er. T he G ary M agne­ to a lover w ith a jo in t in th e centre, and so adjusted th a t
tic Motor, th e re su lt of Mr. G ary’s long years of study, is, th e iron will move on th e n e u tra l line in front of the polos
in a word, a sim ple contrivance w hich furnishes its own of the statio n ary m agnet. By pressing th e finger on tho
power, and will ru n u n til worn o u t by th e force of fric tio n ; lever at J) th e iron is raised, th u s w ithdraw ing th e cut-off
coming dangerously n ear to th a t awful bugbear, p erp etual so th a t th e m agnet A is a ttrac ted and draw n upw ard by
motion.
th e m agnet B. Rem ove th e finger, and th e cut-off drops
T he old way of looking a t m agnetism has been to regard betw oen th e poles, and, in consequence, th e m agnet A
it as a force like th a t of gravitation, th e ex p en d itu re of an drops again. T he sam e m ovem ent of m agnets can be ob­
am ount of energy equal to its a ttra c tio n being required to tained by placing a piece of iron across th e poles of th e
overcome i t ; consequently its pow er could not be availed m agnet 13 after th e m ag n et A has been drawn near to it.
T he m agnet A will th ereu p o n im m ediately fall a w a y ; b u t
of. A ccepting th is theory, it would be as idle to a tte m p t th e iron can only be balanced, and the balance not d istu r­
to m ake use of th e p erm an en t m ag n et as a m otive power bed, by th e action of th e m agnets upon each o ther when
as to try to lift one’s self by one’s boot straps. B u t Mr. th e iron is on th e n eu tral line, and does not move nearer
Gary, ignoring theories, toiled aw ay a t his experim ents or fa rth e r away from th e m agnet B.
w ith ex trao rd in ary patience and perseverance, and a t last I t may not, be found easy to dem onstrate these princi­
ples a t th e first trials. B ut it should be borne in m ind
m ade the discovery which seems to n ecessitate th e recon­
th a t it took th e inventor him self four vears after he had
struction of th e accepted philosophy. discovered the principle to a d ju st th e delicate balance so
To obtain a clear idea of th e G ary M agnetic M otor, it is as to g et a m achine which would go. Nowr, however, th a t
necessary first to com prehend th o ro u g h ly th e principle he has th o u g h t o u t th e en tire problem, and frankly tells
un derlying i t —th e existence of th e n e u tra l line and th e th e world how ho has solved it, any person a t all skillful
and p atien t, and w ith a little knowledge of mechanics,
change in polarity, which Mr. G ary dem o n strates by his may soon succeed in d em onstrating it for himself.
horseshoe m agnet, his b it of soft iron, and his common
T he principle underlying th e m otor and th e m ethod
shingle-nail. T his is illu strated in Fig. 1. T h e le tte r A by which a m otion is obtained now being explained, let us
represents a com pound m a g n e t; B, a p ie c e of soft iron exam ine th e inventor’s w orking models. T he beam move-
 m cnt is tlie simplest, and by it, it is claimed, th e most of th e m agnet A is p ush ed a little forward and over th e
.power can bo obtained from tho magnets. This is illus­ soft iron. This rotary m a g n e t is repelled by the magnets
trated in Fig. .‘J. T he letter A represents a stationary B, and also by the soft iron ; it turns around un til th e u n ­
magnet, and B th e soft iron, 01 induced magnet, fastened like poles of th e p e rm a n e n t m agnets become opposite ; as
to a lever w ith a jo in t iu the centre, and so balanced th a t they a ttrac t each other th e soft iron drops below the neu­
the stationary m agnet will n o t quite draw it over th e n e u ­ tral line, th e polarity changes and becomes opposite to th a t
tral line. T he letter C represents a beam constructed of of the magnets B aud like th a t of the m a g n e t A ; the mo­
a double m agnet, clamped together in th e centre and m entum gained carries the pole of A a little forward of B
balanced on a Joint. One end is set opposite the statio n­ and over th e soft iron, which, now being of like polarity,
ary magnet, w ith like poles facing each other. T h e b eam repels it around to th e starting-point, completing the revo­
is so balanced th a t when the soft iron B 011 th e m ag net A lution. T he magnets A and B now compound or unite
is below th e neutral line, it (the beam) is repelled down th eir forces, and th e soft iron is again drawn up over the
to the lower dotted line indicated by th e letter ]). The neutral line ; its polarity is changed, and another revolution
beam strikes the lever E with the pin F attached, anil is made w itho ut any other force applied th a n th e force of
drives it (the lever) against the pin G, which is attached the magnets. T he motion will continue until some outside
to tlie soft iron B, which is thus driven above the neutral force is applied to stop it, or until th e machine is worn
line, where its polarity changes. T he soft iron now a t ­ out.
tracts the beam m agnet C to the u pp e r dotted line, where­ T he result is the same as would be obtained were the
upon it (the soft iron) is again drawn down over the magnets B removed and th e soft iron coiled with wire, and
neutral line, and its polarity again changing, the* beam b attery force applied sufficient to give it the same power
th a t it gets from the m agnets B, and a currcnt-changcr
applied to change the polarity. T he power required to
work the current-changer in this case would be in excess
of the power demanded to move the soft iron over the
neutral line, since no power is required from the revolving
magnet und er these circumstances, it being moved by the
magnets compounding when like poles are opposite each
other, three magnets thus attractin g the iron. W hen
magnet 0 is again repelled to tho lower line, continuing opposite poles are near together, they attract cach other
so to move until it is stopped or worn out. T h is simply and let th e iron drop below th e line. The soft iron, with
illustrates tho beam movement. To gain a la rg e ''am o u n t its lever, is finely balanced at the joint, and has small
ot power the inventor would place groups of compound springs applied and adjusted so as to balance it against the
stationary magnets above and below the beam at each jiower of the magnets. T11 this working model the soft
Kide, and the soft iron induced magnets, in this case four iron vibrates less than a fiftieth of an inch.
in number, connected by rods passing down between the T1 lis rotary motion is intended for use in small engines
poles of the stationary magnets. A “ P itm a n ” connecting where light power is required, such as propelling sewing-
the beam with a fly-wheel to change th e reciprocating into machines, for dental work, show windows, etc.
a rotary motion would be the means of tra n sm ittin g the W h e n Wesley Gary was a boy of nine years, the electric
power. W ith magnets of great size an enormous power, telegraph was in its infancy and the marvel of the d a y ;
lie claims, could be obtained in this way. and his father, who was a clergyman in Cortland County,
One of tlie daintiest and prettiest of Mr. Gary's models New York, used to take u p m atters of general interest and
is that illustrating the action of a rotary motor. There is make th em the subject of an occasional lecture, among
11 peculiar fascination in watching the action of this neat other things, giving m uch a ttention to the explanation of
little contrivance. I t is shown in Fig. 4. T he letter A this new invention. To illustrate his remarks 011 the sub ­
represents an upright m agnet hu ng on a perpendicular jec t he employed an electro-magnetic machine. This and
sh a ft; B, the horizontal m a g n e ts ; (', the soft iron which his father’s talk naturally excited the boy's curiosity, and
is fastened to the lever I) ; E, the pivoted jo in t on which he used to ponder much 011 th e relations of electricity and
the lever is balanced ; and F, the thunib-screw for a d ju st­ magnetism, until he formed a shadowy idea that somehow'
ing the movement of the soft iron. This soft iron is so they m ust become a great power in the world. H e never
Imlanced th a t as the north pole of the u pright m agnet A lost his interest in the subject, though his rude experi­
swings around opposite and above the south pole of the ments were interrup ted for a while by the work of his
horizontal magnets B, it drops below the neutral line and young manhood. W h e n the choice of a calling was de­
manded, lie a t first had a vague feeling tha t he would like
to be an artist. " But,” be says, " my friends would have
thought tha t almost, as useless and unpractical as t o seek
tor perpetual motion." At last lie went into t he woods
a-lunil>oring, and took contracts to clear large tracts o f
woodland in W estern and Central New York, floating the
tinilM'r down the canals to Troy. He f o l l o w e d this busi­
ness for several years, when he was ton ed to abandon il by
a serious attack of inflammatory rheumatism, brought
about through exposure iu the woods. And this, unfortu­
nate as it must have seemed a t the time, proved the t u r ­
ning-point in his life. His family physician insisted that
he must look for some other means ot livelihood than lum ­
bering. To the query, “ W h at shall I do?” it was suggested
th a t he m ight ta k e to preaching, following iu the footsteps
ot his father, and of a brother who had adopted the pro­
fession. B ut this he said lie could never do : he would do
changes its polarity. As the m agnet A turn s around until his best to practice, b u t he couldn’t preach. “ Invent
its north pole is opposite and above the north pole of the something, then,” said the doctor. “ There is no doubt in
magnets B, the soft iron is drawn upward and over the my mind th a t you were m e a n t for an inventor.” This was
neutral line, so th a t its polarity is changed again. A t this really said in all seriousness, and Mr. Gary was a t length
point the polarity iu the soft iron (J is like th a t of the persuaded th a t th e doctor knew him b e tte r than he did
permanent magneta A and B. To start the engine th e himself. His thoughts naturally recurring to the experi­
magnet A is turned around to the last-named position, the ments and the dreams of his youth, lie determ ined to
poles opposite like poles of tho mugneta B ; th e n one pole <levote all his energies to th e problem. H e felt more and
more confident, as he dwelt on th e m atter, th a t a great m igh t tu rn o ut to be superior to any th in g then in use.
force lay imprisoned within the m a g n e t ; tha t some time A cting 011 this suggestion, Mr. Oary set to work, and within
it m ust be unlocked and set to doing t.lie world’s work ; a week had perfected a machine which apparently proved
th a t th e key was hidden somewhere, and th a t ho m ight a marvel of efficiency and simplicity. In all previous m a ­
find it as well as some one else. chines electricity is generated by revolving a piece of soft
A t Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, Mr. Clary made his first iron in front of th e polos of a perm anent magnet. B u t
practical demonstration, and allowed his discovery to be to do this at a rate of speed high enough to produce sparks
examined and the fact published. l i e had long been satis­ in such rapid succession as to keep up a steady c urre nt of
fied, from his experiments, th a t if he could devise a " c u t­ electricity suitable for th e light, considerable power is re­
off," the means of neutralizing th e atl.rncf.ive power of a quired. In Mr. O ary’s machine, however, the piece of soft
stationary m agnet on another raised above it and adjusted iron, or ai mature, coiled with wire, has only to be moved
on a pivot, unlike poles opposite, and so arrange this c u t­ across th e neutral line to secure th e same result. Every
off as to work automatically, he could produce motion in a tim e it crosses th e line it changes its polarity, and every
balanced magnet. To this end lie persistently exp erim ent­ tim e th e polarity changes, a 'sp ark is produced. T h e slight­
ed, and it was only about, lour years ago that, he made the est. vibration is enough to secure this, and with each vi­
discovery, the key to his problem, which is the basis of his bration two sparks are produced, ju st as with each
present motor, and upsets our philosophy. In e xp erim ent­ revolution in the other method. An enormous volume
ing one 'day with a piece of soft iron u p o n a m agnet he can be secured with an expenditure of force so diminutive
made the discovery of the neutral line and tho change of th a t a caged squirrel might, furnish it.. W ith the employ­
polarity. A t first, lie gave little atten tion to the discovery m ent of one of the smallest of the magnetic motors, power
of the change of polarity, not, th e n recognizing its singili- may be supplied and electricity generated a t 110 expense
cance, being absorbed entirely by th e possibilities th e dis­ beyond the cost of the machine.
covery of th e neutral line opened up to him. H e re was the T h e a nnouncem ent of th e invention of th e magnetic
point for his cut-off. F o r a while ho experim ented en tire­ motor was naturally received with incredulity, although
ly with batteries, but in September, I87+, be succeeded in tho recent achievements in mechanical science had prepa­
obtaining a m ovem ent in dependent of t.lie battery. 1.11is red the public for almost any thing, and it could n ot be
was done 011 the principle illustrated in Fig. 2. Tlie very much astonished a t whatever m ig h t come next.
balanced magnet, with opposite poles to th e stationary Some a d m itted that, there m ight be something in i t ; others
magnet, was weighted so th a t th e poles would fall down shrugged th e ir shoulders and said, “ W a it anil see while
when not attracted by th e .stationary magnet.. When it, the scientific referred all questioners to the laws of m agne­
was attracted up to tiie stationary magnet,, a spring was tic science; and all believers in book authority responded,
touched by the movement, and thus the lever with the “ It can’t lie so because the law says it. can’t.” A few
soft iron was made to descend between th e two magnets scientists, however, came forward, curious to see, and exam ­
0 1 1 th e neutral line, and so c u ttin g off the m u tu al a ttra c ­ ined Mr. Clary's m odels; and when reports went out of
tion. T h en th e balanced magnet, responding to the force the conversion of t wo or three of the most em inent among
of gravitation, descended, and, when down, stru ck another them, interest, generally was awakened, and professors from
spring, by means of which the cut-off was lifted hack to H arvard and from the Massachusetts In stitu te of Techno­
its original position, and consequently the force of a ttra c ­ logy called, examined, and were impressed. More prompt -
tion between the magnets was again brought into play. ly than the scientists, capitalists moved ;and before science
In .June, the following year, Mr. (lary exhibited this had openly acknowledged tho discovery and the principle
continuous movement, to a, n u m b e r of gentlem en, protect­ of the invention, men of money were after Mr. Gary for the
ing himself by covering th e eut-oB- with copper, so as to right, to use the motor for various purposes : one wished
disguise the real material used, and prevent, theft, ol his to use it for clocks, another for sewing-machines, others
discovery. His claim, as he formally puts it, is this : “ I for dental engines, and so 011.
have discovered th a t a straight piece of iron placed across I t is as y e t too soon to speculate upon w hat m ay result
the poles of a magnet, and near to th e ir end, changes its from the discovery ; b u t since it.' produces power in two
polarity while in the magnetic field and before it comes in ways, both directly by magnets and indirectly by the
contact with the magnet, the fact being, however, that generation of unlim ited electricity, it would seem th a t it
actual contact is guarded against. T he conditions are that really m igh t become available in time for all purposes to
the thickness of the iron must be proportioned to the which electricity m ight long ago have been devoted except
power-of the magnet, and that the neutral line, or line of for the great expense involved. W ithin olio year after the
change iu the polarity of the iron, is nearer or mom distant invention of the telephone it was in practical use all over
from the m agnet according to the power of the latter and the world, from the U nited S tates to Japan. And it is not in­
the thickness of the former. My whole discovery is based credible th a t in 1880 one may be holding a magnetic motor
upon this change of polarity in the iron, with or w ithout a in his'pocket, ru n n in g the watch which requires 110 wind­
battery.” Power can by increased to any extent, or dim i­ ing up, and, seated in a. railway car, bo whirling across the
nished by the addition or withdrawal of magnets. continent behind a locomotive impelled by th e same agency.
Mr. Clary is forty-one years old, having been born in I.S:>7. [ H a r p e r s d la g n .']
D uring the years devoted to working out his problem he
has sustained himself bv the proceeds from the sale of a few O ur th ank s are due to various authors and publishers
useful inventions made from time to time, when he was for copies of books and jo urna ls which they have contri­
forced to turn aside from his experim ents to raise fnnds. buted to the Society's Library, and of which due ac­
From the sale of one of these in ve n tion s—a. simple little knowledgment, will be m ade in our n ext issue.
tiling__he realized something like ten thousand dollars.
T he announcem ent of the invention of the magnetic mo­ T A B L E OK CONTENTS.
tor came at a m om ent when the electric light excitement r.ngc. ,. r»if«.
was a t its height. Tho holders of gas stocks were in a liuddliixliu Exegesis............ ... 34 '1 lie Law of the Lord Sakliyn
state of anxiety, and those who had given a ttention to the A. T hunder Cloud with Sil­ 34 Muni ............................... 43
ver billing ......................... Yo^'ii Vidvu ........................... 44
study of th e principle of the new light expressed the belief (/Yosm and t 'ir e ............................ 35 H int! to tiie Student of Yoga
th a t it was only the question of the cost of power used 1 1 L'lie Mau-sliow a t Moscow.. iso Yiilya .................................... 4(i
generate the electricity foi; th e light th a t stood in the way Aryan M u s ic .................................. 3!» Hindu Music ........................... 4(i
of its general introduction and substitution for gas. A L’lu; S o c i e t y ’s B u l l e t i n .......... 3!) Tlio Veda, the Origin and
War in Olympus ............. . 40 History of Religion ........ fio
|5?bminent electrician, who was one day examining Mr. The Ruin of In d ia ................ 42 'I lie Bralunnclmri P.awfi ... fiO
Gary’s principle, asked if in the change of polarity lie had The N ature and Oilice of The ludian Forest Question f>2
obtained electric sparks. H e said th a t he had, and tIn­ Buddha’s Religion............ 43 Gary's Magnetic Motor ... 54
former th en suggested th a t the principle he used in t ’n P riiiIe .I n t tlio / n</ 'L 'tI'' >il / 1 r-M 1>y H. C u r s e tj i k C o ., m id }<ul.)Ulicd
construct ioiM}f a magneto-electric machine, and th a t it b y tlio T lic o s o p liic iil S o c iu ly , a t N o . 108, ( ii r g a m n B u ck R o d 'l, B o n ib n y .
 /Ocreativ
^com m ons
Attribution-NonCom m ercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported

Y o u are free:

to S h a r e — l o c o p y , d is trib u t e a n d t r a n s m it t h e w o r k

to R e m ix — to ad ap t th e w o rk

U n d e r th e f o llo w in g c o n d it io n s :

CD
A t t rib u t io n — Y o u m u s t a ttrib u te t h e w o r k in t h e m a n n e r s p e c if ie d b y t h e a u t h o r
o r l i c e n s o r ( b u t n o t in a n y w a y t h a t s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e y e n d o r s e y o u o r y o u r u s e o f
th e w o r k ) .

N o n c o m m e r c ia l — Y o u m a y n o t u s e t h is w o r k f o r c o m m e r c i a l p u r p o s e s .

S h a r e A lik e — I f y o u alter, t r a n s f o r m , o r b u ild u p o n t h is w o r k , y o u m a y d istrib u te

© th e r e s u lt in g w o r k o n l y u n d e r t h e s a m e o r s im ila r l i c e n s e t o t h is o n e .

W ith th e u n d e r s t a n d in g that:

W a i v e r — A n y o f th e a b o v e c o n d it io n s c a n b e w a i v e d if y o u g e t p e r m i s s i o n f r o m th e c o p y r ig h t
h o ld e r.

P u b lic D o m a in — W h e r e t h e w o r k o r a n y o f its e le m e n t s is in t h e p u b l i c d o m a i n u n d e r
a p p lic a b le law , t h a t s t a t u s is in n o w a y a ff e c t e d b y t h e lic e n se .

O th e r R ig h t s — I n n o w a y a r e a n y o f t h e f o llo w in g r ig h t s a ff e c t e d b y t h e lic e n se :

• Y o u r fa ir d e a lin g o r f a i r u s e rig h ts , o r o t h e r a p p lic a b le c o p y r i g h t e x c e p t i o n s a n d

lim itations;

• T h e a u t h o r 's m o r a l rig h ts;

• R i g h t s o t h e r p e r s o n s m a y h a v e e ith e r in t h e w o r k its e lf o r in h o w t h e w o r k is u s e d , s u c h
a s p u b l i c i t y o r p r i v a c y rig h ts.

N o t ic o — F o r a n y r e u s e o r d istrib u tio n , y o u m u s t m a k e c le a r to o t h e r s th e l i c e n s e t e r m s o f
th is w o r k . T h e b e s t w a y t o d o t h is is w it h a lin k t o t h is w e b p a g e .