Pearson Physics 11 New South Wales

Module 1 Review answers

Kinematics
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1 D. Applying the equations of motion:
 
u = 0, a = 5.5 m s−2, t = 3 s
  
s = ut + 12 at 2
=0+ 1
2
× 5.5 × 32
s = 24.75 m
2 A. The distance travelled in the first three seconds (s3) minus the distance travelled in the first two seconds (s2) is the
distance travelled in the third second of motion.
Finding the distance travelled in the first two seconds:
Applying the equations of motion:
 
u = 0, a = 2.5 m s−2, t = between 2 and 3 seconds
  
s2 = ut + 12 at 2
= 0 + 12 × 2.5 × 22
s2 = 5 m
  
s3 = ut + 12 at 2
= 0 + 12 × 2.5 × 32
s3 = 11.25 m
∴ s3 − s2 = 11.25 − 5 = 6.25 m
3 a C. Distance is found by taking the magnitude of the area under the graph.
The area is found by using the formula for the area of a trapezium.
Area = 1
2
(a + b)h
= 1 (2 + 6) × 0.2
2

= 0.8 m
b B. Displacement is found by calculating the area under the graph, taking care to consider whether the area is
positive (moving away from the starting point) or negative (moving towards the starting point).
The area of the positive section was found in the previous question (+0.8 m).
The area of the ‘negative’ section found by using the formula for the area of a trapezium.
Area = 1
2
(a + b)h
= 1 (3 + 5) × −0.1
2

= −0.4 m
Displacement = +0.8 + (−0.4)
= +0.4 m or 0.4 m east, as train was initially moving east.
4 B.
     
u = 0, v = v1, s = h, a = g
   
v12 = u2 + 2a s = 0 + 2 × g × h
 
v1 = 2gh
     
u = 0, v = v2 , s = 2h, a = g
   
v22 = u2 + 2a s = 0 + 2 × g × 2h
  
v2 = 4 gh = 2v1
 
5A. Change in velocity = v final − vinitial
= (−3) − (+5) = −8 m s−1

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 Pearson Physics 11 New South Wales
6 C. Distance is the length that has been travelled, in this case 300 + 400 = 700 km. Displacement is a vector, and is the
shortest distance from the beginning of the journey to the end, given with a direction. The journey of the plane forms
two sides of a right-angled triangle, with the hypotenuse being the displacement, hence 500 km. The direction is given
by the angle between the hypotenuse and due north, or tan−1 ( 400300 )
.
Or instead imagine the aeroplane going 400 km east along the x-axis and then 300 km north to give an angle of
36.9 degrees. The direction will then be
90 − 36.9 = N53.1°E
7 C.
v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 = 0 + 2 × 2 × 100
v = 20 m s−1
= 72 km h−1
8 D.
    
vBS = vBG + vGS = vBG + ( −v SG )
9 a C. The distance of the race = area under the v−t graph from t = 0 s to t = 11 s is d = 100 m.
b B. Total distance = area under the graph from t = 0 s to t = 15 s is s = 120 m.
Average speed = distance
time
= 120
15
= 8.0 m s−1
10 a A, B, C: those sections of the graph with a positive gradient
b A, E: those sections of the graph with a non-zero gradient whose magnitude is increasing with respect to time.
11 C.
Δv2 = (v2)2 + (−v1)2
= (2.1)2 + (6.3)2
Δv = 4.41 + 39.69
= 44.1
= 6.6 m s−1
12 D.
Δv2 = (v2)2 + (−v1)2
= (7.2)2 + (6.9)2
Δv = 51.84 + 47.61
= 99.45
= 9.97 m s−1
6.9
tan θ = 7.2

θ = tan−1 (0.958)
= 43.8°
Δv = 10 m s−1 N44°W
13 B.
vS = 100 × cos 44 = 72 km h−1
vW = 100 × sin 44 = 70 km h−1
14 A.
vN = 6 × cos 12 = 5.9 m s−1
vE = 6 × sin 12 = 1.2 m s−1
15 D.
  
v JG = v JW + v WG
vJG2 = 1.32 + 1.02
= 1.69 + 1.0
v = 2.69
= 1.64 m s−1
Calculate the angle of the resultant vector.
tan θ = 1.0
1.3

θ = tan−1 0.77
= 37.6°
= N37.6°E

v JG = 1.6 m s−1, N38°E

Copyright © Pearson Australia 2018 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4886 1929 8
 Pearson Physics 11 New South Wales
16 C.
    
vMT = vMG + vGT = vMG + ( −v TG )

vMT = 60 + 150
= +210
= 210 km h−1 east
17 D.

vPW = 600 km h−1 south

v WG = 38 km h−1 north
  
v PG = v PW + v WG
= 600 − 38
= 562 km h−1 south
distance = speed × time
= 562 × 2
= 1124 km
18 A.
vav = distance ÷ time
= 6000 m ÷ (2 × 60 × 60 s)
= 0.8 m s−1
19 A.

vBG = 5.5 m s−1 east

vMG = 5.1 m s−1 north
  
vBM = vBG + vGM
  
vBM = vBG + ( −vMG )
= 5.5 east + 5.1 south
vBM2 = 5.52 + 5.12
vBM = 30.25 + 26.01
= 7.5 m s−1
20 C.

vPW = 102 km h−1 south
 −1
vWG = 30
 kmh south
v PG = v PW + v WG
= 102 + 30
= 132 km h−1 south

SHORT ANSWER
21 a When the arrow reaches its maximum height its vertical velocity = 0.
  
v = u + at
0 = 100 − 9.8t
t = 10.2 s
  12
b s = ut + 2 at
= 100 × 10.2 + 1
2
– (9.8 m s−2)(10.2 s2)
= 510 m
c The acceleration of the arrow is constant during its flight and is equal to 9.8 m s−2 downwards.
22 a Displacement north = 8 + 7 sin 45° = 12.95 km
Displacement east = 7 cos 45° = 4.95 km
Total displacement = 13.9 km on a bearing of 90 − tan−1 ( 4.95 ) = 21° = N21°E
12.95

(8 + 7) × 103 m
b Average speed is calculated using distance travelled rather than the displacement. Speed = 7 × 60 × 60 s
= 0.6 m s−1

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 Pearson Physics 11 New South Wales
  
23 a s = ut + 12 at 2
Therefore −122 = −4.9t2 so t = 5 s
  
b s = ut + 12 at 2

Therefore −122 = −10t − 4.9t2, t = 4.07 s

(alternatively calculate v using v2 = u2 + 2as and then use v = u + at to find the time)
c platinum sphere: 122
5
= 24.4 m s−1, lead sphere: 122
4.07
= 30.0 m s−1 downwards

24 a F
 or the first 30 s the cyclist travels east 150 m at a constant speed. Then they accelerate for the next 10 s, travelling
150 m. They then travel at a higher constant speed for the next 10 s, travelling another 200 m.
b gradient = 150 ÷ 30 = 5 m s−1 east
c gradient = 200 ÷ 10 = 20 m s−1 east
 
d v av = st = 150
10
= 15ms−1 east
  
e a = v −t u = 1.5 m s−2 east
f vav = d
t
= 500
50
= 10 m s−1

25 a Convert the velocity to m s−1: 90 km h−1 = 25 m s−1; 60 km h−1 = 16.67 m s−1

(16.61 ms−1 − 25ms−1 )
a= 12 s
−2
= −0.69 m s
= deceleration of 0.69 m s−2
b v2 = u2 + 2as
16.672 = 252 − 2 × 0.69 × s
∴ s = 2.5 × 102 m
  
26 a s = 12 (u + v )t

2 × 20 = 2.7 s
t = u2+sv = 15 +0
  
b v = u + at
   − 15 = −5.6 m s−2
a = v −t u = 0 2.7

27 a 72 km h−1 = 72
3.6
= 20 m s−1
d = vt
= 20 × 0.50 = 10 m
b v = u + at
0 = 20 + (−4.0)t
t = 5.0 s
c Reaction distance: d = 10 m
Braking distance: s = ut + 12 at2
s = 20 × 5.0 + 1
2
(−4.0) × (5.0)2 = 50 m

Total stopping distance: 10 m + 50 m = 60 m

28 a F
 rom the starting point (the origin), the person walks forward in a positive direction for 2.5 metres in 2 seconds,
and then stays in that position for 4 more seconds. Then they turn and walk back in a negative direction, passing
the origin, to 2.5 metres behind the starting point over 2 seconds. They stay at this point for 2 seconds before
walking back to the origin.

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 Pearson Physics 11 New South Wales
b
3

2.5

1.5

1
Velocity (m s–1)

0.5

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
–0.5 Time (s)

–1

–1.5

–2

–2.5

c
1

0.9

0.8

0.7
Acceleration (m s–2)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (s)

Although accelerations (or decelerations) must occur at 0, 2, 6, 8, 10 and 12 seconds because the velocity changes at
these times, they are more or less instantaneous and therefore cannot be shown on the graph.

29 a vav = d
∆t
= 100
9.58
= 10.4 m s−1
b ∆t = d 1000 = 95.8 s = 1.6 minutes
= 10.44
vav
  
30 a s = ut + 12 at 2
10 = 0 + 1
2
× 9.8 × t2
t2 = 20
9.8
= 2.04
t = 1.4 s
  
b v = u + at
= 0 + 9.8 × 1.4
= 13.72 = 14 m s−1

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 Pearson Physics 11 New South Wales

EXTENDED RESPONSE

31 a i vav = d 10 = 0.10 m s−1

= 1 ×0.10
−2

ii vav = d
t
= 3.0 × 10−2
0.10
= 0.30 m s−1

iii vav = d
t
= 5.0 × 10−2
0.10
= 0.50 m s−1
b The instantaneous speeds of the marble in the centre of the time interval are equal to the average speed over the
entire interval.
i v = 0.10 m s−1
ii v = 0.30 m s−1
iii v = 0.50 m s−1
c The marble is moving with constant acceleration.
32 a vANZ2 = vAW2 + vNZW2
= 262 + 222
vANZ = 1160
= 34 km h−1
b Divide km h−1 by 3.6 to convert to m s−1:

sA = (26 ÷ 3.6) × 60
 = 433 m south
sNZ = (22 ÷ 3.6) × 60
= 367 m east
s2 = 4332 + 3672
= 322222.18
s = 567.6 m
c i 1.5 × 3.6 = 5.4 km h−1
  
vNZG = vNZW + v WG
vNZG2 = vNZW2 + vWG2
= 222 + 5.42
vNZG = 513.16
= 22.65 km h−1
tan θ = 5.4
22.0

θ = tan−1 0.245
= 13.8°
90 − 13.8 = S76.2°E

vNZG = 22.65 km h−1, S76.2°E
  
ii v AG = v AW + v WG
= 26 + 5.4

v AG = 31.4 km h−1 south

d sA = (31.4 ÷ 3.6 m s−1) × (60 s) + 433 m
= 956.67 m south

sNZ = (22.65 ÷ 3.6 m s−1) × (60 s) S76.2°E + 367 m east
= 377.5 S76.2°E + 367 m east
Find the vector components:

sE = 377.5 × sin 76.2 + 367 = 733.6 m east

sS = 377.5 × cos 76.2 = 90.05 m south
s2 = (956.67 − 90.05)2 + 733.62
= 1288626.7
s = 1135 m = 1.1 km
    
33 a v TG = v TW + v WG = v TW + ( −vGW )
v2 = 3.62 + 2.52
v = 19.21
= 4.38 = 4.4 m s−1

Copyright © Pearson Australia 2018 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4886 1929 8
 Pearson Physics 11 New South Wales
tan θ = 3.6
2.5
−1
θ = tan 1.44
= 55.2° = 55°
90 − 55 = N35°E
 −1
v TG= 4.4
 m s , N35°E
b Break v TW into its north and east components. Relative to the ground, Tessa is now on a bearing of
3.1 − 2.5 = 0.6 m s−1 west and still at 3.6 ms−1 north. The magnitude of her velocity relative to the ground is
−1 3.6
3.62 + 0.62 = 3.65 m s−1 and the bearing is θ = tan 0.6 = 80.5° measured clockwise from the horizontal axis,
−1
so her velocity is 3.65 m s N 9.5°W.
c Her displacement will be 3.65 × 60 = 219 m on the same bearing, N9.5°W
d Yes, up to rounding error.
 
34 a a = ∆tv
 
= v −u
t
  
v − u = at
  
v = u + at
  
b v av = 12 (v + u )
  
v = 12 ((u + at ) + u )
 
= 12 (2u + at )
Multiply by time
  
vt = ut + 12 at 2
 
Substitue s = vt into the equation
  
s = ut + 12 at 2
c s = ut
 12
+ 2 at
Substitute in for t:
    
a = v −t u t = v −au
       2
( )
s = u v −au + 12 a v −au ( )
     2
= uv − u2
+ v 2 −2uv
 +u
a 2a
   2   
2as = 2(uv − u ) + v 2 − 2uv + u2
 
= −u 2 + v 2
2 2 
v = u + 2as
    
35 a v21 = v2G + vG1 = v2G + ( −v1G )
Break each of these into their components

v1N = 50 × sin 45 = 35.355

v1E = 50 × cos 45 = 35.355

v2N = 60 × sin 10 = 10.419

v2E = 60 × cos 10 = 59.088
v212 = (35.36 + 10.42)2 + (35.36 + 59.09)2
= 45.772 + 94.42
v21 = 104.95 = 105 km h−1
tan θ = 45.7
94.4
−1
θ = tan 0.48
= 25.8°
90 − 25.8 = 64.2 = N64°E

v21 = 105 km h−1, N64°E
 
b v21 = −v12

v12 = 105 km h−1, S64°W

Copyright © Pearson Australia 2018 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4886 1929 8
 Pearson Physics 11 New South Wales
 
c s1 = v1t = 50 × 1.5 = 75 km southwest
 
s2 = v2t = 60 × 1.5 = 90 km N80°E
Break these into their components

s1S = 75 × cos 45 = 53.033

s1W = 75 × sin 45 = 53.033

s2S = 90 × sin 10 = 15.628

s2W = 90 × cos 10 = 88.633
s2 = (53.03 + 15.63)2 + (53.03 + 88.63)2
= 68.662 + 141.672
s = 157.4 = 157 km

Copyright © Pearson Australia 2018 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4886 1929 8