CONSERVATION/ PRESERVATION OF NATURAL

RESOURCES AND CULTURAL PRACTICES IN THE

SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT OF ILOILO

A Research Proposal presented to

Dr. Michelle B. Baco of the
School of Management
Northern Iloilo State University
Estancia, Iloilo

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for Research Methods
In Public Administration I

DEBBIE T. DELOS REYES

January 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page
Title Page…………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………… ii

CHAPTER

I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the study………………………………………………. 1
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………… 4
Hypotheses……………………………………………………………. 5
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework...…………………………… 6
Significance of the Study…………………………………………….. . 6
Scope of the Study……………………………………………………. 7
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………. 8

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Natural Resources…………………………………………………….. 11
Cultural Practices……………………………………………………... 14

III. METHODOLOGY
Research Design………………………………………………………. 17
Locale and Respondents of the Study…………………………………. 17
Sample Size……………………………….…………………………… 18
Sampling Technique…………………………………………………… 20
Research Instrument…………………………………………………… 21
Data Gathering Procedure……………………………………………... 21
Data Analysis Procedure…………………………………….………... 22

2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Printed Sources…………………………………………………….. 23
Internet Sources……………………………………………………. 24

3
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The need to conserve natural resources becomes urgently necessary because man

is rapidly consuming the resources faster than ever before. The natural resources that

require conservation are those that are necessary for the growth and welfare of the

people. These resources include water, soils, minerals, forests, fishery, and wildlife. We

must maintain for our civilization the adequate material sources, for without which that

civilization cannot exist. We must show foresight, we must look ahead. As a nation, we

won’t only enjoy a wonderful measure of present prosperity but also an assurance of

future success that no other nation will have if this prosperity is used correctly. It means

that in the utilization of our resources, we should minimize waste and adopt measures

that will replenish or renew the ones being used. We should consider the welfare not only

of the present but also the future generations.

Cultural practices distinguish one country from other countries. Some of our

practices have long been observed by our ancestors and still exist in our time. However,

no culture is ever in a permanent state. The practices of today will never be the same

tomorrow. They tend to evolve from generation to generation – traditional to modern. It

is constantly changing because new ideas and new techniques are added and old ways are

continuously modified or discarded. The degree of change and the rate of change may

vary enormously. Change is slow in a primitive, isolated society and rapid in a

contemporary industrialized society. There might be changes as to how it is practiced but

the essence of why it is done still endure. It is very important for a society to make each

4
of these practices alive through the passage of time because the values it contains

determine who a member of a certain society is.

Furthermore, the towns that belong to the District 2 of Iloilo namely, Alimodian,

Leganes, Leon, New Lucena, Pavia, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara, and Zarraga are described

in the preceding paragraphs and 5 out of these 8 towns will be the focus of our study.

Alimodian is hilly terrain but has fertile plains. It is 24.6 km. from the city. It is irrigated

by the Aganan River. The climate is humid. It is bounded on the North by Maasin, on

South by San Miguel, on the East by Cabatuan, and on the West by Leon.

Leganes is an extensive fertile plain, and has a wholesome climate. It is 10.9 km. from

the city. It is bounded on the North by Zarraga; on the South by Jaro; on the East by the

Guimaras; on the West by Pavia and Santa Barbara.

Leon is mountainous, although there are also beautiful plains. It is 28.2 km. from the city.

The land is very fertile and the climate is wholesome. The Sibalom River and many

brooks irrigate it. It is bounded on the North by Alimodian, on the South by Cordoba, on

the East by San Miguel, on the West by Tubungan.

New Lucena is 25 kilometres away from Iloilo City. It is bounded on the northeast by the

Municipality of Pototan, on the southeast by the Municipality of Zarraga, on the

southwest by the Municipality of Sta. Barbara and on the northwest by the Municipality

of Cabatuan and a little portion of Mina.

Pavia is a beautiful and fertile plain irrigated by the Salog River on the Northeastern part

and by the Aganan River on the Southwest. It is 9.6 km. from the city. It has a

wholesome climate. It is bounded on the North by Santa Barbara, on the South by Jaro,

on the East by Leganes, on the West by San Miguel.

5
San Miguel has plain and fertile land, irrigated by the Aganan River. It is 16 km from the

city. The climate is wholesome. It is bounded on the North by Alimodian, on the South

and East by Mandurriao, on the West by Leon.

Sta. Barbara is in a very fertile extensive plain irrigated by the Salog River that passes

towards the North and East and by the Aganan River on the West. It is 15.6 km from the

city. The climate is wholesome but somewhat humid. It is bounded on the North by

Cabatuan, on the South by Leganes, on the East by Zarraga and New Lucena, on the

West by San Miguel.

Zarraga has fertile soil and healthful climate. It is 15.7 km from the city. It is irrigated by

the Jalauod River. It is bounded on the West by Santa Barbara, on the North by New

Lucena, on the South by Leganes and on the East by Dumangas.

Here is the location map of the district 2 of Iloilo:

6
I conducted this study for the following reasons:

(1) To know and enumerate the natural resources that is available in the towns that

belong to District 2 of Iloilo;

(2) To gain knowledge from the residents of the District 2 of Iloilo about the ways

they use in conserving/preserving their available natural resources;

(3) To learn and identify the different cultural practices of the District 2 of Iloilo;

(4) To be aware of the cultural practices that is observed by the towns in District 2 of

Iloilo both traditional and modern.

Statement of the Problem

This study is about how natural resources and cultural practices are conserved/

preserved by the different towns in Iloilo particularly of the District 2.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:

1. What are the ways used in the preservation of natural resources in the Second

Congressional District of Iloilo as perceived by the members of the community when

respondents are taken as a whole and when grouped according to municipal affiliation,

sex, age and educational attainment?

2. What are the methods used in the conservation of cultural practices in the Second

Congressional District of Iloilo as perceived by the members of the community when

respondents are taken as a whole and when grouped according to municipal affiliation,

sex, age and educational attainment?

3. Are there significant differences in the ways used in the preservation of natural

resources in the Second Congressional District of Iloilo as perceived by the members of

7
the community when respondents are taken as a whole and when grouped according to

municipal affiliation, sex, age and educational attainment?

4. Are there significant differences in the methods used in the conservation of

cultural practices in the Second Congressional District of Iloilo as perceived by the

members of the community when respondents are taken as a whole and when grouped

according to municipal affiliation, sex, age and educational attainment?

Hypotheses

Based on the foregoing problems, the following hypotheses were advanced:

1. There are no significant differences in the ways used in the preservation of natural

resources in the Second Congressional District of Iloilo as perceived by the members of

the community when respondents are taken as a whole and when grouped according to

municipal affiliation, sex, age and educational attainment.

2. There are no significant differences in the methods used in the conservation of

cultural practices in the Second Congressional District of Iloilo as perceived by the

members of the community when respondents are taken as a whole and when grouped

according to municipal affiliation, sex, age and educational attainment.

8
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The research paradigm of the study is schematically shown in Figure 1,

illustrating the hypothesized interplay of the selected variables.

Municipalities

Conservation/
Sex Preservation of
Natural Resources
and
Age
Cultural Practices

Educational
Attainment

Significance of the Study

In our present time, people rapidly utilize the scarce natural resources in order to

meet their unlimited needs and wants. Moreover, as time passes, most cultural practices

are being modified so as to meet the demand of the present generation. With this, the

researchers aim to have knowledge of how the different natural resources and cultural

practices of the towns in District 2 of Iloilo are conserved/ preserved by the residents of

each town. And the results of this study will benefit the following stakeholders:

The government and future leaders of the locality, this study will help them

implement new programs and improve previously started projects about the

conservation/preservation of their municipality’s natural resources and cultural practices

9
for the betterment of their community, and for this above mentioned resources and

practices to be still alive for the generations to come.

The residents of District 2, through this study they will be able to know and learn

how they could participate and contribute to the different programs and projects that are

being implemented in their towns for the preservation/conservation of their natural

resources and cultural practices. It is because they could use these resources and practices

as a means of livelihood.

The Ilonggos, this research would be able to give them the knowledge and

enhance their awareness as to how the available natural resources are to be preserved as

well as the existing cultural practices not only of the District 2 but also of the whole

province of Iloilo. For preservation of all these resources and practices will bring pride to

everyone.

And as a whole, this study will make each one of us informed of the importance

of conserving our natural resources in order to help maintain the balance of the

environment. And also, in preserving and valuing the various cultural practices for its

continued existence that future generation may still be able to experience and witness

them.

Scope of the Study

This study was limited in identifying the natural resources and cultural practices

and in determining the ways these resources and practices are preserved/conserved by the

residents of the Second Congressional District of Iloilo. The respondents in this study

were the residents of the selected municipalities of the Second Congressional District of

10
Iloilo, namely, Alimodian, New Lucena, Pavia, San Miguel, and Sta. Barbara. The data

needed in this study will be gathered using the researchers-made questionnaire.

Definition of Terms

For a much better understanding, the words used were defined based on the study.

The following terms were given importance:

CONSERVATION.

It is the official supervision of rivers, forests, and other natural resources in order

to preserve and protect them through prudent management. It is also the careful

utilization of a natural resource in order to prevent depletion.(Dasmann, Raymond. New

York: Wiley, 1968.)

It is the careful and responsible use of natural resources so that it won’t lead to

higher scarcity and therefore, maintaining the balance in the environment. Examples are

reducing consumption of resources; protecting them from contamination or pollution;

reusing or recycling resources when possible.

PRESERVATION.

It is the maintenance of something, especially something of historic value, in an

unchanged condition.(Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.)

This is the process or way of sustaining the value and essence of an event or practice that

has an importance to the society’s culture. This includes the continued celebration of an

event, and the restoration and keeping of things related to that event or practice.

11
NATURAL RESOURCES.

These are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be

found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources

(at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh

water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate

form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most

forms of energy.

( www.lawphil.net/administ/denr/denr.html)

This includes both living and non-living things that is found in the environment

which is used by people as source of their needs, wants and also of additional income.

Examples of these resources are rice, coconut, vegetables, chicken, forest land, minerals,

etc.

CULTURAL PRACTICES.

It refers to the manifestation of a culture or sub-culture, especially in regard to the

traditional and customary practices of a particular ethnic or other cultural group. These

are patterns of social interactions, behaviors. Practices involve the use of products. They

represent the knowledge of “what to do when and where” and how to interact within a

particular culture. (National Standards for Foreign Language Education Project.

(1999).Lawrence, KS: Allen Press, Inc.)

This refers to traditional and modern practices of a certain place which they

exercise and celebrate, such practices usually commemorates events that happened in the

past and the festivals of a town.

12
DISTRICT 2 OF ILOILO.

It is one of the 6 districts in the province of Iloilo. (Province of Iloilo Annual

Provincial Profile 2009)

It is where we selected the five towns which we have given focus in our study.

13
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Natural Resources

According to Philippine Science Encyclopedia, the conservation of the

Philippines’ natural resources is a fundamental policy of the government. The

Constitution of the Philippines declares that all natural resources found within the country

belong to the state and their conservation, utilization and development is limited to

Filipino citizens or to corporations where at least 60 percent of the capital is owned by

such citizens.

The Philippines natural resources provide income for the country, as well as the

individual. Comprised of many tropical islands in the southern Pacific Ocean, the country

boasts several beaches and coastal communities that support tourism. Away from the

beach, one will find rich soil conducive for farming. Every resource that man needs to

survive is provided by nature: food, air, shelter (wood from trees) and water. And other

resources, such as electricity and fossil fuels ensure that as societies we have

transportation, can produce goods, heat our homes when the weather is cold and power

our much loved gadgets. Some of these resources are renewable; we can replace them,

such as plants (food), water and trees, whilst others such as fossil fuels are nonrenewable.

Once we have depleted these resources they are gone forever. Growing populations,

waste and pollution have all ensured that we are not only using renewable resources

faster than we can replenish them, but are abusing the resources which we do have. Poor

farming practices ensure the erosion of much needed soil for agriculture, the over hunting

14
of animals leads to shortages of some foods (like certain species of fish) the use of

pesticides and other toxins has polluted our air and water supplies. Why does this matter?

Well, if we continue at this rate our most basic means for survival will be in such short

supply that the world will be in crisis. Such catastrophic events may not happen during

your lifetime, but possibly within the lifetime of your children, and certainly within the

lifetime of your grandchildren. (Lisa Diver, 2013.)

According to ChAgenda21, natural resources are an important material basis for a

stable national economy and social development. They can be divided into two

categories: the exhaustible, such as minerals, and the inexhaustible, such as forests and

grasslands. With industrialization and urbanization, mankind's great demand for natural

resources and their large scale exploitation and consumption has resulted in the

weakening, deterioration and exhaustion of these resources. One difficult task faced by

all countries is to guarantee the lasting utilization of natural resources at the lowest

possible environmental cost while still assuring economic and social development.

The Philippines is rich in natural resources. It has fertile, arable lands, diverse

flora and fauna, extensive coastlines, and rich mineral deposits. About 30% of the land

area of the country was determined be geologically prospective by the Philippine Mines

and Geo-Sciences Bureau. But Only 1.5% of country's land area is covered with mining

permits. Despite the rich natural resources of the Philippines, the government is

restricting its exploitation. A logging ban is imposed on many areas of the country and

only in select areas are "sustainable logging" allowed. However illegal logging and

small-scale illegal mining continues in many areas. In July 2012, President Benigno

15
Aquino III ordered a stop to all mining activities in all (78 areas) protected and eco-

tourism sites. (PhilippineHistory.Org)

According to the Environment and Natural Resource Sector, in order to improve

the conservation, protection, and rehabilitation of the country’s natural resources, the

sector shall pursue their sustainable use and integrated management. Natural resources

management activities shall be directed at enhancing the state of the different ecosystems

and the natural resources within them to provide resource-dependent communities with

sustainable livelihoods.

The Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO) has a total

budget of P4.5 million for a massive greening program for Iloilo City and neighboring

municipalities. With a target coverage of 81.33 hectares, the regreening aims to plant

some 66,000 tree seedlings in Iloilo City, the towns of Oton, Pavia, San Miguel, Leganes

and Sta. Barbara. In San Miguel, it will cover a total of 11 hectares in four sites that will

include riverbanks and roadsides, too. Eight sites have been identified for tree planting in

Leganes. These include roadsides in Brgy. Calaboa, elementary and high schools, for a

total of 6.23 hectares.

Department of Agriculture Regional Field Unit VI has allotted P21.5 million for

the construction and rehabilitation of the following: Cordova Norte Check Dam, wit PIP

in Tigbauan, Durog Diversion Dam in Miag-ao, Bololacao Check Dam in New Lucena,

Ligtos Diversion Dam in Leon, Sto. Niño Check Dam wit PIP in San Miguel, Madong

Diversion Dam in Janiuay and Salvacion Diversion Dam in Balasan. DA has tied up with

the Iloilo provincial government for the implementation of SSIP (Small Scale Irrigation

Projects) to provide supplemental source of irrigation in the rainfed areas and prevent soil

16
erosion as well as flooding of farmlands. It also envisions in enhancing agricultural

productivity and in accelerating development and improve the economic resources of the

farmers.

Cultural Practices

According to The IBRD, cultural conservation helps a community not only

protect economically valuable physical assets, but also preserve its practices, history, and

environment, and a sense of continuity and identity. Communities should prioritize which

cultural assets to preserve, considering both cultural meaning and livelihood implications,

although reaching a consensus may be difficult.

According to de los Reyes, because of commercialism, provinces all over the

Philippines have created performances that have no historical basis. In order to appeal to

domestic and foreign visitors, some municipalities have even copied well-known Filipino

festivals and merged them with contemporary dances and pop music. Tourists don’t go to

the Philippines to dine in contrived Balinese themed restaurants and resorts or travel all

the way to witness fiestas where dancers gyrate to brainless noontime show pop ditties.

They want what they can’t find anywhere else. They want the real Philippines:

indigenous and folk dances, handicrafts, textiles and cuisine. (Rene Romulo de los Reyes,

2008)

According to Chandra Singh Negi, traditional societies, sustainable natural

resource management is driven by the beliefs and behaviors of human communities, and

local cultures are strengthened by their intimate connections to the natural environment

that sustains those. Our modern world is often poorer for the scientific rationalism that

17
treats objective and sacred knowledge as separate spheres, while traditional cultures do

not make such distinctions. However, traditional knowledge-based systems qualify as

being of conservation value only if they satisfy two basic criteria: they must (a) prevent

or mitigate resource depletion, species extirpation, and habitat degradation and (b) be

designed to do so. With these two criteria as analytical tools, this describes the inherent

conservation role of salient cultural practices in various landscapes, including in sacred

forests, and of the traditional knowledge-based systems developed and practiced by

mountain communities.

According to IUCN/CEESP, the importance of culture to biodiversity

conservation outcomes has become increasingly clear. However, these relationships have

yet to have significant impact on Conservation practice and policy. While conservation

organizations claim to address culture in their planning and policy, they tend to use an

antiquated concept of culture and rarely employ staff with substantial training in, or

knowledge of, cultural theory, cultural analysis, or cultural practice. Consequently,

conservation projects are often bound by an ideology that fails to fully appreciate the

contributions of cultural knowledge, practice and institutions to biodiversity conservation

outcomes. They are also guided by a continuing belief that conservation policy, planning

and practice do not reflect the dominant belief systems and values of the culture from

which they emerge.

The conservation of the built environment is, in essence, a practical activity

conducted at the local level as an integral part of place management for collective,

generally public, goals; guided by detailed legislative frameworks, local policy guidelines

18
and professional working practices. Each building, district, town, as well as the people

who use them, is essentially unique.

Cultural Resources are evidence of past human activity. These may include

pioneer homes, buildings or old roads; structures with unique architecture; prehistoric

village sites; historic or prehistoric artifacts or objects; rock inscription; human burial

sites; earthworks, such as battlefield entrenchments, prehistoric canals, or mounds. These

nonrenewable resources often yield unique information about past societies and

environments, and provide answers for modern day social and conservation problems.

Although many have been discovered and protected, there are numerous forgotten,

undiscovered, or unprotected cultural resources in rural America. Hence, this research

paper on Sociology, will present the ways on how residents of particular towns in the

Second Congressional District of Iloilo preserve/conserve their available natural

resources and existing cultural practices in for its subsistence through generations.ven

focus in our study.

19
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents an exposition of the research methodology. Specifically, the

research design, the study area and population (sample respondents), the sampling

technique, the research instruments used, the data-gathering procedure and, the treatment

of data and statistical analysis.

Research Design

This study utilized the descriptive method. This method has various types and the

researchers decided to use the Descriptive Survey Research Design. The said kind of

descriptive method of research uses survey questionnaire in gathering data. The

researchers believed that this research design is suited to the study because it will make

the gathering of data easier.

Locale and Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were the residents from the five selected

municipalities of the Second Congressional District of Iloilo, namely, Alimodian, New

Lucena, Pavia, San Miguel and Sta. Barbara. The total population of the in the said

municipalities is 183,757 from a total inhabitant population of 284,410 of the Second

Congressional District of Iloilo.

20
Sample Size

A sample population was taken from the total population of the five

municipalities of 183,757 using the Slovin’s formula:

𝑁
𝑛=
1+𝑁𝑒 2
Where:

N = Total Population

n = The desired sample size

e = The margin of error, set at 0.10

Thus,
𝑁 183,757 183,757
𝑛= = =
1+𝑁𝑒 2 1+(183,757)(0.1)2 1,838.57

= 99.9456099

= 100

Through the process, the result revealed 100 which was the total number of our

actual sample population from the 183,757 residents of the five municipalities of the

Second Congressional District of Iloilo. Table I shows the number of respondents from

each municipality based on the sample population solved and with the use of percentage.

21
 Table I

Total Number of Respondents

Five Selected
Total Population Number of Respondents
Municipalities
Alimodian 37, 484 20
New Lucena 22, 174 12
Pavia 43, 614 24
San Miguel 25, 013 14
Sta. Barbara 55, 472 30
Total 183, 757 100

Table II

Personal Data

Table 2.1

Distribution of respondents

When classified according to age

Age N %
11-20 21 0.21
21-30 26 0.26
31-40 20 0.20
41-50 15 0.15
51 above 18 0.18
Total 100 1.00

22
 Table 2.2

Distribution of respondents

When classified according to sex

Sex N %
Female 61 0.61
Male 39 0.39
Total 100 1.00

Table 2.3

Distribution of respondents

When classified according to educational attainment

Age N %
Elementary 4 0.04
High school 40 0.40
College 56 0.56
Total 100 1.00

Sampling Technique

The convenience sampling method was applied in the selection of the final

respondents of this study. The respondents were classified according to municipality

affiliation, age, sex and educational attainment. The researches then will figure out if

there are differences as to how the natural resources and cultural practices are preserved/

conserved by the respondents in relation to the aforementioned variables.

23
Research Instrument

The researchers used self-formulated questionnaires in the survey and interview

as their research instrument to collect the needed data and results in order to identify the

ways used by the locality’s respondents in preserving/ conserving their available natural

resources and existing cultural practices.

The research instrument is divided into two parts: Part One (I) of the

questionnaire shall include the personal data of the respondents as of name (optional),

age, sex, residence area (barangay and town), highest educational attainment and

occupation which shall be used as basis for the second part of the instrument. Part Two

(II) shall consist of four (4) questions that ask the respondents about the natural resources

found and cultural practices exercised within their municipality and how these are

preserved/ conserved.

The study also utilized a structured interview schedule in the collection of data to

answer the detailed questions concerning the natural resources found and cultural

practices exercised within their municipality and how these are preserved/ conserved.

Suggestions, ideas and comments were considered in the final draft of the questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data that were gathered from the process is a significant part of the research

on which the results of the study will greatly rely on.

In the preparation stage, the researchers collected data from the website of the

National Statistics Office to determine the population of the whole District 2 of Iloilo and

its municipalities. This was to calculate the sample size to be used in the study.

24
 The researchers then start going to the five municipalities. The researchers

supervised the procedures personally. The purpose of the study and the manner of

answering the questionnaires were explained clearly to the respondents before they were

given permission to answer and fill out the instrument.

The questionnaires were given out to the respondents of the municipalities to

gather their personal views on the preservation/ conservation of their available natural

resources and existing cultural practices. The researchers also chose five residents, one

from each municipality, to be the interviewees. Their responses were used as basis for the

interpretation and analysis of the results of the study.

Data Analysis Procedure

The gathered data were then tallied in order to know the frequency of the answers

that will facilitate the researchers in determining the ways most used by the residents in

preserving/ conserving their available natural resources and existing cultural practice.

25
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28