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Experiencing MIS Australian 4th Edition

Kroenke Test Bank


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Exam
Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) ________ is another, more common title given to the director of computer services.
A) CTO
B) CEO
C) COO
D) CIO
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

2) Which of the following staff functions is at the top most of a typical senior-level reporting relationship?
A) Chief Information Officer
B) Chief Financial Officer
C) Chief Technology Officer
D) Chief Operating Officer
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

3) The IS department's principal manager is the ________.


A) CTO
B) CEO
C) CIO
D) COO
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

4) In organisations where primary information systems support only accounting and finance activities, a reporting
arrangement wherein the CIO reports to the ________ is practical.
A) CFO
B) CTO
C) CEO
D) COO
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

5) In organisations that operate significant nonaccounting information systems, such as manufacturers, a reporting
arrangement wherein the CIO reports to the ________ is more common and effective.
A) CSO
B) CFO
C) CEO
D) CTO
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

6) An organisation that wishes to leverage the power of social media and elastic cloud opportunities to help accomplish its
goals and objectives should ideally turn to the ________ group within its IT department for information.
A) operations
B) development
C) technology

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
D) data administration
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

7) The CTO heads the ________ group in the IS department.


A) technology
B) operations
C) trading and sales
D) outsourcing relations
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

8) The ________ group investigates new information systems and determines how the organisation can benefit from them.
A) outsourcing relations
B) operations
C) technology
D) development
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

9) The ________ group manages the computing infrastructure, including individual computers, in-house server farms,
networks, and communications media.
A) development
B) outsourcing relations
C) technology
D) operations
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

10) The ________ group within the IS department manages the process of creating new information systems as well as
maintaining existing information systems.
A) development
B) technology
C) operations
D) data administration
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

11) Which of the following sentences is true for the development group of an IS department?
A) The size and structure of the group depends on whether programs are developed in-house or outsourced.
B) This group plays a major role in organisations that have negotiated outsourcing agreements with other companies to
provide equipment, applications, or other services.
C) An important function of this group is to monitor user experience and respond to user problems.
D) The purpose of this group is to protect data and information assets by establishing data standards and data
management practices and policies.
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

12) If a company's IS-related programs are not developed in-house, then the development group of the IS department will
be staffed primarily by ________.
A) test engineers

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
B) programmers
C) technical writers
D) systems analysts
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

13) The development group in a company's IS department is staffed primarily by programmers, test engineers, technical
writers, and other development personnel. Based on this information, which of the following is likely to be true?
A) The company has negotiated outsourcing agreements with other companies.
B) The company develops programs in-house.
C) The company contracts work to other companies.
D) The company uses licensed software.
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

14) The ________ group's purpose is to protect information assets by establishing standards and management practices and
policies.
A) outsourcing relations
B) data administration
C) development
D) operations
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

15) Which of the following is a responsibility of a systems analyst?


A) advising the CIO on emerging technologies
B) managing the IT department
C) determining system requirements
D) monitoring and fixing computer networks
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

16) A ________ designs and writes computer codes.


A) systems analyst
B) technical writer
C) programmer
D) business analyst
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

17) A ________ monitors, maintains, fixes, and tunes computer networks.


A) technical writer
B) network programmer
C) network administrator
D) PQA test engineer
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

18) A ________ performs a wide range of activities such as programming, testing, database design, communications and
networks, project management, and so on, and is required to have an entrepreneurial attitude.
A) consultant

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
B) database administrator
C) small-scale project manager
D) systems analyst
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

19) Which of the following would be a responsibility of a small-scale project manager?


A) initiate, plan, manage, monitor, and close down projects
B) help users solve problems, provide training
C) advise CIO, executive group, and project managers on emerging technologies
D) develop test plans, design and write automated test scripts, and perform testing
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

20) Protection of information assets is a major function of the information systems department.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

21) The structure of the IS department typically remains unchanged among organisations.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

22) The responsibilities of the CIO are the same as those of the CTO.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

23) It is the CTO's responsibility to identify new technologies relevant to the organisation.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

24) The operations group within the IT department may include programmers, test engineers, and technical writers.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

25) The IS department is responsible for adapting infrastructure and systems to the new business goals.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

26) An important function of the development group within the IS department is to monitor user experience and respond

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
to user problems.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

27) The purpose of the data administration staff is to protect data and information assets by establishing data standards
and data management practices and policies.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

28) The size and structure of the development group depends on whether programs are developed in-house.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

29) Information technology concerns the products, techniques, procedures, and designs of computer-based technology.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

30) IT must be placed into the structure of an IS before an organisation can use it.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

31) A technical writer writes program documentation, help-text, procedures, job descriptions, and training materials.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

32) Large-scale project managers require deeper project management knowledge than small-scale managers.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

33) A user support representative installs software and repairs computer equipment.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

34) A systems analyst monitors, fixes, and tunes computer networks.


A) True

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

35) A salesperson's responsibility is to design and write computer programs.


A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

36) A database administrator's responsibility is to design and write automated test scripts.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
37) Explain the functions of the development group within a firm's IS department.
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

38) What are the major functions of the information systems department?
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

39) Compare the role of the chief information officer (CIO) and the role of the chief technology officer (CTO).
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

40) What is the typical structure of an organisation's IS department?


AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

41) What are the responsibilities of the technology office of a firm's IS department?
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

42) Describe the responsibilities of a systems analyst, a computer technician, and a network administrator.
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 1 What are the functions and organisation of the IT/IS department?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
43) A(n) ________ committee is a group of senior managers from the major business functions that works with the CIO to
set the IS priorities and decide among major IS projects and alternatives.
A) enforcement
B) steering
C) administrative
D) disciplinary
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 2 How do organisations plan the use of IT/IS?

44) Information systems must be aligned with an organisation's ________ to help it accomplish its goals and objectives.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
A) culture
B) reporting structure
C) departments
D) competitive strategy
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 2 How do organisations plan the use of IT/IS?

45) Which of the following is true of the alignment between information systems and organisational strategies?
A) Information systems must evolve with the changes made in the organisational strategies.
B) Maintaining the alignment between information systems and strategies is a final process.
C) The information systems infrastructure can be easily influenced by the strategic changes.
D) Integrating different information systems applications with organisational strategies is inexpensive.
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 2 How do organisations plan the use of IT/IS?

46) The membership of a steering committee is determined by the CEO and other members of the executive staff.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 2 How do organisations plan the use of IT/IS?

47) The purpose of an information system is to help the organisation accomplish its goals and objectives.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 2 How do organisations plan the use of IT/IS?

48) IS infrastructure is known to be very malleable.


A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 2 How do organisations plan the use of IT/IS?

49) New information systems must be consistent with an organisation's goals and objectives.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 2 How do organisations plan the use of IT/IS?

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
50) What are the different functions in planning the use of information systems?
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 2 How do organisations plan the use of IT/IS?

51) Explain the advantages to the management in outsourcing information systems.


AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 2 How do organisations plan the use of IT/IS?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
52) ________ is the process of hiring another organisation to perform a service.
A) Insourcing

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
B) Outsourcing
C) Crowdsourcing
D) Open-sourcing
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

53) Which of the following is an advantage of outsourcing information systems?


A) The long-term costs may exceed long-term benefits.
B) The vendors can gain significant knowledge of the outsourcing company.
C) An outsourcing company is typically in complete control of the process.
D) It can be an easy way to gain expertise otherwise not known.
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

54) Which of the following is a risk of outsourcing information systems?


A) Vendors can gain access to critical knowledge of the outsourcing company.
B) Vendors are not subject to a contractual agreement with the outsourcing company.
C) The long-term costs of information systems are outweighed by their benefits.
D) Organisations opting for outsourcing cannot gain economies of scale.
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

55) ________ refers to the leasing of hardware with pre-installed operating systems.
A) Platform as a Service
B) Software as a Service
C) IaaS cloud hosting
D) Outsourcing
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

56) In ________, hardware and both operating system and application software are leased.
A) SaaS
B) outsourcing
C) PaaS
D) IaaS cloud hosting
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

57) Organisations outsource projects to engage its management team in their free time.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

58) Gaining economies of scale is an advantage of outsourcing.


A) True
B) False
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

59) It is impossible to outsource an entire business function.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

60) For service oriented outsourcing, the vendor is in the driver's seat.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

61) Each outsource vendor has its own methods and procedures for its services.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

62) Unless the contract requires otherwise, an outsource vendor can choose the technology that it wants to implement.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

63) The potential loss of intellectual capital is a concern related to outsourcing.


A) True
B) False
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

64) Parting business with an outsource vendor is exceedingly risky.


A) True
B) False
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

65) Implementation risk is increased by outsourcing IS services.


A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

66) Acquiring licensed software is a form of outsourcing.


A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

67) Microsoft's Azure is an example of SaaS.


A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

68) Outsourcing has made in-house IS/IT functions obsolete.


A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

69) When a company outsources a system, it has complete control over prioritising software fixes.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing?

70) Which of the following is a right of a user of information systems?


A) expecting hand-holding for basic operations
B) contributing to requirements for new system features and functions
C) receiving repetitive training and support for the same issues
D) making hardware modifications to your computer as you see fit
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 4 What are your user rights and responsibilities?

71) Which of the following is a responsibility of an information systems user?


A) receiving repetitive support for the same issue
B) expecting hand-holding for basic operations
C) following security and backup procedures
D) making unauthorised hardware modifications
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 4 What are your user rights and responsibilities?

72) As a user of IS, an employee has a responsibility to avoid ________.


A) unauthorised hardware modifications
B) backup procedures
C) applying software patches
D) changing system password frequently
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 4 What are your user rights and responsibilities?

73) A user has the right to obtain the necessary computing resources to perform his or her work efficiently.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 4 What are your user rights and responsibilities?

74) The rights of an information systems user depend on the purpose of the system's usage.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 4 What are your user rights and responsibilities?

75) In the context of right to reliable network and Internet services, reliable means one that can be processed without

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
problems almost all the time.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 4 What are your user rights and responsibilities?

76) IS users have the rights to receive effective training in a format convenient to the user.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 4 What are your user rights and responsibilities?

77) It is a user's responsibility to install patches and fixes when asked to do so.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 4 What are your user rights and responsibilities?

78) Knowledge of the responsibilities and duties of the IS department helps one become a better consumer of the IS
department's services.
A) True
B) False
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 4 What are your user rights and responsibilities?

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
79) Explain the rights of information systems users.
AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 4 What are your user rights and responsibilities?

80) Explain the responsibilities of information systems users.


AACSB: Information Technology
Chapter LO: 4 What are your user rights and responsibilities?

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
1) D
2) D
3) C
4) A
5) C
6) C
7) A
8) C
9) D
10) A
11) A
12) D
13) B
14) B
15) C
16) C
17) C
18) A
19) A
20) A
21) B
22) B
23) A
24) B
25) A
26) B
27) A
28) A
29) A
30) A
31) A
32) A
33) B
34) B
35) B
36) B
37) This group manages the process of creating new information systems as well as maintaining existing information
systems. The size and structure of the development group depends on whether programs are developed in-house. If not,
this department will be staffed primarily by business and systems analysts who work with users, operations, and vendors
to acquire and install licensed software and to set up the system components around that software. If the organisation
develops programs in-house, then this department will also include programmers, test engineers, technical writers, and
other development personnel.
38) The major functions of the information systems department are as follows:
• Plan the use of IS to accomplish organisational goals and strategy.
• Manage outsourcing relationships.
• Protect information assets.
• Develop, operate, and maintain the organisation's computing infrastructure.
• Develop, operate, and maintain applications.
39) Chief information officer (CIO) is generally the title of the principal manager of an organisation's IS department. Like
other senior executives, the CIO reports to the chief executive officer, although sometimes these executives report to the

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
chief operating officer, who in turn reports to the CEO. In some companies, the CIO reports to the chief financial officer.
The CIO has the responsibility of managing the IT department, communicating with executive staff on IT- and IS-related
matters. The CIO is also a member of the executive group.
The chief technology officer (CTO) often heads the technology group within the IT department. The CTO evaluates new
technologies, new ideas, and new capabilities and identifies those that are most relevant to the organisation. The CTO's job
requires deep knowledge of information technology and the ability to envision and innovate applications for the
organisation. The CTO's responsibility is to advise the CIO, executive group, and project managers on emerging
technologies.
40) A typical IS department consists of four groups and a data administration staff function. Most IS departments include a
technology office that investigates new information systems technologies and determines how an organisation can benefit
from them. The next group, the operations group, manages the computing infrastructure, including individual computers,
in-house server farms, networks, and communications media. The third group in the IS department is development. A
development group manages the process of creating new information systems as well as maintaining existing information
systems. The last IS department group is outsourcing relations. This group exists in organisations that have negotiated
outsourcing agreements with other companies to provide equipment, applications, or other services. The data
administration staff function protects data and information assets by establishing data standards and data management
practices and policies. However, there are many variations in the structure of the IS department. In larger organisations,
the operations group may itself consist of several different departments. Sometimes, there is a separate group for data
warehousing and data marts.
41) Most IS departments include a technology office that investigates new information systems technologies and
determines how the organisation can benefit from them. For example, today many organisations are investigating social
media and elastic cloud opportunities and planning how they can use those capabilities to best accomplish their goals and
objectives. An individual called the chief technology officer (CTO) often heads the technology group. The CTO sorts
through new ideas and products to identify those that are most relevant to the organisation. The CTO's job requires deep
knowledge of information technology and the ability to envision and innovate applications for the organisation.
42) A systems analyst works with users to determine system requirements, designs and develops job descriptions and
procedures, and helps determine system test plans. A computer technician installs software and repairs computer
equipment and networks. A network administrator monitors, maintains, fixes, and tunes computer networks.
43) B
44) D
45) A
46) A
47) A
48) B
49) A
50) The information systems planning functions are:
• Align information systems with organisational strategy; maintain alignment as organisation changes.
• Communicate IS/IT issues to executive group.
• Develop/enforce IS priorities within the IS department.
• Sponsor steering committee.
51) First, outsourcing can be an easy way to gain expertise. Another reason for outsourcing is to avoid management
problems. Some companies choose to outsource to save management time and attention.
52) B
53) D
54) A
55) A
56) A
57) B
58) A
59) B

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E
60) A
61) A
62) A
63) A
64) A
65) B
66) A
67) B
68) B
69) B
70) B
71) C
72) A
73) A
74) A
75) A
76) A
77) A
78) A
79) In relation to the IT department, users have a right to:
• Have the computing resources that allow them to perform their jobs proficiently, reliable network and Internet services
• A secure computing environment, the organisation should protect user's computer and its files, and a user should not
normally even need to think about security
• Participate in requirements meetings for new applications
• Reliable systems development and maintenance; prompt attention to problems, concerns, and complaints about
information services; properly prioritised problem fixes and resolutions; and effective training to use systems to perform
their jobs
80) Information systems users have a responsibility to:
• Learn basic computer skills
• Learn standard techniques and procedures for the applications you use
• Follow security and backup procedures
• Protect your password(s)
• Use computers and mobile devices according to your employer's computer use policy
• Make no unauthorised hardware modifications
• Install only authorised programs
• Apply software patches and fixes when directed to do so
• When asked, devote the time required to respond carefully and completely to requests for requirements for new system
features and functions
• Avoid reporting trivial problems

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781486019281/Kroenke/Experiencing MIS, 4E

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