Encyclopedia of

Chemical Processing
and esign
EXECUTIVE EDITOR John J. McKetta
ASSOCIATE EDITOR William A. Cunningham

CIATE EDITOR
CUNNINGHAM
1iversity of Texas
Austin Texas Organic Liquids Thermal
Conductivity Estimation t o
Peat Supply Demand
· Relationships

N
This website stores data such as
HAPPEL

bia cookies to enable essential site

University
ork functionality,
New York as well as marketing,
personalization, and analytics. You
may change your settings at any time
or accept the default settings.

8 8833
Privacy Policy

Marketing c:Mitchef cM.emoziaf .fibzazg

Personalization c:Mi,HiJJippi eState 'llniveu.it f

Analytics
MARCE L DEKKER INC. NEW YORK ND BASEL

Save Accept All

 I nternation

RAY C ADAM
Fonner Chairman of the Boar<
N . L. Industries
Industries,, I nc
nc..
New York, New York
M A. ALLAWALA
Managing Direc tor
Managing
National Refinery Ltd.
Ltd.
Karachi , Pakistan
HAMED H. H . AMER
Chairman
Agiba Petroleum Co.
Cairo,, Egypt
Cairo

R G ANTHONY
Professor, Department of Che
Professor,
Engineering
Texas A M University
College Station, Texas
H J AROYAN
Fonner Vice President
Chevron Research Company
Richmond, California

F SID ASKARI
President
Library of ongress ataloging n Publication Data (Revised)
Main entry under title
title:: Technolog, Inc
Technolog, Inc..
Engineering
Enginee ring and Industrial COJ
sultants
Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design . Tehran, Iran

DONALD l BAEDER
Includes bibliographical references .
Fonner Executive Vice Preside
I Chemical engineering - Dictionaries. 2. Chemistry,
Science and Technology
Technical - Dictionaries .
M cKetta , John
I. J. Occidentall Petroleum Corpora
Occidenta
II . Cunningham, William Aar on . Los Angeles, California
TP 9 . E66 660 . 2 8 003 75 - 40646
Wm . A . BAILEY Jr. Jr.
ISBN: 0-8247-2480-1
Fonner Direc
Director
tor,, MTM Proce
search and Development La
Shell
Shell Development Compa ny
Houston , Texas

C O P Y R I G H T@ 1 9 9 0 b y MARCEL DEKKER , INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . TRAVIS W BAIN

Vice President
National Sales,
Sales, Inc
Inc..
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any Jackson,, Mississippi
Jackson
means , electronic or mechanical, including photocopying , microfilming , and recording.
GAREN BALEKJIAN
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
C.
the publisher . F . Braun
Arcadia
Arcadia,, California
This website stores data such as CESAR BAPTISTE
MARCEL DEKKER , INC.
cookies to enable essential site Vice President
270 Madison Avenue , New Yor k , New York , 10016 Petroleos Mexicanos
functionality, as well as marketing, Mexico City, Mexico
personalization, and analytics.
LI BRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGYou CARD N U M B E R : 75 - 40646 LEON R MARTINEZ BASS
mayISBN
change your settings at any time
: 0-8247-2483-6 Sales Manager-Northern Mex
Zincamex,, S. A.
Zincamex
or accept the default settings. Saltillo,, Mexico
Saltillo
Current printing (la s t digit):
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I ROBERT 0 BATHIANY
Technical Planner
Weyerhauserr Compan y
Weyerhause
Privacy
PRINTPolicy
E D IN THE U N I T E D STATES OF AMERICA Tacoma, Washington

Marketing
Personalization

Analytics

Save Accept All

 3 2 Paper anufacture Paper anuf

Palladium see Platinum Group Metals)

Palladium Catalysis see Precious Metals Catalysis)

Paper Manufacture

Paper manufactu
manufacture re is one of the largest industries in the civilized world,
world , and
its usage is stil
stilll growing rapid
rapidly.
ly. The majo r applicati ons are,
are , first
first,, in commun
ications-newspapers,, magazines
ications-newspapers magazines,, books
books,, pamphlets
pamphlets,, and in computer
readouts.. The second major use is in packaging-wrapping paper, bags,
readouts bags ,
cartons, corrugated cardboard,
cartons, cardboard , and the like.
like . There are also a host of smaller
applications such as insulation , lightwe
lightweight
ight structures, sporting goods,
goods, clean
ing,, and medical items.
ing
The growth in demand could well outstrip the earth s supply of the basic
raw material,
material , trees
trees,, except for two mitigating tendencies: the use of thinner
grades of paper and the substitution of plastics for paper. The latter are usually
made from petroleum or natura l gas raw materials materials.. Recycling wastepaper and
more efficient
e fficient processing are also helpful.
helpful.
Nearly all paper is now made from wood cellulose pulp. pulp . The pulping
process is described in a separate section,
section , and it varies somewhat depending
on the type of wood being converted. Basically the process accomplishes the the
separation of the source mater ial into fine fiber fiberss with mor e or less
less removal of
lignin or other nonfibrous adjuncts. Some specialty papers are made from
sources of cellulose other than wood, wood , such as rice hulls,
hulls , hemp
hemp,, bagasse, etc. ;
but a pulping process similar to that used for wood chips is still necessary. In
This website stores datathe such as early
very earl y days of papermaking
papermaking,, raw materials were used which were
cookies to enable essential site
already substantially pure cellulose,
cellulose , such as rags. In these cases,
cases , pulping as
functionality, as well as marketing,
such could be omitted and the source material merely mechanically chopped
personalization, and analytics. You , and bleached. Very high grade writing paper is sometimes still
up,, washed
up washed,
may change your settings at any
made time
from rag stock. Manufacture of the cheapest newsprint also skips the
or accept the default settings.
normal pulping operation
operation,, i.e. removal ofli gnin from cellulose. n this case a
high grade of wood is mechanically ground, washed, washed , and bleached to provi
provide
de
newsprint feeds
feedstock.
tock.
Privacy Policy After pulping,
pulping, the papermaking process may be subdivided into the
following
following operations.
opera tions.
Marketing
Personalization

Analytics

Save Accept All

Manufacture aper Manufacture 3 3

A tock Preparation

Included in this operation are preparation of a thick slurry of pulp in water,

beating, hydropulping or refining to reduce the thickness of fibers (disin
tegrating
tegrating thick c lumps or bundles to fine individual fibers or fibrils),
fibrils), addi tion
of various chemicals to modify properties of the finished paper, a final
cleaning to remove dirt, sand, lumps, etc., and dilution with more water.

B Sheet Formation

This is a key step in papermaki ng, and on a commercial scale is carried out at
high speed on a moving filter mediu
me diu m such as a wire
wire or cloth on a Fourdrinier
machine or on rotating cylinders or moving belts. Multi-ply sheets can be
made by repeated deposition of fibers. In this step a very dilute slurry (less

than 1 through
drained in solids the
content) is run
support onto athe
to yield filter
sheet of medium,
somewhatand water is rapidly
interlocked fibers.
The gravity dewatering action is aided by vacuum, pressure from an adjacent
sheet, or even centrifugal force.
ed world, and
t, in commu n-
in computer C Drying and Calendering
g paper, bags,
ost of smaller The moist sheet leaving
leaving the forming area has little
little strength until it is dried
goods, clean- from an initial moisture of7 to 80 by weight
weight to approxim ately 4 to 10 by
weight.
ly of the basic The wet sheet may be picked up from the forming section on a carrie c arrierr felt
felt
use of thinner and transferred to a series of heated steel rolls,
rolls, where m oisture is remo ved by
ter are usuall
usually
y evaporation. The initial rolls may provide for blowing
blowing hot air through the wet
astepaper
astepap er and paper. The steam heated
he ated rolls or drying cans are staggere
staggeredd so that both side
sidess
of the paper are dried. At tne end of the drying tra in there will usually be
be one
The pulping or more pairs, or a stack, of calende
calenderr rolls
rolls which smooth and densify the pape r
This website stores data such as
hat depending with a pressure of seve
several
ral hundred pounds per inch. The calendered paper is
cookies to enable essential site
o m p l i s h s the generally received on a large roll holding several tons of paper.
functionality, as well as marketing,
ess removal of
personalization, and analytics. You
re made from
may change your settings at any time
,bagasse, etc.; D Finishing
or accept the default settings.
I necessary. In
which were Finishing of paper is a concept which may include several different steps
es, pulping as along the process. It may include the special additives such as dyes and
ically Privacy
chopped
choppe dPolicy pigments added to the pulper or beater to enhance color and opacity, or
ometimes sti still
ll strength additives and fillers, also added in the stock preparation area.
Marketing
also skips the It may include resin or latex dipping or spraying steps included part way
. In this casePersonalization
a along the drying train. Or it may include the application of finish coatings at
hed to provide the calendering
c alendering stage.
Analytics
In any case, the roll of paper on t he take-up ree
reell is firs
firstt tri mmed to exact
ided into the width with cutting knives at the edges, and then generally taken to a separate
Save Accept All statio n for cutting int o smaller widths for specific uses.
uses.
 3 4 Paper Manufacture Paper Manufact

It may be subjected to crepi ng where the sheet is j mmed against a 1

mechanical resistance as it is unwound and rewound. It may be further t

treated with resins or surface finishing agent
agents.
s. 0
Finally,, the product is converted into speci
Finally specific
fic type
typess of end products.

Details of Papermaking Process l

l
A Stock Preparation
n
l
In most paper mills the cellulose pulp is stored in the form of large sheets
sheets,, S1
either dry for
for purchased material or moist ( wet lap ) for pulp produced on n
site. It is generally handled on pallets, and when ready to be used
used,, is dumped g
from pallets into a machine for quickly breaking up the sheets (about 40 in. 2 n
and 1 s -in. thick) an d slurrying the fibers in water. S
A typical machine for accomplishing this task is the Beloit hydropulper
shown in Fig. 1 A powerful agitator is driven from the bottom. Its curved A
knife-like blades provide vigorous agitation for the whole contents of the B
vessel as well as impelling sufficiently fine fibers through the slotted bottom
a

Mill water To stock tank st

dditives p;
dl
re

th
a
T
P
di
P
n

sh
ra
tu
th
This website stores data such as gr
cookies to enable essential site sli
functionality, as well as marketing, m
personalization, and analytics. You n
may change your settings at any time th
or accept the default settings.
ru
Claflin refiner ca
Privacy Policy Beloit pulper ell
FIG 1 Pulper system. I=
Marketing

Personalization

Analytics

Save Accept All

 Manufacture aper Manufacture 3 5

med against a into the small chamber below. Agitator power may be as high as 100 hp per
ay be further thousand gallons of charge capacity. The charge capacity would be of the
order of30 00 to 6000 gal,
gal, and the run time, 15 min to 1 h, part of which time
f end products. is devoted to circulating the slurry through the refiner, a high-speed rotating
device in which internal conically disposed knives move past stationary
knives or bars. A tight clearance is maintained by axial pressure against the
rotating cone. The concentration of pulp in water, known as consistency,
leaving this system is generally of the order of 1 to 2 , depending on fiber
length. The longer the fibers, the lower the consistency must be in order to
maintain a reasonable flowability. Besides cellulose pulp (or other fibers)
loaded into the pul
pulper,
per, man y other additives are generally
generally introduced at this
of large sheets, stage. These may be strength additives such as urea-formaldehyde resins,
produced on melamine-formaldehyde resins, rosin, or various natural gums. Synthetic
dumped gums such as polyethylene oxide derivatives and carboxymethyl cellulose
s (about 40 in. 2 may be used. Pigments and dyes are added for control of transparency,
smoothness, and color. The cheapest of these is calcium carbonate or clay.
it hydropulper For effective whiteness, titanium dioxide is used in smaller quantities.
om. Its curved Alum is used in many cases to promote adhesion of the other additives.
contents of the Biocidess may be added to prevent
Biocide preve nt slime or mold growth. The total quant
q uant ity of
slotted bottom additives may be as much as 30 of the weight of the pulp, but is generally
much less, of the order of 3 to 5 .
The thick slurry from the pulper is dumped into a dump chest for
To stock tank storage,
storage, then transferred to a mac machine
hine chest for cont
continuo
inuous
us fee
feed
d to the
paper machine area. It is diluted with white water or recycl
recycled
ed liquid which
drains through the paper machine screen and suction boxes into a silo or
receiving tank. This system of recycling liquid not only conserves the water
used in large
large quantities on the paper machine (slur
(slurry
ry concentrations entering
the machine are as low as 0.3% or even less) but also reclaims much of the
additives
additives which
which are not trapped on or adsorbed by the fibers on the machine.
Thus, the additives put into the pulper are the n t amounts taken up by the

paper, whil
diluted whilee aissubstantia
stock substantial
generally
generall yl filtered
amou
am ount
ntthrough
may circulate
a bar with
with
barrie
rier the white
r screen, water.
a long The
rotating
This website stores data such as
cookies to enable essential site perforated cylindrical screen,
screen, and also
also passed throug
through h one or two cleaner
cleanerss
in series (see Fig 2). These are long conical vessels into which the thinned
functionality, as well as marketing,
slurry enters tangentially near the top; the slurry spins around rapidly, its
personalization, and analytics. You
radius of gyration decreasing as it moves downward in the cone, finally
may change your settings at any time
turning around near the bottom and passing up through the central core of
or accept the default settings.
the cone to ana n outlet at th e top center.
center. Meanwh
Meanwhile,
ile, any material such as sand,
grit, bits of tramp metal, or wood are thrown out to the side of the cone and
slide down into a chamber at the bottom, from which these contaminants
Privacy Policy
may be continuously or batchwise discharged. The cleaned slurry is adjusted
consistency and fed to the head box of he paper machine, as described in
in consistency
Marketing
the next section.
Personalization In older paper mills or in highly specialized mills where relatively short
runs of a wide variety of products are made, the pulping operation may be
Analytics
carried out in beaters or Hollanders as shown in Fig. 3. These are long
o n one long leg of he ellipse. The
elliptical tubs, with a paddle wheel moun ted on
Save Accept All paddles are actually iron or other metal bars rotating against
against a bed
bed plate
 3 6 Paper Manufacture Paper Manufactur

Clean
slurry
ischarg e

Upper section, say 6 diameter

Inlet velocity
e e d ~ •
50 ft/s
or more)

Cone le ngth 2 to 4 f t .
stain I ss steel
Lapped

ulp
loading [

Lower s e ction, say 3 diameter

Catch chamber
glass)

Trash

FIG 2 . Hydroclone type cleaner.

cleaner.

with a sharp knife mounted to give a narrow but adjustable clearance from
the bars.
bars . The assembly may be provided with a spring or counterweight
system designed to allow widening of the clearance in the event of a blockage
or oversized lump of hard material coming into the clearance area. The
beaters are slow compared to the hydropulper,
hydropulper , but provide for good visual
observation of the fibrillating action and for holdup of batches pending
This website stores data suchoras
testing chemical reaction of additives
additives..
cookies to enable essential site be n
functionality, as well as marketing, feed
personalization, and analytics.
B Sheet You ormation mac
may change your settings at any time desiJ
or accept the default settings.
The basic equipm ent used for sheet formation is still the Fourdrinier moving box
wire. Originally the feed end of the wire was
was mou nted on an oscillating track, as st
and the whole feed end was shuttled from side to side a distance of several maii
ma
Privacy Policy inches.. With the advent of high speed,
inches speed , wide machines,
machines , with screens traveling butit
as much as 3000 ft/min , the shaking mechanism became too troublesome to hydl
Marketing
Personalization

Analytics

Save Accept All

 er Manufacture Paper Manufacture 3 7

·say 6 diameter . _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ . . . .
elocitY
_ Path of stock

ft/s

i
orel
Motor drive
Additives

; ;.,
t

~ , .
Rotor with
bars (paddles) Leve I of stock

''
ulp
loadtng
. ' -------------
_,.-· ·I • •A
.;
:. f. •
:
•
/
.. --.,.' '- .. • . . -.
1

· · · · ~
. . . . . . . , . . ~ . r : -

V3 diameter Bed plate/knife

Drain

This website stores data such as

able clearance from
cookies to enable essential site
g or counterweight
functionality, as well as marketing,
: event of a blockage
personalization, and analytics. You
;learan ce area. The FIG Beater (Hollander).
may change your settings at any time 3
vide for good visual
or accept the default settings.
of batches pending

be maintained; it has been abandoned in favor of more accurate control of he

Privacy Policy feeding of the thin slurry onto the moving wire. The slurry feeding the
machine enters through a head box which is, in turn, fed through a carefully
Marketing
designed manifold of piping to insure uniform flow and pressure. The head
Fourdrinie r moving
Fourdrinier Personalization box discharges through a "slice" or chute onto the surfa
surface
ce of he moving wire,
an oscillating track, as shown in Fig. 4. The head box is contoured and baff
baffled
led so
so that t he slurry is
Analytics
1 distance of several maintained in moderately turbulent flow so as to maintain a random distri
·ith screens traveling bution of fibers in uniform consistency with a combination of static and
Save to
too troublesome Accept All hydraulicc head uniform wit
hydrauli with
h respect to machine width and time. Th e "slice"
 318 Paper Manufacture Paper Manufactu1

qt
su

a
th
Sheet m
to
Inlet
drier
cc
manifold
Pulp
s l ur r y
c
rom e
mix boxes
nd cle ners
se
se
cl
sn
FIG 4 Fourdri nier sheet former.
wl
th
la
is so designed that the slurry leaves the lip at a velocity close to that of the fo
moving screen. A slight excess of slurry velocity is known as rush and a he
slight deficiency is known as drag. The amount of rush or drag will affect lS
the character of sheet formation. To provide adequate hydraulic impetus, di
sometimes head boxes are pressurized in the vapor space above the liquid
level. pa
The slurry as it is laid down on the wire should be uniform in depth,
consistency, free of waves or ripples
ripples,, an d free ofbub bles. Shortly after leaving
leaving fe
the slice, the screen passes over a series of suction boxes, or chambe chambers rs wi
with
th th
perforated tops connected to a knock-out p ot and a uniform vacuum system system.. SH
The boxes may be 3 to 8 in. wide, of length equal to the full width of the SH
screen, and carefully gasketed so as to draw in water bu t not air. Th e water in in st
the slurry should be drawn off uniformly across the width of the machine. be
Generally there are 3 to 6 wet suction boxes arranged close to each other in
seriess along the wire, and they suffice to draw the fre
serie freee wate r from the surface ca
of he newly formed sheet. Each box has its vacuu m individually controlled so se
as to achieve uniform proportional draw-off of water from the sheet. The de
water from the boxes discharges into the silo or white water receiver tank, to
which is generally maintained
mainta ined un der some vacuum. The water wate r from
from the silo
silo is at
returne d to the slurry mixing boxesboxes ahead of he head box via large centrifug
centrifugalal m
pump ( fan pump) to maintain constant slurry fe feed
ed and approxim
approximately
ately cy
This website stores data such as
constant
cons tant lev
level
el in t he silo.
silo. va
cookies to enable essentialAftersite the free water is drawn off the surface of the newl newlyy formed sheet
sheet,, air
functionality, as well as marketing,
will start to pass through as additional water is drained through. T he scr screen
een pc
personalization, and analytics. You
therefore passes over one or more dry suction boxes, i.e., suction boxes
may change your settings at any to
designed time
handle appreciable quantities of air along with water. Such boxes
or accept the default settings.
drain into a separator, the vapor space of which is piped to a high capacity wet C.
vacuum pump such as a Nash pump. The water from the d ry box separator
willl still drain into the silo.
wil Tl
Privacy Policy After the last suction box, the sheet is ready to be remo ved from the wire. wire. th
This is usually accomplished by transferri ng it to a felt, felt, a moving ban d of high
Marketing

Personalization

Analytics

Save Accept All

 er Manufacture aper Manufacture 3 9

quality fabric which acts as a blotter to remove more moisture and as a

supporting carrier,
carrier, moving the sheet to the drying section of the machine.
Pick-up from th e screen to the felt is accomplished by the felt passing over
a pick-up slot vacuum source, source, which
which draws air throug h a narrow slot slot,,
through the felt,felt , and through the wet sheet, sheet, lifting it off the wire
wire and on to the
S h eet moving fel felt.
t. T he felt will
will be moving
movin g at the samesam e speed as the wire. T he wire
to
d r i er
continues arou nd over over a couch rollroll whewherere adhering water is removed into a
couch pan for rec recycl
ycle.
e. The wire
wire then return s to the breast roll at the fee feedd
end
en d , just under the head box. Between the couch roll and the head roll are
r on f lt
several rolls which adjust the tension and alignment of the wire, wire , and which
seal off water sprayed onto the wire by high pressure jets to keep the wire
Jch pan
clean. Under the wire just ahead of, and after, after, the su ction boxes are sev several
eral
small support
supporting ing rolls
rolls called table rolls.
For special heavy duty materials, modern paper machines are available
which can lay down n ot only one but two or more layers of wet sheet, sheet , one over
the other. Often a top layer of thinner but more special quality stock can be
laid down over a bottom or base layer of heavier stock. In such cases the
lose to that of the forming section of the Fourdrinier is made slightly slightl y longer and a se cond
n as rush and a headbox
head box and slice are added to lay down the top layer before the bott om layer
or drag will affect is ful
fully
ly drained. Care Car e must be taken that t hat th e entering top layer slurry does does not
ydraulic impetus, disrupt the partially formed bot tom layer. layer.
above the liquid For heavy sheet made at high speeds, speeds , a considerably different design of
paper mach ine can be used. The wet sheet is formed under pressure between
iform in depth, two wires, one on one side, side , the other on the other side side of the sheet,
sheet , with the
rtly after leaving feed injected between th e two. Th e clearance between the wires decreases decreases as
or chambers with the sheet moves along, along, t he water being squeezed out into chambers on eac eachh
vacuu m sys
system.
tem. side of the wire. To avoid the complication of a multitude of table rolls, rolls , one
of the side of the pair of wires may run on a large cylindrical roll, roll , and the other side
side
t air. The water in stretched over it. The action can be repeated with any desired number of head
of the machine. boxes and forming cylindrical rolls. rolls.

to each
from t heother
the in
surface Returning to the basic simple Fourdrinier operation,
operation , the sheet being
This website stores data such as carried on the felt is moved a relatively short distance (5 to 15ft) to the
t he first of
ually
ual ly contro lled so
cookies to enable essential site several drying devices, either of squeeze roll, through drier, or can type type,, as
m thefunctionality,
sheet. The as well as marketing, described further on. The sheet is removed from the felt at the point of entry
personalization, and analytics. You to this drying devic
devicee by blowing off. The blow-
blow-offoff is a slotted pipe placed
ter from
maythe silo is your settings at any time
change at the appropriate point behind the felt , through which air is blown at a
a large centrifugal modest pressure to remove the wet paper. The felt continues on around its
or accept the default settings.
d approximately cycling loop, generally past a water wash station and squeeze rolls, rolls, and a
vacuum box to dry the t he felt.
felt.
formed sheet, air Felts used on paper machines must be of a high degree of uniformity in
Privacy Policy
ough. The screen porosity
poro sity,, me chanical strength, stretch qualities,
qualities , and thickn
thickness
ess
.e., suction boxes
Marketing
water. Such boxes
igh capacityPersonalization
wet C Drying and Calendering
ry box separator
Analytics
The wet sheet asas transferred from the carrier
car rier felt
felt to the
t he drying system is more
ed from the wire. than 70 by weight water, and a good deal of thermal energy would be
Ving band ofSave
high Accept All required if all the moisture were to be removed via the conventional steam-
 32 Paper anufacture Paper ManufactU

heated can driers. In many mills a rubber-coated pair of squeeze rolls is

used to mechanically remove as much
m uch water as possi
possible.
ble. One of the rolls may
be porous to facilitate taking the water away from the surface of the paper. A
high degree of water removal by squeezing through rolls is limited by the poor
mechanical strength of the sheet at this point in the process,
process, a nd also by the
disadvantage of excessive compression of the wet sheet, making it less
amenable to evaporative drying.

An alternative method of removing the largelarge initial content of water in the

sheet is to use
use a th
throu
rou gh drier, as shown in Fig Fig.. 5. The through drier is a
large diameter perforated metal drum which rotates, carrying the sheet
around under a large, closely fitting metal hood. Hot combustion gases pass
from the hood through the moist sheet, vaporizing water. The vapors pass
through the paper sheet
sheet and the perforations of the drum into the interior of Wet
the drum which is maintained under a moderate vacuum (say (say 4-8 in. water). fro rr

The connection to the source of vacuum is a stationary shoe inside the

rotating drum, so placed that the sheet is under vacuum from the moment it
reaches the drum until shortly before it reaches the point of discharge (see
Fig. 5). At the discharge a short stationary shoe provides a modest blast of
compressed air to ensure removal of the sheet from the perforated drum.
The moist air coming from the sheet passe
passess into the suction of a large fan,
which circulates the air past a cha mber where natu ral gas or LPG is burned to
quickly heat the air to a contro lled tempe ratu re well
well above the boiling point of
water (say 300-SOOo
300-SOOoF). The upper limit of temperature depends upon the
residual moisture in the sheet leaving the drier-the greater the moisture ti '
content, the higher the allowable temperature. Moisture balance in the m
circulating air syste
system m is controlle d by bleeding
bleeding moist air out after the blower, a{

before the combustion chamber. The rejected moist air may be passed o
through an eco nomizer to recover its its heat, transferring it to cold make-up air sp
required to keep the circulation volume in balance. Operation of a through to
drier syste
system
m is usuall
usuallyy controlled by a microcomputer.
micr ocomputer. m
Final drying of the paper is usually accomplished by use of the time
honored can driers which are simply cylindrical drums over which the
paper passes, with alternating sides facing the drum surface. The cans are
heated internally by steam at a moderate pressure (say 10 to 50 lb/in. 2),
admitted through rotary Johnson joints. The condensate is similarly
removed, being picked up at the bottom of the rotating drum by a stationary
pickup siphon or manifold. The cans are built with as thin a shell as possible
rom
to withstand pressure and mechanical requirements, to facilitate heat trans
This website stores data such as
fer. They are highly polished and accurately aligned. A typical can-drier
drier

cookies to enable essential site

arrangement is shown in Fig. 6.
functionality, as well as marketing,
After the pa per has been dried to about 3 to 5 moisture it is ready for the
personalization, and analytics. You in the ordinary papermaking process. The paper passes through
final steps
may change your settingsone at any time calendering rolls which are highly polished, precision squeeze
or more
or accept the default settings.
rolls which provide for densification and a smooth finish on the paper. The
pressure on the rolls is hydraulically controlled to give a total load of many
tons across the width of the moving sheet. To ensure against differences in
Privacy Policy pressure across the width of the calender, elaborate internal compensating
devices
devic es are b uilt into
i nto the
t he rolls.
rolls.
Marketing
Personalization

Analytics

Save Accept All

1
aper anufacture Paper anufacture 321

tir of squeeze rolls is Combustion

Make up
. One of the rolls may c hamb er air
1rface of the paper. A
Moist
is limited by the poor air
)Cess, and also by the disch rge
heet,, making it less
heet
Hot air hood

ontent of water in the

'he through drier is a Circulating
: carrying the sheet f n

Jmbustion
Jmbus tion gas
gases
es pass
pass
tter. The vapors pass
m into the interior of Wet sheet

(say 4-8 in. water). f rom felt

ary shoe inside the

from the moment
mom ent it Rotating

int of discharge see cylinder

es a modest blast of FIG 5 . Through drier.

drier.
he perforated drum.
uction of a large fan ,
s or LPG is burned to
the boiling point of
re depends upon the As the mechanical and chemical properties of paper are extremely sensi
greater the moisture tive to final moisture content, it is sometimes desirable to use sophisticated
ture balance in the means to control it. One such means is the use of a moisturizer, which
out after the blo
blower
wer,, applies a controlled amount of a fine mistlike spray of water onto the
t he surface
air may be passed of the paper after the calender. A high voltage may be utilized to direct the
t to cold make-up air spray specifically to the paper surface. The can drier system is operated so as
eration of a through- to overdry the paper, and the final moisture is established by use of the
moisturizer.

by use
ums overof the time
which the
This website stores data such as
urface.
urface . The cans are
cookies to enable essential site
ay 10functionality,
to 50 lb/in. as
2
, well as marketing,

is similarly and analytics. You

personalization,
rummayby achange
stationary
your settings at any time
in a shell as possible
or accept the default settings. From
drier
A typical can-drier
Privacy Policy
ure it is ready for the
' • To c lender
aper passes Marketing
through
precision squeeze
Personalization
sh on the paper. The
a total load of many
Analytics
gainst differences in exits vi Johnson
joint
ternal compensating
Save Accept All FIG 6 Can driers.
driers .
 3 Paper anufacture Paper Manufact

D inishing

The paper leaving the forming and drying section of the mill is normally
wound up,
up , under controlled tension, on a ju mbo roll which cove
covers
rs the full
width of the machine and may be wound to 5 ft in diameter or more. This
heavy roll is then removed (while a new roll is started) and taken to a
cutting/slitting
cutting/slitting machine
machine,, where the jumbo roll is unwound and rapidly run

past a series
whatever of circular
widths may beknives
desiredset
desired. . at the proper spacing to cut the sheet into
For may purposes a highly glossy finish may be preferred , in which case a
separate calendering operatio n can be carried ou t whereby a layer layer of resin or
plastic material is sheeted through a pair of calender rolls and then immedi
ately laid onto the paper as it passes through another pair of rolls. A pattern
may be embossed on the plastic surface during such an operation.
oper ation.
For spe ial streng th additives
additive s to the paper, such as vinyl acetate emulsions,
viscose solutions, rubber latex, and a wide variety of other materials, a
dipping plus squeeze-roll arrangement may be inserted into the drying train
part of the plant. For example,
example , after a half-dozen drying cans,
cans , the paper with
a moisture content of 5-10% is dipped an d squeezed to yield yield an impregnated
paper with 20-30% reinforcing agent and perhaps another 20-30% water.
This sheet then pas
passes
ses over anot her 6-12 drying cans or even a through drier
over another
to work the moisture back to 3-5%.
A creping operatio n has already been described.
described.

Miscellaneous uxiliary Equipment

In this brief description a large numbe r of auxiliary items have been skipped,
skipped,
but perhaps deserve passing
passing mention .

1 The white water circulation system takes advantage of gravity to a

considerable degree. The Fourdrinier wire with its suction boxes is
located on a floor of the mill well above the basement, while the white
water silo is well below the machine. This provides a natural drainage
suction,, and vacuum pumps are needed only to trim the pressure in the
suction
This website stores data such as
vapor space of the silo. f course
course,, the dry vacuum boxes do need Nash
cookies to enable essential site
vacuum pumps.
functionality, as well as marketing,
2. Because of many small sources of water arou nd the paper machine machi ne (wir
(wire
e
personalization, and analytics. You
cleaning sprays or showers ) and felt felt cleaning showers
showers,, wet end paper
may change your settings at any time
trimming jets,
jets, water seals, etc., a fair amount of excess white water is
or accept the default settings.developed (beyond what can no rmally be recycled recycled to the machine). Thi Thiss
excesss white water passes int
exces into
o a save all filtefilter,
r, a large rotary vacuum
filter which recovers most of he fibers in the excess water, water, an d even some
Privacy Policy of the pigments (which are present only in small amounts). The save all
product is recyc
recycled
led to t he pulpers.
Marketing
Personalization

Analytics

Save Accept All

aper Manufacture aper Manufacture 3 3

3. When starting
starti ng up a machine
machine,, or when operational
operationa l upsets
upsets occur,
occur, a large
amount of damaged sheet broke is generated. This broke is also usually
he mill is normally recycled to the pulpers unless it is contami
contaminated,
nated, in which
which case it may be
hich covers the full burned.
eter or more. This 4 To facil
facilitate
itate startu p with
with a minimum
minim um of scrap or broke, a usual practice
ed and taken to a is to cut only a narrow tail of sheet leaving the Fourdrin
Four drinier
ier wire (the rest
nd and rapidly run being recycled wet to the mix boxesboxes).
). This tai
taill is pass
passed
ed under a rope at
to cut the sheet into one side of the machine which threads over and und er all all the equipment
equi pment
the sheet must
mus t pass through on its wayway through the drying end. end. f the tail
rred, in which case a makes its run successfully, the tail is quickly widened to full sheet width
by a layer of resin or and the drying system thus becomes fully threaded. The edge of the sheet
s and then immed
immedii that pass
passed
ed under the rope is trim
trimmed
med away at the wet end, end, and the rope
ir of rolls. A pattern no longer carries a tail.
peration. 5. Since can driers are bulk bulky,
y, they are arranged
arrang ed close
close together in staggered
staggered
l acetate emulsions, fashion. As water vapors eman ate from the paper pap er passing over
over the closely
closely
other materials, a stacked cans, it is advantageous to provide good ventilation between
nto the drying train successive cans to provide dry air and to remove hot, moist air.
cans, the paper with 6. As through driers handle very hot gases and since occasionally some
ield an impregnated paper may be trapped in the through-drier ductwork, it is desirable to
'ther 20-30% water. provide adequate fire prevention measures. These include automatic
ven a through drier shutoff of the combustion system, shutoff of the fresh air intake, and
replacing the air with a steam snuffing system.
7. The paper, as it passes through the drying system, shrinks, and the speed
of the rolls handling it must be correspondingly adjusted. This is not a
simple task but is accomplished by providing many individually speed
controlled motor drives along the length of the machine. The speed is
adjusted to maintain
maint ain const ant tension in the moving sheet.sheet.
8. Occasionally
Occasion ally it wil
willl happen that there is uneven shrinkage across the
width of the machine, a condition that can cause serious tracking prob
lems and sheet breakage. This problem can be alleviated by judicious
have been skipped,
skipped,
This website stores data such as placement and adjustment of Mount Hope rolls. These are rubber (or
elastomer) covered bowed rolls, the degree and direction of bowing being
cookies to enable essential site controllable by simple adjustments which can be made while the
gravity to as
age offunctionality, a well as marketing, machine is running. The internals of these rolls are made up of a
ts suction boxes is and analytics. You
personalization, multitude of short cylindrical sections, all rotating on a common small
nt, while the whiteyour settings at any time
may change diamete
diam eterr flexible
flexible axis.
a natural drainage
or accept the default settings.
the pressure in the
oxes do need Nash
Privacy Policy nstrumentation
aper machine (wire
ers, wet endMarketing
paper
cess white water is The instrumentation of a mo dern paper machine has become highlyhighly sophisti
sophisti
the machine).Personalization
This cated.. Generally the machine
cated machi ne is subdivided into a numb er of separate control
arge rotary vacuum stations, each of which is monitored and controlled by a microcomputer.
Analytics
ater, and even some
some These stations then feed information to a master computer and control
ounts). The save all station which keeps the whole machine under the specified operating
Save Accept All
conditions.
 3 4 Paper Manufacture Paper and Pulp E

Sensing instruments include flow to the head box, consistency, flow di

through each suc tion box, vacuum wire speed, wet and dry sheet thickness, na
moisture content porosity, presence o f holes or contaminants and many 30.
other variables. Many o f these are monitored across the width of the sheet,
and a degree o f uniformity is controlled.
controlled.
Ot

De
Some Paper Product Propertie
Properties
s

Me
Me
Some key properties of typical grades o f paper as made today may be listed as
Liq
follows.
Elo
Te::
Op
Basis
Bas is Weight
We ight in grams per square met
meter)
er)*
*
Ele
Tissue 15-20
Towel 50-60
Newsprint 45-50
Grocery bag 50-100
Fine papers 60-150 (loaded)
Kraft linerboard 125-440
Boxboard 190-585

Paper and I
Caliper thickness) in micrometers) see also Energy Cc

Capacitor tissu
tissuee 7.6
Facial tissue 65
Newsprint 85 Ent
Offset bond 100 lati
Linerboard 230-600 cos
Book cover 770-7600 fin1
alte
enc
Tensile Strength in kgj m widtwidthh or sometim es in breaking length
length,, o
i.e.,such
This website stores data length
as which is self-supporting) OPI
cookies to enable essential site reg
functionality, as well as marketing, Newsprint 2 for
personalization, and analytics. You Linerboard 12
may change your settings at any time Aluminum foil 20-25 pl a
or accept the default settings. cas
ste<
The strength in the machine directi on will be 1 5 to 2.5 times that in the cross
co r
direction. The strength in thickness direction is even less than in the cross
ci a
cia
Privacy Policy
use
*In older terminology, lb/3000 ft 2 ream; lib/ream= 1 62 g/m 2• tot
Marketing

Personalization

Analytics

Save Accept All

 er Manufacture Paper and Pulp
Pulp Energy Management 3 5

consistency, flow direction. A practically used

used measure of strength is the Mullen burst pressure,
pressure ,
ry sheet thickness, namely the pounds pres
pressure
sure required to burst an unsupported disk of paper
30.5 mm in diameter. Pressure may run lO to 1 lb.)
width of the sheet,

Other Properti
Properties
es Mea sure d

Depending on the ultimate

ult imate use, properties measured ma y include:

Moisture
Moisture vapor permeability
ay may be listed as
Liquid permeability
Elongation
Tear strength
Opacity,, brightness
Opacity brightness,, glo
gloss,
ss, color stability
stabili ty
Taste, odor
Taste,
Electrical resistance, dielectric strength

ERNEST 0 . OHSOL

Paper and Pulp Energy M a n a g e m e n t

see
see also Energy Conservation, Paper Operatio
Operations,
ns, uel Choices, and Energy Demand)

This website stores data such as Energy management is a vital concern throughout the paper industry. Regu
lations requiring decrea
decreased
sed consumption per unit of production, increasing
cookies to enable essential site costs per Btu, and threats of curtailment havhavee made it imperative that mills
functionality, as well as marketing, find and implement means of increasing energy efficiency and of using
personalization, and analytics. You alternative sources. The control technology applicable to accomplishing
may change your settings at any time energy efficienc
efficiencyy improve ments in the pulp nd paper industries is discussed.
eak ing
or length
accept the default settings. Computer implementa
implementation
tion of energy-saving techniques offer outstanding
opportunities because of the accuracy with which individual units can be
regulated,
regulate d, an d the coord inati
ination
on which can be enforced over entire complexes
Privacy Policy for broad-based optimization.
optimization .
Early energy management efforts in paper mills nd other industrial
Marketing plants were focused on electrical load control. Savings were achieved in many
cases without affecting production. Attention is now being turned toward
Personalization steam generation
generati on and d istributi
istribution
on systems,
systems, because these
these relate directly to the
nes tha t in the cross
Analytics consumption of expensi
expensive
ve purchased fuels.
fuels. T his can be particular
par ticularly
ly benefi
5S
than in the cross cial in pulp nd paper applications because of the large amounts of steam
used for direct and indirect heating needs in the processes
processes and for conversion
Save Accept All
to mechanical shaft work or electricity.