MBONYOLOSI

Manwalwa a Litheretsha .
Na Thyion

M J M afela Mandende
P*M K Y Ladzam N R Raselekoane
J

MBONYOLOSI

j
 3

MBONYOLOSI
Manwalwa a Litheretsha j
Na Thyiori

j
Vhanwali

M J Mafela
I P Mandende
K Y Ladzani
N R Raselekoane

Mudzudzanyi

M J Mafela

UNIVESITH! YA A F R I K A TSHIPEMBE, PITORI

© 2003 University of South Africa
First edition, first impression
ISBN 1-86888-247-0

Published by Unisa Press

University of South Africa
P O Box 392, Unisa, 0003

Cover design and layout: Andri Greeff, Unisa Press

Typesetting: Compleat Typesetters
Editor: M J Mafela
Printed by ABC Press, Epping

© All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any way or by
any means - mechanical or electronic, including recordings or tape recordings and
photocopying - without the prior permission of the publisher, excluding fair quotations
for purposes of research or review.
 ZW I RE NGOMU

MARANGAPHANDA

PHUROSA YA MUSALAUNO 1

1.1 MARANGAPHANDA 3

1.2 NGANEA 6
1.2.1 Thero 9
1.2.2 Puloto 14
1.2 .2.1 Mathomele 16
1.2 .2.2 U bveledza mafhungo 18
1.2 .2.3 Mathakheni 21
1.2 .2.4 Thasululo 23
1.2.3 Vhaanewa 25
1.2.3.1 Tshaka dza vhaanewa 25
(a) Muanewadendele 27
(b) Muanewamupikisi 28
(0 Muanewamulutpnyi 30
1.2 .3.2 Ndila dza u ola vhaanewa 31
(a) Ndila ya u talutshedza 31
(b) Ndila ya u andadza 33
(c) Ndila ya u shumisa madzina 35
1.2.4 Fhethuvhupo na tshifhinga 36
Ndila dza u bveledza fhethuvhupo na tshifhinga 38
Ndila ya u talutshedza 38
Zwiito zwa vhaanewa 40
Kuambele 42
Vhuanetsheli 43
Muanetsheli-muthu wa u thoma 44
Muanetsheli-muthu wa vhuraru 46
Muanetsheli-mudivhazwothe 46
Muanetsheli-mudivhazwothe 0 kalwaho 49
Vhuanetsheli-nyandadzi 50
Luambo na tshitaila 52

NGANEAPFUFHI 55
Muhumbulo muthihi muhulwane 57
Tshivhumbeo 59
Mathomele 59
Mutumbu 6i
Mafhedzisele 62
Vhaanewa 63
U tutula dzangalelo 64
Luambo na tshitaila 67
Fhethuvhupo na tshifhinga 68

MAANEA 69
Thodea dza maanea 74
Xhoho ya maanea 75
Muhumbulo muthihi muhulwane 75
Tshivhumbeo 76
Marangaphanda 76
Mutumbu 77
Mupendelo 77
U tutula dzangalelo 78
Fhethuvhupo na tshifhinga 79
Luambo na tshitaila 79

m bonyolos ,A zwi re ngomu

DIRAMA 85

2.1 MARANGAPHANDA 87

2.2 TSHAKA DZA DIRAMA 91

2.2.1 Dirama yo nwalelwaho tshiteidzhi 92
2.2.2 Dirama yo nwalelwaho radio 93
2.2.3 Dirama yo nwalelwaho thelevishini 94

2.3 THODEA DZA DIRAMA 95

2.3.1 Khudano 95
2.3.2 Aironi ya dirama 98
2.3.3 Puloto 100
2.3.3.I Mathomele 101
2.3.3.2 U bveledza mafhungo 102
2-3-3-3 Mathakheni 103
2-3-3-4 Thasululo 104
2.3.4 Vhatambi 105
2.3.4.1 Mutambidendele 105
2-3-4-2 Mutambimupikisi 106
2-3-4-3 Mutambimulutanyi 107
2.3.5 Mufhindulano 108
2.3.6 Thero 114
2.3.7 Fhethuvhupo na tshifhinga 115
2.3.8 U tambea 117
2.3.9 Vhulapfu ha dirama 118

VHURENDI 121

3-i MARANGAPHANDA 123

3-2 MURENDI NA VHURENDI HAWE 124

. A
m bonyolosi zwi re ngomu

M
MISHUMO YA VHURENDI 128

KHETHEKANYO YA VHURENDI 128

Vhurendi ha sialala 129
Zwikhodo i3i
Zwidade 136
Raimi 137
Nyimbo dza musi hu na dakalo 138
Nyimbo dza u lela vhana 139
Nyimbo dza u vhala 139
Nyimbo dza nyito 139
Nyimbo dza u tatjsana 140
Nyimbo dza u nyefula 140
Nyimbo dza u kolelana 140
Nyimbo dza vhahulwane 141
Nyimbo dza vhathu na vhomakhulukuku 141
Nyimbo dza dzingomani 142
Nyimbo dza u shuma 143
Vhurendi ha musalauno 143
Zwine vhurendi ha Tshivenda ha musalauno
ha vha zwone 145
Tshaka dza vhurendi 146
Vhurendi ha baladi 146
Vhurendi ha sonete 148
Vhurendi ha eledzhi 149
Vhurendi ha alegori 152
Vhurendi ha liriki 152
Vhurendi ha epiki 154
Vhurendi ha sathaya 156
Vhurendi ha oudi 158
Vhurendi ha metaphysical 159
Vhurendi ha romantic i6 i

zwi re ngomu
Mishumo ya vhurendi ha musalauno 162

ZWIVHUMBEO ZWA ZWITANZA 163

Sonete 163
Khophulethe 165
Thesethe 165
Khwa£hireni 166
Khwinthethe 167

ZWIGA ZWA MUUNGO 167

Pfanapheledzo 168
Ndovhololo 169
Mutevhetsindo 171
Pharaielizimu 171
Ndungekanyo 172
Rifureini 172

ZWIFANYISO ZWA MUHUMBULO 173

Ndila dza u sika zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo 174
Zwipfi zwa u vhona 175
Zwipfi zwa u thetshelesa 175
Zwipfi zwa u fembedza 176
Zwipfi zwa u thetshela 177
Zwipfi zwa u kwama 177
Figara dza muambo 178
Lifanyisi 179
Limethafore 180
Liedzamuthu 181
Tshiga 183
Livhuvhisi 185
Linanedzi 186
Muhoyo 187
Tshigodo 187

m bonyolosi <A zwi re ngomu

3-7-2.9 Tseiso 188
3.7.2.10 Tsatsaladzo 188
3-7-2.11 Ephigireme 189
3-7-2-12 Onomatopia 190
3.7.2.13 Phani 190
3-7-2.14 Ogozimoroni 190

TSENGULUSO YA MANWALWA A LITHERETSHA 195

4.1 MARANGAPHANDA 197

4.2 NDILA DZA U SENGULUSA MANWALWA A

LITHERETSHA 199
4.2.1 Ndila ya u sengulusa manwalwa a
litheretsha ho sedzeswa muhwali 200
4.2.2 Ndila dza u sengulusa manwalwa a litheretsha
ho sedzeswa zwi re ngomu kha liiiwalwa la
litheretsha 202
4.2.2.1 Russian formalism 202
4.2.2.2 Structuralism 205
4.2.2.3 Semiotics 208
4.2.2.4 New criticism 209
4.2.3 Ndila ya u sengulusa manwalwa a litheretsha
ho sedzeswa muvhali 211
4.2.4 Ndila dza u sengulusa manwalwa a litheretsha
ho sedzeswa zwi re nnda ha liiiwalwa la
litheretsha 212
4.2.4.1 Ndila ya u sengulusa ya Marxism 212
(a) Historical materialism 213
(b) Marxist social theory of alienation 216
4.2.4.2 Ndila ya u sengulusa ya Feminism 218
4-2-4-3 Ndila ya u sengulusa ya Psychoanalysis 220

m bonyolosi
jjf zwi re ngomu
 MARANGAPHANDA

Musi Vhavenda vha sa athu u kona u riwala na u vhala, mafhungo ane a

anetshelwa kha manwalwa a litheretsha o vha a tshi di vha e hone.
Mafhungo ayo ndi a fanaho na ngano. Phambano yo vha hone kha
kupfukisele u bva kha muanetsheli u ya kha muthetshelesi/muvhali.
Musalauno mafhungo a pfukiswa nga u tou hwala. Hone kha tshifhinga
tsha musi Vhavenda vha sa athu u kona u hwala na u vhala o vha a tshi
pfukiswa nga u anetshela nga mulomo. Vhataleli vho vha vha tshi
anetshelwa ngano dzi kwamaho zwinzhi malugana na vhutshilo ha
vhathu, zwi fanaho na zwa tsiko ya mupo, divhazwakale ya lushaka,
zwa u tshilisana vhukati ha vhathu, na zwinwe zwinzhi. Vhaiiwe ndi
vhe vha vha vha tshi tamba mitambo yo fhambanaho ine na yone ya
tana vhutshilo ha vhathu vhenevho, sa zwine zwa itwa vhushani,
mirunduni na huriwe. Vhanwe-vho ndi vhe vha vha vha na mpho ya u
imba, u renda na zwinwe-vho. Zwothe izwi zwo vha zwi tshi kwama
kutshilele kwa vhathu, nahone vhathu vho vha vha tshi wana pfunzo
khazwo. Fhedzi-ha, a si nnyi na nnyi we a vha a tshi nga ita izwi zwe ra
bula afho ntha ngauri kuitele kwa hone ku toda m uthu a re na vhutsila.
Vhathu vhe vha vha vha tshi anetshela, u imba, u renda na u tamba ndi
vhe vha vha vha na vhutsila siani lenelo.

Manwalwa ndi tshinwe na tshinwe tshine tshi nga nwalwa tsha kona u
vhalwa nga vhanwe vhathu. Fhedzi-ha, manwalwa a litheretsha one ndi
tshinwe na tshinwe tsho tou nwalwaho, tsha dovha tsha vha na vhutsila
ngomu. Zwenezwo-ha ri a kona u zwi vhona uri manwalwa a
litheretsha ho ngo fhambana na zwe vhomakhulukuku washu vha vha
vha tshi tou anetshela nga mulomo ngauri zwothe zwi na thodea ya
vhutsila. Phambano khulwane ndi ya uri manwalwa a litheretsha a
swikelea kha vha konaho u vhala fhedzi, hone mafhungo a tou
anetshelwaho a tshi swikelela vhathu vhothe vha lushaka.

Manwalwa a litheretsha a tana vhutshilo ha vhathu. Zwine ha hwalwa

nga hazwo ndi thaidzo dzine munwali a kona u dzi vhona vhukati ha
vhathu vhane a tshila navho na vhushaka vhukati havho. Thaidzo dzine
ha hwalwa ngadzo dzi kwama nyimele ya zwa ikonomi, vhurereli,
polotiki, mvelele na zwinwe zwa tshifhinga tshenetsho tshine linwalwa
la litheretsha la khou hwalwa ngatsho. Musi munwali a tshi iiwala nga
thaidzo idzi ndivho i vha i ya u dzi tana uri lushaka lu kone u dzi vhona
na u sumbcdza uri thaidzo idzo dzi nga tandululwa hani. Fhedzi-ha
manwalwa aya a litheretsha naho a tshi amba nga zwi kwamaho
vhathu, vhaiiwali vha ita uri a vhe a khumbulelwa. Naho mafhungo a
tshi nga vha e a ngoho, munwali nga nthani ha mpho yawe ya vhutsila
u kona u ita uri a vhe a khumbulelwa. Zwo iteaho vhutshiloni ha
vhathu munwali u zwi vhea nga ndila i songo doweleaho.

Nga u vhala manwalwa a litheretsha, vhavhali vha kona u wana ndivho

na u pfesesa zwinzhi nga ha vhutshilo ha vhathu vha tshaka dzo
fhambanaho. Vha nga kona u wana ndivho yo tokaho na u pfesesa
mvelele yavho kana ya vhathu vha tshaka dzinwe, vha nga kona u vha
na ndivho ya vhurereli havho na ha vhathu vha dzinwe tshaka, vha nga
kona u pfesesa ikonomi na zwa polotiki yavho na zwa dzinwe tshaka.
Manwalwa a litheretsha a kona u tandavhudza ndivho ya vhavhali
malugana na zwothe zwi kwamaho vhutshilo havho.

Nga nthani ha manwalwa a litheretsha, vhavhali vha a kona u vhona uri

vhathu vha tshila hani fhethu ho fhambanaho nga zwifhinga zwo
fhambanaho. Muvhali u a kona u vhona uri vhathu vha hukene nga
tshifhinga tshikene vho vha vha tshi tshila hani. Izwi zwi vha na pfariso

m bonyolos m aran g a p h an d a
kha muvhali malugana na u vhambedza kutshilele kwa vhathu vha
dzulaho fhethu ho fhambanaho na kutshilele kwa vhathu vhanevho nga
zwifhinga zwo fhambanaho. Kutshimbidzele kwa zwa vhurereli namusi
kwo fhambana na kutshimbidzele kwa zwa vhurereli kha tshifhinga
tsha minwaha ya henefha kha 1950. Nga u sedzulusa mahwalwa a
litheretsha o hwalwaho nga zwifhinga zwenezwo, muvhali u a kona u
vhona zwitutuwedzi zwo vhaho hone. Vhavhali vha nga dovha hafhu
vha kona u vhona uri vhathu vha fhethu ho fhambanaho nga zwifhinga
zwo fhambanaho vho vha tshi itani uri vha kone u tshila.

Mahwalwa a litheretsha a dovha a vha na pfariso kha vhavhali ngauri

vha a kona u wana ndivho ya u vhona zwivhi na zwivhuya. Izwi zwi
amba uri mahwalwa a litheretsha a na ngudo ngomu. Hu na mahwalwa
manzhi a litheretsha ane a kaidza kha vhukhakhi vhune vhathu vha ita.
Izwi zwi amba uri mahwalwa a litheretsha a na pfunzo ngomu.

Mahwalwa a litheretsha a nga khethekanywa u ya nga tshaka dzo

fhambanaho. Kukhethekanyele ukw u ku langwa nga kupfukisele kwa
zwine zwa khou ambiwa ngazwo u ya kha vhavhali. Mahwalwa a
litheretsha ane a tou anetshelwa a vhidzwa u pfi ndi phurosa. Kha
phurosa yeneyi hu dovha hafhu ha wanala tshaka thukhu dzine dza vha
nganea, nganeapfufhi na maanea. Hu dovha hafhu ha vha na
mahwalwa a litheretsha ane a ri a tshi hwaliwa ndivho yao ya vha i ya
uri a tambiwe. Mahwalwa a litheretsha anea a vhidzwa u pfi ndi dirama.
Kha mahwalwa a litheretsha aya mafhungo a pfukiselwa kha vhavhali
kana vhataleli nga nyambedzano. Dirama na yone i a khethekanywa ya
vha na tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza dirama, samusi zwo sumbedzwa
afho ngomu. Hu na dirama ya radio, dirama ya thelevishini, na dirama
ya u tamba tshiteidzhini. Mahwalwa a litheretsha manwe ndi ane a
vhidzwa u pfi vhurendi. Aya mahwalwa a litheretsha a pfukisela zwine
a amba kha vhavhali nga ipfi la murendi ane a bula vhudipfi hawe
malugana na tshenetsho tshine a renda tshone. Na henefha kha lushaka
ulwu lwa mahwalwa a litheretsha hu na tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza

m bonyolosi
vhurendi. Zwinzhi malugana na tshaka dza mariwalwa a litheretsha ri
do zwi pfa afha ngomu.

U swika zwino ho no di vha na maiiwalwa a litheretsha a re na tshivhalo o

no riwalwaho klia Tshivenda. Vhuriwali ha maiiwalwa a litheretsha a
musalauno ho thoma henefha nga miiiwaha ya 1950 nga thuthuwedzo ya
vharumiwa. Vharumiwa vha Madzheremani ndi vhone vhe vha gudisa
Vhavenda u iiwala na u vhala. Ndivho yavho yo vha i ya u itela uri
Vhavenda vha kone u divhalela Bivhili. Fhungo lihulwane afha lo vha la u
rembulusa Vhavenda uri vha vhe vhatendi vha tshikhiresite. Izwi a zwi
ambi uri Vhavenda vho vha vha si na vhurereli havho. Vho vha vha tshi
khou latiswa vhurereli havho uri vha tende kha vhurereli ha vharumiwa.
Nyito iyi ya vharumiwa yo vha ya ndeme kha Vhavenda ngauri pfunzo ya
musalauno yo mbo thoma henefho. Vhavenda vho ri u funzea, vha thoma-
vho u toda u edzisela dziiiwe tshaka nga u hwala maiiwalwa a litheretsha
ya musalauno. Kha vhunwali havho vho kwama tshaka dzothe dza
maiiwalwa a litheretsha. Lushaka lwa maiiwalwa a litheretsha a
musalauno lwe ha thomiwa ngalwo lwo vha lwa nganea. Vhaiiwali vha u
ton thoma u iiwala nganea ndi Vho-T N Maumela na Vho-E S Madima,
dirama yo thoma u iiwaliwa nga Vho-T N Maumela na Vho-M E R
Mathivha, muhwali wa u thoma u iiwala vhurendi vho vha Vho-P R
Ngwana, hone vhe vha thoma u hwala nganeapfufhi vho vha Vho-T N
Maumela, maanea one o thoriwa u iiwalwa nga Vho-T N Makuya.
Vhaiiwali avha ndi vhone vhe vha ita uri mariwalwa a litheretsha a
Tshivenda a kone u vhambedzea na mariwalwa a litheretsha a dziiiwe
dzitshaka. U swika zwino Tshivenda tshi na mariwalwa a litheretsha ane a
vhambedzea na a dziiiwe dzitshaka.

Ro no di sumbedza afho ntha uri mariwalwa a litheretsha a vhonala nga

vhutsila hao. Muriwali sa mutsila u a kona u sika zwi fanaho na puloto,
vhaanewa, fhethuvhupo na tshifhinga, khudano, ntha, mabono, aironi
ya dirama, muhumbulo muthihi muhulwane, zwifanyiso zwa
muhumbulo, zwitanza na thoni. Izwi zwe ra bula ndi zwiriwe zwa

marangaphanda
thodea dza manwalwa a litheretsha. U kona u sika thodea idzi zwi toda
vhutsila ha munwali. Kha kusikele kwawe kwa thodea idzi kha
manwalwa a litheretsha munwali u fanela u vhona uri dzi vha na
vhushaka uri dzi kone u bveledza lushaka lwonolwo lwa manwalwa.
Thodea idzi dza manwalwa a litheretsha dzi fanela u shumisana uri dzi
kone u bveledza mulaedza. Kubveledzele kwa thodea idzi ndi kwone kune
kwa ita uri linwalwa la litheretsha li pfi ndi lavhudi kana a si lavhudi.
Vhane vha bula uri linwalwa la litheretsha ndi lavhudi kana a si lavhudi
ndi vhala vhane vha vha na ndivho ya thodea idzi dza manwalwa a
litheretsha. Izwi zwi sumbedza uri vhavhali vha fanela u vha na ndivho
ya thodea dza manwalwa a litheretsha uri vha do kona u wana
mulaedza nga ndila i leluwaho.

Munwali, vhutsila ha u nwala manwalwa a litheretsha a nga bebwa

naho kana a tou vhu guda. Fhedzi-ha, kha muvhali a zwo ngo tou ralo.
Muvhali u fanela u guda thodea dza manwalwa a litheretsha uri a kone
u vhona vhutsila ha munwali kha vhuriwali hawe. Nga nnda ha u guda
a nga si kone u vhona vhukoni ha munwali malugana na kubveledzele
kwa mulaedza kha linwalwa la litheretsha lawe. Lushaka lunwe na
lunwe lwa manwalwa a litheretsha lu na thodea dzalwo. Vhurendi vhu
na thodea dzaho dzine muvhali waho a fanela u dzi divha arali a tshi
toda u diphina nga u vhala na u pfesesa vhurendi.

Kha ndima dzi tovhelaho dza bugu ino, ho talutshedzwa nga ha thodea
dza manwalwa a litheretsha o fhambanaho uri vhavhali vha kone u dzi
guda, dzi vha farise kha u sengulusa manwalwa a litheretsha maiiwe na
manwe ane vha nga a vhala. Mafela o talutshedza thodea dza phurosa ya
musalauno, Mandende ene o talutshedza thodea dza dirama na zwothe
zwine zwa lavhelelwa kha dirama, ngeno-vho Ladzani o talutshedza nga
ha vhurendi ha sialala na thodea dza vhurendi ha musalauno. Nga nnda
ha thodea dza manwalwa a litheretsha o fhambanaho, Raselekoane o
haseledza nga ndila dzine vhavhali vha nga dzi shumisa kha u sengulusa
manwalwa a litheretsha. Vhavhali vha do kona u zwi vhona uri

m bonyolosi
mariwalwa a litheretsha ha tou senguluswa ho lavheleswa ndila nthi,
hu na ndila nnzhi dzinc dzi nga tovhelwa kha tsenguluso. Musi
vhanwali vha tshi khou ralo u talutshedza vho ita vha tshi lunga na
tsumbo dzi bvaho kha manwalwa a litheretsha a Tshivenda ane a
divhiwa nga nnyi na nnyi.

Vhanwali vha bugu ino vhothe ndi malekitshara Yunivesthi ya Afria

Tshipembe. Vho hwala bugu ino ya thodea dza manwalwa a litheretha
vha tshi khou shumisa tshenzhemo ye vha i wana musi vha tshi fuza
pfunzo dza manwalwa a litheretsha tshifhinga tshilapfu. Tshenzhero
iyi yo vha na pfariso khulwane kha uri vha wane ndila ya
kutalutshedzele kune kwa ita uri vhavhali vha lelutshelwe u pfesesa
zwine vha vhala. Vhanwali vha na fulufhelo la uri nangoho vhavha
vha do kona u shumisa bugu iyi nga ndila yo leluwaho.

M J Mafia

‘A
m bonyotosi m a ra n g a p h a n d a