Lecture 7

Duty types of electrical Motors (cont.)

 Duty type S3 – Intermittent periodic duty
A sequence of identical duty cycles, each
including a time of operation at constant load
and a time de-energized and at rest.
In this duty, the cycle is such that the starting
current does not significantly affect the
temperature rise.
The appropriate abbreviation is S3, followed by
the cyclic duration factor.
Example: S3 25 %
P load
PV electrical losses
Θ temperature
Θmax maximum temperature attained
t time
TC time of one load cycle
ΔtP operation time at constant load
ΔtR time de-energized and at rest

Cyclic duration factor = ΔtP/TC

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Intermittent Load
𝑡 𝑡
− −
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 𝜏
𝑒 ℎ) + 𝜃𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝜏
𝑒 ℎ
ton toff

t off
− Ѳinitial
c
 initial =  p e

𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓
Assuming the S3 rating of
𝑡 𝑡
− 𝜏𝑜𝑛 − 𝜏 − 𝜏𝑜𝑛
the motor is = x its S1 rating.
𝜃𝑝 = 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 ℎ)+ 𝜃𝑝 𝑒 𝑐 𝑒 ℎ
𝑡 And the cu. Losses for S1
− 𝜏𝑜𝑛
𝜃𝑝 (1 − 𝑒 ℎ ) 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑖 1 + 𝑚 rating of the motor is Pcu
= 𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝑥 2 𝑃 + 𝑃 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑚 Pi=m Pcu
𝜃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 −( 𝜏𝑜𝑛 + 𝜏 ) 𝑐𝑢 𝑖
1−𝑒 ℎ 𝑐

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 Example
The heating and cooling time constants of a 100 Kw motor are 90 and 120 minutes
respectively. Find the S3 rating of a motor when subjected to a duty cycle of 18
minutes on load and 30 minutes at rest. Assume the losses proportional to the square
of load
18
−
p (1 − e 90 ) Pcu + Pi 1
= = =
 ss 18 30
−( + ) x Pcu + Pi
2
x2
1− e 90 120

18 30
−( + )
1− e 90 120
x= 18
= 1.4
−
(1 − e 90 )

The motor from the thermal point of view can be loaded up to 140Kw

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 • Continuous Duty and variable load
• For nearly constant flux irrespective of variations in
load DC shunt motors or separately excited motor and
also for induction motor approximately
n

 Ti ti
2

Teq = i =1
n Peq = Teq
C t
i =1
i i

• If the cooling conditions is not the same in some of

the time intervals (e.g, starting or breaking or rest
periods), the estimation of eq. torque shall include
correction factors.
• For stating and breaking periods C=0.5
• For rest period C=0.25; otherwise C=1.0

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 Example
A 380 V, 50 Hz, 950 r.p.m., 3-phase induction motor drives a periodic load at a nearly
constant rated speed. The load cycle is as follows:
2.0 min 120 N.m..
8.0 min 60 N.m.
8.0 min Rest standard motor rating:{1.1,1.5,2.2,3.7,5.5,7.5,11,15,…}Kw
Select the suitable continuous duty motor power rating if the ratio of the max. load torque
to the motor rated torque shall not exceeds 1.5

120 2  2.0 + 60 2  8.0

TRMS = = 60 Nm
2 + 8 + 8  0.25
2    950
PRMS =  60  10 −3 = 5.965 Kw
60
motor rating = 7.5 Kw
7500
Tr = = 75.3 Nm
2    950
60
120.
TL , m ax / Tr = = 1.59  1.5
75.3
motor rated torque = 120 / 1.5 = 80 Nm
2    950
Pr = 80.  = 7.96 Kw
60

Proper motor rating is 11 Kw

S1
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 A380V, 950 r.p.m. 3-phase I.M. drives a periodic load at a nearly constant rated speed.
The load cycle is as follows:
10. Min 100.Nm, 20 min 130Nm., 30 min 300Nm
Select a suitable continuous duty NEMA design motor power rating for this application.
Take into consideration the possibility of supply voltage drop to 90% of its rated value.
Margin of at least 20% of the peak load torque has to be considered also to prevent
operation too close to the BDT. Note The BDT of the NEMA design motor is 200%

1002 10+1302 20+3002 30

𝑇𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠. = =228.7Nm
60

2 𝜋 950
𝑃 = 228.7 10−3 1.1 = 25𝐾𝑤
60

Selection standard motor power rating 30 Kw SF 1 or

25
22 Kw SF1.15-> 𝑂𝐿 = 22 = 1.137 → 𝑂. 𝐾.
For 30Kw motor the FL torque at rated voltage is 300Nm
The BDT=300 x 2=600Nm.
The BDT at 90% of the rated voltage=0.9^2x600=486Nm
Torque margin at peak load torque=486-300=186Nm->186/300 100
=62% -> the motor fulfil the given conditions.
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 For the selected motor 22Kw SF1.15
The F.L. torque=221Nm
Max torque at rated voltage=2. 221=442Nm
BDT at 90% of the rated voltage= 0.9^2 442=358.2Nm
Peak load torque=300Nm
Torque Margin=358.2-300=58.2Nm-> 58.2/300. x100=19.4% <20%
Not suitable

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 Duty type S4 – Intermittent periodic duty with starting
A sequence of identical duty cycles, each cycle including a significant starting time, a
time of operation at constant load and a time de-energized and at rest, see Figure 4.
The appropriate abbreviation is S4, followed by the cyclic duration factor, the moment of
inertia of the motor (JM) and the moment of inertia of the load (Jext), both referred to the
motor shaft.
Example: S4 25 % JM = 0,15 kg × m2 Jext = 0,7 kg × m2

Cyclic duration factor

= (ΔtD + ΔtP)/TC

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Write the purchasing specifications of a continuous duty, 380V motor to be used to drive
an industrial intermittent load of 2000 N.m. at 1450 r.p.m. The periodic loading cycle is
as follows : 1.0 minute operating time and 2.0 minutes rest. The motor is installed indoor
in polluted industrial area. The motor starting current is 6.0 p.u. and the starting time is
2.0 sec.. Take C1=0.5, C2=0.25
Motor Standard S1 ratings {1.1; 1.5; 2.2; 3.7; 5.5; 7.5; 11 ; 15 ; 18.5 ; 22; 30; 37; 45; 55;
75; 90; 110; 132 ; 160; 200; 250; 280; 315} Kw
The motor shall not be overloaded by more than 130%
R.M.S. load
torque
2 1450 1.0 2 1450
2000  10 −3 = 303.5 Kw  2000  10 −3 = 248 Kw
60. 1.0 + .25  2 60.
4-pole motor
take Pr = 250 Kw → Tr = 1646 Nm → 2000 / 1646 = 1.21  1.3
I r = 500 A Assuming that the on load PF is the same as that at FL

303.5 For IC411

I m = 500.  = 607 A
250
Totally enclosed , independent fan
(6  500)  2 + 607  58.
2 ^2
cooled motor. E.g.250 Kw S1, IC406,
I RMS = = 665 A  I r
2  .5 + 58 + 120  0.25 IP55
(6  500) 2  2 + 607 ^ 2  58.
I RMS = = 467 .7 A  I 11/15/2020 10:24 AM
2 + 58 + 120 M. Abdel-Hakimr 10
 Duty type S5 – Intermittent periodic duty with electric braking
A sequence of identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a starting time, a time of
operation at constant load, a time of electric braking and a time de-energized and at
rest. The appropriate abbreviation is S5, followed by the cyclic duration factor, the
moment of inertia of the motor (JM) and the moment of inertia of the load (Jext), both
referred to the motor shaft.
Example: S5 25 % JM = 0,15 kg × m2 Jext = 0,7 kg × m2

Cyclic duration factor = (ΔtD + ΔtP + ΔtF)/TC

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 Duty type S6 – Continuous-operation periodic duty
A sequence of identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a time of operation at
constant load and a time of operation at no-load. There is no time de-energized and at
rest. The appropriate abbreviation is S6, followed by the cyclic duration factor.
Example: S6 40 %

Cyclic duration factor

= ΔtP/TC

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 Duty type S7 – Continuous-operation periodic duty with electric braking
A sequence of identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a starting time, a time of
operation at constant load and a time of electric braking. There is no time de-energized
and at rest.
The appropriate abbreviation is S7, followed by the moment of inertia of the motor (JM)
and the moment of inertia of the load (Jext), both referred to the motor shaft.
Example: S7 JM = 0,4 kg × m2 Jext = 7,5 kg × m2

Cyclic duration factor = 1

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 Duty type S8 – Continuous-operation periodic duty with related load/speed changes 2
A sequence of identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a time of operation at
constant load corresponding to a predetermined speed of rotation, followed by one or
more times of operation at other constant loads corresponding to different speeds of
rotation (carried out, for example, by means of a change in the number of poles in the
case of induction motors). There is no time de-energized and at rest .
The appropriate abbreviation is S8, followed by the moment of inertia of the motor (JM)
and the moment of inertia of the load (Jext), both referred to the motor shaft, together
with the load, speed and cyclic duration factor for each speed condition.
Example: S8 JM = 0,5 kg × m2 Jext = 6 kg × m2 16 kW 740 min−1 30 %
40 kW 1 460 min−1 30 %
25 kW 980 min−1 40 %

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 Duty type S9 – Duty with non-periodic load and speed variations
A duty in which generally load and speed vary non-periodically within the permissible
operating range. This duty includes frequently applied overloads that may greatly
exceed the reference load .
The appropriate abbreviation is S9.
For this duty type, a constant load appropriately selected and based on duty type S1 is
taken as the reference value ("Pref" in the Figure) for the overload concept.

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 Duty type S10 – Duty with discrete constant loads and speeds
A duty consisting of a specific number of discrete values of load (or equivalent loading)
and if applicable, speed, each load/speed combination being maintained for sufficient
time to allow the machine to reach thermal equilibrium. The minimum load within a duty
cycle may have the value zero (no-load or de-energized and at rest).
The appropriate abbreviation is S10, followed by the per unit quantities p/Δt for the
respective load and its duration and the per unit quantity TL for the relative thermal life
expectancy of the insulation system. The reference value for the thermal life expectancy is
the thermal life expectancy at rating for continuous running duty and permissible limits of
temperature rise based on duty type S1. For a time de-energized and at rest, the load shall
be indicated by the letter r.
Example: S10 p/Δt = 1,1/0,4; 1/0,3; 0,9/0,2; r/0,1 TL = 0,6
The value of TL should be rounded off to the nearest multiple of 0,05. Advice concerning
the significance of this parameter and the derivation of its value is given in Lec3
For this duty type a constant load appropriately selected and based on duty type S1 shall
be taken as the reference value for the discrete loads.

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