Business Statistics 2nd Edition Donnelly Solutions Manual

Business Statistics 2nd Edition
Donnelly Solutions Manual

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CHAPTER 7
Sampling and Sampling Distributions
7.1
μ = 3.10
n
x i
2.45 + 3.76 + 3.48 + 2.81 + 3.34 15.84
x= i =1
= = = 3.17
n 5 5
Sampling Error = x − μ = 3.17 − 3.10 = 0.07
7.2
N
x i
20 + 21 + 2 + ... + 62 + 21 + 76 684
a) μ = i =1
= = = 34.2
N 20 20
b)
n
x i
20 + 21 + 2 + 17 + 35 95
x= i =1
= = = 19.0
n 5 5
Sampling Error = x − μ = 19.0 − 34.2 = −15.2
c)
n
x i
20 + 21 + 2 + 17 + 35 + 21 + 40 + 54 + 52 + 24 286
x= i =1
= = = 28.6
n 10 10
d) Sampling error decreases as the sample size increases.
7-1
Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-2 Chapter 7
e)
n
x i
2 + 10 + 11 + 17 + 20 60
Smallest x = i =1
== = 12.0
n 5 5
n
x i
52 + 53 + 54 + 62 + 76 297
Largest x = i =1
=
= = 59.4
n 5 5
Since −22.2 = 22.2 < 25.2, the largest sampling error (in absolute terms) is 25.2.
7.3
N
x i
41 + 62 + 64 + ... + 50 + 57 + 36 791
a) μ = i =1
= = = 49.4
N 16 16
b)
n
x i
41 + 62 + 64 + 50 217
x= i =1
= = = 54.3
n 4 4
c)
n
x i
41 + 62 + 64 + 50 + 47 + 33 + 49 + 72 418
x= i =1
= = = 52.3
n 8 8
d) Sampling error tends to decreases as the sample size increases.

Sampling and Sampling Distributions 7-3
e)
n
x i
26 + 33 + 36 + 40 135
Smallest x = i =1
= == 33.8
n 4 4
n
x i
62 + 64 + 72 + 76 274
Largest x = i =1
= == 68.5
n 4 4
Since −15.6 = 15.6 < 19.1, the largest sampling error (in absolute terms) is 19.1.
7.4
N
x i
19,871 + 11, 483 + ... + 13,317 + 19,537 181, 200
a) μ = i =1
= = = 12, 080.0
N 15 15
b)
n
x i
19,871 + 11, 483 + 18,519 + 10,977 + 8,325 69,175
x= i =1
= = = 13,835.0
n 5 5
Sampling Error = x − μ = 13,835.0 − 12, 080.0 = 1, 755.0
c)
n
x i
19,871 + 11, 483 + ... + 4, 702 + 11,145 112,155
x= i =1
= = = 11, 215.5
n 10 10
Sampling Error = x − μ = 11, 215.5 − 12, 080.0 = −864.5
d) Sampling error decreases as the sample size increases.

7-4 Chapter 7
7.5 Answers will vary. One example:

a) b) c)
d) As the sample size increases, the sampling error (in absolute value) of the Excel samples
shown in the solution decreases from n = 4 to n = 12. Typically, we expect sampling error to
decrease as sample size increases, though by random chance this may not always happen. Your
samples may differ.

7.6 N = 350 a) k = 350/10 = 35; b) k = 350/25 = 14; c) k = 350/50 = 7

Answers will vary. One example (rows 28 to 50 hidden to save space):
a) b) c)
d) As the sample size increases, the sampling error tends to decrease.

e) Selecting every 7th day is selecting the same day of the week each week, which could bias the
revenue data.

7-6 Chapter 7
7.7
σ30 30
a) σ x = =
= = 9.49
n 10 3.16
σ 30 30
b) σ x = = = = 5.47
n 30 5.48
σ 30 30
c) σ x = = = = 4.24
n 50 7.07
7.8
σ 15 15
σx = = = = 4.75
n 10 3.16
x − μx 85 − 80
z85 = = = 1.05
σx 4.75
( )
P x ≤ 85 = P ( z ≤ 1.05 ) = 0.8531
7.9
σ 15 15
σx = = = = 2.65
n 32 5.66
x − μx 23 − 24
z23 = = = −0.38
σx 2.65
( )
P x ≥ 23 = P ( z ≥ −0.38 ) = 1.0 − 0.3520 = 0.6480
7.10
σ 9 9
σx = = = = 1.50
n 36 6.0
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = 45 + (1.96 )(1.50 ) = 47.94
x L = μ x − zσ x
x L = 45 − (1.96 )(1.50 ) = 42.06

7.11
n 45
= = 0.18 > 0.05
N 250
σ N −n 23 250 − 45
σx =
n N −1
=
45 250 − 1
= ( 3.428 ) ( )
0.823 = 3.110
x − μx 62 − 60
z62 = = = 0.64
σx 3.11
( )
P x ≤ 62 = P ( z ≤ 0.64 ) = 0.7389
7.12
σ $0.50
a) σ x = = = $0.0912
n 30
b)
x − μx $7.75 − $7.96
z7.75 = = = −2.30
σx $0.0912
( )
P x < $7.75 = P ( z < −2.30 ) = 0.0107
c)
$8.10 − $7.96
z8.10 = = 1.54
$0.0912
( )
P x < $8.10 = P ( z < 1.54 ) = 0.9382
d)
$8.20 − $7.96
z8.20 = = 2.63
$0.0912
( )
P x > $8.20 = P ( z > 2.63) = 1.0 − 0.9957 = 0.0043

7-8 Chapter 7
7.13
a)
σ 17 17
σx = = = = 5.38
n 10 3.16
x − μx 100 − 93
z100 = = = 1.30
σx 5.38
( )
P x < 100 = P ( z < 1.30 ) = 0.9032
b)
σ 17 17
σx = = = = 3.80
n 20 4.47
x − μx 100 − 93
z100 = = = 1.84
σx 3.80
( )
P x < 100 = P ( z < 1.84 ) = 0.9671
c)
σ 17 17
σx = = = = 3.10
n 30 5.48
x − μx 100 − 93
z100 = = = 2.26
σx 3.10
( )
P x < 100 = P ( z < 2.26 ) = 0.9881
d) With a larger sample size, the standard error decreases and the sample means tend to
move closer to the population mean of 93 minutes. Therefore, the probability of observing a
sample mean less than 100 minutes increases as the sample size increases.
7.14
σ $26.00
a) σ x = = = $4.39
n 35
b)
x − μx $160 − $156
z160 = = = 0.91
σx $4.39
( )
P x < $160 = P ( z < 0.91) = 0.8186

c)
$163 − $156
z163 = = 1.59
$4.39
( )
P x > $163 = P ( z > 1.59 ) = 1.0 − 0.9441 = 0.0559
d)
$147 − $156
z147 = = −2.05
$4.39
$151 − $156
z151 = = −1.14
$4.39
( )
P $147 ≤ x ≤ $151 = P ( −2.05 ≤ z ≤ −1.14 ) = 0.1271 − 0.0202 = 0.1069
7.15
σ 1.6 1.6
σx = = = = 0.28
n 32 5.66
x − μx 5.3 − 5.0
z5.3 = = = 1.07
σx 0.28
( )
P x > 5.3 = P ( z > 1.07 ) = 1.0 − 0.8577 = 0.1423
Thus, there’s a 14% chance of observing a sample mean as high as 5.3 hours, if the population
mean is 5 hours. This probability is high enough (equal to or greater than 0.05) to support the
findings of the study.
7.16
a)
σ 6.0 6.0
σx = = = = 1.09
n 30 5.48
x − μx 51 − 52.7
z51 = = = −1.56
σx 1.09
( )
P x < 51 = P ( z < −1.56 ) = 0.0594

7-10 Chapter 7
b)
σ 6.0 6.0
σx = = = = 0.89
n 45 6.71
x − μx 51 − 52.7
z51 = = = −1.91
σx 0.89
( )
P x < 51 = P ( z < −1.91) = 0.0281
c)
σ 6.0 6.0
σx = = = = 0.77
n 60 7.75
x − μx 51 − 52.7
z51 = = = −2.21
σx 0.77
( )
P x < 51 = P ( z < −2.21) = 0.0136
d) With a larger sample size, standard error decreases and the sample means tend to move closer
to the population mean of 52.7 MPH. Therefore, the probability of observing a sample mean less
than 51.0 MPH decreases as the sample size increases.
7.17
σ $40 $40
a) σ x = = = = $12.66
n 10 3.16
b)
x − μx $125 − $135.35
z125 = = = −0.82
σx $12.66
( )
P x < $125 = P ( z < −0.82 ) = 0.2061
c)
x − μx $140 − $135.35
z140 = = = 0.37
σx $12.66
( )
P x > $140 = P ( z > 0.37 ) = 1.0 − 0.6443 = 0.3557

d)
x − μx $120 − $135.35
z120 = = = −1.21
σx $12.66
x − μx $160 − $135.35
z160 = = = 1.95
σx $12.66
( )
P $120 ≤ x ≤ $160 = P ( −1.21 ≤ z ≤ 1.95 ) = 0.9744 − 0.1131 = 0.8613
e)
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = $135.35 + (1.96 )( $12.66 ) = $160.16
x L = $135.35 − (1.96 )( $12.66 ) = $110.54
7.18
a)
σ $33 $33
σx = = = = $5.92
n 31 5.57
x − μx $91 − $108
z91 = = = −2.87
σx $5.92
( )
P x < $91 = P ( z < −2.87 ) = 0.0021
Thus, there’s a 0.21% chance of observing a sample mean as low as $91, if the population mean
is $108. This probability is low enough (less than 0.05) to contradict the findings of the Harris
poll.
b)
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = $108 + (1.96 )( $5.92 ) = $119.60
x L = $108 − (1.96 )( $5.92 ) = $96.40
Note that the sample mean of $91 is below the lower sample mean, confirming our answer to
part a.

7-12 Chapter 7
7.19
σ 25 25
a) σ x = = = = 4.06
n 38 6.16
b)
x − μx 246 − 252.8
z246 = = = −1.67
σx 4.06
( )
P x < 246 = P ( z < −1.67 ) = 0.0475
c)
x − μx 249 − 252.8
z249 = = = −0.94
σx 4.06
( )
P x > 249 = P ( z > −0.94 ) = 1.0 − 0.1736 = 0.8264
d)
x − μx 254 − 252.8
z254 = = = 0.30
σx 4.06
x − μx 258 − 252.8
z258 = = = 1.28
σx 4.06
( )
P 254 ≤ x ≤ 258 = P ( 0.30 ≤ z ≤ 1.28 ) = 0.8997 − 0.6179 = 0.2818
e)
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = 252.8 + (1.96 )( 4.06 ) = 260.8
x L = 252.8 − (1.96 )( 4.06 ) = 244.8
7.20
a)
σ 6.5 6.5
σx = = = = 1.03
n 40 6.32
x − μx 33 − 30
z33 = = = 2.91
σx 1.03
( )
P x > 33 = P ( z > 2.91) = 1.0 − 0.9982 = 0.0018

Thus, there’s less than a 1% chance of observing a sample mean as high as 33 minutes, if the
population mean is 30 minutes. This probability is low enough (less than 0.05) to contradict the
claim made by the pizza shop.
b)
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = 30 + (1.96 )(1.03) = 32.0 minutes
x L = 30 − (1.96 )(1.03) = 28.0 minutes
Note that the sample mean of 33 minutes is above the upper sample mean of 32 minutes,
confirming our answer to part a.
7.21
σ 400 400
a) σ x = = = = 56.58
n 50 7.07
b)
x − μx 1,800 − 1, 787
z1,800 = = = 0.23
σx 56.58
( )
P x > 1,800 = P ( z > 0.23) = 1.0 − 0.5910 = 0.4090
c)
x − μx 1, 750 − 1, 787
z1,750 = = = −0.65
σx 56.58
x − μx 1, 780 − 1, 787
z1,780 = = = −0.12
σx 56.58
( )
P 1, 750 ≤ x ≤ 1, 780 = P ( −0.65 ≤ z ≤ −0.12 ) = 0.4522 − 0.2578 = 0.1944
d)
x − μx 1,825 − 1, 787
z1,825 = = = 0.67
σx 56.58
( )
P x > 1,825 = P ( z > 0.67 ) = 1.0 − 0.7486 = 0.2514
Thus, there’s a 25% chance of observing a sample mean as high as 1,825 hours, if the population
mean is 1,794 hours. This probability is high enough (equal to or greater than 0.05) to support
the claim made by OECD.

7-14 Chapter 7
e)
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = 1, 787 + (1.96 )( 56.58 ) = 1,897.9 hours
x L = 1, 787 − (1.96 )( 56.58 ) = 1, 676.1 hours
Note that the sample mean of 1,825 hours is between the lower sample mean and upper sample
mean, confirming our answer to part d.
7.22
σ N − n 4.9 80 − 32
a) σ x = = = 0.68
n N −1 32 80 − 1
b)
x − μx 87 − 85.4
z87 = = = 2.35
σx 0.68
( )
P x < 87 = P ( z < 2.35 ) = 0.9906
c)
x − μx 86 − 85.4
z86 = = = 0.88
σx 0.68
( )
P x > 86 = P ( z > 0.88 ) = 1.0 − 0.8106 = 0.1894
d)
x − μx 84.5 − 85.4
z84.5 = = = −1.32
σx 0.68
x − μx 86.5 − 85.4
z86.5 = = = 1.62
σx 0.68
( )
P 84.5 ≤ x ≤ 86.5 = P ( −1.32 ≤ z ≤ 1.62 ) = 0.9474 − 0.0934 = 0.8540
7.23
σ N − n $515 240 − 30
a) σ x = = = $88.10
n N −1 30 240 − 1

b)
x − μx $1,825 − $1,880
z1,825 = = = −0.62
σx $88.10
( )
P x < $1,825 = P ( z < −0.62 ) = 0.2676
c)
x − μx $1,840 − $1,880
z1,840 = = = −0.45
σx $88.10
( )
P x > $1,840 = P ( z > −0.45 ) = 1.0 − 0.3264 = 0.6736
d)
x − μx $1,900 − $1,880
z1,900 = = = 0.23
σx $88.10
x − μx $1,950 − $1,880
z1,950 = = = 0.79
σx $88.10
( )
P $1,900 ≤ x ≤ $1,950 = P ( 0.23 ≤ z ≤ 0.79 ) = 0.7852 − 0.5910 = 0.1942
7.24
a) Using Excel, μ = 79.024 inches and σ = 3.608 inches
(Remember to use =STDEV.P).
b)
σ N − n 3.608 335 − 45
σx = = = 0.501
n N −1 45 335 − 1
x − μx 78 − 79.024
z78 = = = −2.04
σx 0.501
( )
P x < 78 = P ( z < −2.04 ) = 0.0207
c)
x − μx 79.5 − 79.024
z79.5 = = = 0.95
σx 0.501
( )
P x > 79.5 = P ( z > 0.95 ) = 1.0 − 0.8289 = 0.1711

7-16 Chapter 7
d)
x − μx 78.5 − 79.024
z78.5 = = = −1.05
σx 0.501
x − μx 80 − 79.024
z80 = = = 1.95
σx 0.501
( )
P 78.5 ≤ x ≤ 80 = P ( −1.05 ≤ z ≤ 1.95 ) = 0.9744 − 0.1469 = 0.8275
7.25
p (1 − p ) ( 0.3)(1 − 0.3) = 0.0648
a) σ p = =
n 50
p (1 − p ) ( 0.3)(1 − 0.3) = 0.0458
b) σ p = =
n 100
p (1 − p ) ( 0.3)(1 − 0.3) = 0.0374
c) σ p = =
n 150
7.26
a)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.65)(1 − 0.65) = 0.0427
σp = =
n 125
x 80
p= = = 0.64
n 125
p − p 0.64 − 0.65
z0.64 = = = −0.23
σp 0.0427
( )
P p ≤ 0.64 = P ( z ≤ −0.23) = 0.4090
b)
x 82
p= = = 0.656
n 125
p − p 0.656 − 0.65
z0.656 = = = 0.14
σp 0.0427
( )
P p ≤ 0.656 = P ( z ≤ 0.14 ) = 0.5557

c)
x 75
p= = = 0.60
n 125
p − p 0.60 − 0.65
z0.60 = = = −1.17
σp 0.0427
( )
P p ≥ 0.60 = P ( z ≥ −1.17 ) = 1.0 − 0.1210 = 0.8790
7.27
a)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.4)(1 − 0.4) = 0.040
σp = =
n 150
x 50
p= = = 0.333
n 150
p − p 0.333 − 0.40
z0.333 = = = −1.68
σp 0.040
x 54
p= = = 0.36
n 150
p − p 0.36 − 0.40
z0.36 = = = −1.00
σp 0.040
( )
P 0.333 ≤ p ≤ 0.36 = P ( −1.68 ≤ z ≤ −1.00 ) = 0.1587 − 0.0465 = 0.1122
b)
x 55
p= = = 0.367
n 150
p − p 0.367 − 0.40
z0.367 = = = −0.83
σp 0.040
x 62
p= = = 0.413
n 150
p − p 0.413 − 0.40
z0.413 = = = 0.33
σp 0.040
( )
P 0.367 ≤ p ≤ 0.413 = P ( −0.83 ≤ z ≤ 0.33) = 0.6293 − 0.2033 = 0.4260

7-18 Chapter 7
c)
x 53
p= = = 0.353
n 150
p − p 0.353 − 0.40
z0.353 = = = −1.18
σp 0.040
x 70
p= = = 0.467
n 150
p − p 0.467 − 0.40
z0.467 = = = 1.68
σp 0.040
( )
P 0.353 ≤ p ≤ 0.467 = P ( −1.18 ≤ z ≤ 1.68) = 0.9535 − 0.1190 = 0.8345
7.28
a)
p (1 − p ) N − n ( 0.4)(1 − 0.4 ) 400 − 150 = 0.0317
σp = =
n N −1 150 400 − 1
x 50
p= = = 0.333
n 150
p − p 0.333 − 0.40
z0.333 = = = −2.11
σp 0.0317
x 54
p= = = 0.36
n 150
p − p 0.36 − 0.40
z0.36 = = = −1.26
σp 0.0317
( )
P 0.333 ≤ p ≤ 0.36 = P ( −2.11 ≤ z ≤ −1.26 ) = 0.1038 − 0.0174 = 0.0864

b)
x 55
p= = = 0.367
n 150
p − p 0.367 − 0.40
z0.367 = = = −1.04
σp 0.0317
x 62
p= = = 0.413
n 150
p − p 0.413 − 0.40
z0.413 = = = 0.41
σp 0.0317
( )
P 0.367 ≤ p ≤ 0.413 = P ( −1.04 ≤ z ≤ 0.41) = 0.6591 − 0.1492 = 0.5099
c)
x 53
p= = = 0.353
n 150
p − p 0.353 − 0.40
z0.353 = = = −1.48
σp 0.0317
x 70
p= = = 0.467
n 150
p − p 0.467 − 0.40
z0.467 = = = 2.11
σp 0.0317
( )
P 0.353 ≤ p ≤ 0.467 = P ( −1.48 ≤ z ≤ 2.11) = 0.9826 − 0.0694 = 0.9132
7.29
p (1 − p ) ( 0.58)(1 − 0.58) = 0.0349
a) σ p = =
n 200
b)
x 125
p= = = 0.625
n 200
p − p 0.625 − 0.58
z0.625 = = = 1.29
σp 0.0349
( )
P p ≤ 0.625 = P ( z ≤ 1.29 ) = 0.9015

7-20 Chapter 7
c)
x 100
p= = = 0.50
n 200
p − p 0.50 − 0.58
z0.50 = = = −2.29
σp 0.0349
( )
P p ≤ 0.50 = P ( z ≤ −2.29 ) = 0.0110
d)
x 120
p= = = 0.60
n 200
p − p 0.60 − 0.58
z0.60 = = = 0.57
σp 0.0349
( )
P p ≥ 0.60 = P ( z ≥ 0.57 ) = 1.0 − 0.7157 = 0.2843
e)
x 112
p= = = 0.56
n 200
p − p 0.56 − 0.58
z0.56 = = = −0.57
σp 0.0349
x 122
p= = = 0.61
n 200
p − p 0.61 − 0.58
z0.61 = = = 0.86
σp 0.0349
( )
P 0.56 ≤ p ≤ 0.61 = P ( −0.57 ≤ z ≤ 0.86 ) = 0.8051 − 0.2843 = 0.5208
7.30
p (1 − p ) ( 0.31)(1 − 0.31) = 0.0350
a) σ p = =
n 175
b)
x 58
p= = = 0.331
n 175
p − p 0.331 − 0.31
z0.331 = = = 0.60
σp 0.0350
( )
P p < 0.331 = P ( z < 0.60 ) = 0.7257

c)
x 62
p= = = 0.354
n 175
p − p 0.354 − 0.31
z0.354 = = = 1.26
σp 0.0350
( )
P p > 0.354 = P ( z > 1.26 ) = 1.0 − 0.8962 = 0.1038
d)
x 52
p= = = 0.297
n 175
p − p 0.297 − 0.31
z0.297 = = = −0.37
σp 0.0350
( )
P p > 0.297 = P ( z > −0.37 ) = 1.0 − 0.3557 = 0.6443
e)
x 44
p= = = 0.251
n 175
p − p 0.251 − 0.31
z0.251 = = = −1.69
σp 0.0350
x 50
p= = = 0.286
n 175
p − p 0.286 − 0.31
z0.286 = = = −0.69
σp 0.0350
( )
P 0.251 ≤ p ≤ 0.286 = P ( −1.69 ≤ z ≤ −0.69 ) = 0.2451 − 0.0455 = 0.1996
7.31
p (1 − p ) ( 0.73)(1 − 0.73) = 0.0389
a) σ p = =
n 130
b)
p− p 0.75 − 0.73
z0.75 = = = 0.51
σp 0.0389
P ( p < 0.75) = P ( z < 0.51) = 0.6950

7-22 Chapter 7
c)
p− p 0.70 − 0.73
z0.70 = = = −0.77
σp 0.0389
p− p 0.80 − 0.73
z0.80 = = = 1.80
σp 0.0389
P ( 0.70 ≤ p ≤ 0.80 ) = P ( −0.77 ≤ z ≤ 1.80 ) = 0.9641 − 0.2206 = 0.7435
d) The standard error would be reduced as follows:
p (1 − p ) ( 0.73)(1 − 0.73) = 0.0314
σp = =
n 200
This would, in turn, increase the probabilities that the sample proportions will be closer to the
population proportion:
p− p 0.75 − 0.73
z0.75 = = = 0.64
σp 0.0314
P ( p < 0.75) = P ( z < 0.64 ) = 0.7389
p− p 0.70 − 0.73
z0.70 = = = −0.96
σp 0.0314
p− p 0.80 − 0.73
z0.80 = = = 2.23
σp 0.0314
P ( 0.70 ≤ p ≤ 0.80 ) = P ( −0.96 ≤ z ≤ 2.23) = 0.9871 − 0.1685 = 0.8186
7.32
p (1 − p ) ( 0.69 )(1 − 0.69 ) = 0.0391
a) σ p = =
n 140
b)
x 100
p= = = 0.714
n 140
p − p 0.714 − 0.69
z0.714 = = = 0.61
σp 0.0391
( )
P p ≥ 0.714 = P ( z ≥ 0.61) = 1.0 − 0.7291 = 0.2709

c)
x 96
p= = = 0.686
n 140
p − p 0.686 − 0.69
z0.686 = = = −0.10
σp 0.0391
x 105
p= = = 0.75
n 140
p − p 0.75 − 0.69
z0.75 = = = 1.53
σp 0.0391
( )
P 0.686 ≤ p ≤ 0.75 = P ( −0.10 ≤ z ≤ 1.53) = 0.9370 − 0.4602 = 0.4768
d)
x 81
p= = = 0.579
n 140
p − p 0.579 − 0.69
z0.579 = = = −2.84
σp 0.0391
( )
P p ≤ 0.579 = P ( z ≤ −2.84 ) = 0.0023
Thus, there’s less than a 1% chance of observing a sample proportion as low as 0.579, if the
population proportion is 0.69. This probability is low enough (less than 0.05) to contradict the
claim made by the survey.
7.33
p (1 − p ) ( 0.46 )(1 − 0.46 ) = 0.0400
a) σ p = =
n 155
b)
p− p 0.40 − 0.46
z0.40 = = = −1.50
σp 0.04
( )
P p < 0.40 = P ( z < −1.50 ) = 0.0668
c)
p− p 0.50 − 0.46
z0.50 = = = 1.00
σp 0.04
( )
P p > 0.50 = P ( z > 1.00 ) = 1.0 − 0.8413 = 0.1587

7-24 Chapter 7
d)
p− p 0.48 − 0.46
z0.48 = = = 0.50
σp 0.04
p− p 0.58 − 0.46
z0.58 = = = 3.00
σp 0.04
( )
P 0.48 ≤ p ≤ 0.58 = P ( 0.50 ≤ z ≤ 3.00 ) = 0.9987 − 0.6915 = 0.3072
7.34
p (1 − p ) ( 0.36 )(1 − 0.36 ) = 0.0429
a) σ p = =
n 125
b)
p− p 0.30 − 0.36
z0.30 = = = −1.40
σp 0.0429
( )
P p < 0.30 = P ( z < −1.40 ) = 0.0808
c)
0.28 − 0.36
z0.28 = = −1.86
0.0429
0.40 − 0.36
z0.40 = = 0.93
0.0429
( )
P 0.28 ≤ p ≤ 0.40 = P ( −1.86 ≤ z ≤ 0.93) = 0.8238 − 0.0314 = 0.7924
d) The standard error would be reduced as follows:
p (1 − p ) ( 0.36 )(1 − 0.36 ) = 0.0320
σp = =
n 225
This would, in turn, increase the probabilities the sample proportions will be closer to the
population proportion:
p− p 0.30 − 0.36
z0.30 = = = −1.88
σp 0.0320
( )
P p < 0.30 = P ( z < −1.88 ) = 0.0301

0.28 − 0.36
z0.28 = = −2.50
0.0320
0.40 − 0.36
z0.40 = = 1.25
0.0320
( )
P 0.28 ≤ p ≤ 0.40 = P ( −2.50 ≤ z ≤ 1.25) = 0.8944 − 0.0062 = 0.8882
7.35
p (1 − p ) N − n ( 0.38 )(1 − 0.38 ) 375 − 100
a) σ p = = = 0.0416
n N −1 100 375 − 1
b)
x 32
p= = = 0.32
n 100
p − p 0.32 − 0.38
z0.32 = = = −1.44
σp 0.0416
( )
P p ≥ 0.32 = P ( z ≥ −1.44 ) = 1.0 − 0.0749 = 0.9251
c)
x 30
p= = = 0.30
n 100
p − p 0.30 − 0.38
z0.30 = = = −1.92
σp 0.0416
x 40
p= = = 0.40
n 100
p − p 0.40 − 0.38
z0.40 = = = 0.48
σp 0.0416
( )
P 0.30 ≤ p ≤ 0.40 = P ( −1.92 ≤ z ≤ 0.48) = 0.6844 − 0.0274 = 0.6570

7-26 Chapter 7
d)
x 50
p= = = 0.50
n 100
p − p 0.50 − 0.38
z0.50 = = = 2.88
σp 0.0416
( )
P p > 0.50 = P ( z > 2.88) = 1.0 − 0.9980 = 0.0020
Thus, there’s less than a 1% chance of observing a sample proportion as high as 0.5, if the
historical information.
7.36
a)
p (1 − p ) N − n ( 0.56 )(1 − 0.56 ) 200 − 50
σp = = = 0.0609
n N −1 50 200 − 1
p− p 0.60 − 0.56
z0.60 = = = 0.66
σp 0.0609
( )
P p < 0.60 = P ( z < 0.66 ) = 0.7454
b)
p (1 − p ) N − n ( 0.56 )(1 − 0.56 ) 200 − 100
σp = = = 0.0352
n N −1 100 200 − 1
p− p 0.60 − 0.56
z0.60 = = = 1.14
σp 0.0352
( )
P p < 0.60 = P ( z < 1.14 ) = 0.8729
p (1 − p ) N − n ( 0.56 )(1 − 0.56 ) 200 − 150

σp = = = 0.0203
n N −1 150 200 − 1
p− p 0.60 − 0.56
z0.60 = = = 1.97
σp 0.0203
( )
P p < 0.60 = P ( z < 1.97 ) = 0.9756
Increasing the sample size reduces the standard error. This, in turn, increases the probabilities
that the sample proportions will be closer to the population proportion.

c)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.56 )(1 − 0.56 ) = 0.0702
σp = =
n 50
p− p 0.60 − 0.56
z0.60 = = = 0.57
σp 0.0702
( )
P p < 0.60 = P ( z < 0.57 ) = 0.7157
Without the finite correction factor, the standard error is overestimated causing the probability to
be underestimated.
p (1 − p ) ( 0.75)(1 − 0.75) = 0.0342

7.37 σ p = =
n 160
Using Excel’s COUNTIF function, there are 116 customers with wait times less than 5 minutes.
(Don’t forget to put quotation marks around the COUNTIF <5 criteria as “<5”
x 116
p= = = 0.725
n 160
p− p 0.725 − 0.75
z0.725 = = = −0.73
σp 0.0342
( )
P p ≤ 0.725 = P ( z ≤ −0.73) = 0.2327
Thus, there’s a 23% chance of observing a sample proportion as low as 0.725, if the population
proportion is 0.75. This probability is high enough (equal to or greater than 0.05) to support
AT&T’s claim.
7.38
a)
σ $15,300 $15,300
σx = = = = $2, 624.36
n 34 5.83
x − μx $70, 000 − $74,804
z70,000 = = = −1.83
σx $2, 624.36
( )
P x < $70, 000 = P ( z < −1.83) = 0.0336
b)
x − μx $74, 000 − $74,804
z74,000 = = = −0.31
σx $2, 624.36
( )
P x > $74, 000 = P ( z > −0.31) = 1.0 − 0.3783 = 0.6217

7-28 Chapter 7
c)
x − μx $76, 000 − $74,804
z76,000 = = = 0.46
σx $2, 624.36
$81, 000 − $74,804
z81,000 = = 2.36
$2, 624.36
( )
P $76, 000 < x < $81, 000 = P ( 0.46 ≤ z ≤ 2.36 ) = 0.9909 − 0.6772 = 0.3137
7.39
a)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.131)(1 − 0.131) = 0.0322
σp = =
n 110
x 20
p= = = 0.182
n 110
p − p 0.182 − 0.131
z0.182 = = = 1.58
σp 0.0322
( )
P p ≤ 0.182 = P ( z ≤ 1.58 ) = 0.9429
b)
x 15
p= = = 0.136
n 110
p − p 0.136 − 0.131
z0.136 = = = 0.16
σp 0.0322
( )
P p ≤ 0.136 = P ( z ≤ 0.16 ) = 0.5636
c)
x 10
p= = = 0.091
n 110
p − p 0.091 − 0.131
z0.091 = = = −1.24
σp 0.0322
x 16
p= = = 0.145
n 110
p − p 0.145 − 0.131
z0.145 = = = 0.43
σp 0.0322
( )
P 0.091 ≤ p ≤ 0.145 = P ( −1.24 ≤ z ≤ 0.43) = 0.6664 − 0.1075 = 0.5589

7.40
a)
σ 146 146
σx = = = = 73.0
n 4 2.0
x − μx 1, 200 − 1,120
z1,200 = = = 1.10
σx 73.0
( )
P x > 1, 200 = P ( z > 1.10 ) = 1.0 − 0.8643 = 0.1357
b) Because the sample size is less than 30, the weekly demand (population) must be normally
distributed.
7.41
a)
σ 0.75 0.75
σx = = = = 0.13
n 36 6.0
x − μx 2.1 − 2.3
z2.1 = = = −1.54
σx 0.13
( )
P x < 2.1 = P ( z < −1.54 ) = 0.0618
b)
x − μx 2.2 − 2.3
z2.2 = = = −0.77
σx 0.13
( )
P x > 2.2 = P ( z > −0.77 ) = 1.0 − 0.2206 = 0.7794
c)
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = 2.3 + (1.96 )( 0.13) = 2.55 gallons
x L = 2.3 − (1.96 )( 0.13) = 2.05 gallons

7-30 Chapter 7
7.42
a)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.10 )(1 − 0.10 ) = 0.0212
σp = =
n 200
p− p 0.12 − 0.10
z0.12 = = = 0.94
σp 0.0212
( )
P p > 0.12 = P ( z > 0.94 ) = 1.0 − 0.8264 = 0.1736
b)
p− p 0.14 − 0.10
z0.14 = = = 1.89
σp 0.0212
( )
P p < 0.14 = P ( z < 1.89 ) = 0.9706
c)
p− p 0.06 − 0.10
z0.06 = = = −1.89
σp 0.0212
p− p 0.09 − 0.10
z0.09 = = = −0.47
σp 0.0212
( )
P 0.06 ≤ p ≤ 0.09 = P ( −1.89 ≤ z ≤ −0.47 ) = 0.3192 − 0.0294 = 0.2898
d)
x 9
p= = = 0.045
n 200
p − p 0.045 − 0.10
z0.045 = = = −2.59
σp 0.0212
( )
P p ≤ 0.045 = P ( z ≤ −2.59 ) = 0.0048
Thus, there’s less than a 1% chance of observing a sample proportion as low as 0.045, if the
population proportion is 0.1. This probability is low enough (less than 0.05) to conclude that the
population proportion of left-handed golfers is less than 10%.

7.43
a)
σ $0.12 $0.12
σx = = = = $0.022
n 30 5.48
x − μx $3.66 − $3.68
z3.66 = = = −0.91
σx $0.022
( )
P x < $3.66 = P ( z < −0.91) = 0.1814
b)
x − μx $3.63 − $3.68
z3.63 = = = −2.27
σx $0.022
( )
P x > $3.63 = P ( z > −2.27 ) = 1.0 − 0.0116 = 0.9884
c)
x − μx $3.62 − $3.68
z3.62 = = = −2.73
σx $0.022
x − μx $3.72 − $3.68
z3.72 = = = 1.82
σx $0.022
( )
P $3.62 ≤ x ≤ $3.72 = P ( −2.73 ≤ z ≤ 1.82 ) = 0.9656 − 0.0032 = 0.9624
d)
x − μx $3.75 − $3.68
z3.75 = = = 3.18
σx $0.022
( )
P x ≥ $3.75 = P ( z ≥ 3.18 ) = 1.0 − 0.9993 = 0.0007
Thus, there’s a 0.07% chance of observing a sample mean as high as $3.75, if the population
mean is $3.68. This probability is low enough (less than 0.05) to conclude that the average price
per gallon for gas in the population is higher than the $3.68 price reported by AAA.
7.44
a)
σ $7,500 $7,500
σx = = = = $1,368.61
n 30 5.48
x − μx $24, 000 − $23, 200
z24,000 = = = 0.58
σx $1,368.61
( )
P x < $24, 000 = P ( z < 0.58 ) = 0.7190

7-32 Chapter 7
b)
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = $23, 200 + (1.96 )( $1,368.61) = $25,882.48
x L = $23, 200 − (1.96 )( $1,368.61) = $20,517.52
c)
σ $7,500 $7,500
σx = = = = $967.74
n 60 7.75
x − μx $24, 000 − $23, 200
z24,000 = = = 0.83
σx $967.74
( )
P x < $24, 000 = P ( z < 0.83) = 0.7967
Increasing the sample size reduces the standard error. This, in turn, increases the probabilities
that the sample mean will be closer to the population mean.
7.45
a)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.564 )(1 − 0.564 ) = 0.0392
σp = =
n 160
p− p 0.50 − 0.564
z0.50 = = = −1.63
σp 0.0392
( )
P p > 0.50 = P ( z > −1.63) = 1.0 − 0.0516 = 0.9484
b)
p− p 0.65 − 0.564
z0.65 = = = 2.19
σp 0.0392
( )
P p < 0.65 = P ( z < 2.19 ) = 0.9857
c)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.564 )(1 − 0.564 ) = 0.0496
σp = =
n 100
p− p 0.50 − 0.564
z0.50 = = = −1.29
σp 0.0496
( )
P p > 0.50 = P ( z > −1.29 ) = 1.0 − 0.0985 = 0.9015

Reducing the sample size increases the standard error. This, in turn, decreases the probability
that the sample proportion will be closer to the population proportion.
d)
pU = p + zσ p
pU = 0.564 + (1.96 )( 0.0392 ) = 0.641
pL = p − zσ p
pL = 0.564 − (1.96 )( 0.0392 ) = 0.487
7.46
a)
σ N − n 3.0 90 − 15
σx = = = 0.71
n N −1 15 90 − 1
x − μx 11 − 12
z11 = = = −1.41
σx 0.71
( )
P x > 11 = P ( z > −1.41) = 1.0 − 0.0793 = 0.9207
b)
x − μx 12.5 − 12
z12.5 = = = 0.70
σx 0.71
( )
P x > 12.5 = P ( z > 0.70 ) = 1.0 − 0.7580 = 0.2420
c)
x − μx 10 − 12
z10 = = = −2.82
σx 0.71
( )
P x ≤ 10 = P ( z ≤ −2.82 ) = 0.0024
Thus, there’s less than a 1% chance of observing a sample mean as low as 10 minutes, if the
population mean is 12 minutes. This probability is low enough (less than 0.05) to contradict the
professor’s claim that the average time to grade an exam is 12 minutes.
d) Because the sample size is less than 30, the time to correct exams must be normally
distributed.

7-34 Chapter 7
7.47
a)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.23)(1 − 0.23) = 0.0298
σp = =
n 200
x 40
p= = = 0.20
n 200
p − p 0.20 − 0.23
z0.20 = = = −1.01
σp 0.0298
( )
P p ≥ 0.20 = P ( z ≥ −1.01) = 1.0 − 0.1562 = 0.8438
b)
x 50
p= = = 0.25
n 200
p − p 0.25 − 0.23
z0.25 = = = 0.67
σp 0.0298
( )
P p ≥ 0.25 = P ( z ≥ 0.67 ) = 1.0 − 0.7486 = 0.2514
c)
x 62
p= = = 0.31
n 200
p − p 0.31 − 0.23
z0.31 = = = 2.68
σp 0.0298
( )
P p ≥ 0.31 = P ( z > 2.68 ) = 1.0 − 0.9963 = 0.0037
Thus, there’s less than a 1% chance of observing a sample proportion as high a 0.31, if the
claim that the population proportion equals 0.23.
7.48
a)
σ $95
σx = = = $17.34
n 30
x − μx $475 − $460
z475 = = = 0.87
σx $17.34
( )
P x < $475 = P ( z < 0.87 ) = 0.8078

b)
x − μx $450 − $460
z450 = = = −0.58
σx $17.34
$465 − $460
z465 = = 0.29
$17.34
( )
P $450 ≤ x ≤ $465 = P ( −0.58 ≤ z ≤ 0.29 ) = 0.6141 − 0.2810 = 0.3331
c)
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = $460 + (1.96 )( $17.34 ) = $493.99
x L = $460 − (1.96 )( $17.34 ) = $426.01
d)
x − μx $411 − $460
z411 = = = −2.83
σx $17.34
(
P x ≤ $411 = 0.0023)
There’s a 0.23% chance of observing a sample mean as low as $411, if the population mean is
$460. This probability is low enough (less than 0.05) to contradict the findings of the
HomeAdvisor, Inc..
7.49
a)
σ N − n 2, 200 230 − 45
σx = = = 294.70
n N −1 45 230 − 1
x − μx 5,800 − 5,117
z5800 = = = 2.32
σx 294.70
( )
P x < 5,800 = P ( z < 2.32 ) = 0.9898
b)
x − μx 4,800 − 5,117
z4800 = = = −1.08
σx 294.70
( )
P x > 4,800 = P ( z > −1.08 ) = 1.0 − 0.1401 = 0.8599

7-36 Chapter 7
c)
x − μx 4, 600 − 5,117
z4600 = = = −1.75
σx 294.70
x − μx 5, 000 − 5,117
z5000 = = = −0.40
σx 294.70
( )
P 4, 600 ≤ x ≤ 5, 000 = P ( −1.75 ≤ z ≤ −0.40 ) = 0.3446 − 0.0401 = 0.3045
7.50
a)
σ 5.0
σx = = = 0.912
n 30
x − μx 35.1 − 34.5
z35.1 = = = 0.66
σx 0.912
( )
P x ≥ 35.1 = P ( z ≥ 0.66 ) = 1.0 − 0.7454 = 0.2546
There’s a 25% chance of observing a sample mean as high as 35.1, if the population mean is
34.5. This probability is high enough (more than 0.05) to support the findings of the Pew
Research Center.
b)
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = 34.5 + (1.96 )( 0.912 ) = 36.3
x L = 34.5 − (1.96 )( 0.912 ) = 32.7
7.51
a)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.15)(1 − 0.85) = 0.0307
σp = =
n 135
x 16
p= = = 0.119
n 135
p − p 0.119 − 0.15
z0.119 = = = −1.01
σp 0.0307
( )
P p ≥ 0.119 = P ( z ≥ −1.01) = 1.0 − 0.1562 = 0.8438

b)
x 24
p= = = 0.178
n 135
p − p 0.178 − 0.15
z0.178 = = = 0.91
σp 0.0307
( )
P p ≥ 0.178 = P ( z ≥ 0.91) = 1.0 − 0.8186 = 0.1814
c)
x 14
p= = = 0.104
n 135
p − p 0.104 − 0.15
z0.104 = = = −1.50
σp 0.0307
x 25
p= = = 0.185
n 135
p − p 0.185 − 0.15
z0.185 = = = 1.14
σp 0.0307
P ( 0.104 ≤ p ≤ 0.185 ) = P ( −1.50 ≤ z ≤ 1.14 ) = 0.8729 − 0.0668 = 0.8061
7.52
a)
σ $11, 700
σx = = = $1,851.27
n 40
x − μx $88, 000 − $85,854
z88,000 = = = 1.16
σx $1,851.27
( )
P x < $88, 000 = P ( z < 1.16 ) = 0.8770
b)
x − μx $81, 000 − $85,854
z81,000 = = = −2.62
σx $1,851.27
( )
P x > $81, 000 = P ( z > −2.62 ) = 1.0 − 0.0044 = 0.9956

7-38 Chapter 7
c)
x − μx $83, 000 − $85,854
z83,000 = = = −1.54
σx $1,851.27
$85, 000 − $85,854
z85,000 = = −0.46
$1,851.27
( )
P $83, 000 ≤ x ≤ $85, 000 = P ( −1.54 ≤ z ≤ −0.46 ) = 0.3228 − 0.0618 = 0.2610
d)
x − μx $87, 400 − $85,854
z87,400 = = = 0.84
σx $1,851.27
( )
P x ≥ $87, 400 = P ( z ≥ 0.84 ) = 1.0 − 0.7995 = 0.2005
There’s a 20% chance of observing a sample mean as high as $87,400, if the population mean is
$85,854. This probability is high enough (more than 0.05) to support the findings of the Graduate
Management Admission Council.
7.53
a)
σ 485
σx = = = 84.50
n 33
x − μx 2, 000 − 2,165
z2,000 = = = −1.95
σx 84.5
( )
P x < 2, 000 = P ( z < −1.95) = 0.0256
b)
x − μx 2, 200 − 2,165
z2,200 = = = 0.41
σx 84.5
( )
P x > 2, 200 = P ( z > 0.41) = 1.0 − 0.6591 = 0.3409
c)
x − μx 2,100 − 2,165
z2,100 = = = −0.77
σx 84.5
x − μx 2,300 − 2,165
z2,300 = = = 1.60
σx 84.5
( )
P 2,100 ≤ x ≤ 2,300 = P ( −0.77 ≤ z ≤ 1.60 ) = 0.9452 − 0.2206 = 0.7246

d)
x − μx 2, 400 − 2,165
z2,400 = = = 2.78
σx 84.5
( )
P x ≥ 2, 400 = P ( z ≥ 2.78 ) = 1.0 − 0.9973 = 0.0027
There’s a 0.27% chance of observing a sample mean as high as 2,400, if the population mean is
2,165. This probability is low enough (less than 0.05) to contradict the stated population mean of
this road.
7.54
a)
n 42
= = 0.147 > 0.05
N 286
p (1 − p ) N − n ( 0.39)(1 − 0.39) 286 − 42 = 0.0697
σp = =
n N −1 42 286 − 1
x 15
p= = = 0.357
n 42
p − p 0.357 − 0.39
z0.357 = = = −0.47
σp 0.0697
( )
P p ≤ 0.357 = P ( z ≤ −0.47 ) = 0.3192
b)
x 18
p= = = 0.429
n 42
p − p 0.429 − 0.39
z0.429 = = = 0.56
σp 0.0697
( )
P p ≥ 0.429 = P ( z ≥ 0.56 ) = 1.0 − 0.7123 = 0.2877

7-40 Chapter 7
c)
x 17
p= = = 0.405
n 42
22
p= = 0.524
42
p − p 0.405 − 0.39
z0.405 = = = 0.22
σp 0.0697
0.524 − 0.39
z0.524 = = 1.92
0.0697
( )
P 0.405 ≤ p ≤ 0.524 = P ( 0.22 ≤ z ≤ 1.92 ) = 0.9726 − 0.5871 = 0.3855
7.55
a)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.524 )(1 − 0.524 ) = 0.0345
σp = =
n 210
p− p 0.50 − 0.524
z0.50 = = = −0.70
σp 0.0345
( )
P p ≤ 0.50 = P ( z ≤ −0.70 ) = 0.2420
b)
p− p 0.57 − 0.524
z0.57 = = = 1.33
σp 0.0345
( )
P p ≥ 0.57 = P ( z ≥ 1.33) = 1.0 − 0.9082 = 0.0918
c)
p− p 0.49 − 0.524
z0.49 = = = −0.99
σp 0.0345
0.55 − 0.524
z0.55 = = 0.75
0.0345
( )
P 0.49 ≤ p ≤ 0.55 = P ( −0.99 ≤ z ≤ 0.75 ) = 0.7734 − 0.1611 = 0.6123

d)
x 130
p= = = 0.619
n 210
p − p 0.619 − 0.524
z0.619 = = = 2.75
σp 0.0345
( )
P p ≥ 0.619 = P ( z ≥ 2.75 ) = 1.0 − 0.9970 = 0.0030
Thus, there’s a 0.3% chance of observing a sample proportion as high a 0.619, if the population
proportion is 0.524. This probability is low enough (less than 0.05) to contradict CoreLogic’s
report that 52.4% of home mortgages in Nevada during the 4th quarter of 2012 had negative
equity.
7.56
a)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.143)(1 − 0.143) = 0.0261
σp = =
n 180
p− p 0.20 − 0.143
z0.20 = = = 2.18
σp 0.0261
( )
P p ≤ 0.20 = P ( z ≤ 2.18) = 0.9854
b)
p− p 0.18 − 0.143
z0.18 = = = 1.42
σp 0.0261
( )
P p ≥ 0.18 = P ( z ≥ 1.42 ) = 1.0 − 0.9222 = 0.0778
c)
p− p 0.10 − 0.143
z0.10 = = = −1.65
σp 0.0261
0.15 − 0.143
z0.15 = = 0.27
0.0261
( )
P 0.10 ≤ p ≤ 0.15 = P ( −1.65 ≤ z ≤ 0.27 ) = 0.6064 − 0.0495 = 0.5569

7-42 Chapter 7
d)
x 29
p= = = 0.161
n 180
p − p 0.161 − 0.143
z0.161 = = = 0.69
σp 0.0261
( )
P p ≥ 0.161 = P ( z ≥ 0.69 ) = 1.0 − 0.7549 = 0.2451
There’s a 24% chance of observing a sample proportion as high as 0.161, if the population
proportion is 0.143. This probability is high enough (more than 0.05) to support the findings of
Catalyst.
7.57
a)
σ 341 341
σx = = = = 62.23
n 30 5.48
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = 1,123 + (1.96 )( 62.23) = 1, 245.0
x L = 1,123 − (1.96 )( 62.23) = 1, 001.0
b)
σ 341 341
σx = = = = 50.82
n 45 6.71
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = 1,123 + (1.96 )( 50.82 ) = 1, 222.6
x L = 1,123 − (1.96 )( 50.82 ) = 1, 023.4

c)
σ 341 341
σx = = = = 44.00
n 60 7.75
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = 1,123 + (1.96 )( 44.00 ) = 1, 209.2
x L = 1,123 − (1.96 )( 44.00 ) = 1, 036.8
d) As the sample size increases, the standard error of the mean decreases. This in turn, results in
a smaller interval around the mean.
7.58
a)
p (1 − p ) ( 0.30 )(1 − 0.30 ) = 0.0387
σp = =
n 140
x 45
p= = = 0.321
n 140
p − p 0.321 − 0.30
z0.321 = = = 0.54
σp 0.0387
( )
P p ≤ 0.321 = P ( z ≤ 0.54 ) = 0.7054
b)
x 50
p= = = 0.357
n 140
p − p 0.357 − 0.30
z0.357 = = = 1.47
σp 0.0387
( )
P p > 0.357 = P ( z > 1.47 ) = 1.0 − 0.9292 = 0.0708

7-44 Chapter 7
c)
x 35
p= = = 0.250
n 140
40
p= = 0.286
140
p − p 0.250 − 0.30
z0.250 = = = −1.29
σp 0.0387
0.286 − 0.30
z0.286 = = −0.36
0.0387
( )
P 0.250 ≤ p ≤ 0.286 = P ( −1.29 ≤ z ≤ −0.36 ) = 0.3594 − 0.0985 = 0.2609
d)
x 28
p= = = 0.20
n 140
p − p 0.20 − 0.30
z0.20 = = = −2.58
σp 0.0387
( )
P p ≤ 0.20 = P ( z ≤ −2.58 ) = 0.0049
There’s a 0.49% chance of observing a sample proportion as low as 0.20, if the population
proportion is 0.30. This probability is low enough (less than 0.05) to contradict the findings of
the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
7.59
a)
n 50
= = 0.37 > 0.05
N 135
p (1 − p ) N − n ( 0.62 )(1 − 0.62 ) 135 − 50 = 0.0547
σp = =
n N −1 50 135 − 1
x 30
p= = = 0.60
n 50
p − p 0.60 − 0.62
z0.60 = = = −0.37
σp 0.0547
( )
P p ≥ 0.60 = P ( z ≥ −0.37 ) = 1.0 − 0.3557 = 0.6443

b)
x 27
p= = = 0.54
n 50
p − p 0.54 − 0.62
z0.54 = = = −1.46
σp 0.0547
( )
P p ≥ 0.54 = P ( z ≥ −1.46 ) = 1.0 − 0.0721 = 0.9279
c)
x 28
p= = = 0.56
n 50
p − p 0.56 − 0.62
z0.56 = = = −1.10
σp 0.0547
x 36
p= = = 0.72
n 50
p − p 0.72 − 0.62
z0.72 = = = 1.83
σp 0.0547
( )
P 0.56 ≤ p ≤ 0.72 = P ( −1.10 ≤ z ≤ 1.83) = 0.9664 − 0.1357 = 0.8307
d) Stratified sampling would be most appropriate to ensure the final sample would have a
representative proportion of male and female students.
7.60
a)
σ 0.5 0.5
σx = = = = 0.09
n 30 5.48
xU = μ x + zσ x
xU = 16.0 + ( 3.0 )( 0.09 ) = 16.27
x L = 16.0 − ( 3.0 )( 0.09 ) = 15.73
b) P ( −3.0 ≤ z ≤ 3.0 ) = 0.9987 − 0.0013 = 0.9974

7-46 Chapter 7
7.61
p (1 − p ) ( 0.34 )(1 − 0.34 ) = 0.0530
σp = =
n 80
x 29
p= = = 0.363
n 80
p − p 0.363 − 0.34
z0.363 = = = 0.43
σp 0.0530
( )
P p ≥ 0.363 = P ( z ≥ 0.43 ) = 1.0 − 0.6664 = 0.3336
Thus, there’s over a 33% chance of observing a sample proportion as high as 0.363, if the
population proportion is 0.34. This probability is high enough (equal to or more than 0.05) to
support the findings reported by the National Center for Health Statistics.
7.62
n 60
= = 0.105 > 0.05
N 570
σ N − n 0.9 570 − 60
σx = = = 0.11
n N −1 60 570 − 1
x − μx 7.75 − 8.0
z7.75 = = = −2.27
σx 0.11
( )
P x ≤ 7.75 = P ( z ≤ −2.27 ) = 0.0116
Thus, there’s only a little over a 1% chance of observing a sample mean ranking as low as 7.75,
if the population mean ranking is 8. This probability is low enough (less than 0.05) to conclude
that the customer satisfaction goal of 8 is not being achieved.

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7.5 Answers will vary. One example:

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7.6 N = 350 a) k = 350/10 = 35; b) k = 350/25 = 14; c) k = 350/50 = 7

d) As the sample size increases, the sampling error tends to decrease.

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p (1 − p ) N − n ( 0.56 )(1 − 0.56 ) 200 − 150

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p (1 − p ) ( 0.75)(1 − 0.75) = 0.0342

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