Chemistry for Today General Organic

and Biochemistry Hybrid Edition 8th

Edition Seager Solutions Manual
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Chapter 9: Acids, Bases, and Salts
CHAPTER OUTLINE
9.1 The Arrhenius Theory 9.7 Properties of Bases
9.2 The Brønsted Theory 9.8 Salts
9.3 Naming Acids 9.9 The Strengths of Acids and
9.4 The Self‐Ionization of Water Bases
9.5 The pH Concept 9.10 Analyzing Acids and Bases 9.12 Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts
9.6 Properties of Acids 9.11 Titration Calculations 9.13 Buffers

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ASSESSMENT
When you have completed your study of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Write reaction equations that illustrate Arrhenius acid‐base behavior. (Section 9.1; Exercise 9.2)
2. Write reaction equations that illustrate Brønsted acid‐base behavior, and identify Brønsted acids and
bases from written reaction equations. (Section 9.2; Exercises 9.6 and 9.10)
3. Name common acids. (Section 9.3; Exercise 9.22)
4. Do calculations using the concept of the self‐ionization of water. (Section 9.4; Exercises 9.28 a & b,
and 9.30 a & b)
5. Do calculations using the pH concept. (Section 9.5; Exercises 9.36 and 9.40)
6. Write reaction equations that illustrate the characteristic reactions of acids. (Section 9.6; Exercise 9.50)
7. Write reaction equations that represent neutralization reactions between acids and bases. (Section
9.7; Exercise 9.60)
8. Write reaction equations that illustrate various ways to prepare salts, and do calculations using the
concept of an equivalent of salt. (Section 9.8; Exercises 9.68 and 9.74)
9. Demonstrate an understanding of the words weak and strong as applied to acids and bases. (Section
9.9; Exercise 9.86)
10. Demonstrate an understanding of the titration technique used to analyze acids and bases. (Section
9.10; Exercise 9.92)
11. Do calculations related to the analysis of acids and bases by titration. (Section 9.11; Exercises 9.98 and
9.100 a)
12. Explain the concept of salt hydrolysis, and write equations to illustrate the concept. (Section 9.12;
Exercise 9.108)
13. Explain how buffers work, and write equations to illustrate their action. (Section 9.13; Exercise 9.116)

LECTURE HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS

1. Hand out some pH paper in class and have the students test various household products or foods at
home for their degree of acidity or basicity. This information could then be discussed in class after a
few days. The pH of some household products, such as cleaning agents, could be related to their
function. Various foods, e.g., fruit juices or dairy products should show certain characteristic pH
values. Some of these materials could be brought to class or the laboratory and the pH determined
more accurately with a pH meter.
2. Have the students look up first aid procedures for dealing with the accidental ingestion or skin contact
with strong acids and bases. Note any trends in the type of first aid measures or the types of antidotes
that might be useful with certain acids and bases.
3. A pH meter with a large visible readout could be brought to class and the pH of various types of
solutions could be demonstrated to the students. The hydrolysis of a number of different salts to
produce acidic or basic solutions could be easily shown. The ability of buffer solutions to resist a

201
202 Chapter 9
change in pH brought about by the addition of strong acids or bases could also be demonstrated as
well as the limited capacity of any buffer.
4. When describing buffer solutions, be sure that the student understands how a buffer works by
reacting with strong acids or bases. Write the equations for these reactions and explain why the pH
change is much less in the presence of the buffer, using the concepts of equilibrium and Le Châtelier’s
principle already developed. The calculation of the pH value of buffer solutions can be done without
resorting to the Henderson‐Hasselbach equation. Simply write the expression for the Ka or Kb and
plug in the values of the concentrations for everything except the H+ or OH concentrations and then
solve for these concentrations. For example, if the Ka of acetic acid is 1.8 x 10‐5, then the H+
concentration is determined as follows for a buffer solution which is 0.20 molar in sodium acetate and
0.40 molar in acetic acid.
Ka = 1.8 x 10‐5 = [H+][OAc‐]/[HOAc] = [H+][0.20]/0.40
Solve for the [H+], and convert to pH.

SOLUTIONS FOR THE END OF CHAPTER EXERCISES

THE ARRHENIUS THEORY (SECTION 9.1)
+ ‐
9.1 a. HI HI (aq) → H (aq) + I (aq)
+ ‐
b. HBrO HBrO (aq) → H (aq) + BrO (aq)
+ ‐
c. HCN HCN (aq) → H (aq) + CN (aq)
+ ‐
d. HClO2 HClO2 (aq) → H (aq) + ClO2 (aq)

+ ‐
;9.2 a. HBrO2 HBrO2 (aq) → H (aq) + BrO2 (aq)
‐ ‐ + 2‐
b. HS HS (aq) → H (aq) + S (aq)
+ ‐
c. HBr HBr (aq) → H (aq) + Br (aq)
+ ‐
d. HC2H3O2 HC2H3O2 (aq) → H (aq) + C2H3O2 (aq)

+ ‐
9.3 a. CsOH Arrhenius base CsOH (aq) → Cs (aq) + OH (aq)
b. CH3NH2 not an Arrhenius base
c. NH3 not an Arrhenius base
2+ ‐
d. Ca(OH)2 Arrhenius base Ca(OH)2 (aq) → Ca (aq) + 2 OH (aq)

+ ‐
9.4 a. LiOH Arrhenius base LiOH (aq) → Li (aq) + OH (aq)
b. C2H5NH2 not an Arrhenius base
2+ ‐
c. Sr(OH)2 Arrhenius base Sr(OH)2 (aq) → Sr (aq) + 2 OH (aq)
d. NaNH2 not an Arrhenius base

THE BRØNSTED THEORY (SECTION 9.2) Brønsted Acids Brønsted Bases

+ ‐
9.5 a. HBr (aq) + H2O (l) S H3O (aq) + Br (aq) HBr, H3O
+
H2O, Br
‐

‐ ‐
b. H2O (l) + N3 (aq) + S HN3 (aq) + OH (aq) H2O, HN3 N3 , OH
‐ ‐

+ ‐
c. H2S (aq) + H2O (l) T H3O (aq) + HS (aq) H2S, H3O
+
H2O,HS
‐

2‐ ‐ ‐
d. SO3 (aq) + H2O (l) S HSO3 (aq) + OH (aq) H2O, HSO3
‐
SO3 , OH
2‐ ‐
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 203
Brønsted Acids Brønsted Bases
+ ‐
e. HCN (aq) + H2O (l) T H3O (aq) + CN (aq) HCN, H3O
+
H2O, CN
‐

Brønsted Acids Brønsted Bases

‐ + 2‐
;9.6 a. HC2O4 (aq) + H2O (l) S H3O (aq) + C2O4 (aq) ‐
HC2O4 , H3O+ H2O, C2O4
2‐

+ ‐
b. HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) T H3O (aq) + NO2 (aq) HNO2, H3O
+
H2O, NO2
‐

3‐ 2‐ ‐
c. PO4 (aq) + H2O (l) S HPO4 (aq) + OH (aq) H2O, HPO4
2‐ 3‐
PO4 , OH
‐

‐ +
d. H2SO3 (aq) + H2O (l) T HSO3 (aq) + H3O (aq) H2SO3, H3O
+
H2O, HSO3
‐

‐ ‐
e. F (aq) + H2O (l) S HF (aq) + OH (aq) H2O, HF ‐
F , OH
‐

Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs

‐ + ‐ ‐ 2‐
9.7 a. HBr and Br , H3O and H2O d. H2O and OH , HSO3 and SO3
‐ ‐ ‐ +
b. H2O and OH , HN3 and N3 e. HCN and CN , H3O and H2O
‐ +
c. H2S and HS , H3O and H2O

Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs

‐ 2‐ + ‐ +
9.8 a. HC2O4 and C2O4 , H3O and H2O d. H2SO3 and HSO3 , H3O and H2O
‐ + ‐ ‐
b. HNO2 and NO2 , H3O and H2O e. H2O and OH , HF and F
2‐ 3‐ ‐
c. HPO4 and PO4 , H2O and OH

‐ +
9.9 a. HI (aq) + H2O (l) U I (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ +
b. HBrO (aq) + H2O (l) U BrO (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ +
c. HCN (aq) + H2O (l) U CN (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ 2‐ +
d. HSe (aq) + H2O (l) U Se (aq) + H3O (aq)

‐ +
;9.10 a. HF (aq) + H2O (l) U F (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ +
b. HClO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U ClO3 (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ +
c. HClO (aq) + H2O (l) U ClO (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ 2‐ +
d. HS (aq) + H2O (l) U S (aq) + H3O (aq)

Conjugate Base
‐ 2‐ +
9.11 a. HSO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U SO3 (aq) + H3O (aq) SO3
2‐

2‐ 3‐ +
b. HPO4 (aq) + H2O (l) U PO4 (aq) + H3O (aq) PO4
3‐

‐ +
c. HClO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U ClO3 (aq) + H3O (aq) ClO3
‐

+ +
d. CH3NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) U CH3NH2 (aq) + H3O (aq) CH3NH2
‐ +
e. H2C2O4 (aq) + H2O (l) U HC2O4 (aq) + H3O (aq) HC2O4
‐
204 Chapter 9
Conjugate Base
‐ 2‐ +
9.12 a. HSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) U SO4 (aq) + H3O (aq) SO4
2‐

+ +
b. CH3NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) U CH3NH2 (aq) + H3O (aq) CH3NH2
‐ +
c. HClO4 (aq) + H2O (l) U ClO4 (aq) + H3O (aq) ClO4
‐

+ +
d. NH4 (aq) + H2O (l) U NH3 (aq) + H3O (aq) NH3
‐ +
e. HCl (aq) + H2O (l) U Cl (aq) + H3O (aq) Cl
‐

Conjugate Acid
‐ ‐
9.13 a. NH2 (aq) + H2O (l) U NH3 (aq) + OH (aq) NH3
2‐ ‐ ‐
b. CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U HCO3 (aq) + OH (aq) HCO3
‐

‐ ‐
c. OH (aq) + H2O (l) U H2O (aq) + OH (aq) H2O
+ ‐
d. (CH3)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) U (CH3)2NH2 (aq) + OH (aq) (CH3)2NH2
+

‐ ‐
e. NO2 (aq) + H2O (l) U HNO2 (aq) + OH (aq) HNO2

Conjugate Acid
‐ ‐
9.14 a. HCO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U H2CO3 (aq) + OH (aq) H2CO3
2‐ ‐ ‐
b. S (aq) + H2O (l) U HS (aq) + OH (aq) HS
‐

‐ ‐
c. HS (aq) + H2O (l) U H2S (aq) + OH (aq) H2S
‐ ‐
d. HC2O4 (aq) + H2O (l) U H2C2O4 (aq) + OH (aq) H2C2O4
‐ ‐
e. HN2O2 (aq) + H2O (l) U H2N2O2 (aq) + OH (aq) H2N2O2

Missing Formula
+ ‐
9.15 a. HI (aq) + ? → H3O (aq) + I (aq) H2O (l)
+ ‐
b. NH3 (l) + ? → NH4 (aq) + NH2 (aq) NH3 (l)
‐ +
c. H2C2O4 (aq) + H2O (l) → ?+ HC2O4 (aq) H3O (aq)
+ ‐
d. H2N2O2 (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq)+ ? HN2O2 (aq)
+ 2‐ ‐
e. ? + H2O (l) → H3O (aq) + CO3 (aq) HCO3 (aq)

Missing Formula
‐ + 2‐
9.16 a. H2AsO4 (aq) + ? → NH4 (aq) + HAsO4 (aq) NH3 (aq)
+ ‐
b. C6H5NH2 (aq) + ? → C6H5NH3 (aq) + OH (aq) H2O (l)
2‐ ‐ ‐
c. S (aq) + H2O (l) → ? + OH (aq) HS (aq)
+ ‐
d. (CH3)2NH (aq) + ? → (CH3)2NH2 (aq) + Br (aq) HBr (aq)
‐ 2‐ +
e. H2PO4 (aq) + CH3NH2 (aq) → HPO4 (aq) + ? CH3NH3 (aq)

Acid Base Equation

+ ‐
9.17 a. HOCl H2O HOCl (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq) + OCl (aq)
+ ‐
b. HClO4 NH3 HClO4 (aq) + NH3 (aq) → NH4 (aq) + ClO4 (aq)
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 205
Acid Base Equation
‐ ‐ ‐
c. H2O NH2 H2O (l) + NH (aq) → NH3 (aq) + OH (aq)
2
‐ ‐ ‐
d. H2O OCl H2O (l) + OCl (aq) → HOCl (aq) + OH (aq)
‐ ‐ + 2‐
e. HC2O4 H2O HC2O4 (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq) + C2O4 (aq)

Acid Base Equation

‐ ‐ 2‐ +
9.18 a. HS NH3 HS (aq) + NH3 (aq) → S (aq) + NH4 (aq)
‐ ‐ ‐
b. H2O ClO3 H2O (l) + ClO3 (aq) → HClO3 (aq) + OH (aq)
‐ ‐ ‐
c. H2O NH2 H2O (l) + NH2 (aq) → NH3 (aq) + OH (aq)
2‐ 2‐ 3‐ +
d. HBO3 H2O HBO3 (aq) + H2O (l) → BO3 (aq) + H3O (aq)
+ ‐
e. HNO2 NH3 HNO2 (aq) + NH3 (aq) → NH4 (aq) + NO2 (aq)

NAMING ACIDS (SECTION 9.3)

9.19 HF (aq) = hydrofluoric acid

9.20 HCN (aq) = hydrocyanic acid

9.21 a. H2Se (aq) hydroselenic acid c. H2SO4 sulfuric acid

b. HClO3 chloric acid d. HNO3 nitric acid

;9.22 a. H2Te (aq) hydrotelluric acid c. H2SO3 sulfurous acid

b. HClO hypochlorous acid d. HNO2 nitrous acid

9.23 H3C6H5O7 = citric acid

9.24 H2C4H4O4 = succinic acid

9.25 chromic acid = H2CrO4

9.26 carbonic acid = H2CO3

THE SELF‐IONIZATION OF WATER (SECTION 9.4)

+ ‐
9.27 [H3O ] Calculation [OH ]
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = −7
= 1.0 × 10 −7 M
a. 1.0 x 10‐7 1.0 × 10 1.0 x 10‐7 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 3.125 × 10 −12 M
b. 3.2 x 10‐3 3.2 × 10 −3 3.1 x 10‐12 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 2.12766 × 10 −4 M
c. 4.7 x 10 ‐11 4.7 × 10 −11 2.1 x 10‐4 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 8.3333 × 10 −15 M
d. 1.2 1.2 8.3 x 10‐15 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 2.325581 × 10 −13 M
e. 0.043 0.043 2.3 x 10‐13 M
206 Chapter 9
+ ‐
9.28 [H3O ] Calculation [OH ]
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 2.27 × 10 −13 M
;a. 0.044 0.044 2.3 x 10‐13 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 7.6923 × 10 −11 M
;b. 1.3 x 10‐4 1.3 × 10 −4 7.7 x 10‐11 M
−14
1.0 × 10
[OH − ] = = 1.1494 × 10 −12 M
c. 0.0087 0.0087 1.1 x 10‐12 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 1.2658 × 10 −5 M
d. 7.9 x 10‐10 7.9 × 10 −10 1.3 x 10‐5 M
−14
1.0 × 10
[OH − ] = −2
= 3.03 × 10 −13 M
e. 3.3 x 10‐2 3.3 × 10 3.0 x 10‐13 M

‐ +
9.29 [OH ] Calculation [H3O ]
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 1.0 × 10 −7 M
a. 1.0 x 10‐7 1.0 × 10 −7 1.0 x 10‐7 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 1.923077 × 10 −11 M
b. 5.2 x 10‐4 5.2 × 10 −4 1.9 x 10‐11 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 1.01 × 10 −5 M
c. 9.9 x 10‐10 9.9 × 10 −10 1.0 x 10‐5 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 1.0869565 × 10 −13 M
d. 0.092 0.092 1.1 x 10‐13 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 2.70270 × 10 −15 M
e. 3.7 3.7 2.7 x 10‐15 M

‐ +
9.30 [OH ] Calculation [H3O ]
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = −5
= 1.449275 × 10 −10 M
;a. 6.9 x 10 ‐5 6.9 × 10 1.4 x 10‐10 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 1.35135 × 10 −13 M
;b. 0.074 0.074 1.4 x 10‐13 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 2.0408 × 10 −15 M
c. 4.9 4.9 2.0 x 10‐15 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 5.88235 × 10 −12 M
d. 1.7 x 10‐3 1.7 × 10 −3 5.9 x 10‐12 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = −9
= 1.0869565 × 10 −6 M
e. 9.2 x 10 ‐9 9.2 × 10 1.1 x 10‐6 M

9.31 9.27 9.29

‐ +
a. [OH ] = 1.0 x 10‐7 M neutral [H3O ] = 1.0 x 10‐7 M neutral
‐ +
b. [OH ] = 3.1 x 10‐12 M acidic [H3O ] = 1.9 x 10‐11 M basic
‐ +
c. [OH ] = 2.1 x 10 M ‐4 basic [H3O ] = 1.0 x 10 M ‐5 acidic
‐ +
d. [OH ] = 8.3 x 10 M ‐15 acidic [H3O ] = 1.1 x 10 ‐13 M basic
‐ +
e. [OH ] = 2.3 x 10 ‐13 M acidic [H3O ] = 2.7 x 10 ‐15 M basic
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 207
9.32 9.28 9.30
‐ +
a. [OH ] = 2.3 x 10 ‐13 M acidic [H3O ] = 1.4 x 10‐10 M basic
‐ +
b. [OH ] = 7.7 x 10 ‐11 M acidic [H3O ] = 1.4 x 10 ‐13 M basic
‐ +
c. [OH ] = 1.1 x 10 ‐12 M acidic [H3O ] = 2.0 x 10 ‐15 M basic
‐ +
d. [OH ] = 1.3 x 10 M ‐5 basic [H3O ] = 5.9 x 10 ‐12 M basic
‐ +
e. [OH ] = 3.0 x 10‐13 M acidic [H3O ] = 1.1 x 10‐6 M acidic

THE pH CONCEPT (SECTION 9.5)

9.33 a. pH = 10 basic c. pH = 7.3 basic
b. pH = 4 acidic d. pH = 6 acidic

9.34 a. pH = 4.7 acidic d. pH = 11 basic

b. pH = 8.8 basic e. pH = 5.9 acidic
c. pH =1.5 acidic

9.35 a.
+
[H ] = 1.0 x 10‐5 pH = − log [1.0 × 10 −5 ] = 5.00 acidic
b.
‐
[OH ] = 6.0 x 10‐3 pH = 14 − ( − log [6.0 × 10 −3 ]) = 11.78 basic
−14
c.
+
[H ] = [OH ]
‐
pH = − log [ 1.0 × 10 ] = 7.00 neutral
−4
d.
+
[H ] = 9.0 x 10 ‐4 pH = − log [9.0 × 10 ] = 3.05 acidic
e.
‐
[OH ] = 3.0 x 10‐9 pH = 14 − ( − log [3.0 × 10 ]) = 5.48 −9
acidic

;9.36 a.
+
[H ] = 4.1 x 10‐9 pH = − log [4.1 × 10 −9 ] = 8.39 basic
b.
‐
[OH ] = 9.4 x 10‐4 pH = 14 − ( − log [9.4 × 10 ]) = 10.97 −4
basic
1.0×10 −14
c.
‐
[OH ] = 10 [H ]
+ pH = − log [ 10 ] = 7.50 basic
−2
d.
+
[H ] = 2.3 x 10‐2 pH = − log [2.3 × 10 ] = 1.64 acidic
e.
‐
[OH ] = 5.1 x 10‐10 pH = 14 − ( − log [5.1 × 10 −10
]) = 4.71 acidic

9.37 a.
+
[H ] = 3.7 x 10‐4 pH = − log [3.7 × 10 −4 ] = 3.43 acidic
−8
b.
+
[H ] = 7.4 x 10‐8 pH = − log [7.4 × 10 ] = 7.13 basic
c.
+
[H ] = 1.9 x 10 ‐10 pH = − log [1.9 × 10 −10 ] = 9.72 basic
d.
‐
[OH ] = 1.3 x 10‐1 pH = 14 − ( − log [1.3 × 10 −1 ]) = 13.11 basic
e.
‐
[OH ] = 6.8 x 10‐7 pH = 14 − ( − log [6.8 × 10 ]) = 7.83 −7
basic

9.38 a.
+
[H ] = 2.2 x 10‐3 pH = − log [2.2 × 10 −3 ] = 2.66 acidic
b.
+
[H ] = 3.9 x 10 ‐12 pH = − log [3.9 × 10 −12 ] = 11.41 basic
c.
+
[H ] = 7.5 x 10 ‐6 pH = − log [7.5 × 10 −6 ] = 5.12 acidic
d.
‐
[OH ] = 2.5 x 10‐4 pH = 14 − ( − log [2.5 × 10 ]) = 10.40 −4
basic
e.
‐
[OH ] = 8.6 x 10‐10 pH = 14 − ( − log [8.6 × 10 −10 ]) = 4.93 acidic
208 Chapter 9

9.39 a. pH = 4.45 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −4.45 = 3.5 × 10 −5 M

b. pH = 13.12 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −13.12 = 7.6 × 10 −14 M

c. pH = 7.73 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −7.73 = 1.9 × 10 −8 M

;9.40 a. pH = 9.27 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −9.27 = 5.4 × 10 −10 M

b. pH = 2.55 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −2.55 = 2.8 × 10 −3 M

⎡ H + ⎤ = 10 −5.42 = 3.8 × 10 −6 M
c. pH = 5.42 ⎣ ⎦

9.41 a. pH = 8.00 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −8.00 = 1.0 × 10 −8 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10 −14

10 −8.00
= 1.0 × 10 −6 M

b. pH = 6.15 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −6.15 = 7.1 × 10 −7 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10−14

10 −6.15
= 1.4 × 10 −8 M

c. pH = 1.30 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −1.30 = 5.0 × 10 −2 M ⎡⎣OH − ⎤⎦ = 10 −14

10 −1.30
= 2.0 × 10 −13 M

9.42 a. pH = 3.95 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −3.95 = 1.1 × 10 −4 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10−14

10 −3.95
= 8.9 × 10 −11 M

b. pH = 4.00 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −4.00 = 1.0 × 10 −4 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10 −14

10 −4.00
= 1.0 × 10 −10 M

c. pH = 11.86 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −11.86 = 1.4 × 10 −12 M ⎡⎣OH − ⎤⎦ = 10−14

10 −11.86
= 7.2 × 10 −3 M

9.43 a. Blood, pH = 7.41 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −7.41 = 3.9 × 10 −8 M basic

b. Gastric juice, pH = 1.60 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −1.60 = 2.5 × 10 −2 M acidic
c. Urine, pH = 5.93 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −5.93 = 1.2 × 10 −6 M acidic
d. Saliva, pH = 6.85 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −6.85 = 1.4 × 10 −7 M acidic
+ −7.85 −8
e. Pancreatic juice, pH = 7.85 ⎡⎣ H ⎤⎦ = 10 = 1.4 × 10 M basic

9.44 a. Bile, pH = 8.05 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −8.05 = 8.9 × 10 −9 M basic

b. Vaginal fluid, pH = 3.93 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −3.93 = 1.2 × 10 −4 M acidic
c. Semen, pH = 7.38 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −7.38 = 4.2 × 10 −8 M basic
d. Cerebrospinal fluid, pH = 7.40 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −7.40 = 4.0 × 10 −8 M basic
e. Perspiration, pH = 6.23 ⎡⎣H ⎤⎦ = 10
+ −6.23
= 5.9 × 10 −7
M acidic

9.45 a. Milk, pH = 6.39 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −6.39 = 4.1 × 10 −7 M acidic

b. Coffee, pH= 5.10 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −5.10 = 7.9 × 10 −6 M acidic
c. Orange juice, pH = 4.07 ⎡⎣H ⎤⎦ = 10
+ −4.07
= 8.5 × 10 M −5
acidic
+ −2.65
d. Vinegar, pH = 2.65 ⎡⎣ H ⎤⎦ = 10 = 2.2 × 10 −3 M acidic

9.46 a. Soft drink, pH = 2.91 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −2.91 = 1.2 × 10 −3 M acidic

b. Tomato juice, pH= 4.11 ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −4.11 = 7.8 × 10 −5 M acidic
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 209

c. Lemon juice, pH = 2.32 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −2.32 = 4.8 × 10 −3 M acidic

d. Grapefruit juice, pH = 3.07 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −3.07 = 8.5 × 10 −4 M acidic

PROPERTIES OF ACIDS (SECTION 9.6)

9.47 a. ( 750 mL )( 0.5 M ) = ( Vc ) ( 3 M ) ⇒ Vc = 125 mL
I would add approximately 625 mL of water to a 1 L graduated cylinder, then dilute up
to the 750 mL mark with 3 M sulfuric acid. I would make sure to stir the solution.

b. ( 200 mL )( 0.1 M ) = ( Vc ) ( 6 M ) ⇒ Vc = 3.33 mL

I would measure 3.33 mL of NaOH in a 10‐mL graduated cylinder, then pour it into a
250 mL beaker. I would add water to the 200 mL mark on the beaker and make sure to
stir the solution.

c. (1.0 L )(1 M ) = ( Vc ) (18 M ) ⇒ Vc = 0.0556 L = 55.6 mL

I would add approximately 0.9 L of water to a 1 L graduated cylinder, then add 56 mL
glacial acetic acid (measured in a 100‐mL graduated cylinder), stir the solution, dilute up
to the 1 L mark with water, and stir the final solution.

9.48 a. ( 2 L )( 3.0 M ) = ( Vc ) ( 6 M ) ⇒ Vc = 1 L
I would add approximately 1 L of water to a 2 L graduated cylinder, then dilute up to
the 2 L mark with 6 M nitric acid. I would make sure to stir the solution.

b. ( 500 mL )(1.5 M ) = ( Vc ) (15 M ) ⇒ Vc = 50 mL

I would add approximately 450 mL of water to a 500 mL graduated cylinder, then dilute
up to the 500 mL mark with 15 M aqueous ammonia. I would make sure to stir the
solution.

c. ( 5 L )( 0.2 M ) = ( Vc ) (12 M ) ⇒ Vc = 83 mL
I would add approximately 4.9 L of water to a 5 L graduated cylinder, then dilute up to
the 5 L mark with 12 M hydrochloric acid. I would make sure to stir the solution.

+ ‐
9.49 a. HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq) + NO3 (aq)
b. 2 HNO3 (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + Ca(NO3)2 (aq)
c. 2 HNO3 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq)
d. 2 HNO3 (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + CO2 (g)
e. HNO3 (aq) + KHCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + KNO3 (aq) + CO2 (g)
f. 2 HNO3 (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq)

+ 2‐
;9.50 a. H2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l) → 2 H3O (aq) + SO4 (aq)
b. H2SO4 (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + CaSO4 (aq)
c. H2SO4 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + MgSO4 (aq)
d. H2SO4 (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + CuSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g)
e. H2SO4 (aq) + 2 KHCO3 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + K2SO4 (aq) + 2 CO2 (g)
f. H2SO4 (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + MgSO4 (aq)
210 Chapter 9
*M = molecular equation, **TIE = total ionic equation, ***NIE = net ionic equation

9.51 a. + ‐ +
TIE**: H (aq) + NO3 (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq) + NO3 (aq)
‐

+ +
NIE***: H (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq)

b. + ‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + Ca (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq)
2+ ‐

+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + Ca (aq)

c. + ‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + Mg (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq)
2+ ‐

+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + Mg (aq)

d. + ‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + Cu (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq) + CO2 (g)
2+ ‐

+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + Cu (aq) + CO2 (g)

e. + ‐ +
TIE**: H (aq) + NO3 (aq) + KHCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + K (aq) + NO3 (aq) + CO2 (g)
‐

+ +
NIE***: H (aq) + KHCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + K (aq) + CO2 (g)

f. + ‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + Mg (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq)
2+ ‐

+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + Mg (aq)

9.52 a. + 2‐ +
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l) → 2 H3O (aq) + SO4 (aq)
2‐

+ +
NIE***: H (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq)

b. + 2‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + Ca (aq) + SO4 (aq)
2+ 2‐

+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + Ca (aq)

c. + 2‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + Mg (aq) + SO4 (aq)
2+ 2‐

+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + Mg (aq)

d. + 2‐ 2+
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + Cu (aq) + SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g)
2‐

+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + Cu (aq) + CO2 (g)

e. + 2‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2 KHCO3 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + 2 K (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2 CO2 (g)
+ 2‐

+ +
NIE***: H (aq) + KHCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + K (aq) + CO2 (g)

f. + 2‐ 2+
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + Mg (aq) + SO4 (aq)
2‐

+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + Mg (aq)

9.53 a. 2 HCl (aq) + BaO (s) → H2O (l) + BaCl2 (aq)

b. 2 HCl (aq) + Ba(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + BaCl2 (aq)
c. 2 HCl (aq) + BaCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + BaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g)
d. 2 HCl (aq) + Ba(HCO3)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + BaCl2 (aq) + 2 CO2 (g)
e. 2 HCl (aq) + Ba (s) → H2 (g) + BaCl2 (aq)

9.54 a. 2 HCl (aq) + MgO (s) → H2O (l) + MgCl2 (aq)

b. 2 HCl (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + MgCl2 (aq)
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 211
c. 2 HCl (aq) + MgCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + MgCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g)
d. 2 HCl (aq) + Mg(HCO3)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + MgCl2 (aq) + 2 CO2 (g)
e. 2 HCl (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + MgCl2 (aq)

9.55 a. M*: Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

+ 2‐ 2+ 2‐
TIE**: Zn (s) + 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) → Zn (aq) + SO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
+ 2+
NIE***: Zn (s) + 2 H (aq) → Zn (aq) + H2 (g)

b. M*: Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

+ ‐ 2+ ‐
TIE**: Mg (s) + 2 H (aq) + 2 Cl (aq) → Mg (aq) + 2 Cl (aq) + H2 (g)
+ 2+
NIE***: Mg (s) + 2 H (aq) → Mg (aq) + H2 (g)

c. M*: Ca (s) + 2 HC2H3O2 (aq) → Ca(C2H3O2)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

+ ‐ 2+ ‐
TIE**: Ca (s) + 2 H (aq) + 2 C2H3O2 (aq) → Ca (aq) + 2 C2H3O2 (aq) + H2 (g)
+ 2+
NIE***: Ca (s) + 2 H (aq) → Ca (aq) + H2 (g)

9.56 a. M*: Sn (s) + H2SO3 (aq) → SnSO3 (aq) + H2 (g)

+ 2‐ 2+ 2‐
TIE**: Sn (s) + 2 H (aq) + SO3 (aq) → Sn (aq) + SO3 (aq) + H2 (g)
+ 2+
NIE***: Sn (s) + 2 H (aq) → Sn (aq) + H2 (g)

b. M*: 3 Mg (s) + 2 H3PO4 (aq) → Mg3(PO4)2 (s) + 3 H2 (g)

+ 3‐
TIE**: 3 Mg (s) + 6 H (aq) + 2 PO4 (aq) → Mg3(PO4)2 (s) + 3 H2 (g)
+ 3‐
NIE***: 3 Mg (s) + 6 H (aq) + 2 PO4 (aq) → Mg3(PO4)2 (s) + 3 H2 (g)

c. M*: Ca (s) + 2 HBr (aq) → CaBr2 (aq) + H2 (g)

+ ‐ 2+ ‐
TIE**: Ca (s) + 2 H (aq) + 2 Br (aq) → Ca (aq) + 2 Br (aq) + H2 (g)
+ 2+
NIE***: Ca (s) + 2 H (aq) → Ca (aq) + H2 (g)

PROPERTIES OF BASES (SECTION 9.7)

9.57 a. M*: RbOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → RbCl (aq) + H2O (l)
+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: Rb (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + Cl (aq) → Rb (aq) + Cl (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

b. M*: RbOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq) → RbNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: Rb (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + NO3 (aq) → Rb (aq) + NO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

c. M*: 2 RbOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → Rb2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

+ ‐ + 2‐ + 2‐
TIE**: 2 Rb (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) → 2 Rb (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

9.58 a. M*: RbOH (aq) + HBr (aq) → RbBr (aq) + H2O (l)
+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: Rb (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + Br (aq) → Rb (aq) + Br (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

b. M*: 2 RbOH (aq) + H2SO3 (aq) → Rb2SO3 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

+ ‐ + 2‐ + 2‐
TIE**: 2 Rb (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 H (aq) + SO3 (aq) → 2 Rb (aq) + SO3 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
212 Chapter 9
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

c. M*: 2 RbOH (aq) + H3PO3 (aq) → Rb2HPO3 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

+ ‐ + 2‐ + 2‐
TIE**: 2 Rb (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 H (aq) + HPO3 (aq) → 2 Rb (aq) + HPO3 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

9.59 a. M*: KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → KHSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: K (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + HSO4 (aq) → K (aq) + HSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

b. M*: 2 KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

+ ‐ + 2‐ + 2‐
TIE**: 2 K (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) → 2 K (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

c. M*: KOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → KH2PO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: K (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + H2PO4 (aq) → K (aq) + H2PO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

;9.60 a. M*: 2 KOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → K2HPO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
+ ‐ + 2‐ + 2‐
TIE**: 2 K (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 H (aq) + HPO4 (aq) → 2 K (aq) + HPO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

b. M*: 3 KOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → K3PO4 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)

+ ‐ + 3‐ + 3‐
TIE**: 3 K (aq) + 3 OH (aq) + 3 H (aq) + PO4 (aq) → 3 K (aq) + PO4 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

c. M*: KOH (aq) + H2C2O4 (aq) → KHC2O4 (aq) + H2O (l)

+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: K (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + HC2O4 (aq) → K (aq) + HC2O4 (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)

SALTS (SECTION 9.8) Cations Anions

+ ‐
9.61 a. LiCl Li Cl
2+ ‐
b. Cu(NO3)2 Cu 2 NO3
2+ 2‐
c. SrSO4 Sr SO4
+ 3‐
d. K3PO4 3K PO4
+ 2‐
e. K2HPO4 2K HPO4
2+ 2‐
f. CaCO3 Ca CO3

Cations Anions
2+ ‐
9.62 a. CuCl2 Cu 2 Cl
+ 2‐
b. (NH4)2SO4 2 NH4 SO4
+ 3‐
c. Li3PO4 3 Li PO4
2+ 2‐
d. MgCO3 Mg CO3
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 213
Cations Anions
2+ ‐
e. Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca 2 C2H3O2
+ ‐
f. KNO3 K NO3

Cations Base Anions Acids

+ ‐
9.63 a. LiCl Li LiOH Cl HCl
2+ ‐
b. Cu(NO3)2 Cu Cu(OH)2 2 NO 3 HNO3
2+ 2‐
c. SrSO4 Sr Sr(OH)2 SO 4 H2SO4
+ 3‐
d. K3PO4 3K KOH PO 4 H3PO4
+ 2‐
e. K2HPO4 K KOH HPO 4 H3PO4
2+ 2‐
f. CaCO3 Ca Ca(OH)2 CO 3 H2CO3

Cations Base Anions Acids

2+ ‐
9.64 a. CuCl2 Cu Cu(OH)2 2 Cl HCl
+ 2‐
b. (NH4)2SO4 2 NH 4 NH3 or NH4OH SO 4 H2SO4
+ 3‐
c. Li3PO4 3 Li LiOH PO 4 H3PO4
2+ 2‐
d. MgCO3 Mg Mg(OH)2 CO 3 H2CO3
2+ ‐
e. Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca Ca(OH)2 2 C2H3O 2 HC2H3O2
+ ‐
f. KNO3 K KOH NO 3 HNO3

Δ
9.65 a. Plaster of Paris = CaSO 4 ⋅ H 2 O (s) ⎯⎯ → CaSO 4 (s) + H 2 O (g)
CaSO4 · H2O
1.0 mol Plaster of Paris ( 1 mole H 2 O
1 mole Plaster of Paris )( 18.0 g H2 O
1 mole H2 O ) = 18 g H O 2

b. Gypsum = CaSO4 · 2 H2O Δ

CaSO 4 ⋅ 2 H 2 O (s) ⎯⎯ → CaSO 4 (s) + H 2 O (g)
1.0 mol Gypsum ( 2 moles H 2 O
1 mole Gypsum )( 18.0 g H 2 O
1 mole H 2 O ) = 36 g H O 2

Both of these reactions will produce anhydrous CaSO4 as well as water. For every mole of
Plaster of Paris, 1 mole of water is released. For every mole of gypsum, 2 moles of water are
released.

9.66 a. Epsom salt = MgSO4 · 7H2O Δ

MgSO 4 ⋅ 7 H 2 O (s) ⎯⎯ → MgSO 4 (s) + 7 H 2 O (g)
1.0 mol Epsom salt ( 7 moles H2 O
1 mole epsom salt )( 18.0 g H2 O
1 mole H 2 O ) = 1.3 × 10 2
g H2 O
b. Borax = Na2B4O7 · 10H2O Δ
Na 2 B4 O7 ⋅ 10 H 2 O (s) ⎯⎯ → Na 2 B4 O7 (s) + 10 H 2 O (g)
1.0 mol Borax ( 10 moles H2 O
1 mole borax )( 18.0 g H 2 O
1 mole H2 O ) = 1.8 × 10 2
g H2 O
Both of these reactions will produce anhydrous salts as well as water. For every mole of
Epsom salt, 7 moles of water are released. For every mole of borax, 10 moles of water are
released.

Acid Solid
9.67 a. CuCl2 HCl CuO
b. MgSO4 H2SO4 MgCO3
c. LiBr HBr LiOH
214 Chapter 9
Acid Solid
;9.68 a. Mg(NO3)2 HNO3 MgCO3
b. CaCl2 HCl CaO
c. Rb2SO4 H2SO4 RbHCO3

9.69 a. 2 HCl (aq) + CuO (s) → H2O (l) + CuCl2 (aq)

b. H2SO4 (aq) + MgCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + MgSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g)
c. HBr (aq) + LiOH (s) → H2O (l) + LiBr (aq)

9.70 a. 2HNO3 (aq) + MgCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + CO2 (g) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq)
b. 2 HCl (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + CaCl2 (aq)
c. H2SO4 (aq) + 2 RbHCO3 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + 2 CO2 (g) + Rb2SO4 (aq)

9.71 a. KNO3 1 eq KNO3 = 1 mole KNO3

b. Li2CO3 1 eq Li2CO3 = 0.5 moles Li2CO3
c. SrCl2 1 eq SrCl2 = 0.5 moles SrCl2

9.72 a. CaCl2 1 eq CaCl2 = 0.5 moles CaCl2

b. Cu(NO3)2 1 eq Cu(NO3)2 = 0.5 moles Cu(NO3)2
c. CrCl3 1 eq CrCl3 = 0.33 moles CrCl3

9.73 a. 0.10 mol KI 0.10 mol KI ( 1 eq. KI

1 mole KI ) = 0.10 eq KI
0.10 mol KI ( )( ) = 1.0 × 10
1 eq. KI 1000 meq 2
1 mole KI 1 eq.
meq KI

b. 0.25 mol MgCl2

(
0.25 mol MgCl 2
2 eq. MgCl 2
1 mole MgCl 2 ) = 0.50 eq MgCl 2

0.25 mol MgCl ( ) ( ) = 5.0 × 10

2 eq. MgCl 2 1000 meq 2
2 1 mole MgCl 2 1 eq.
meq MgCl 2

c. 4.73 x 10‐2
mol AgNO3
4.73 × 10 −2 mol AgNO3 ( 1 eq. AgNO 3
1 mole AgNO 3 ) = 4.73 × 10 eq AgNO −2
3

4.73 × 10 −2 mol AgNO3 ( 1 eq. AgNO 3

1 mole AgNO 3 )(1000 meq
1 eq. ) = 47.3 meq AgNO 3

;9.74 a. 0.22 mol ZnCl2

(
0.22 mol ZnCl 2
2 eq. ZnCl 2
1 mole ZnCl 2 ) = 0.44 eq ZnCl 2

0.22 mol ZnCl ( ) ( ) = 4.4 × 10

2 eq. ZnCl 2 1000 meq 2
2 1 mole ZnCl 2 1 eq.
meq ZnCl 2

b. 0.45 mol CsCl 0.45 mol CsCl ( 1 eq. CsCl

1 mole CsCl ) = 0.45 eq CsCl
0.45 mol CsCl ( )( ) = 4.5 × 10
1 eq. CsCl 1000 meq 2
1 mole CsCl 1 eq.
meq CsCl

c. 3.12 x 10‐2
mol Fe(NO3)2
3.12 × 10 −2 mol Fe ( NO 3 )2( 2 eq. Fe ( NO 3 )2
1 mole Fe ( NO 3 )2 ) = 6.24 × 10 eq Fe ( NO )
−2
3 2

3.12 × 10 −2 mol Fe ( NO ) ( 3 2
2 eq. Fe ( NO 3 )2
1 mole Fe ( NO 3 )2 ) ( ) = 62.4 meq Fe ( NO )
1000 meq
1 eq. 3 2
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 215
9.75 a. 5.00 g NaCl ( 1 mole NaCl
58.5 g NaCl )( 1 eq NaCl
1 mole NaCl ) = 8.55 × 10 eq NaCl −2

5.00 g NaCl ( )( )( ) = 85.5 meq NaCl

1 mole NaCl 1 eq NaCl 1000 meq
58.5 g NaCl 1 mole NaCl 1 eq.

b. (
5.00 g NaNO 3
1 mole NaNO 3
85.0 g NaNO 3 )( 1 eq NaNO 3
1 mole NaNO 3 ) = 5.88 × 10 eq NaNO −2
3

5.00 g NaNO ( )( )( ) = 58.8 meq NaNO

1 mole NaNO 3 1 eq NaNO 3 1000 meq
3 85.0 g NaNO 3 1 mole NaNO 3 1 eq. 3

c. (
5.00 g Na 3 PO 4
1 mole Na 3 PO 4
164 g Na 3 PO 4 )( 3 eq Na 3 PO 4
1 mole Na 3 PO 4 ) = 9.15 × 10 eq Na PO
−2
3 4

5.00 g Na PO ( )( )( ) = 91.5 meq Na PO

1 mole Na 3 PO 4 3 eq Na 3 PO 4 1000 meq
3 4 164 g Na 3 PO 4 1 mole Na 3 PO 4 1 eq. 3 4

d. 5.00 g MgSO 4 ⋅ 7 H 2 O ( 1 mole MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O

246 g MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O )( 2 eq MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O
1 mole MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O ) = 4.07 × 10 eq MgSO ⋅ 7 H O −2
4 2

⋅7 H O( )( )( ) = 40.7 meq MgSO ⋅ 7 H O

1 mole MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O 2 eq MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O 1000 meq
5.00 g MgSO 4 2 246 g MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O 1 mole MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O 1 eq. 4 2

9.76 a. (
5.00 g Na 2 CO 3 ⋅ 10 H 2 O
1 mole Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O
286 g Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O )( 2 eq Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O
1 mole Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O ) = 3.50 × 10 eq Na CO ⋅ 10 H O −2
2 3 2

5.00 g Na CO ⋅ 10 H O ( )( )( ) = 35.0 meq Na CO ⋅ 10 H O

1 mole Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O 2 eq Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O 1000 meq
2 3 2 286 g Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O 1 mole Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O 1 eq. 2 3 2

5.00 g CuSO ⋅ 5 H O ( )( ) = 4.00 × 10 eq CuSO ⋅ 5 H O

1 mole CuSO 4 ⋅5 H 2 O 2 eq CuSO 4 ⋅5 H 2 O
b. −2
4 2 250 g CuSO 4 ⋅ 5 H 2 O 1 mole CuSO 4 ⋅ 5 H 2 O 4 2

5.00 g CuSO ⋅ 5 H O ( )( )( ) = 40.0 meq CuSO ⋅ 5 H O

1 mole CuSO 4 ⋅5 H 2 O 2 eq CuSO 4 ⋅5 H 2 O 1000 meq
4 2 250 g CuSO 4 ⋅ 5 H 2 O 1 mole CuSO 4 ⋅ 5 H 2 O 1 eq. 4 2

c. (
5.00 g Li 2 CO 3
1 mole Li 2 CO 3
73.9 g Li 2 CO 3 )( 2 eq Li 2 CO 3
1 mole Li 2 CO 3 ) = 1.35 × 10 eq Li CO
−1
2 3

5.00 g Li CO ( )( )( ) = 135 meq Li CO

1 mole Li 2 CO 3 2 eq Li 2 CO 3 1000 meq
2 3 73.9 g Li 2 CO 3 1 mole Li 2 CO 3 1 eq. 2 3

d. (
5.00 g NaH 2 PO 4
1 mole NaH 2 PO 4
120 g NaH 2 PO 4 )( 1 eq NaH 2 PO 4
1 mole NaH 2 PO 4 ) = 4.17 × 10 eq NaH PO
−2
2 4

5.00 g NaH PO ( )( )( ) = 41.7 meq NaH PO

1 mole NaH 2 PO 4 1 eq NaH 2 PO 4 1000 meq
2 4 120 g NaH 2 PO 4 1 mole NaH 2 PO 4 1 eq. 2 4

9.77 250 mL i.c. fluid ( 1L

1000 mL )( 45.1 meq
1L )( 1 eq
1000 meq )( 1 mole MgCl 2
2 eq MgCl 2 ) = 5.64 × 10 moles MgCl −3
2

250 mL i.c. fluid (

1L
1000 mL )( 45.1 meq
1L )( 1 eq
1000 meq )( 1 mole MgCl 2
2 eq MgCl 2 )( ) = 0.537 g MgCl
95.3 g MgCl 2
1 mole MgCl 2 2

9.78 150 mL i.c. fluid ( 1L

1000 mL )( 133 meq
1L )( 1 eq
1000 meq )( 1 mole K 2 SO 4
2 eq K 2 SO 4 ) = 9.98 × 10 moles K SO −3
2 4

150 mL i.c. fluid (

1L
1000 mL )( 133 meq
1L )( 1 eq
1000 meq )( 1 mole K 2 SO 4
2 eq K 2 SO 4 )( ) = 1.74 g K SO
174.27 g K 2 SO 4
1 mole K 2 SO 4 2 4

THE STRENGTHS OF ACIDS AND BASES (SECTION 9.9)

9.79 strong acid : HB (aq) + H 2 O (l) → H 3 O + (aq) + B− (aq)
mod erately strong acid : HB (aq) + H 2 O (l) S H 3 O + (aq) + B− (aq)
weak acid : HB (aq) + H 2 O (l) T H 3 O + (aq) + B− (aq)

9.80 (weakest) acid B < acid A < acid C < acid D (strongest)
The smaller the Ka, the weaker the acid. The larger the Ka, the stronger the acid.
216 Chapter 9
9.81 (weakest) H3BO3 < H2CO3 < HC2H3O2 < HNO2 (strongest)
The smaller the Ka, the weaker the acid. The larger the Ka, the stronger the acid.

9.82 a. (weakest) acid B < acid A < acid C< acid D (strongest)
The smaller the Ka, the weaker the acid. The larger the Ka, the stronger the acid.
b. (weakest) base D < base C < base A< base B (strongest)
The smaller the Ka, the weaker the acid and the stronger the conjugate base. The larger
the Ka, the stronger the acid and the stronger the conjugate base.

9.83 a. HBrO +
HBrO (aq) W H (aq) + BrO (aq)
‐
⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ BrO− ⎤⎦
Ka =
[ HBrO]
b. H2SO3 +
H2SO3 (aq) W H (aq) + HSO3 (aq)
‐
⎡ H + ⎤ ⎡HSO 3 − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
[H2 SO3 ]
c. ‐ ‐ +
HSO3 (aq) W H (aq) + SO3 (aq)
2‐
⎡H + ⎤ ⎡SO 3 2 − ⎤
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ − ⎦
HSO3
⎡⎣HSO3 ⎤⎦
d. H2Se +
H2Se (aq) W H (aq) + HSe (aq)
‐
⎡H + ⎤ ⎡HSe − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
[H2 Se ]
e. H3AsO4 +
H3AsO4 (aq) W H (aq) + H2AsO4 (aq)
‐
⎡ H + ⎤ ⎡ H 2 AsO 4 − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
[H3 AsO4 ]

9.84 a. HNO2 +
HNO2 (aq) W H (aq) + NO2 (aq)
‐
⎡ H + ⎤ ⎡ NO 2 − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
[HNO2 ]
b. HCO3
‐ ‐ +
HCO3 (aq) W H (aq) + CO3 (aq)
2‐
⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ CO 3 2 − ⎤⎦
Ka =
⎡⎣HCO 3 − ⎤⎦
c. ‐ ‐ +
H2PO4 (aq) W H (aq) + HPO4 (aq)
2‐
⎡H + ⎤ ⎡HPO 4 2 − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
H2PO4
⎡⎣H 2 PO4 − ⎤⎦
d. ‐ ‐ +
HS (aq) W H (aq) + S (aq)
2‐
⎡H+ ⎤ ⎡S 2 − ⎤
K a = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣− ⎦
HS
⎡⎣HS ⎤⎦
e. HBrO +
HBrO(aq) W H (aq) + BrO (aq)
‐
⎡ H + ⎤ ⎡ BrO − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
[ HBrO ]

9.85 (weakest acid) HC < HA < HB (strongest acid)

All of these solutions have the same concentration of acid; therefore, each pH value reflects
the H+ concentration and the degree of dissociation of these acids—the higher the degree of
dissociation, the lower the pH value and the stronger the acid.

;9.86 The 20% acetic acid solution is the weak acid solution. It is a weak acid because acetic acid
does not completely dissociate.
The 0.05 M HCl is a dilute strong acid solution. If someone wanted this solution instead, they
should use the term “dilute.”
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 217
9.87 H 3 AsO 4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) S H 3 O + (aq) + H 2 AsO 4 − (aq)
H 2 AsO 4 − (aq) + H 2 O (l) R H 3 O + (aq) + HAsO 4 2 − (aq)
HAsO 4 2 − (aq) + H 2 O (l) T H 3 O + (aq) + AsO 4 3 − (aq)
3‐
The strongest Brønsted base corresponds to the weakest Brønsted acid; therefore, AsO4 is the
strongest Brønsted base. The weakest Brønsted base corresponds to the strongest Brønsted
‐
acid; therefore, H2AsO4 is the weakest Brønsted base.

ANALYZING ACIDS AND BASES (SECTION 9.10)

9.88 A titration is performed to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting a measured
volume of the solution with another solution of known concentration.

9.89 When the pH of an acid is measured with a pH meter, the actual [H+] present in the solution
at that instant is measured. When a titration is performed, the [H+] present in the solution
before the titration was performed is determined.

9.90 a. The endpoint of a titration occurs when an indicator changes color. The equivalence point
of a titration is the point at which the unknown solution has completely reacted with the
known solution. The resulting mixture from the titration will have a specific pH at the
equivalence point. If the indicator selected changes color at the same pH as the pH of the
resulting mixture, the endpoint and the equivalence point will be the same.
b. If the indicator selected changes color at a different pH than the pH of the mixture that
results from the titration, then the endpoint and the equivalence point will not be the
same.

9.91 a. HCl + NaOH → H 2 O + NaCl

1.00 L ( 0.200 moles HCl
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HCl ) = 0.200 moles NaOH
b. HNO 3 + NaOH → H 2 O + NaNO 3
500 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.150 moles HNO3
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HNO3 ) = 0.0750 moles NaOH
;9.92 a. HBr + NaOH → H 2 O + NaBr
250 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.400 moles HBr
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HBr ) = 0.100 moles NaBr
b. HClO 4 + NaOH → H 2 O + NaClO 4
750 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.300 moles HClO 4
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HClO 4 ) = 0.225 moles HClO 4

TITRATION CALCULATIONS (SECTION 9.11)

9.93 a. 2 NaOH (aq) + H2MoO4 (aq)→ Na2MoO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
b. NaOH (aq) + HMnO4 (aq)→ NaMnO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
c. 3 NaOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq)→ Na3PO4 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)

9.94 a. 2 NaOH (aq) + H2CrO4 (aq)→ Na2CrO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

b. NaOH (aq) + HClO3 (aq)→ NaClO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
218 Chapter 9
c. 3 NaOH (aq) + H3AsO3 (aq)→ Na3AsO3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)

9.95 a. 2 HCl (aq) + Cd(OH)2 (aq)→ CdCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

b. 3 HCl (aq) + Cr(OH)3 (s)→ CrCl3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)
c. 2 HCl (aq) + Fe(OH)2 (aq)→ FeCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

9.96 a. 2 HCl (aq) + Sr(OH)2 (aq)→ SrCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

b. 3 HCl (aq) + Ni(OH)3 (s)→ NiCl3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)
c. 2 HCl (aq) + Zn(OH)2 (s)→ ZnCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

9.97 HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H 2 O

29.8 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.0210 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole HCl
1 mole NaOH ) = 0.0250 M HCl
25.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
;9.98 H 2 C 2 O4 + 2 NaOH → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 C2 O 4
43.88 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.1891 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole H2 C 2 O 4
2 mole NaOH ) = 0.1660 M H C O
25.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) 2 2 4

9.99 a. NaOH + HCl → H 2 O + NaCl

20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.180 moles HCl
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HCl )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 30.0 mL NaOH
b. 2 NaOH + H 2 SO4 → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.180 moles H2 SO 4
1L )( 2 moles NaOH
1 mole H2 SO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 60.0 mL NaOH
c. NaOH + HCl → H 2 O + NaCl
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.100 moles HCl
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HCl )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 16.7 mL NaOH
d. 3 NaOH + H 3 PO4 → 3 H 2 O + Na 3 PO4
20.00 mL ( 10.0 g H 3 PO 4
250 mL )( 1 mole H3 PO4
98.00 g H3 PO 4 )( 3 moles NaOH
1 mole H3 PO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 204 mL NaOH
e. 2 NaOH + H 2 MoO4 → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 MoO4
20.00 mL ( 0.150 moles H2 MoO4
500 mL )( 2 moles NaOH
1 mole H2 MoO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 100. mL NaOH
f. 2 NaOH + H 2 MoO4 → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 MoO4
20.00 mL ( 0.215 moles H 2 MoO 4
700 mL )( 2 moles NaOH
1 mole H 2 MoO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 102 mL NaOH
9.100 ;a. NaOH + HClO4 → H2 O + NaClO 4
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.200 moles HClO 4
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HClO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 33.3 mL NaOH
b. 2 NaOH + H 2 SO4 → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.125 moles H2 SO 4
1L )( 2 moles NaOH
1 mole H 2 SO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 41.7 mL NaOH
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 219
c. 4 NaOH + H 4 P2 O6 → 4 H 2 O + Na 4 P2 O6
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.150 moles H4 P2 O6
1L )( 4 moles NaOH
1 mole H4 P2 O6 )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 100. mL NaOH
d. 3 NaOH + H 3 PO 4 → 3 H 2 O + Na 3 PO4
20.00 mL ( 0.120 moles H3 PO4
500 mL )( 3 moles NaOH
1 mole H 3 PO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 120. mL NaOH
e. 2 NaOH + H 2 SO4 → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4
20.00 mL ( 6.25 g H2 SO 4
250 mL )( 1 mole H 2 SO4
98.09 g H 2 SO 4 )( 2 moles NaOH
1 mole H 2 SO4 )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 85.0 mL NaOH
f. NaOH + HClO 3 → H 2 O + NaClO 3
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.500 moles HClO 3
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HClO 3 )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 83.3 mL NaOH
9.101 a. HI + NaOH → H 2 O + NaI
27.15 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.250 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole HI
1 mole NaOH ) = 0.272 M HI
25.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
b. H 2 SO 4 + 2 KOH → 2 H 2 O + K 2 SO4
11.12 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.109 moles KOH
1L )( 1 mole H2 SO4
2 moles KOH ) = 0.0303 M H SO
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) 2 4

c. HCl + NaOH → H 2 O + NaCl

18.40 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.0250 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole HCl
1 mole NaOH ) = 0.0184 M HCl
25.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
9.102 a. H 2 SO 4 + 2 NaOH → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 SO4
29.88 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 1.17 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole H2 SO 4
2 moles NaOH ) = 3.50 M H SO
5.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) 2 4

b. HC 2 H 3 O 2 + KOH → H 2 O + KC2 H 3 O2
35.62 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.250 moles KOH
1L )( 1 mole HC2 H3 O 2
1 mole KOH ) = 0.891 M HC H O
10.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) 2 3 2

c. HCl + NaOH → H 2 O + NaCl

20.63 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 6.00 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole HCl
1 mole NaOH ) = 12.4 M HCl
10.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
9.103 a. H 2 C2 O4 + 2 NaOH → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 C2 O4
27.86 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.250 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole H 2 C2 O 4
2 moles NaOH ) = 0.00348 moles H C O 2 2 4
220 Chapter 9
b. H 2 C2 O4 + 2 NaOH → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 C2 O 4
27.86 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.250 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole H2 C2 O 4
2 moles NaOH ) = 0.174 M H C O
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) 2 2 4

c. H 2 C2 O4 + 2 NaOH → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 C2 O4
27.86 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.250 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole H 2 C2 O 4
2 moles NaOH )( 90.04 g H2 C 2 O 4
1 mole H2 C2 O 4 ) = 0.313 g H C O2 2 4

9.104 benzoic acid + NaOH → H2 O + sodium benzoate

46.75 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.1021 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole benzoic acid
1 mole NaOH ) = 0.004773175 moles benzoic acid
0.5823 g benzoic acid
= 122.0 mole
g

0.004773175 moles benzoic acid

or
0.5823 g benzoic acid
= 122.0 mole
g

46.75 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.1021 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole benzoic acid
1 mole NaOH )
HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS OF SALTS (SECTION 9.12)
9.105 The hydrolysis of NH4Cl produces an acidic solution because it is a salt that could be
produced by the reaction of a strong acid and a weak base.
NH3 (aq) + HCl (aq) → NH4Cl (aq)
Upon dissolving, the salt releases the cation from a weak base and an anion from a strong
acid.
NH4 Cl (s) ⎯⎯⎯H O
→ NH 4+ (aq) + Cl − (aq) 2

The cation from the weak base will react with water to produce H3O+ ions, which cause the
solution to be acidic.
NH+4 (aq) + H2 O (l) R NH3 (aq) + H 3 O+ (aq)

9.106 Na2CO3 is a salt that could be produced by the reaction of a strong base (NaOH) and a weak
acid (H2CO3). The hydrolysis of Na2CO3 produces an alkaline solution.

9.107 a. K2SO3 K2SO3 could be formed from KOH and H2SO3. The pH is greater than 7
because KOH is a strong base and H2SO3 is a weak acid.
2‐ ‐ ‐
SO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U HSO3 (aq) + OH (aq)
b. LiNO2 LiNO2 could be formed from LiOH and HNO2. The pH is greater than 7
because LiOH is a strong base and HNO2 is a weak acid.
‐ ‐
NO2 (aq) + H2O (l) U HNO2 (aq) + OH (aq)
c. Na2CO3 Na2CO3 could be formed from NaOH and H2CO3. The pH is greater than 7
because NaOH is a strong base and H2CO3 is a weak acid.
2‐ ‐ ‐
CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U HCO3 (aq) + OH (aq)
d. CH3NH3Cl CH3NH3Cl could be formed from CH3NH2 and HCl. The pH is less than 7
because CH3NH2 is a weak base and HCl is a strong acid.
+ +
CH3NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) U CH3NH2 (aq) + H3O (aq)
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 221
;9.108 a. NaOCl NaOCl could be formed from NaOH and HOCl. The pH is greater than 7
because NaOH is a strong base and HOCl is a weak acid.
‐ ‐
OCl (aq) + H2O (l) U HOCl (aq) + OH (aq)
b. NaCHO2 NaCHO2 could be formed from NaOH and HCHO2. The pH is greater than
7 because NaOH is a strong base and HCHO2 is a weak acid.
‐ ‐
CHO2 (aq) + H2O (l) U HCHO2 (aq) + OH (aq)
c. KNO3 KNO3 could be formed from KOH and HNO3. The pH equals 7 because
KOH is a strong base and HNO3 is a strong acid.
d. Na3PO4 Na3PO4 could be formed from NaOH and H3PO4. The pH is greater than 7
because NaOH is a strong base and H3PO4 is a weak acid.
3‐ 2‐ ‐
PO4 (aq) + H2O (l) U HPO4 (aq) + OH (aq)

9.109 strong acid + NaOH → H 2 O + neutral salt

weak acid + NaOH → H 2 O + basic salt
The chemist reacted both acid solutions with the appropriate amount of NaOH to reach the
equivalence point. That means, that the acid solutions have reacted completely and formed
aqueous salt solutions. The aqueous salt solution produced by the reaction of a strong acid
with NaOH, a strong base, will have a neutral pH. The aqueous salt solution produced by the
reaction of a weak acid with NaOH, a strong base, will have a basic pH. Measuring the pH
values of the aqueous salt solutions will allow the chemist to determine which solution
contained strong acid A and which solution contained weak acid B.

9.110 More than one indicator should be available in the laboratory because the pH at the
equivalence point of a titration will vary depending on the salt produced by the reaction. Not
all indicators change color at the same pH. Each indicator has its own unique pH range over
which its color changes.

9.111 (lowest pH) NaH2PO4 < Na2HPO4 < Na3PO4 (highest pH)
For a triprotic acid, like H3PO4, the strength of the acid decreases with each successive loss of
‐ 2‐
a H+. That is, H3PO4 is a stronger acid than H2PO4 , which is a stronger acid than HPO4 . That
means that the corresponding conjugate bases increase in strength with each successive loss of
‐ 2‐
a H+. That is, H2PO4 is a weaker conjugate base than HPO4 , which is a weaker conjugate
3‐ ‐
base than PO4 . The weakest conjugate base (H2PO4 ) will react with a strong base, like
3‐
NaOH, to form the salt (NaH2PO4) with the lowest pH. The strongest conjugate base (PO4 )
will react with a strong base, like NaOH, to form the salt with the highest pH (Na3PO4).

BUFFERS (SECTION 9.13)

9.112 2‐ + ‐
HPO4 (aq) + H3O (aq) U H2PO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ ‐ 2‐
H2PO4 (aq) + OH (aq) U HPO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

9.113 +
NH3 (aq) + H (aq) U NH4 (aq)
+

+ ‐
NH4 (aq) + OH (aq) U NH3 (aq)
222 Chapter 9
Yes, a mixture of ammonia and ammonium chloride could behave as a buffer when dissolved
in water. The ammonia would react with acid to produce ammonium ions and the
ammonium ions would react with base to produce ammonia.

9.114 ‐ +
HCO3 (aq) + H (aq) U H2CO3 (aq)
The bicarbonate ion reacts with the excess hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid, which
combats acidosis.

pH = 3.74 + log (1) = 3.74

(1)
9.115

;9.116 a. pH = 3.85 + log (0.1) = 3.85

(0.1)

pH = 3.85 + log (1) = 3.85

(1)
b.
c. The solution in part b has greater buffer capacity than the solution in part a because the
higher concentration of the buffer components will allow it to react with larger added
amounts of acid or base.

9.117 Acetic acid and its conjugate base would make the best buffer with a pH of 5.00. The pKa for
acetic acid is 4.74, which is the closest to 5.00 of the choices given. A buffer has the greatest
buffering capacity if the pH it is required to maintain is equal to its pKa.

pH = 4.74 + log (0.40) = 4.54

(0.25)
9.118 a.

pH = 7.21 + log (0.10) = 7.81

(0.40)
b.

pH = 7.00 + log (1.50) = 6.12

(0.20)
c.

pH = 12.66 + log (0.33) = 12.86

(0.52)
9.119 a.

pH = 3.33 + log (0.029) = 3.68

(0.065)
b.

pH = 10.25 + log (0.50) = 9.73

(0.15)
c.

[HPO4 2 − ] [HPO4 2 − ] [HPO 4 2 − ]

9.120 7.65 = 7.21 + log [H PO −
]
⇒ 0.44 = log [H PO −
]
⇒ [H 2 PO 4 − ]
= 100.44 = 2.8
2 4 2 4

The concentration of Na2HPO4 has to be 2.8 times the concentration of NaH2PO4.

9.121 To increase the pH of a buffer, more conjugate base needs to be added. To raise the pH of a
citric acid‐citrate buffer from 3.20 to 3.35, add more sodium citrate to the solution.

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
9.122 Cl − (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) → HCl (aq) + H 2 O (l)
+
- H O H
Cl + H Cl H O H
+
H
The chloride ion is a Brønsted base because it is a proton acceptor. The hydronium ion is a
Brønsted acid because it is a proton donor. An alternative way to look at this is reaction is
that the chloride ion has a pair of electrons that it can donate to one of the hydrogen atoms in
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 223
the hydronium ion in order to form a covalent bond and HCl. The electron pair donor
(chloride ion) is acting as a base. The electron pair acceptor (hydronium ion) is acting as an
acid.

9.123 HA (aq) + H 2 O (l) R H 3 O + (aq) + A − (aq)

⎡⎣ H 3 O + ⎤⎦ = 2.63% × 0.150 M = 0.003945
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 O + ⎤⎦ = − log ( 0.003945 ) = 2.404

9.124 K w = ⎡⎣H 3 O+ ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣OH − ⎤⎦ K w = 5.5 × 10 −14 at 50°C and for water, ⎡⎣H 3 O + ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣OH − ⎤⎦
2
5.5 × 10 −14 = ⎡⎣H 3 O+ ⎤⎦

⎡⎣H 3 O+ ⎤⎦ = 5.5 × 10 −14

pH = − log ⎡⎣H 3 O + ⎤⎦ = − log ( )

5.5 × 10 −14 = 6.63

9.125 2 Na (s) + 2 H 2 O (l) → H 2 (g) + 2 NaOH (aq)

When sodium metal reacts with water, a basic solution is produced because one of the
products is aqueous sodium hydroxide, which is a strong base.

ALLIED HEALTH EXAM CONNECTION

9.126 An acid is a substance that dissociates in water into one or more (a) hydrogen ions and one or
more anions.

9.127 A base is a substance that dissociates in water into one or more (d) hydroxide ions and one or
more cations.

9.128 Alkaline solutions contain (c) more OH‐ ion than H+ ion.

9.129 (b) H2CO3/OH‐ are not an acid/conjugate base pair.

9.130 The formula for the hydronium ion is (c) H3O+.

9.131 (b) Blood has a pH closest to 7.

9.132 Dissolving H2SO4 in water creases an acid solution by increasing the (c) hydrogen ions.

9.133 When a solution has a pH of 7, it is (d) neutral.

9.134 A common detergent has a pH of 11.0, so the detergent is (c) alkaline.

9.135 In a 0.001 M solution of HCl, the pH is (d) 3.

9.136 The pH of a blood sample is 7.40 at room temperature. The pOH is therefore (a) 6.60 (pOH =
14‐7.40).
224 Chapter 9
9.137 As the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution decreases, (b) the pH numerically
increases.

9.138 Blood with a pH of 7.4 indicates that the blood sample is (d) weakly basic.

9.139 Atmospheric moisture (H2O) combines with oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur (CO2, NO3,
and SO2) to produce (b) acid rain.

9.140 (d) HC2H3O2 is likely to taste sour because it is an acid.

9.141 (a) Na2CO3 is classified as a salt.

9.142 A substance that functions to prevent rapid, drastic changes in the pH of a body fluid by
changing strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases is called a (b) buffer.

9.143 (c) HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O represents a neutralization reaction.

9.144 (c) 2 HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 → 2 H2O + Mg(NO3)2 is a neutralization reaction.

9.145 When titrating 40.0 mL of 0.20 M NaOH with 0.4 M HCl, the final volume of the solution is (c)
60 mL when the sodium hydroxide is completely neutralized.
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l)
⎛ 0.20 moles NaOH ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole HCl ⎞⎛ 1000 mL HCl ⎞
40.0 mL NaOH ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = 20.0 mL HCl
⎝ 1000 mL NaOH ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole NaOH ⎠⎝ 0.40 moles HCl ⎠
40.0 mL NaOH + 20.0 mL HCl = 60.0 mL solution

9.146 When titrating 50 mL of 0.2 M HCl, (c) 20 mL of 0.5 M NaOH is needed to bring the solution
to the equivalence point.
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l)
⎛ 0.20 moles HCl ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole NaOH ⎞ ⎛ 1000 mL NaOH ⎞
50 mL HCl ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 20.0 mL NaOH
⎝ 1000 mL HCl ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole HCl ⎠ ⎝ 0.50 moles NaOH ⎠

CHEMISTRY FOR THOUGHT

9.147 H2SO4 was manufactured in lead‐lined chambers because lead does not react with sulfuric
acid.

9.148 A saturated solution of solid Ca(OH)2 in water has a [OH‐] of only 2.50 x 10‐2 M, and yet
Ca(OH)2 is a strong base. Ca(OH)2 has limited solubility in water; however, it is a hydroxide
of a group IIA(2) metal which is defined to be a strong base because it dissociates completely
when dissolved to form a solution. In other words, the small amount which is dissolved
dissociates completely.

9.149 If a solution of weak acid is being titrated with a strong base, then at the point in the titration
that is half way to the equivalence point, half of the weak acid remains and half of the weak
acid has already reacted to produce the conjugate base. Consequently, the pH is equal to the
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 225
pKa at this point in the titration because the concentration of the weak acid and its conjugate
base are equal.

(2.48×10 −3 )
9.150 a. 2.61 = pK a + log (0.0975)

pK a = 4.20
K a = 10 −4.20 = 6.2 × 10 −5
(6.93×10 −5 )
b. 4.16 = pK a + log (0.200)

pK a = 7.62
K a = 10 −7.62 = 2.4 × 10 −8
3.55 = pK a + log
(0.000284)
c. (0.150)

pK a = 6.27
K a = 10 −6.27 = 5.4 × 10 −7

9.151 Ketchup does not spoil because it is acidic. The acid present inhibits bacterial growth, as does
the large concentration of sodium chloride present.

9.152 When marble reacts with HCl, carbon dioxide gas is produced. Marble structures exposed to
acid rain will eventually deteriorate as the marble reacts with acid to produce a soluble salt
(CaCl2), water, and carbon dioxide.

9.153 Magnesium has the most vigorous reaction with HCl, followed by zinc, and then iron. The
result would be similar if sulfuric acid were used in place of HCl because the metals are
reacting to the presence of hydrogen ions. Both HCl and sulfuric acid are strong acids that
completely dissociate when dissolved in water to produce hydrogen ions and their respective
conjugate bases. The same molarity of sulfuric acid produces twice the concentration of H3O+
ions, so if the concentration of the acids were the same the rate of reaction would be greater
with sulfuric acid.

9.154 Phenolphthalein would not be a useful indicator to differentiate between two solutions with
pH values of 5 and 7 because it is clear at both of those pH values. The color change in
phenolphthalein occurs between pH 8 and 9.
Methyl red changes from red to orange around pH 6 and would be a useful indicator to
differentiate between solutions with pH values of 5 and 7.

Bromothymol blue changes from yellow to blue around pH 7 and would be a useful indicator
to differentiate between solutions with pH vales of 5 and 7.

9.155 The pH reading of the meter at the equivalence point in a titration will not read 7.00 for
reactions between weak acids and strong bases or strong bases and weak acids. The salts
produced by these reactions will produce basic and acidic solutions, respectively. For
example, if hydrochloric acid (strong acid) reacted with ammonia (weak base), the solution
would have a pH less than 7.00 at the equivalence point because the salt formed in the
reaction will produce an acidic solution.
226 Chapter 9
9.156 The Na+ ion is the cation from a strong base; therefore, it does not hydrolyze. Two other ions
that would have behaved like the Na+ ion are Li+ and Rb+ (any group IA or IIA metal ion
could have been selected).

9.157 The observation that the color of the buffered solutions (containing an indicator) did not
change after the addition of acid or base indicates that the pH of the buffered solutions did
not change significantly when acid or base was added. Notice that the color of the unbuffered
solutions (containing an indicator) did change when acid or base was added. In acidic
solutions, the universal indicator is orange‐red. In basic solutions, the universal indicator is
violet. The colors of the indicator under these conditions were determined by looking at the
color of the unbuffered solutions containing this indicator after acid (HCl) or base (NaOH)
was added.

EXAM QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following substances could behave as an Arrhenius base?
a. Na2CO3 b. Na3PO4 c. K2S d. KOH
Answer: D

2. According to the Arrhenius theory, what is produced when an acid dissolves in water?

a. H+ b. OH‐ c. H3O+ d. NH
Answer: A

3. In the Brønsted theory, both acids and bases are defined in terms of how substances lose or gain:
a. OH‐. b. H3O+. c. H+. d. Cl‐.
Answer: C

4. Identify the Brønsted acid(s) in the following reaction. HIO3 + H2O R H3O+ + IO
a. HIO3 b. HIO3 and H3O+ c. H2O d. H2O and HIO3
Answer: B

5. Identify the Brønsted base(s) in the following reaction. N + H2O R HN3 + OH‐

a. H2O and HN3 c. N and OH‐

b. N and HN3 d. H2O

Answer: C
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 227

6. What is the function of H2C6H5O in the first ionization of citric acid?

H3C6H5O7→H+ + H2C6H5O
a. The ion serves as an Arrhenius acid in this reaction.
b. The ion serves as an Arrhenius base in this reaction.
c. The ion serves as the conjugate base of the acid, H3C6H5O7.
d. The ion serves as the conjugate acid of the base, H3C6H5O7.
Answer: C

7. Which of the following is present in pure water?

a. H3O+ c. H2O
b. OH‐ d. more than one response is correct
Answer: D

8. Which of the following statements is true for neutral solutions in which water is the solvent?
a. Neutral solutions contain no H3O+ ions.
b. Neutral solutions contain no OH‐ ions.
c. Neutral solutions contain H3O+ and OH‐ ions in equal concentrations.
d. More than one response is correct.
Answer: C

9. An aqueous solution is found to have a molar OH‐ concentration of 3.2 × 10‐5. The solution would be
classified as:
a. acidic. c. neutral.
b. basic. d. canʹt be classified
Answer: B

10. What volume of 6.0 M HNO3 would be needed to make 500 mL of 0.50 M solution?
a. 6 mL b. 417 mL c. 42 mL d. 6 liters
Answer: C

11. What are the missing products in the following reaction when it is written as a molecular equation?
2HBr + SrCO3→_____ + _____ + H2O

a. SrBr2 + CO2 b. SrBr2 + HCO c. Sr2 + H2CO3 d. HBr + CO2

Answer: A

12. In the following reaction, all substances are soluble, and all dissociate except H2O. Identify the
spectator ions. HCl + KOH→KCl + H2O
a. H+ and OH‐ b. K+ and Cl‐ c. H+ and K+ d. Cl‐ and OH‐
Answer: B

13. Which of the following is a property of acid solutions?

a. sour taste c. change red litmus to blue
b. slippery feel d. more than one response is correct
Answer: A
228 Chapter 9
14. Many cleaning agents contain bases because bases react with:
a. fats or oils. c. salts.
b. glass. d. more than one response is correct
Answer: A

15. The cation (positive ion) in a salt can come from:

a. an acid. c. either an acid or a base.
b. a base. d. water.
Answer: B

16. What salt would be produced by the reaction of H2SO4 with LiHCO3?
a. Li2S b. LiSO4 c. Li2SO4 d. Li2CO3
Answer: C

17. Some salts isolated by evaporation retain water which is called:

a. water of hydration. c. hydronium.
b. hydroxide. d. crystallized water.
Answer: A

18. What is the pH of a solution for which [H+] = 1.0 × 10‐3?

a. 5.00 b. 3.00 c. ‐5.00 d. ‐9.00
Answer: B

19. The molar concentration of OH in a water solution is 1.0 × 10‐9. What is the pH of the solution?
a. 9.00 b. 5.00 c. > 9.00 d. < 5.00
Answer: B

20. The molar concentration of H+ ions in a solution is 5.8×10‐9. What is the pH of the solution?
a. 9.00 c. between 8.00 and 9.00
b. 5.80 d. between 9.00 and 10.00

Answer: C

21. A solution for which [OH‐] = 3.0 × 10‐10 is classified as:

a. acidic. c. neutral.
b. basic. d. more than one response is correct
Answer: A
22. A solution has a pH of 11.60. What is the value of [H+]?
a. 2.5 × 10‐4 b. 4.0 × 10‐3 c. 4.0 × 10‐11 d. 2.5 × 10‐12
Answer: D

23. A solution has a pH of 8.72. What is the value of [H+]?

a. 5.2 × 10‐6 b. 1.9 × 10‐9 c. 5.2 × 10‐8 d. 1.9 × 10‐5
Answer: B
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 229
24. A higher pH corresponds to:
a. a higher [H+]. c. no change in [H+].
b. a lower [H+]. d. a lower [OH‐].
Answer: B

25. Identify the substance with the lowest pH.

a. orange juice c. baking soda, NaHCO3
b. household ammonia d. milk
Answer: A

26. Which of the following is a weak acid?

a. HNO3 b. HCl c. H2CO3 d. H2SO4
Answer: C

27. The classification of an acid or base as weak or strong is based upon:

a. the solubility of the acid or base.
b. the extent of dissociation of the acid or base.
c. the concentration of acid or base in solution.
d. More than one response is correct.
Answer: B

28. Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, undergoes three acid reactions. Which of the three acids is the weakest?

a. H3PO4 c. HPO

b. H2PO d. more than one response is correct

Answer: C

29. The procedure commonly used to determine the amount of base in a solution by adding a measured
quantity of acid is called:
a. dissociation. b. titration. c. ionization. d. normalization.
Answer: B

30. When an acid is analyzed by adding a measured quantity of base, the point at which all the acid has
reacted is correctly called:
a. the equivalence point. c. the endpoint.
b. the neutral point. d. the analysis point.
Answer: A

31. A 25.00 mL sample of hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, is titrated with 0.0512 M NaOH solution. The
volume of NaOH solution required is 21.68 mL. What is the molarity of the HCl solution?
a. 0.0444 b. 0.0590 c. 0.0295 d. 0.0148
Answer: A
230 Chapter 9
32. How many equivalents are contained in 0.25 moles of H2SO4?
a. 0.25 c. 0.50
b. 0.13 d. impossible to say
Answer: C

33. A 25.00 mL sample of H2SO4 acid solution requires 17.35 mL of 0.118 M NaOH for titration. What is
the molarity of the acid solution?
a. 0.0819 M b. 0.164 M c. 0.0409 M d. 0.236 M
Answer: C

34. Which of the following salts would produce a basic solution (pH higher than 7) upon being dissolved
in pure, distilled water?
a. NaCl b. Na2CO3 c. Mg(NO3)2 d. NH4Cl
Answer: B

35. If a solution of acetic acid (a weak acid) is titrated with NaOH solution, what will be the pH at the
equivalence point?
a. higher than 7 c. equal to 7
b. lower than 7 d. canʹt be predicted
Answer: A

36. Antacids contain a substance that neutralizes hydrochloric acid. Which of the following is a candidate
for use as an antacid?
a. Al(NO3)3 b. MgCl2 c. Al2(SO4)3 d. MgCO3
Answer: D

37. What would be the pH of a solution of NH4Cl in pure water?

a. higher than 7 c. equal to 7
b. lower than 7 d. canʹt be predicted
Answer: B

38. In a buffer solution made up of equal concentrations of acetic acid and sodium acetate, NaC2H3O2,
which component is used to buffer against added OH‐?
a. C2H3O2 b. Na+ c. OH‐ d. HC2H3O2
Answer: D

39. Which of the following mixtures would represent a buffer?

a. sodium chloride/hydrochloric acid
b. sodium sulfate/sulfuric acid
c. sodium formate/formic acid
d. none of these
Answer: C
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 231
40. The term “strong acid” refers to:
a. the number of hydrogens attached to the acid molecule.
b. the speed at which it will dissolve metal.
c. if it will cause burns to the skin.
d. the ability of the acid to dissociate completely in solution.
Answer: D

41. A patient comes to you suffering from a battery acid burn (sulfuric acid). What is the best thing to use
to neutralize the acid, while you continue to run cool water over the affected area?
a. a 1 M sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH)
b. a 1 M sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO3)
c. a 1 M acetic acid solution (CH3COOH)
d. a 1 M carbonic acid solution (H2CO3)
Answer: B

42. A reaction in which an acid and a base react completely, leaving only a salt and water, is referred to as
a:
a. hydrolysis reaction. c. oxidation reaction.
b. neutralization reaction. d. none of the above
Answer: B

43. The buffer capacity is the amount of _______ that can be absorbed without causing significant
changes in pH.
a. acid c. base
b. neither acid nor base d. both acid and base
Answer: D

44. What is the pKa of an acid with a Ka of 1.82 x 10‐5?

a. 4.74 c. 9.26
b. ‐4.74 d. ‐9.26
Answer: A

45. When a strong acid is added to ammonia and mixed, which of the following would not be produced?
a. conjugate acid c. salt
b. conjugate base d. water
Answer: D

46. Which of the following would you expect to be a weak electrolyte?

a. acetic acid c. tap water
b. sodium acetate d. more than one answer is correct
Answer: A

TRUE‐FALSE
1. The salt of a strong acid and a weak base will give an acidic solution.
Answer: T
232 Chapter 9
2. Sodium nitrate in water will produce a basic solution.
Answer: F

3. Ammonium chloride in water will produce an acidic solution.

Answer: T

4. The salt of a strong acid with a strong base could behave as a buffer.
Answer: F

5. A mixture of a weak base and its salt could behave as a buffer.

Answer: T

6. NaH2PO4 alone in an aqueous solution could behave as a buffer.

Answer: T

7. NaCl is an example of a good buffer.

Answer: F

8. Nitric acid, HNO3, is a weak acid.

Answer: F

9. Most acids are weak acids.

Answer: T

10. KOH is a strong base.

Answer: T

11. A Brønsted base is a proton donor.

Answer: F

12. The major difference between the Arrhenius Theory and the Brønsted/Lowry Theory is that there is
no hydrogen in the Brønsted/Lowry Theory.
Answer: F

13. According to the Brønsted/Lowry Theory, a conjugate pair is composed of a Brønsted acid and a
Brønsted base.
Answer: T

14. Solutions with a pH less than 7.00 are basic.

Answer: F

15. The reason pure water has a pH of 7 is that there is the same concentration of hydrogen and
hydroxide ions on the self‐ionization of water.
Answer: T

16. The pH of a solution of baking soda, NaHCO3, would be expected to be above 7.

Answer: T
 Acids, Bases, and Salts 233
17. The pH of household ammonia is expected to be above 7 because household ammonia is a solution of
NH4OH.
Answer: T

18. When an inorganic acid and an inorganic base, as defined by Arrhenius, react, the products are salt
and water.
Answer: T

19. The goals of an acid/base titration is to reach neutrality.

Answer: F

20. The pH of blood must remain stable between 7.35 and 7.45. One of the blood components is the
bicarbonate ion, HCO . Bicarbonate takes part in the two reactions shown below:
2
H2CO3(aq) R H+(aq) + HCO (aq) HCO R H+(aq) + CO (aq)
This set of equations indicates that the system is a good candidate to act as a buffer system used to
hold the pH of blood reasonably stable.
Answer: T