Basics of Well Testing: - Rajeev Upadhyay

Basics of Well Testing
-Rajeev Upadhyay
Role of Well Test
The well test is indispensable in the exploration and development of oil & gas fields.
Well tests are carried out during the entire phase of reservoir life cycle. During the
entire process, starting from when the first discovery well is drilled, to verification of
reserves of the hydrocarbon field , and to the whole history of its development and
production, the well test plays very important roles in many aspects, such as
confirming the existence of hydrocarbon zones, measuring the deliverability of wells,
calculating the parameters of the reservoir, designing the development plan of the oil
& gas field, and providing performance analysis during development.
Role of Well Test in Exploration
Drill Stem Testing (DST) of Exploration wells:
 After discovering a potential structure in a new prospect exploration area, the first
exploration wells are drilled.
 During drilling, the show of gas and oil may be discovered by mud logging or logging
while drilling.
 However, at this moment, it is not certain whether the show really means that those
hydrocarbon zones are the zones with commercial oil/gas flow.
 In order to be certain, a drill stem test needs to be run.
 If the zones have quite high productivity during the DST, a further test for measuring
their pressures and flow rates and a transient test for estimating their permeability
and skin factor should be done.
 High productivity of an exploration well confirms the discovery of a new field
Exploration Well Completing Test
 A follow-up verification of the well deliverability is generally carried out by well
completing tests
 Well completing tests are usually run zone by zone.
 At this stage, well are cased and well integrity is ensured. This allows the scope for
carrying out the tests for sufficient duration so that various parameters of the
reservoir can be estimated more accurately.
 Different flow rates can be selected for deliverability test so that initial Absolute
open flow potential (AOFP) can be estimated
 To determine real reason for low production rates – Skin or Low Permeability. Based
on this, a decision on stimulation strategy can be made.
Reserve Evaluation
During the exploration stage, well test data cannot be used directly to reserves
calculation, but can supplement or correct it to a certain extent.
 Provide deliverability as basis for reserve calculation - The evaluated original HC in
place of the reservoirs means reserves under the condition that the flow rates of the
wells meet the commercial flow standard. Whether the wells meet this standard or
not must be evaluated by a well test.
 Provide characteristic coefficient of stabilized production for double porosity
reservoirs. Storativity ratio (𝜔)and interporosity flow coefficient λ are two
important parameters for double porosity reservoirs that describe flow
characteristics of this kind of reservoir. Well tests are known methods of estimating
these parameters.
 Provide information about planar distribution of the reservoir for reserves
evaluation. Long term well tests can provide extent of reservoir by confirming
position of faults, pinchouts, heterogeneity etc.
Role of Well Test in Appraisal stage
Deliverability test in appraisal wells
 Deliverability values of individual wells are taken as the primary basis for making
development plans. The AOFP is usually used to indicate the deliverability level. The
inflow performance relationship (IPR) curve is further required to be plotted from
the initial deliverability analysis.
Transient well test in appraisal wells
 Effective permeability of HC zones and the relationship between effective
permeability (from well test analysis) and permeability from logging analysis.
 Information about damage of gas wells; if acidizing and/or fracturing stimulation
treatment is needed; and the skin factor after stimulation.
 For fractured wells: estimate the effect of fracturing treatment and calculate the
length, flow conductivity and skin factor of the generated fracture.
 Estimation of Non-Darcy flow coefficient in case of gas flow.
Transient well test in appraisal wells
 For double porosity reservoirs: when significant double porosity characteristic
curves appear, storativity ratio (𝜔)and interporosity flow coefficient λ values are
analyzed, and special properties of the reserves and stabilized production
characteristicsare evaluated.
 Information about reservoir boundaries can be obtained if the pressure buildup test
lasts long enough.
 the planar and vertical connectivity of layers in the reservoir can be studied through
an interference test between wells or vertical interference test.
Well test in production test wells
If the production test wells are already connected to the pipeline network and so can
produce continuously for several months, they can provide much richer information
that can be used for the design of development plans. In particular, the dynamic
models of the oil & gas wells can be improved through pressure history verification.
Well test in production test wells
 During a long-term production test, the influence of boundaries around the well will
be gradually reflected in the decrease of bottom-hole flowing pressure. The dynamic
model of wells can be improved by verifying pressure history, adding and/or
modifying boundary influences, adjusting the location and distance of the boundary
to the well, and so on.
 A perfect modified dynamic model not only verifies and confirms the formation
parameters near the well but also determines the area and dynamic reserves of the
area controlled by the well and so can be used for dynamic performance prediction.
Selection and evaluation of stimulation treatment
 Selecting the stimulation treatment measure is a very critical element in the
development plan. Evaluating if a well needs stimulation treatment and the
effectiveness of such stimulation treatment can only be done by well test analysis.
Verifying Reserves and making development plan
 Dynamic performance analysis helps quantifying reserves. Well tests provide input
to dynamic performance analysis.
 The production test history can be used to match and correct the parameters used
for numerical modeling.
Role of Well Test in Development
Verifying Reserves and making development plan
Conventional well test methods can be done almost throughout the entire
development process of a gas field to provide dynamic monitoring. Following tests are
absolutely necessary:
 Regular monitoring of downhole flowing pressure and static pressure for inferring
dynamic deliverability indices of the well.
 For newly drilled adjustment wells, the basic formation parameters must be
obtained from well test analysis and the initial deliverability equation of them must
be established before putting into production
Diffusivity Equation for radial flow in a porous medium
Let us consider the flow through a volume element of thickness dr
situated at a distance r from the centre of the radial cell.
Following are some simplifying assumptions made initially:
 The producing well is completed is completed across entire producing
thickness thus ensuring fully radial flow
 The reservoir is considered homogeneous in all rock properties and
isotropic with respect to permeability.
 The formation is completely saturated with a single fluid.
Applying principal of mass conservation,

Mass flow rate IN – Mass flow rate OUT = Rate of change of mass in the
volume element
volume element
𝜕𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝜕𝑀𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜕𝑀𝑎

− =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝑉𝑎 𝜌 𝜕 2𝜋𝑟ℎ𝜑 𝜕𝑟 𝜌
𝑞𝜌 𝑟+𝜕𝑟 − 𝑞𝜌 𝑟 = =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝑞𝜌 𝜕 2𝜋𝑟ℎ𝜑 𝜕𝑟 𝜌
𝑞𝜌 𝑟 + 𝜕𝑟 − 𝑞𝜌 𝑟 =
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝑞𝜌 𝜕 2𝜋𝑟ℎ𝜑𝜌 𝜕 𝜑𝜌
= = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝑞𝜌 𝜕 𝜑𝜌
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
By applying Darcy's Law for radial, horizontal flow it is possible to
substitute for the flow rate q
2𝜋𝑘ℎ𝑟 𝜕𝑃
𝑞=
𝜇 𝜕𝑟
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
𝑞=
𝜇 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 2𝜋𝑘ℎ𝑟𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝜑 +𝜌
𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑
=𝑟 𝜑 +𝜌
𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑
=𝜑 +𝜌
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
From the definition of fluid compressibility, From the definition of formation compressibility,
1 𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕𝜑
𝑐= 𝑐𝑓 =
𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜑 𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑃
= 𝑐𝜌 = 𝑐𝑓 𝜑
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑
Substituting for and
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
= 𝜑𝑐𝜌 + 𝜌𝑐𝑓 𝜑 = 𝑐𝑓 + 𝑐 𝜑𝜌
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Defining (𝑐𝑓 + 𝑐) as total compressibility 𝑐𝑡 ,

1 𝜕 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
= 𝜑𝜌𝑐𝑡
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
This is the basic, partial differential equation for the radial flow of
any single phase fluid in a porous medium.
For fluids of small and constant compressibility
1 𝜕 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
= 𝜑𝜌𝑐𝑡
Using chain rule for differentiation,

1 𝜕 𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝑘 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜌𝑟 + 𝜌𝑟 = 𝜑𝜌𝑐𝑡
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝑘 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜌𝑟 + 𝜌𝑟 = 𝜑𝜌𝑐𝑡
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝑘𝑟 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜌𝑟 + 𝜌 + 𝜌 = 𝜑𝜌𝑐𝑡
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕 2 𝑃 𝑘𝑟 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜌 𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜌𝑟 + + + 𝜌 = 𝜑𝜌𝑐𝑡
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑃
We know that, = 𝑐𝜌
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
2
1 𝜕 𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕 2 𝑃
𝑘𝑐𝜌𝑟 𝜕𝑃 𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜌𝑟 + 2
+ + 𝜌 = 𝜑𝜌𝑐𝑡
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
For fluids of small and constant compressibility
2
1 𝜕 𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕 2 𝑃 𝑘𝑐𝜌𝑟 𝜕𝑃 𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜌𝑟 + 2
+ + 𝜌 = 𝜑𝜌𝑐𝑡
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
For liquid flow, the following assumptions are conventionally made

 the viscosity 𝜇 is practically independent of pressure and may
be regarded as constant
𝜕𝑃
 the pressure gradient is small and therefore, terms of the
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑃 2
order can be neglected.
𝜕𝑟
1 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕 2 𝑃 𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
+ 𝜌 = 𝜑𝜌𝑐𝑡
𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
𝑘
𝜕2𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑃 The term is known as hydraulic
+𝑟 = 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡
𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑡 diffusivity or Diffusivity co-efficient. In
Which can be represented as, porous media, the propagation of fluid
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑃 pressure is proportional to the diffusivity
𝑟 = co-efficient.
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑡
Conditions of flow
An infinite number of solutions of diffusivity equation can be obtained depending on the
initial and boundary conditions imposed. The most common and useful of these is called the
constant terminal rate solution for which the initial condition is that at some fixed time, at
which the reservoir is at equilibrium pressure 𝑃𝑖 , well is produced at a constant rate q at the
wellbore,𝑟 = 𝑟𝑤 . The most common conditions of flow are:
 Transient condition flow or Unsteady-state flow

 Semi-steady state flow or Pseudo-steady state flow
 Steady state flow.
Transient State or Unsteady state flow
Consider a shut-in well that is centered in a

homogeneous circular reservoir of radius 𝑟𝑒 with
a uniform pressure 𝑃𝑖 throughout the reservoir.
This initial reservoir condition represents the
zero producing time. If the well is allowed to
flow at a constant flow rate of q, a pressure
disturbance will be created at the sand face. The
pressure at the wellbore(𝑃𝑤𝑓 ), will drop
instantaneously as the well is opened. The
pressure disturbance will move away from the
wellbore at a rate that is determined by porosity,
permeability, fluid viscosity and rock & fluid
compressibility.
Transient condition is only applicable for
a relatively short period after some
pressure disturbance has been created
in the reservoir. The underlying
conditions for the validity of transient
state flow is:
𝑃 = 𝑓 𝑟, 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑,
𝜕𝑃
= 𝑔(𝑟, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑡
Both pressure and pressure derivative,
with respect to time, are functions of
both position and time.
The solution to the radial diffusivity
equation is based on initial and boundary
conditions:
 Initial condition – Reservoir pressure is at
its initial uniform value:
𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 , 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0
 Outer boundary condition – The pressure
remains unaffected at the reservoir
boundary during the infinite-acting flow
period.
𝜕𝑃
= 0, 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = ∞
𝜕𝑡
 Inner boundary condition – A constant
flow rate at the wellbore is assumed.
𝑘(2𝜋𝑟ℎ) 𝜕𝑃
𝑞= , 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑤
𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝑟=𝑟𝑤
Semi-steady state flow Start of Semi-
steady state
𝑃𝑖
Semi-steady state condition is applicable to
a reservoir which has been producing for a = =
sufficient period of time so that the effect Reservoir
Pressure (P)
of the outer boundary has been felt. Semi- Boundary
Pressure transient has reached all of the steady

boundaries and the static pressure is state flow
declining at the boundary and uniformly
throughout the reservoir.
𝑃 = 𝑓 𝑟, 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑,
𝜕𝑃 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡.
𝜕𝑡 Distance from centre of well (r)
𝜕𝑃
=0
𝜕𝑟 𝑟=𝑟
𝑒
Flow Rate , q
Both pressure and pressure derivative, with
respect to time, are functions of both
position and time.
Time, t
Boundary Dominated Flow Start of Semi-
steady state
𝑃𝑖
Pressure transient has reached all of the
boundaries and the static pressure is
declining at the boundary, but not Reservoir
Pressure (P)
uniformly because the flow rate is not Boundary Boundary
constant. Dominated
𝑃 = 𝑓 𝑟, 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑, Flow
𝜕𝑃 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
≠ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜕𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
=0
𝜕𝑟 𝑟=𝑟 Distance from centre of well (r)
𝑒
Boundary dominated flow corresponds to

pressure distribution in the reservoir for a
Flow Rate , q
constant flowing pressure solution. Pressure
distribution in the reservoir is not uniform.
Time, t
Disclaimer
The constant rate and constant pressure solutions are boundaries

that the actual walls approach but never really achieve. Early
production and formal production tests often very closely
approach the constant rate solution whereas late time
production generally very closely approaches the constant
pressure solution.
Steady state flow Start of Steady
state
𝑃𝑖
The steady state condition applies, after
the transient period, to a well draining a
cell which has a completely open outer
Pressure (P)
𝑃𝑒
boundary. It is assumed that, for a constant Steady = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
rate of production, fluid withdrawal from state flow
the cell will be exactly balanced by fluid
entry across the open boundary. Fluid
𝑃 = 𝑓 𝑟, 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑, Entry
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑒 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒
= 0 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡.
𝜕𝑡 Distance from centre of well (r)
This condition is appropriate when pressure

is being maintained in the reservoir due to
either natural water influx or the injection
of some displacing fluid
Constant Terminal Rate Solution for Transient Flow Condition
The solution to the radial diffusivity equation is based on initial and boundary
conditions:
 Initial condition – Reservoir pressure is at its initial uniform value:
𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 , 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟
 Outer boundary condition – The pressure remains unaffected at the reservoir
boundary during the infinite-acting flow period.
𝜕𝑃 Inner boundary condition stated here is
= 0, 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = ∞
𝜕𝑡 commonly known as line source inner
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑖 , 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 boundary condition. It assumes that in
 comparison
Inner boundary condition – A constant flow rate at the to the apparently
wellbore is assumed.infinite
𝑞=
𝑘(2𝜋𝑟ℎ) 𝜕𝑃
, 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑤
reservoir the wellbore radius is negligible
𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝑟=𝑟𝑤 and the wellbore itself can be treated as a
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇 line.
lim 𝑟 =
𝑟→0 𝜕𝑟 2𝜋𝑘ℎ
Slightly Compressible Fluids
Diffusivity Equation is given by
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑃
𝑟 =
Let us assume
𝑟2 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
𝑠= =
4 ∗ 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝑡 4𝑘𝑡
Differentiating s with respect to t
𝜕𝑠 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
=−
𝜕𝑡 4𝑘𝑡 2
Differentiating s with respect to r
𝜕𝑠 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟
=
𝜕𝑟 2𝑘𝑡
Diffusivity Equation is given by
𝑟 =
Representing diffusivity equation in terms of new variable s
1𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑠
𝑟 =
𝑟 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟
1𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑃 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2 𝜕𝑃
𝑟 =− 2
=−
𝑟 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 2𝑘𝑡 2𝑘𝑡 𝑘 𝜕𝑠 4𝑘𝑡 2𝑘𝑡 𝜕𝑠
𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝑠 = −𝑠
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑃
Let us assume that = 𝑃′
𝜕𝑠
𝜕
𝑠𝑃′ = −𝑠𝑃′
𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑃′
𝑠 + 𝑃′ = −𝑠𝑃′
𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑃′ 𝑠+1
′
=− 𝜕𝑠
𝑃 𝑠
Integrating both sides
1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠
ln 𝑃′ = −s − ln s + C = ln 𝑒 −𝑠 + ln + ln 𝑒 𝑐 = ln 𝑒 𝑐 = ln 𝐶 ′
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
Where C and 𝐶 ′ are constants
𝑒 −𝑠
𝑃′ = 𝐶 ′
𝑠
From line source integral assumption
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇
lim 𝑟 =
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇
lim 𝑟 =
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑠 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
lim 𝑟 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 → 0, 𝑠 → 0 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 =
𝑠→0 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑟 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑠 𝑞𝜇
lim 𝑟 =
𝑠→0 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑟 2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝜕𝑠 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟
As we have =
𝜕𝑟 2𝑘𝑡
𝜕𝑠 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
Therefore,r = = 2𝑠
𝜕𝑟 2𝑘𝑡
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇
lim 2𝑠 =
𝑠→0 𝜕𝑠 2𝜋𝑘ℎ
′
𝑞𝜇
lim 𝑠𝑃 =
𝑠→0 4𝜋𝑘ℎ
−𝑠
′ −𝑠
𝑞𝜇 𝑒
lim 𝐶 𝑒 = 𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑃′ = 𝐶 ′
𝑠→0 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑠
𝑞𝜇
𝐶′ =
4𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑞𝜇 𝑒 −𝑠
𝑃′ =
4𝜋𝑘ℎ −𝑠𝑠 The integral
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇 𝑒
= ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠
𝜕𝑠 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑠 𝑥 𝑠
𝜕𝑠 = 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟2 𝜕𝑠
𝑥= 𝑠
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2 4𝑘𝑡
Integrating between time t=0 (𝑠 → ∞) 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 (𝑠 = 𝑥 = )
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
4𝑘𝑡 is known as exponential
𝑥=
𝑃(𝑟,𝑡)
𝑞𝜇
4𝑘𝑡
𝑒 −𝑠 integral. It is denoted by
𝜕𝑃 = 𝜕𝑠 ei(x).
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑠
𝑃𝑖 ∞
∞
𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝜕𝑠
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑠
𝑥= 4𝑘𝑡
∞
𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝜕𝑠
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑠
𝑥=
4𝑘𝑡
𝑞𝜇
𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑒𝑖(𝑥)
4𝜋𝑘ℎ
The expansion of ei(x) is

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑒𝑖 𝑥 = −0.5772 − ln 𝑥 − − − − ⋯…….
1! 2 2! 3 3!
For 𝑥 < 0.01, ei(x) can be approximated as
𝑒𝑖 𝑥 = −0.5772 − ln 𝑥 = − ln 𝑒 0.5772 − ln 𝑥 = − ln 1.781𝑥
= − ln 𝛾𝑥
Where 𝛾 = 1.781
When 𝑥 < 0.01,
𝑞𝜇 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 + ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡
𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
When 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑤 , 𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
Consideration of Skin
Skin Zone
Formation damage during drilling and Permeability = 𝑘
Permeability = 𝑘𝑠
completion may cause alteration of
permeability near wellbore. Alternatively,
wellbores intersecting fractures may 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛
exhibit enhanced permeability near ∆𝑃𝑠
wellbore. 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛
If the skin zone is considered equivalent to 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑠

an altered zone of uniform permeability, Radius, 𝑟
ks, with an outer radius, rs, the additional
drop across this zone (ΔPs) can be
modelled by the steady-state radial flow It is assumed that after the pressure perturbation
equation. caused by the start of production has moved off
into the rest of the formation, the skin zone can be
thought of as being in a steady state flow regime.
Consideration of Skin
Skin Zone
∆𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 Permeability = 𝑘
𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 Permeability = 𝑘𝑠
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑠 𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑠
∆𝑃𝑠 = ln − ln 𝑃𝑤𝑓
2𝜋𝑘𝑠 ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛
∆𝑃𝑠
𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝜇 𝑘 𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛
∆𝑃𝑠 = − 1 ln
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑠 𝑟𝑤
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑠
Radius, 𝑟
𝑘 𝑟𝑠
The term 𝑘𝑠
− 1 ln
𝑟𝑤
is defined as
skin (S)
𝑞𝜇
∆𝑃𝑠 = 𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
When this is included in the line source solution it gives the total pressure drop
at the wellbore:
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − ln 2
− ∆𝑃𝑠
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
𝑞𝜇
Substituting for ∆𝑃𝑠 = 𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
The final equation then becomes
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − ln + 2𝑆
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡 Conversion into field units:
+ 2𝑆
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
𝑠𝑡𝑏 5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐
q bbl/d = 𝑞𝐵𝑜 = 𝑞𝐵𝑜 ∗ 24∗3600
𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Units are in Darcy =1.84 𝑞𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
System
𝑘
𝑘 𝑚𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
1000
Parameter Darcy System Field 𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
Length cm ft 𝑃𝑤𝑓
Mass g lb 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
14.7
Time sec hr 𝑃𝑖
𝑃𝑖 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
14.7
Rate cc/sec Stb/d (liq), 𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
Mscfd(gas)
Pressure atm psia
Viscosity cp cp
Permeability Darcy mD
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡
+ 2𝑆
Conversion into field units: Putting the values in equation
𝑠𝑡𝑏 𝑟𝑏
q rb/d = 𝑄( )𝐵𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑏)
( = 𝑄𝐵𝑜 ∗ 𝑘
𝑑
5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑖 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 4(1000)(3600𝑡)
= − ln + 2𝑆
24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 14.7 14.7 4𝜋( 𝑘 )(30.48ℎ) 1.781𝜑𝜇(14.7𝑐𝑡 )(30.48𝑟𝑤 )2
=1.84 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐 1000
70.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 0.000592𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − ln + 2𝑆
𝑘 𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
1000
𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 70.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 0.000592𝑘𝑡
𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − 2.303 log + 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
162.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑘
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − log 𝑡 + log + log 0.000592 + 0.87𝑆
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
14.7
𝑃𝑖 𝑷𝒘𝒇
14.7 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟔𝑸𝝁𝑩𝒐 𝒌
𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1 = 𝑷𝒊 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒕 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
− 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝑺
𝒌𝒉 𝝋𝝁𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝒘
Validity of line-source solution
The line source solution is valid only after the early time t, where t is given by
3.79 ∗ 105 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
𝑡> (𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
4𝑘
At earlier time than above, the assumption of zero well radius is not appropriate.
Also the equation is valid during infinite acting flow period. Once the boundary effects are
felt, the pressure response is no longer infinite-acting and a steady state or pseudo-steady
state may emerge eventually. Hence, an upper limit of the validity of line source solution is
948𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
𝑡> 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
4𝑘
Thus the line source solution is valid for the time
3.79 ∗ 105 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2 948𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2

<𝑡<
4𝑘 4𝑘
Transient State Inflow Equation
𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 4𝑘𝑡
+ 2𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡)
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − 2.303 l𝑜𝑔 + 2𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
2.303𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 4𝑘
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − l𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + log 2
+ 0.87𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
0.183𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 2.246𝑘
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − l𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + log + 0.87𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
+ 0.35 + 0.87𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟔𝑸𝝁𝑩𝒐 𝒌
𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝑷𝒊 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒕 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 − 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝑺 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝒌𝒉 𝝋𝝁𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝒘 𝟐
Transient State Inflow Equation
Flowing BHP versus Time - Transient State
+ 0.35 + 0.87𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 l𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
0.183𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑎𝑡𝑚
Where, 𝑚 =
𝑘ℎ log 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.23
0.183𝑄𝜇𝐵 𝑜 + 0.87𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑘ℎ 𝑚 =𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒,𝜑𝜇𝑐 (𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡)
𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 162.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝑚 = (𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡)
𝑘ℎ
162.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Where, 𝑚 =
𝑘ℎ log 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 1 10 100 1000
time (t)
Skin Factor Determination
𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟔𝒒𝝁𝑩𝒐 𝒌
𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝑷𝒊 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒕 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
− 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝑺
𝒌𝒉 𝝋𝝁𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝒘
𝒌
𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝑷𝒊 − 𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒕 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 − 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝑺
𝝋𝝁𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝒘 𝟐
When t = 1 hr
𝑘
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
− 3.23 + 0.87𝑆
1ℎ𝑟 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑘
1ℎ𝑟
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
− 3.23 + 0.87𝑆
𝑚 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
1ℎ𝑟
0.87𝑆 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
+ 3.23
1ℎ𝑟
𝑆 = 1.15 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 3.23
𝑚 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
Wellbore Storage Q
Let us suppose that the well was shut before. We start
the well by opening the valve at surface at time t=0.
At time 𝑡 = 0, flow rate at surface is established as

desired. The first production will come from wellbore
and not the reservoir. That implies that initially the
production at surface is due to the expansion of fluid
in the wellbore, and not the reservoir.
Therefore, At time 𝑡 = 0,
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑄 𝑠𝑡𝑏/𝑑
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 0
The flow rate at sand face will slowly build up to

𝑄𝑠𝑓
become equal to surface flow rate after some time.
This defines the wellbore storage period.
Wellbore Storage Q
The first production comes from the wellbore.
𝑄𝑠𝑓 𝑄𝑤𝑏
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑠𝑓 + 𝑄𝑤𝑏
𝑄𝑠𝑓
The fluid produced will be the sum

production of fluid from wellbore (𝑄𝑤𝑏 ) 𝑄𝑠𝑓
and fluid coming from sand face (𝑄𝑠𝑓 ).
Wellbore Storage
The first production comes from the wellbore.
It implies that when
Q
𝑄𝑤𝑏 = 0 → 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑠𝑓
𝑄𝑠𝑓 𝑄𝑤𝑏
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑠𝑓 + 𝑄𝑤𝑏 → 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
𝑄𝑠𝑓
When 𝑄𝑠𝑓 = 0 → 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑤𝑏 →
𝑡 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
The fluid produced will be the sum 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
production of fluid from wellbore (𝑄𝑤𝑏 ) 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
and fluid coming from sand face (𝑄𝑠𝑓 ). 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑.
Wellbore Storage Q
According to definition of compressibility, the

compressibility of wellbore fluid is given by
𝜕𝑉𝑤𝑏
𝑐𝑤𝑏 = −
𝑉𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝜕𝑉𝑤𝑏 = −𝑐𝑤𝑏 𝑉𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝜕𝑉𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓
= −𝑐𝑤𝑏 𝑉𝑤𝑏
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Here
𝑉𝑤𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑏, 𝑐𝑤𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 , 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑠𝑖, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝜕𝑉𝑤𝑏 𝑄𝑤𝑏
If 𝑄𝑤𝑏 is in stb/d , 𝜕𝑡
=
24
𝑄𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑄𝑠𝑓
24 𝜕𝑡
Wellbore Storage
𝑄𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓 24𝑐𝑤𝑏 𝑉𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓

= −𝑐𝑤𝑏 𝑉𝑤𝑏 𝑄=−
24 𝜕𝑡 𝐵𝑜 𝜕𝑡
In terms of Reservoir bbls per day (rb/d) Let 𝑐𝑤𝑏 𝑉𝑤𝑏 = 𝐶𝑠

𝑄𝑤𝑏 𝐵𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓
24 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
During fully wellbore storage period,
24𝐶𝑠 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑤𝑏 𝑄=−
𝐵𝑜 𝜕𝑡
It implies that,
𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓
24 𝜕𝑡
Wellbore Storage
𝑄=−
𝐵𝑜 𝜕𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑓 − 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑄𝐵𝑜
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
The equation can be rearranged as 24𝐶𝑠
𝑄𝐵𝑜
𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓 = − 𝜕𝑡
24𝐶𝑠
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑡
𝑄𝐵𝑜
𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓 =− 𝜕𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 − ℎ𝑟𝑠
24𝐶𝑠
𝑃𝑖 0
𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 =
24𝐶𝑠
𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 −
24𝐶𝑠
Dimensionless Variables
Consider a reservoir with a well of
wellbore radius 𝑟𝑤 . The well is 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑘
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜑
producing under transient 𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝑖
condition. The pressure drop at 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑐𝑡
any time t at a distance r from 𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜇
wellbore will be given by The

line- calculated pressure
2𝑟 drop at any point
source solution in a reservoir will be same as long as
argument x of function ei(x) remains
2
𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 −
𝑞𝜇
𝑒𝑖( same.
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟
) It implies that
Consider the pressure
another case wheredrop
pressure
∆𝑃 drop is to
4𝑘𝑡 will be same be calculated at another point located at
4𝜋𝑘ℎ if the
distance 2r combination
after time 4t of of of flow.
start
∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐 𝑟 2 parameters 𝜑, 𝜇, 𝑐𝑡 , 𝑘, 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑞𝜇 𝑡 produce
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝑟)2
𝑡 𝑃 2𝑟, 4𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑒𝑖(
2 )
= 𝑒𝑖( ) 4𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 4𝑘(4𝑡)
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡 same value of 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
4𝑘𝑡
∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 2𝑟, 4𝑡 = 𝑒𝑖( )
Consider two reservoirs – Reservoir 1 & Reservoir 2 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑘1
Reservoir 1 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜑1
∆𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑠1 = 𝑃𝑖1 − 𝑃 𝑟1 , 𝑡1 𝑅𝑒𝑠1 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝑖1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑞1 𝜇1 𝜑1 𝜇1 𝑐𝑡1 𝑟12 𝑟1 = 𝑐𝑡1
= 𝑒𝑖 𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜇1
4𝜋𝑘1 ℎ1 4𝑘1 𝑡1 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑞1
𝑘1 ℎ1 ∆𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑠1 1 𝜑1 𝜇1 𝑐𝑡Generalising
1
𝑟1
2 this discussion on two
= 𝑒𝑖
𝑞1 𝜇1 4𝜋 4𝑘different
𝑡
1 1
reservoirs, if all properties are
∆𝑃𝑘ℎ
different, the term as a function of
𝑞𝜇𝐵
∆𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑠2 = 𝑃𝑖2 − 𝑃 𝑟2 , 𝑡2 𝑅𝑒𝑠1
𝑞2 𝜇2 𝜑2 𝜇2 𝑐𝑡2 𝑟22 would be valid for2 all
Reservoir 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑘2
= 𝑒𝑖 4𝑘𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜑2
4𝜋𝑘2 ℎ2 4𝑘2 𝑡2 homogenous isotropic reservoirs under𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝑖 2
2 𝑟2 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑘2 ℎ2 ∆𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑠2 1 𝜑 𝜇 𝑐
2 2 𝑡2 2𝑟 radial flow conditions. = 𝑐𝑡
= 𝑒𝑖 2
𝑞2 𝜇2 4𝜋 4𝑘2 𝑡2 𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜇2
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑞2
Dimensionless Variables Dimension of
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 :
𝑞𝜇
The equation for line-source solution is (𝐿2 ) 𝐿 ∗
𝑀
𝐿𝑇2
= 𝐿3 𝑀
= 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2 𝑇 𝐿𝑇
𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑒𝑖
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2 Dimension of :
∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑒𝑖 𝑘𝑡
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡 𝑀 𝐿𝑇2
(𝐿2 )
𝐿𝑇 𝑀
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2 = = 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
(𝐿2 )𝑇
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑒𝑖
𝑞𝜇 2 4𝑘𝑡
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
LHS of the equation = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 → 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑞𝜇
1 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
RHS of the equation = 𝑒𝑖 → 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
2 4𝑘𝑡
Following Dimensionless variables are defined:
𝑟
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠, 𝑟𝐷 =
𝑟𝑤
𝑘𝑡
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡𝐷 =
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝐷 𝑟𝐷 , 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑟,𝑡
𝑞𝜇
Substitution into radial diffusivity equation

𝑟 =
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑡𝐷
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝐷 =
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑟𝐷 1 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑡𝐷
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝐷 =
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟 𝑟𝑤 𝑘 𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 1 1 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑃 𝑘
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝐷 =
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤 𝑘 𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
Now,
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝐷 𝑟𝐷 , 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑟,𝑡
𝑞𝜇
𝜕𝑃𝐷 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑃
=−
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑡𝐷
𝜕𝑃𝐷 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑃
=−
𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑟𝐷
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 1 1 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑃 𝑘
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝐷 =
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤 𝑘 𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷
1 𝜕 𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑘
𝑟𝐷 =
𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝑘 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷
𝑟𝐷 =
𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝜕𝑡𝐷
The general solution to above equation will be dimensionless pressure as a

function of dimensionless radius and time.
As the pressure at wellbore is of main interest,
𝐴𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑤 , 𝑟𝐷 = 1
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝐷 1, 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝜇
If mechanical skin (S) is present,
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 + S
𝑞𝜇
𝑘𝑡
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡𝐷 = 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Conversion into field units:
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 q rb/d = 𝑄(

𝑠𝑡𝑏
)𝐵𝑜 (
𝑟𝑏
) = 𝑄𝐵𝑜 ∗
𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑏
𝑘 5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐
1000 (3600𝑡) 0.000264𝑘𝑡 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑡𝐷 = = =1.84 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜑𝜇(14.7𝑐𝑡 ) 30.48𝑟𝑤 2 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
𝑘
1000
𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.000264𝑘𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
𝑡𝐷 = (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠) ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑃𝑤𝑓
When time in days, 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 =
14.7
𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝑖
0.00634𝑘𝑡 14.7
𝑡𝐷 = (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠) 𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑞𝜇
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 q rb/d = 𝑄(

𝑠𝑡𝑏
)𝐵
𝑟𝑏
𝑑 𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑏)
( = 𝑄𝐵𝑜 ∗
𝑘 5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐
2𝜋 1000 30.48ℎ 𝑃 − 𝑃 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑖 𝑤𝑓
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = =1.84 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 14.7
𝑘
1000
𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.00708𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠) ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
14.7
𝑃𝑖
14.7
𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
Transient state flow equation in terms of Dimensionless Variables
+ 2𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln +𝑆
𝑞𝜇 2 𝛾
1 4𝑡𝐷 1
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809
2 𝛾 2
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.23 + 0.87𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛 2
− 7.439 + 2𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
70.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝛾𝑘 −7.439
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛(𝑒 ) + 2𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
70.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝛾𝑘𝑡𝑒 −7.439
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑙𝑛 + 2𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
0.00708𝑘ℎ 1 1.781 ∗ 𝑘𝑡 ∗ 0.00059

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑙𝑛 + 2𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 2 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
0.00708𝑘ℎ 1 0.001051𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑙𝑛 2
+ 2𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 2 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
0.00708𝑘ℎ 1 4 ∗ 0.000264𝑘𝑡
0.00708𝑘ℎ 1 4 ∗ 0.000264𝑘𝑡
0.00708𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln +𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 2 𝛾
1 4𝑡𝐷 1
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809
2 𝛾 2
Equations expressed in terms 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 and 𝑡𝐷 are

invariant in form, irrespective of the units system
used.
Expression of Wellbore Storage Condition in Dimensionless Variables
During wellbore storage,
𝑄=− 𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐵𝑜 𝜕𝑡
0.00708𝑘ℎ Dimension of𝐶𝐷 :

𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝐿𝑇2
𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 3
(𝐿 ) 𝑀
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
=−
0.00708𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓 0.00708𝑘ℎ 𝑄𝐵𝑜
= = 𝐿𝑇2 = 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝜕𝑡 𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝜕𝑡 𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 24𝐶𝑠 𝐿 (𝐿2)
𝑀
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑡𝐷 0.00708𝑘ℎ 𝑄𝐵𝑜
=
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑡 𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 24𝐶𝑠
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 0.000264𝑘 0.00708𝑘ℎ 1
=
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝜇 24𝐶𝑠
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 0.849𝐶𝑠
=1
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜑𝑐𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑤2
𝐶𝐷 = 1
𝜕𝑡𝐷
0.849𝐶𝑠
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐶𝐷 = = 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜑𝑐𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑤2
𝐶𝐷 = 1
𝜕𝑡𝐷
0.849𝐶𝑠
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 1
=
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝐷 = 1
𝜕𝑡𝐷
0.849𝐶𝑠
=
Dimensionless Variables and Pressure Derivative
0.00708𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜
0.00708𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝐷 = ∆𝑃
𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜
The pressure derivative in well test analysis is defined as pressure differentiated by the logarithm of time. The
characteristics of the pressure derivative are very critical for well test analysis, and the expression of pressure
derivative is
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷
𝑃𝐷′ = = 𝑡𝐷
𝜕(𝑙𝑛𝑡𝐷 ) 𝜕𝑡𝐷
The other way of expressing derivative is

′
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷
𝑃𝐷 = =
𝑡𝐷 𝐶𝐷 𝜕 𝑡𝐷
𝜕 ln
𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷
Type Curve
The Derivative as Diagnostic Tool
In a well test, the
pressure variation is
more significant than
100.0 the pressure itself. The
derivative method is
more recent and is
10.0 Dominating Transition Infinite acting used for the diagnostic
wellbore radial flow
storage effect of flow regimes in a
well test.
𝑃𝐷′
1.0 Horizontal
Maximum straight line
depends
upon 𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑆
0.1
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
𝑡𝐷
𝐶𝐷
The Derivative as Diagnostic Tool for wellbore storage period
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 Dominating
𝐶𝐷 = 1
𝜕𝑡𝐷 100.0 wellbore
0.849𝐶𝑠 storage Period
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐶𝐷 =
= 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 10.0
=
𝑃𝐷′
1.0
1 Both 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 and 𝑃𝐷′ will
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝐷 𝐷 coincide
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝑡𝐷 0.1
1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝜕𝑡𝐷
𝐶𝐷 𝑡𝐷
0 0
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 =
𝑡𝐷
→ log 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = log
𝑡𝐷 𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝐷′ =
𝑡
= = It implies that when both 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 and 𝑃𝐷′ is plotted against
𝜕 ln 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷 𝜕 𝑡𝐷 𝐶𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝐷 𝐶𝐷 on a log-log plot, it should give a straight line with unit
𝑡𝐷 𝐶𝐷
log 𝑃𝐷′ = log slope during fully wellbore storage period.
𝐶𝐷
Transient Radial Flow Case with Wellbore Storage and Skin
Transient Flow Equation is given by
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 𝑆 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆
𝑞𝜇 2 𝛾
1 4𝑡𝐷 1
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809
2 𝛾 2
Let us define a dimensionless wellbore pressure drop function

𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 which combines skin factor in its definition
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝜇
1 4𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln +𝑆
2 𝛾
1 4𝑡𝐷 1
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + ln 𝑒 2𝑆
2 𝛾 2
1 4𝑡𝐷 1
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + ln 𝑒 2𝑆
2 𝛾 2
Multiplying and dividing 𝑡𝐷 term by 𝐶𝐷
1 4𝑡𝐷 1
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln 𝐶𝐷 + ln 𝑒 2𝑆
2 𝛾𝐶𝐷 2
1 4𝑡𝐷 1 1
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + ln 𝐶𝐷 + ln 𝑒 2𝑆
2 𝛾𝐶𝐷 2 2
1 4𝑡𝐷 1
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + ln 𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑆
2 𝛾𝐶𝐷 2
1 𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 0.809 + ln 𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑆
2 𝐶𝐷
𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 can be plotted versus 𝐶𝐷 - which yields only 𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑆 as the correlating parameter,
𝐷
𝑡
rather than both 𝐶𝐷 and S. Thus, use of 𝐶𝐷 collapses two parameters (𝐶𝐷 and S) into a
𝐷
single parameter 𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑆 .
1 𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 0.809 + ln 𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑆
2 𝐶𝐷
100.0 𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝑡𝐷
The pressure derivative is then defined as
& 𝑃𝑤𝐷
′
′
𝜕𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 10.0
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = = 0.5 Radial
𝑡𝐷
𝜕 ln Flow
𝐶𝐷
𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝑡𝐷
1.0
Therefore the characteristic of transient radial 0.5
flow on derivative plot is that the derivative
curve segment is a horizontal straight line and 0.1
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
the value of ordinate of this horizontal line on 𝑡𝐷
dimensionless coordinates is exactly 0.5.
𝐶𝐷
Semi-Steady state Flow Condition
Since the well is draining from a closed q = Constant
boundary, the principle of material balance
applies. Let us suppose that the volume 𝑃𝑒
averaged pressure within the closed boundary 𝑃
is 𝑃 at any time t. Applying material balance, h
𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑐𝑡 𝑉 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 = 𝑞𝑡
Where, 𝑉 = 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑒

This is coming from compressibility equation
𝜕𝑉
𝑐𝑡 = −
𝑉𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑉
𝑐𝑡 𝑉 =− = −𝑞
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑃 𝑞 𝑞
=− =− 2
𝜕𝑡 𝑐𝑡 𝑉 𝜋𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑐𝑡 𝜑
𝜕𝑃
Substituting for in diffusivity equation, q = Constant
𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑞 𝑞𝜇 𝑃𝑒
𝑟 =− 2 =− 2
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜋𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑐𝑡 𝜑 𝜋𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑘
𝑃
Integrating both sides h

𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝜕 𝑟 =− 2 𝑟𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜋𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑘
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇𝑟 2 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑒
𝑟 =− 2 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜕𝑟 2𝜋𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑘
According to one of the conditions of semi-

𝜕𝑃
steady state flow, =0
𝜕𝑟 𝑟=𝑟𝑒
Therefore, putting 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒 in equation above,
𝑞𝜇
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 =
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇 1 𝑟 q = Constant
= − 2
𝜕𝑟 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟 𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑒
Integrating once again, 𝑃

𝑃𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
h
𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝑟𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑃 = − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟 𝑟𝑒2
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤
𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑒
𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟𝑤2
= ln − 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 term
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑒
At 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒 ,
When skin present,
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1 𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2
The common practice is to express the equation in the q = Constant
form of 𝑃 and not 𝑃𝑒 . The reason being that it is
difficult to measure boundary pressure. On the other 𝑃𝑒
hand, 𝑃 can be measured with the help of well test. 𝑃
h
The volume averaged pressure is defined as,
𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑤 𝑟
𝑃 𝜕𝑉
𝑃= 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒
𝜕𝑉 𝑟𝑤
𝑟𝑤
Now, 𝜕𝑉 = 2𝜋ℎ𝜑𝑟𝜕𝑟
Substituting 𝜕𝑉 in Eq(53),
𝑟𝑒
2𝜋ℎ𝜑 𝑟𝑤 𝑟
𝑃 𝑟𝜕𝑟
𝑃= 𝑟
2𝜋ℎ𝜑 𝑟 𝑒 𝑟𝜕𝑟
𝑤
𝑟𝑒
2
𝑃= 𝑃𝑟 𝑟𝜕𝑟 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒 ≫ 𝑟𝑤
𝑟𝑒2
𝑟𝑤
Substituting for 𝑃𝑟 q = Constant
𝑃 𝑃𝑒
𝑟𝑒
2 𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑃
= 2 ln − 2 + 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑟𝜕𝑟
𝑟𝑒 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2𝑟𝑒 h
𝑟𝑤
𝑃 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒
𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑞𝜇 2
= ln 𝑟𝜕𝑟 − 𝑟 3 𝜕𝑟 + 𝑃 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑤 2πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒4 𝑟𝑒2 𝑤𝑓
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑒
For 𝑟𝑒 ≫ 𝑟𝑤 , 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒
𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑞𝜇
𝑃= ln 𝑟𝜕𝑟 − 𝑟 3 𝜕𝑟 + 𝑃𝑤𝑓
πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑤 2πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒4
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤
𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln 𝑟𝜕𝑟 − 𝑟 3 𝜕𝑟
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤
Using Integration by parts in the 1st term of RHS,
𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒 q = Constant
𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝜇 1 𝑟2
ln 𝑟𝜕𝑟 = ln − 𝜕𝑟 𝑃𝑒
πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑤 πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑤 2 𝑟𝑤 πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒2 𝑟 2
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤
𝑟𝑒 𝑃
𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑒2
ln 𝑟𝜕𝑟 = 2 ln 𝑟 − ln h
πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑤 πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒 𝑤 2 𝑟𝑤 2
𝑟𝑤 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑟𝑒
𝑞𝜇 𝑟
− 𝜕𝑟
πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒2 2
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑒
𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒2 𝑞𝜇
ln 𝑟𝜕𝑟 = ln − 0 −
πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑤 πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑤 2 4π𝑘ℎ
𝑟𝑤
𝑟𝑒
𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝜇
ln 𝑟𝜕𝑟 = 𝑙𝑛 −
πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑤 2π𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 4π𝑘ℎ
𝑟𝑤
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 𝑟
Substituting for πℎ𝑘𝑟 2 ln 𝑟𝜕𝑟 in pressure equation
𝑒 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 𝑟
Substituting for ln 𝑟𝜕𝑟 in pressure equation,
πℎ𝑘𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤 q = Constant
𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑒
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln 𝑟𝜕𝑟 − 𝑟 3 𝜕𝑟 𝑃
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤
h
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝜇 𝑞𝜇
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑙𝑛 − − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
2π𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 4π𝑘ℎ 8π𝑘ℎ
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 3
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln −
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 4 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑒
If skin present,
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 3
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 4
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 3
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − +𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 4 Conversion into field units:
𝑃 𝑃𝑤𝑓 q rb/d = 𝑄( )𝐵𝑜 ( ) = 𝑄𝐵𝑜 ∗
− 𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑏
14.7 14.7 5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐
1.84 ∗ 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 𝑟𝑒 3 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= ln − +𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡) =1.84 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘 𝑟𝑤 4
2𝜋 1000 30.48 ∗ ℎ
𝑘
141.2𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑟𝑒 3 1000
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − +𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡) 𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 4
𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑤𝑓
14.7
𝑃𝑖
𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
14.7
𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
Dietz Shape Factor
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 3
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − +𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 4
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝜋𝑟𝑒2 1 3
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 =
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2
ln
4𝜋𝑟𝑤2
− ln(𝑒 2 ) + 𝑆
2 In generalised form, for any shape
of drainage
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝜋𝑟𝑒2 𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 2
3
4𝜋𝑟𝑤 𝑒 2
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln 2
+𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 56.32𝑟𝑤2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑧 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾(31.6)𝑟𝑤2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

31.6 = 𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑧 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
Dietz Shape Factor – Some Examples
Bounded Dietz Shape

Reservoir Factor
31.6
27.6
30.9
31.6
22.6
10.8
4.86
Semi-Steady state Equation
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln +𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2
Material balance suggests
𝑐𝑡 𝑉 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 = 𝑞𝑡
𝑞𝑡 𝑞𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 = =
𝑐𝑡 𝑉 𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ𝜑
Adding the two equations,
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴 𝑞𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 𝑆 +
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ𝜑
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴 2𝜋𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐴
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + +𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 Conversion into field units:
q rb/d = 𝑄( )𝐵𝑜 ( ) = 𝑄𝐵𝑜 ∗
𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑏
5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐
𝑘 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 1 4𝐴 2𝜋 1000 (3600𝑡)
− = ln + +𝑆 =1.84 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
14.7 14.7 2𝜋 𝑘 2 𝛾𝐶 𝑟 2 𝜑𝜇(14.7𝑐𝑡 )(30.482 𝐴)
𝐴 𝑤
1000 (30.48ℎ) 𝑘
1000
141.2𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 1 4𝐴 0.001656𝑘𝑡 𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + +𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡)
𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑤𝑓
14.7
𝑃𝑖
14.7
𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
141.2𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 1 4𝐴 0.001656𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + +𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡)
𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐴
0.2339𝑄𝐵𝑜
𝜑𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ
It implies that when Semi- steady state flow
conditions prevail, then if 𝑃𝑤𝑓 (psi) is plotted
against time (hrs), it should give a straight line
with slope value given by
141.2𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 0.001656𝑘 0.2339𝑄𝐵𝑜

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = ∗ = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 − ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐴 𝜑𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ
Semi-Steady state Equation – When rate is variable
Let rate of production at any time t = q(t)
𝑞(𝑡)𝜇 1 4𝐴
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln +𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑋𝑞(𝑡) Cumulative
Produced = Q
𝜇 1 4𝐴
Where, 𝑋 = 2𝜋𝑘ℎ ln 2 +𝑆
2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤
𝑞& 𝑄
If cumulative volume produced is Q, then
𝑞(𝑡)
𝑡
𝑄= 𝑞(𝑡)𝜕𝑡
0
Material balance suggests

𝜕𝑡
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
𝑐𝑡 𝑉 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 = 𝑄
𝑄 𝑄
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 = =
𝑐𝑡 𝑉 𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ𝜑
Semi-Steady state Equation – When rate is variable
𝑄 𝑄
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 = =
𝑐𝑡 𝑉 𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ𝜑 Division by q(t) is known as rate normalization
𝑄
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑋𝑞 𝑡 +
𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ𝜑
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑄
=𝑋+
𝑞(𝑡) 𝑞(𝑡)𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ𝜑
1
𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ𝜑
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞(𝑡)
Determination of slope
allows the connected
drainage volume (𝐴ℎ𝜑), and 𝑋
hence the drainage area to
be estimated. 𝑄
𝑞(𝑡)
Semi-Steady state Flow – Diagnostic on Derivative Plot
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + +𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴 2𝜋𝑘𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐴 𝑟𝑤2
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝐴
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 + S
𝑞𝜇 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝐴
1 4𝐴 2
𝑟𝑤
Therefore, 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln 2 + 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 𝐴
2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤
𝐶𝐷 can be included using
1 4𝐴 𝑡𝐷 𝑟𝑤2
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 2𝜋 𝐶
2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝐶𝐷 𝐴 𝐷
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝑟𝑤2

𝑃𝐷′ = = = 2𝜋 𝐶𝐷
𝑡𝐷 𝐶𝐷𝜕 𝑡𝐷 𝐶𝐷 𝐴
𝜕 ln 𝐶
𝐷 𝐶𝐷
Semi-Steady state Flow – Diagnostic on Derivative Plot
2
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝑟𝑤
𝑃𝐷′ = = = 2𝜋 𝐶𝐷
𝑡𝐷 𝐶 𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝐶 𝐷 𝐴
𝜕 ln 𝐶 𝜕 𝐶
𝐷 𝐷 100.0
& 𝑃𝐷′ 𝑡𝐷
Taking log both sides Semi-
𝑡 𝑟 2 Steady
log 𝑃𝐷′ = log
𝐷
+ log 2𝜋𝐶𝐷
𝑤 10.0 State
𝐶𝐷 𝐴 Flow
1.0
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
It implies that when Semi- 0.5
steady state flow starts in a 0.1

drawdown test, the 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
𝑡𝐷
pressure derivative curve
𝐶𝐷
changes from horizontal line
to a unit-slope straight line.
Principle of Superposition
The anticipated pressure response from a well can be modelled by combining responses from
two or more wells.
Superposition in Space: The total pressure drop at any point in a reservoir is the sum of the
pressure drops at that point caused by flow in each of the wells in the reservoir.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐴 Well A
= 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐴 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐵
+ 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐶
𝑞𝐴 𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑟𝐴𝐵 𝑟𝐴𝐶
= 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆
2 2
𝑞𝐵 𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐴𝐵 𝑞𝐶 𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐴𝐶
+ 𝑒𝑖 + 𝑒𝑖
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡
Well B Well C
Principle of Superposition
The anticipated pressure response from a well can be modelled by combining responses from
two or more wells.
Superposition in Time: Let us consider a well that produced at two different rates during a
drawdown test. The test initially started at a rate 𝑞1 stb/d. After a certain time (t), the well rate
increased to 𝑞2 stb/d. The principle of superposition is applied in this case by considering two
wells that produce at steady rates. The first well produces at 𝑞1 stb/d throughout the test.
However, a second well is superposed to account for the increase in the flow rate at time t. The
rate of the second well is expressed as (𝑞2 −𝑞1 ) stb/. The combined production from the two
wells is 𝑞2 stb/d after time t.
Actual rates of Unsteady rate replaced by
test well superposed rates in time.
𝑞2
𝑞1 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 1 @ 𝑞1
𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 2 @(𝑞2 −𝑞1 )

𝑡
Single No-Flow Boundary – Diagnostic on Conventional Plot
The Method of Images: A no-flow line at a distance, d, from the well is obtained analytically
with method of images by superposing:
• The pressure drop at the well in an infinite acting reservoir
• The pressure drop due to an identical well with the same flow rate history located at a
distance, 2d, from the well and symmetric to the boundary.
d d d
Well Well Image Well

d d d
Pressure at the well is expressed by,

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
= 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑞𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑞𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝑑)2
= 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆 + 𝑒𝑖
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝑑)2
= 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆 + 𝑒𝑖
d d d
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 2𝑑 2

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆 + 𝑒𝑖
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡 𝑞𝜇 𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 2𝑆 + ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑑 2
𝑞𝜇 2𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 2 ln + 2𝑆
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑑
𝑞𝜇 2𝑘𝑡
d d d
𝑞𝜇 2𝑘𝑡
0.3665𝑞𝜇 2𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = l𝑜𝑔 + 0.434𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑑
0.3665𝑞𝜇 𝑘 2
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = l𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + l𝑜𝑔 + l𝑜𝑔 + 0.434𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑑 𝛾
0.3665𝑞𝜇 𝑘
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = l𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + l𝑜𝑔 + 0.0504 + 0.434𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑑
Conversion into field
units:
( =
𝑑
5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐
d d d 𝑄𝐵𝑜 ∗ 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐

=1.84 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘
1000
𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.3665𝑞𝜇 𝑘 𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = l𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + l𝑜𝑔 + 0.0504 + 0.434𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠) ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑑 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
− 14.7
14.7 14.7 𝑃𝑖
𝑘 𝑃𝑖 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
14.7
0.3665 ∗ 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 1000 𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1
= l𝑜𝑔 3600 ∗ 𝑡 + l𝑜𝑔 + 0.0504
𝑘 𝜑𝜇(14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 )(30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 )(30.48 ∗ 𝑑) = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
30.48ℎ
1000
162.6𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇
Slope = m = 𝑘ℎ
d d d
𝑃𝑤𝑓 − 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
Slope = 2m = 𝑘ℎ
0.3665𝑞𝜇 𝑘
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = l𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + l𝑜𝑔 + 0.0504 + 0.434𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
325.2𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 𝑘
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = l𝑜𝑔(𝑡) + l𝑜𝑔 − 3.53 + 0.434𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)log 𝑡
The diagnostic for single no-flow boundary is the appearance of a

change in slope from the transient radial flow. The fault appears as
a straight line with a slope double of the initial one.
Single No-Flow Boundary – Distance to Fault
MTR
LTR
d
∆𝑃 − 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
d
Slope = m =
Well Image Well 𝑞𝜇
𝑞𝜇
4𝜋𝑘ℎ Slope = m =
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

The equation for 1st straight line:
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡
∆𝑃1 = ln + 2𝑆
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 ln 𝑡
The equation for 2nd straight line:
∆𝑃2 = ln + 2𝑆 + ln
𝑞𝜇 2𝑘𝑡 At the point of intersection,
∆𝑃2 = ln +𝑆 ∆𝑃1 = ∆𝑃2
Single No-Flow Boundary – Distance to Fault
MTR
LTR
d
d
Slope = m =
Well Image Well 𝑞𝜇
𝑞𝜇
4𝜋𝑘ℎ Slope = m =
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

At the point of intersection:
∆𝑃1 = ∆𝑃2
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑞𝜇 2𝑘𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡 ln 𝑡
ln + 2𝑆 = ln +𝑆
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑑
4𝑘𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡 2𝑘𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡
ln = 2 ln At the point of intersection,
𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑑
∆𝑃1 = ∆𝑃2
𝑘𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑=
𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡
Single No-Flow Boundary – Diagnostic on the Derivative Plot
d d d

= 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑞𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑞𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝑑)2
= 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆 + 𝑒𝑖
= 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆 + 𝑒𝑖
𝑑
𝑟𝐷 =
d d d 𝑟𝑤
(2𝑑) = 4𝑟𝐷2 𝑟𝑤2
2
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷 1 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐷2 𝑟𝑤2

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 𝑆 + 𝑒𝑖
𝑞𝜇 2 𝛾 2 𝑘𝑡
1 4𝑡𝐷 1 𝑡𝐷
= ln + 𝑆 + ln
2 𝛾 2 𝛾𝑟𝐷2
1 1 1
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809 + 2𝑆 + ln 𝑡𝐷 + ln − ln 𝑟𝐷2
2 2 𝛾
1 1 4
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809 + 2𝑆 + ln 𝑡𝐷 + ln − ln 4𝑟𝐷2
2 2 𝛾
𝑑
𝑟𝐷 =
d d d 𝑟𝑤
(2𝑑) = 4𝑟𝐷2 𝑟𝑤2
2
1 1 4
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809 + 2𝑆 + ln 𝑡𝐷 + ln − ln 4𝑟𝐷2
2 2 𝛾
1 1
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809 + 2𝑆 + ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809 − 2ln 2𝑟𝐷
2 2
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809 + 𝑆 − ln 2𝑟𝐷
The equation can be arranged including 𝐶𝐷

𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 0.809 + 𝑆 − ln 2𝑟𝐷 + ln(𝐶𝐷 )
𝐶𝐷
𝑑
𝑟𝐷 =
d d d 𝑟𝑤
(2𝑑) = 4𝑟𝐷2 𝑟𝑤2
2
𝑡𝐷 Therefore the characteristic of a sealing

𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 0.809 + 𝑆 − ln 2𝑟𝐷 + ln 𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝐷 fault on derivative plot is that the
𝜕𝑃𝐷 derivative curve segment is a horizontal
𝑃𝐷′ = = 1.0
𝑡𝐷 straight line and the value of ordinate of
𝜕 ln 𝐶
𝐷 this horizontal line on dimensionless
coordinates is exactly 1.0.
100.0
d d d Single No-
Flow
Well Well Image 10.0 Boundary
Well due to
sealing
Fault
1.0
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
0.5
𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 0.809 + 𝑆 − ln 2𝑟𝐷 + ln 𝐶𝐷 0.1
𝐶𝐷 1.0 100.0 1000.0
10.0 10000.0
𝑃𝐷′ = = 1.0
𝑡𝐷
𝜕 ln 𝐶 𝐶𝐷
𝐷
Single No-Flow Boundary – What if the well is too close to fault??
MTR LTR Hemiradial Flow

d d d No wellbore
storage
Well Well Image
Well
With wellbore
storage
ln 𝑡
If a test is carried out in a well very near to a fault and the first straight line is masked by
wellbore storage effects it is quite possible that inadvertently the slope of second
straight line may be used to estimate kh and skin, which would give completely the
wrong answer for kh and skin. This situation gives rise to hemiradial flow

d d d No wellbore
storage
Well Well Image
Well
With wellbore
storage
If there was no wellbore storage,
The equation for 1st straight line:
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡
∆𝑃1 = ln + 2𝑆
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
The equation for 2nd straight line: ln 𝑡
∆𝑃2 = ln + 2𝑆 + ln
𝑞𝜇 2𝑘𝑡
∆𝑃2 = ln +𝑆

d d d No wellbore
storage
Well Well Image
Well
With wellbore
storage
In the case of wellbore storage it is 2nd straight line
that should be used to find skin.
The equation for 2nd straight line:
∆𝑃2 =
𝑞𝜇
ln
2𝑘𝑡
+𝑆
ln 𝑡
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡𝑟𝑤
∆𝑃2 = ln +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑑
In the case of wellbore storage it is 2nd
straight line that should be used to find skin.
The equation for 2nd straight line: MTR LTR Hemiradial Flow
No wellbore
𝑞𝜇 2𝑘𝑡 storage
∆𝑃2 = ln +𝑆
∆𝑃2 = ln +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑑
𝑞𝜇
4𝑘𝑡𝑟𝑤 𝑚ℎ𝑟 = With wellbore
∆𝑃2 = 𝑚ℎ𝑟 ln +𝑆 2𝜋𝑘ℎ
2𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑑 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 storage
4𝑘𝑡 𝑟𝑤
∆𝑃2 = 𝑚ℎ𝑟 ln + ln +𝑆
𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 2𝑑
Hence if the (second) straight line ln 𝑡

corresponding to hemiradial flow is observed
the skin factor is given by: 𝑟
The term involving ln 𝑤 can be quite significant
∆𝑃2 1ℎ𝑟 4𝑘𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2𝑑
𝑆= − ln − ln and the distance to the fault must be known for the
𝑚ℎ𝑟 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 2𝑑
skin factor to be properly evaluated.
In the case of wellbore storage it is 2nd
straight line that should be used to find skin.
The equation for 2nd straight line: MTR LTR Hemiradial Flow
No wellbore
𝑞𝜇 2𝑘𝑡 storage
∆𝑃2 = ln +𝑆
∆𝑃2 = ln +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑑
4𝑘𝑡𝑟𝑤 With wellbore
∆𝑃2 = 𝑚ℎ𝑟 ln +𝑆
2𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑑 storage
4𝑘𝑡 𝑟𝑤
∆𝑃2 = 𝑚ℎ𝑟 ln + ln +𝑆
𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 2𝑑
Hence if the (second) straight line ln 𝑡

corresponding to hemiradial flow is observed
the skin factor is given by:
∆𝑃2 1ℎ𝑟 4𝑘𝑡 𝑟𝑤 For example, let us assume distance to fault (d) is 50 ft
𝑆= − ln − ln 𝑟𝑤
𝑚ℎ𝑟 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 2𝑑 and 𝑟𝑤 = 0.3 𝑓𝑡. Then the term ln = −5.809
2𝑑
Therefore in the case of skin estimated with
second straight line, assuming fault at 50 ft
and 𝑟𝑤 = 0.3 𝑓𝑡 MTR LTR Hemiradial Flow
∆𝑃2 1ℎ𝑟 4𝑘𝑡 No wellbore
𝑆= − ln + 5.809 storage
𝑚ℎ𝑟 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
However in the classical skin formula:
∆𝑃 1ℎ𝑟 4𝑘𝑡 𝑞𝜇
𝑆= − ln 𝑚𝑟 =
4𝜋𝑘ℎ
With wellbore
𝑚𝑟 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 storage
Therefore, the true damage skin will be

underestimated by 5.809 and the skin may
appear to be negative. ln 𝑡
It must be presumed that many well tests are analysed as fully infinite acting (no boundary) when, in reality,
they are influenced by a very proximate fault. Only geological and geophysical data will identify the presence
of such proximate boundaries and allow the correct well test interpretation. However a negative skin in a
well which has not been stimulated gives a possible clue to the occurrence of this situation.
Constant Pressure Boundary – Diagnostic on the Derivative Plot
The Method of Images: A constant pressure line at a distance, d, from the well is obtained
analytically with method of images by superposing:
• The pressure drop at the well in an infinite acting reservoir
• The pressure drop due to an identical injection well with the same flow rate history located
at a distance, 2d, from the well and symmetric to the boundary.
d q d d -q
Producing Well Image

Well Well,
Injection
well
d q d d -q

Well Well,
Injection
well

= 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 (𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
= 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆 − 𝑒𝑖
d q d d -q

Well Well,
Injection
well
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷 1 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐷2 𝑟𝑤2 1 4𝑡𝐷 1 𝑡𝐷

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 𝑆 − 𝑒𝑖 = ln + 𝑆 − ln
𝑞𝜇 2 𝛾 2 𝑘𝑡 2 𝛾 2 𝛾𝑟𝐷2
1 1 1
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809 + 2𝑆 − ln 𝑡𝐷 + ln − ln 𝑟𝐷2
2 2 𝛾
1 1 4
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809 + 2𝑆 − ln 𝑡𝐷 + ln − ln 4𝑟𝐷2
2 2 𝛾
d q d d -q

Well Well,
Injection
well
1 1 4
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809 + 2𝑆 − ln 𝑡𝐷 + ln − ln 4𝑟𝐷2
2 2 𝛾
1 1
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809 + 2𝑆 − ln 𝑡𝐷 + 0.809 − 2ln 2𝑟𝐷
2 2
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑆 + ln 2𝑟𝐷
d q d d -q
100.0
Producing Well Image Constant
Well, Pressure
Well
10.0 Boundary
Injection
well
1.0
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑆 + ln 2𝑟𝐷 0.5
𝜕𝑃𝐷 0.1
𝑃𝐷′ = = 0.0
𝑡𝐷 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
𝜕 ln 𝐶
𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝐶𝐷
Linear Flow – Diagnostic on conventional Plot
Linear flow means that the directions of flow lines basically parallel each other on the
formation plane in a certain local area so that the equal pressure curves are straight lines
and form a plane. The major formations and completion conditions causing linear flow :
• Linear Flow Caused by Parallel Impermeable Boundaries in the Formation such as

Graben Formed by Faults:
Fault Fault
Well
• Linear Flow Caused by Parallel Impermeable Boundaries in the Formation such as
Graben Formed by Faults:
In this case, linear flow occurs in the late time region of the
transient well test curve, because it is caused by boundary
influence.
• Linear Flow Caused by Hydraulically Created Fracture
Formation
In this case, linear flow occurs in the late time region of the
transient well test curve, because it is caused by boundary
influence.
The equation for linear flow in hydraulically fractured wells: 𝑠𝑡𝑏 𝑟𝑏
q rb/d = 𝑄( )𝐵𝑜 ( ) =
𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑏
5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐
𝑄𝐵𝑜 ∗
𝑞𝜇 𝜋𝑘𝑡 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑥𝑓2 =1.84 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘 𝑘
𝜋 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑘 𝑚𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 1000 1000
− = 2 𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
14.7 14.7 2𝜋 𝑘 𝜑𝜇 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 30.48 ∗ 𝑥𝑓
30.48ℎ 𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
1000
ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑤𝑓
4.06𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇𝑡 14.7
𝑃𝑖
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠) 𝑃𝑖 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
ℎ𝑥𝑓 𝑘𝜑𝑐𝑡 14.7
𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
Suppose the well is at the middle of the faults. The equation for linear flow in graben
formed by faults:
𝑞𝜇 𝜋𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 2 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑙 Fault Fault
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡
2
𝑘
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 4𝜋 3600 ∗ 𝑡
1000 Well
− = 𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
14.7 14.7 2𝜋 𝑘 𝜑𝜇 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 30.48 ∗ 𝑙 2
30.48ℎ
1000
l
8.12𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
ℎ𝑙 𝑘𝜑𝑐𝑡
The equation for linear flow in hydraulically fractured wells:
ℎ𝑥𝑓 𝑘𝜑𝑐𝑡
It implies that, in a hydraulically fractured well, if

𝑃𝑤𝑓 (psi) is plotted against time (hrs), it should
give a straight line with slope value given by 4.06𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇
Thus, fracture half length (𝑥𝑓 ) can be
determined
𝑡
The equation for linear flow in graben formed by faults:
It implies that, in a graben formed by faults, if

𝑃𝑤𝑓 (psi) is plotted against time (hrs), it should
give a straight line with slope value given by 8.12𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇
Thus, distance between faults (𝑙) can be
determined.
𝑡
Linear Flow – Diagnostic on Derivative Plot
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑥𝑓2
Any localized formation damage close to the wellbore becomes irrelevant if the
flow is linear into a fracture plane hundreds of feet long, so skin simply isn’t
considered.
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 2 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑥𝑓
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜋𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 2 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑥𝑓
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜋𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 2 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑥𝑓
Therefore,
𝜋𝑘𝑡 𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 2 = 𝜋𝑡𝐷 = 𝜋𝐶𝐷
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑥𝑓 𝐶𝐷
1
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝜋𝐶𝐷 𝑡𝐷 2
𝑃𝐷′ = = =
𝑡 𝐶𝐷 𝜕 𝑡𝐷 2 𝐶𝐷
𝜕 ln 𝐷
𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷
𝑃𝐷′ = =
𝑡𝐷 𝐶𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝜕 ln 𝜕 𝑡𝐷
𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷 Also 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝜋𝐶𝐷
1 𝐶𝐷
𝜋𝐶𝐷 𝑡𝐷 2
=
2 𝐶𝐷 Taking log both sides
Taking log both sides 1 𝑡𝐷

log 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = log 𝜋𝐶𝐷 + log
2 𝐶𝐷
𝜋𝐶𝐷 1 𝑡𝐷 Hence,
log 𝑃𝐷′ = log + log
2 2 𝐶𝐷
log 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 − log 𝑃𝐷′ = log 2 = 0.301
Linear Flow – Diagnostic on Derivative Plot – Graben formed by faults
It implies that in a graben
formed by faults, the Boundary
pressure derivative curve 100.0 Linear
Flow
changes from horizontal
line to a half-slope straight 10.0
log(2)
line. The half-slope
straight line appears in the 1.0 Slope = 0.5
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
late time region as it is
caused by boundary
0.1
influence. 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
𝑡𝐷
𝐶𝐷
Here the assumption is that the well lies in the middle of the
graben formed by faults. Only then the ordinate difference
between pressure and pressure derivative is log(2).
Linear Flow – Diagnostic on Derivative Plot – Hydraulically Fractured Wells
In hydraulically fractured wells:

• Derivative curve is a straight
line with half-unit slope 10.0 Linear Flow –
• Pressure curve is also a straight Hydraulic
Fractures
line with half-unit slope
1.0
• The ordinate difference
log(2)
between pressure and
derivative curve is log(2). 0.1
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
• Because the induced fracture is Slope = 0.5
closely connected with the
wellbore, such linear flow 0.01
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
appears immediately following 𝑡𝐷
the wellbore storage flow 𝐶𝐷
section.
Bilinear Flow
When the pressure drop in fracture plane is not negligible, a second linear flow regime is
established along fracture extension. Before the two ends of the fracture are reached, this
well configuration produces the so-called bi-linear flow regime:
𝑤𝑓 𝑘𝑓
Bilinear Flow – Diagnostic on Conventional Plot
The equation for bilinear flow in hydraulically fractured wells:
𝑞𝜇𝐵𝑜 1
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 44.1 1 𝑡4 (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
ℎ 𝑘𝑓 𝑤𝑓 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑘 4
Ref: Cinco-Ley, H. and Samaniego-V., F. 1981. Transient Pressure Analysis for Fractured Wells. J Pet Technol 33
(9): 1749-1766. SPE-7490-PA
• Until the end of bilinear flow, the test will 𝑞𝜇𝐵𝑜
not see the full length of the fracture. 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 44.1
1
Thus, it is not possible to determine ℎ 𝑘𝑓 𝑤𝑓 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑘 4
fracture length from tests that have not

been run long enough to detect the end
of straight line slope.
• The actual fracture conductivity 𝑘𝑓 𝑤𝑓 can
be determined from the bilinear flow 1
pressure data. 𝑡4
Bilinear Flow – Diagnostic on Derivative Plot
𝑞𝜇𝐵𝑜 1
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 44.1 1 𝑡4 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
ℎ 𝑘𝑓 𝑤𝑓 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑘 4
1
0.023𝑘ℎ 1 1 𝑘𝑡 4 𝑘
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 1 3 𝑡4 = = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝑞𝜇𝐵𝑜 − 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑤𝑓2 𝑘𝑓
𝑘𝑓 𝑤𝑓 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 4 𝑘 4
1 𝑘
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷 4
𝑘𝑓
1 𝑘
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷 4
𝑘𝑓
𝜕𝑃𝐷 1 −
3 𝑘
= 𝑡𝐷 4
𝜕𝑡𝐷 4 𝑘𝑓
From the definition of derivative
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷 1 1 𝑘
𝑃𝐷′ = = 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷 4
𝜕 ln 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑡𝐷 4 𝑘𝑓
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷 1 1 𝑘
𝑃𝐷′ = = 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷 4
𝜕 ln 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑡𝐷 4 𝑘𝑓
10.0 Bilinear Flow
– Hydraulic
Taking log both sides Fractures
1.0
𝑃𝐷′ 𝑡𝐷
1 𝑘 1
log 𝑃𝐷′ = log + log 𝑡𝐷 0.1
4 𝑘𝑓 4
Slope = 0.25
0.01
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
𝑡𝐷
𝐶𝐷
Spherical Flow – Diagnostic on conventional Plot
• Spherical flow occurs when flow from the formation to the wellbore is channelled
through a short set of perforations (restricted producing interval)
ℎ
What sort of response do you expect?
ℎ𝑝
• First, a radial flow regime near wellbore. It
means we see a stabilization which should
To apply the spherical flow model in the correspond to 𝑘ℎ𝑝 because it is only
case of production through a cylindrical developing across the limited perforation.
wellbore, an equivalent spherical • Further away from wellbore, we should
wellbore radius (rs) needs to be applied, expect a spherical flow indicated by a decline
which acts as the wellbore radius (rw) for in derivative.
all calculations involving spherical flow. • At large distance from well, again a radial
ℎ𝑝 flow stabilization is seen which corresponds
𝑟𝑠 = to 𝑘ℎ.
ℎ𝑝
2 ln
𝑟𝑤
Spherical Flow – Diagnostic on conventional Plot Conversion into field units:
( = 𝑄𝐵𝑜 ∗
𝑑
5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐
ℎ 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑘𝑠 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐

ℎ𝑝
3 3
= 𝑘𝑥 ∗ 𝑘𝑦 ∗ 𝑘𝑧 = 𝑘ℎ2 𝑘𝑣 =1.84 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘
The equation for spherical flow is given by (Ref - Culham, W. E. (1974, December 1000
1). Pressure
𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Buildup Equations for Spherical Flow Regime Problems. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
doi:10.2118/4053-PA) : ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝜇 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 14.7
𝑃𝑖
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = − 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑃𝑖 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
4𝜋𝑘𝑠 𝑟𝑠 3 3 14.7
4𝜋 2 𝑘𝑠2 𝑡 𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 𝜑𝜇 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡

− = − 3 (𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
14.7 14.7 4𝜋 𝑘𝑠 3
30.48𝑟𝑠 𝑘𝑠 2
1000 4𝜋 2 3600 ∗ 𝑡
1000
Spherical Flow – Diagnostic on conventional Plot Conversion into field units:
q rb/d = 𝑄( 𝑑
)𝐵𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑏)
( =
𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑘𝑠 5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐
ℎ𝑝 ℎ 3
𝑄𝐵𝑜 ∗
3 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 𝑘𝑥 ∗ 𝑘𝑦 ∗ 𝑘𝑧 = 𝑘ℎ2 𝑘𝑣
=1.84 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘
𝑘 𝑚𝐷 =
𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
1000
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 𝜑𝜇 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
− = − 3 (𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
14.7 14.7 4𝜋 𝑘𝑠 30.48𝑟𝑠 3
𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
1000 𝑘𝑠 2
ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
4𝜋 2 3600 ∗ 𝑡
1000 𝑃𝑤𝑓
14.7
𝑃𝑖
70.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 2453𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 14.7
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = − (𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠) 𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
𝑘𝑠 𝑟𝑠 3
𝑘𝑠2 𝑡
Spherical Flow – Diagnostic on conventional Plot
𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑘𝑠
ℎ𝑝 ℎ 3 3
70.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 2453𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 2453𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = − 3 (𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠) 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑚 =
𝑘𝑠 𝑟𝑠 3
𝑘𝑠2 𝑡 𝑘𝑠2
It illustrates that the formation vertical
permeability (𝑘𝑣 ) may be estimated (assuming
horizontal permeability is known during the
spherical flow regime by using the slope of the
reciprocal square-root-of-time straight line. 1
𝑡
Spherical Flow – Diagnostic on log-log Plot
ℎ 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑘𝑠
ℎ𝑝
3 3
The equation for spherical flow is given by (Ref - Culham, W. E. (1974, December 1). Pressure
Buildup Equations for Spherical Flow Regime Problems. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
doi:10.2118/4053-PA) :
𝑞𝜇 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = − 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
4𝜋𝑘𝑠 𝑟𝑠 3 3
4𝜋 2 𝑘𝑠2 𝑡
2𝜋𝑘𝑠 𝑟𝑠 1 𝑟𝑠 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = − 1 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝑞𝜇 2 1
2𝜋 2 𝑘𝑠2 𝑡
ℎ𝑝
3 3
1 𝑟𝑠 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 1 1 1 1
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = − 1 = − = 1−
2 1 2 2 𝜋𝑡𝐷
2
2𝜋 2 𝑘𝑠 𝑡 𝜋𝑘𝑠 𝑡
2
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑠2
3 1
𝜕𝑃 𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷 1 − 1 −
𝑃𝐷′ = = 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷 𝑡𝐷 2 = 𝑡𝐷 2
𝜕 ln 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑡𝐷 4 𝜋 4 𝜋
Taking log both sides
1 1
log 𝑃𝐷′ = log − log 𝑡𝐷
4 𝜋 2
ℎ𝑝
3 3
100.0
1 𝑟𝑠 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 1 1 1 1
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = − 1 = − = 1−
10.0 2
2 1 2 𝜋𝑡𝐷
2
2𝜋 2 𝑘𝑠 𝑡 𝜋𝑘𝑠 𝑡
2
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑠2 1
Slope = − 2
1.0
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
′
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷 1 −32 1 −2
1
𝑃𝐷 = = 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷
𝜕 ln 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑡𝐷 4 𝜋 4 𝜋
0.1
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
Taking log both sides
𝑡𝐷
1 1
log 𝑃𝐷′ = log − log 𝑡𝐷
4 𝜋 2
Pressure Build-Up Test
q
Rate q
Rate
t ∆t
Time
t ∆t
Time
Pressure
𝑃𝑤𝑠 -q
𝑃𝑤𝑓
t ∆t
Time
q
The analysis for a build-up test is
Rate
based on applying the principle of
superposition in time. Prior to the
shut-in period the well produces at
rate q. Once the well is shut in for
t ∆t the build-up test following a certain
Time
time period (t), an imaginary well
producing at a rate (–q) is
superposed on the original well.
Hence, the net production from the
Pressure
𝑃𝑤𝑠 two well system, one real and the

𝑃𝑤𝑓
other imaginary, is zero during the
build-up period.
t ∆t
Time
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
q
= 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
Rate + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
= 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝑡𝑝 ∆t
Time 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
− 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘∆𝑡
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
Pressure
= 𝑒𝑖 − 𝑒𝑖
𝑃𝑤𝑠 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 4𝑘∆𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑡𝑝 ∆t
Time
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
q = 𝑒𝑖 − 𝑒𝑖
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 4𝑘∆𝑡
Rate
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 4𝑘∆𝑡
= ln − ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
𝑞𝜇 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
= ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ ∆𝑡
𝑡𝑝 ∆t
Time
Pressure
𝑃𝑤𝑠
𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑡𝑝 ∆t
Time
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = ln 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑏 𝑟𝑏
4𝜋𝑘ℎ ∆𝑡 q rb/d = 𝑄( )𝐵𝑜 ( ) = 𝑄𝐵𝑜 ∗
𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑏
5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑠 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
− =
𝑘
ln 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 =1.84 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
14.7 14.7 4𝜋 30.48ℎ ∆𝑡
1000
𝑘
162.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 1000
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = l𝑜𝑔 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘ℎ ∆𝑡
𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑤𝑠
𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
14.7
𝑃𝑖
14.7
𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = ln 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 Shut-in Pressure versus Time - Transient State
4𝜋𝑘ℎ ∆𝑡
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑠 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
− = ln 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
14.7 14.7 4𝜋 𝑘 ∆𝑡
30.48ℎ
1000
162.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = l𝑜𝑔 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑤𝑠
𝑘ℎ ∆𝑡
162.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝑚 = (𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡)
𝑘ℎ
1 10 100 1000
𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
∆𝑡
Pressure Build-Up Test – Determination of Skin
An expression for skin can be obtained by combining:
1. The equation for flowing bottom hole pressure at the instant the well is shut-in
2. The equation for well pressure at a time interval 1 hr following shut-in
The equation for pressure drop at the instant the well is shut-in:
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 ∆𝑡=0 = 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡𝑝
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡𝑝
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 ∆𝑡=0 = ln 2
+ 2𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑝 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
− 3.23 + 0.87𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
∆𝑡=0 𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
The equation for pressure drop at a time interval 1 hr following shut-in:

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆𝑡=1ℎ𝑟 = l𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑝 + 1 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑘ℎ
As 𝑡𝑝 ≫ 1, 𝑡𝑝 + 1 ~ 𝑡𝑝
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆𝑡=1ℎ𝑟 = l𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑝 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑘ℎ
Subtracting the two equations:
𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆𝑡=1ℎ𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
− 3.23 + 0.87𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
∆𝑡=0 𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
𝑘
𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆𝑡=1ℎ𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
− 3.23 + 0.87𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
∆𝑡=0 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆𝑡=1ℎ𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑘

∆𝑡=0
𝑆 = 1.15 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
+ 3.23 (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
Pressure Build-Up Test – Concept of Equivalent Time
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = l𝑜𝑔 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑘ℎ ∆𝑡
The issue with build-up test is that the pressure ultimately will stabilize. In the equation
above,
𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡
When = 1, 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 𝑃𝑖
∆𝑡
𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡
It implies that when = 1, the Horner plot extrapolates to 𝑃𝑖 in the case of infinite
∆𝑡
acting radial flow, or Horner extrapolated pressure 𝑃∗ in other kinds of flow response.
This is expected from physical consideration too, because pressure in the reservoir can not
be expected to increase beyond its original value. The consequence of this is that the
pressure derivative will tend toward zero at later shut-in time.
• It can be seen that pressure can 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡

𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑣𝑠 − Pressure Build − up Test
not increase beyond 𝑃𝑖 or 𝑃∗ ∆𝑡
𝑃𝑖 or 𝑃∗
𝑃𝑖 → 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑃∗ → 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑃
𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡
• When → 1, the derivative
∆𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑠 − 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝜕𝑃
𝑡 →0
𝜕𝑡
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
∆𝑡
𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡
• When → 1, the derivative 100.0
∆𝑡
𝜕𝑃
𝑡 →0
𝜕𝑡
• It implies that the pressure 10.0
𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑡
The downward trend in derivative
may be due to stabilization of
∆𝑃 & 𝑡
derivative will tend toward zero at pressure at later shut-in times.
later shut-in time.
1.0
• The downward trend in the
derivative at late time might be
confused with some kind of 0.1
boundary effect, even though the 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
actual response is purely infinite ∆𝑡
acting radial flow.
Pressure drop due to drawdown response at time 𝑡𝑝
𝑡𝑝
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑝 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.23 + 0.87𝑆
𝑃𝑤𝑠
Pressure
Pressure drop due to build-up response at time (𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡)
𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡 = l𝑜𝑔
𝑘ℎ ∆𝑡
𝑡𝑝 ∆t
Subtracting the two equations, we get Time
𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓

𝑡𝑝
162.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑡𝑝 ∆𝑡 𝑘
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.23 + 0.87𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
Let us define a time 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 where we estimate the pressure drop due
to drawdown and build-up at the same time.
𝑡𝑝 +𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓
162.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑘 𝑃𝑤𝑠
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑝 + 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
− 3.23 + 0.87𝑆
Pressure
𝑃𝑤𝑓
162.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑡𝑝 + 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑡𝑝 +𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 = l𝑜𝑔
𝑘ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑡𝑝 ∆t
Subtracting the two equations, we get Time
𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑡𝑝 +𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.23 + 0.87𝑆
As we have option of plotting only 𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 as ∆𝑃, it

𝑡𝑝
gives rise to distorted log-log plot.
However, we can define a shut-in time 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 where the difference 𝑃𝑤𝑠
between drawdown and build-up pressure drops
Pressure
𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑡𝑝 +𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑤𝑓 will be the same as the current
𝑃𝑤𝑓
measured difference between 𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑤𝑓 .
𝑡𝑝
𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑡𝑝 +𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑡𝑝 ∆t

𝑡𝑝 +𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑝
162.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑘 Time
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.23 + 0.87𝑆
162.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝑡𝑝 ∆𝑡 𝑘
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.23 + 0.87𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
𝑡𝑝 ∆𝑡
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
Radius of Investigation
The pressure response in a transient flow condition is given by
∞
𝑃 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝜕𝑠
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑠
𝑥=
4𝑘𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t,
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑠 𝑞𝜇 𝑒 −𝑠 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
− 4𝑘𝑡
= = − − = 𝑒
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑠 4𝑘𝑡 2 4𝜋𝑘ℎ𝑡
We can find a time t at which rate of change of pressure is minimum at

radius 𝑟𝑖 .
𝜕2𝑃 𝑞𝜇 −
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2 −𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡𝑟 2
2
=− 2
𝑒 4𝑘𝑡 + 2
𝑒 4𝑘𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑡 4𝜋𝑘ℎ𝑡 4𝜋𝑘ℎ𝑡 4𝑘𝑡
=1
4𝑘𝑡
𝑘𝑡
𝑟𝑖 = 2
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡
Pressure Build-up Analysis in Bounded System
Actual rates of Unsteady rate replaced by
test well superposed rates in time.
𝑞2
𝑞1 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 1 @ 𝑞1
𝑡1
𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 2 @(𝑞2 −𝑞1 )
𝑡1
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑞1 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆 + (𝑞2 − 𝑞1 ) 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 − 𝑡𝐷1 + 𝑆
𝜇
If it is build-up test, 𝑞1 = 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 = 0

2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 − 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 − 𝑡𝐷1
𝑞𝜇
When it is buildup test, any time in shut-in can be expressed as
In the case where the reservoir is
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
infinite acting and both 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝐷
Therefore, and 𝑃𝐷 ∆𝑡𝐷 can be expressed as as

logarithmic approximation
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑃𝐷 ∆𝑡𝐷 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 = ln
𝑞𝜇 𝐷 𝐷 2 𝛾
1 4∆𝑡
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑃𝐷 ∆𝑡𝐷 = ln
2 𝛾
Expressing 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 as 𝑃𝐷𝑠
𝑞𝜇
It implies,
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝑃𝐷𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 𝐷
− 𝑃𝐷 ∆𝑡𝐷 𝑃𝐷𝑠 =
𝑞𝜇𝐵 𝑖
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = ln
2 ∆𝑡
It is giving rise to the familiar Horner
plot.
In many situations the flow period 𝑡𝑝 is sufficiently long that the extrapolated
drawdown dimensionless pressure function 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 is either in the late
𝐷
𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡
transient or semi-steady-state regimes and the Horner time function ln is
∆𝑡
not strictly applicable. In that case semi-steady state expression is applicable
1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 1 4𝐴 𝑘(𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡)

𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 𝐷 = ln + 2𝜋 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 𝐷 = ln + 2𝜋
2 2
𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝐴 2 2
𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐴
1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 1 4𝐴 𝑘∆𝑡
𝑃𝐷 ∆𝑡𝐷 = ln + 2𝜋∆𝑡𝐷 = ln + 2𝜋
2 2
𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝐴 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐴
𝑞𝑡
This is similar to 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 = where well
2𝜋𝑘 𝑡𝑝 𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ𝜑
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
Hence, 𝑃𝐷𝑠 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = produces from bounded system leading to
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐴 application of material balance. Thus the
𝑞𝑡𝑝
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = shut-in pressure, 𝑃𝑤𝑠 , will build up
𝜑𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ eventually to the average pressure 𝑃
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝐷𝑠 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠
𝑞𝜇
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑃𝐷 ∆𝑡𝐷
𝐷
∆𝑡𝑝𝑠𝑠
𝑃 𝑞𝜇
𝑃𝑤𝑓 / 𝑃𝑤𝑠
= 𝑃 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝐷 𝐷
𝑞𝜇
𝑃𝑤𝑠 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃 ∆𝑡
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝐷 𝐷
𝑃𝑤𝑓 (𝑡𝑝 )
𝑡𝑝 > 𝑡𝑝𝑠𝑠
𝑡𝑝
∆𝑡
𝑡𝑝𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑜 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒

The important point is that there is
usually a middle time region where 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
there is a straight line on the Horner 𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑣𝑠 − Pressure Build − up Test
∆𝑡
plot of slope m which yields the 𝑃𝑖 or 𝑃∗
formation permeability in the usual 𝑃

way. However, the intercept, p*, of
this straight line is neither the initial
𝑃𝑤𝑠 − 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
pressure, 𝑃𝑖 , nor the average
pressure, 𝑃; p* is less than 𝑃 . For
specific single well closed systems it
is possible to relate p* to 𝑃 . ; this
means that once the MTR straight
line segment has been identified 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
there is no need to prolong the shut- 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
in period since p* is available and ∆𝑡
𝑃can be computed from the model.
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑃𝐷 ∆𝑡𝐷
𝑞𝜇 𝐷
1 ∆𝑡𝐷
For smaller values of ∆𝑡 , 𝑃𝐷 ∆𝑡𝐷 = ln
2 𝛾
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 ∆𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 − ln
𝑞𝜇 𝐷 2 𝛾
1
Adding and subtracting ln 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 in the RHS
2 𝐷
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 ∆𝑡𝐷 1
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 − ln ± ln 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝑞𝜇 𝐷 2 𝛾 2 𝐷
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 ∆𝑡𝐷 1
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 − ln ± ln 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝑞𝜇 𝐷 2 𝛾 2 𝐷
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 1 1 4
𝐷
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 + ln − ln 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 − ln
𝑞𝜇 𝐷 2 ∆𝑡𝐷 2 𝐷 2 𝛾
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 1 4 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝐷
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 + ln − ln
𝑞𝜇 𝐷 2 ∆𝑡 2 𝛾
For smaller values of ∆𝑡,
𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑝 and
𝐷 𝐷
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝
𝐷 𝐷
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 1 4 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 𝐷
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 + ln − ln
𝑞𝜇 𝐷 2 ∆𝑡 2 𝛾
For smaller values of ∆𝑡,
𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑝 and
𝐷 𝐷
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝
𝐷 𝐷
Therefore,
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 1 4 𝑡𝑝 𝐷
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠 = ln + 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 − ln
𝑞𝜇 2 ∆𝑡 𝐷 2 𝛾
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 1 4 𝑡𝑝 𝐷
𝑞𝜇 2 ∆𝑡 𝐷 2 𝛾
Since the dimensionless flowing time to is a constant and also the last two
terms on the right-hand side of equation are constant and therefore, for small
𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡
values of ∆𝑡 , a plot of the observed values of 𝑃𝑤𝑠 versus ln should be
∆𝑡
𝑞𝜇
linear with slope 𝑚 = , from which the value of the permeability can be
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
determined.
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 1 4 𝑡𝑝 𝐷
𝑞𝜇 2 ∆𝑡 𝐷 2 𝛾
Above equation is the equation describing the early linear buildup and due to the
manner of derivation is only valid for small values of ∆𝑡. Nevertheless, having
obtained such a straight line it is perfectly valid to extrapolate the line to the
𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡
values of ∆𝑡 at which ln = 0, in which case equation can be replaced by
∆𝑡
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4 𝑡𝑝 𝐷
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃∗ = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 − ln
Extrapolation of this line is useful in the determination of the average reservoir

pressure.
If the well could be closed in for an infinite

period of time the initial linear buildup
would typically follow the blue line.
The final buildup pressure 𝑃 is the average

pressure within the bounded volume being
drained and is consistent with the material
balance for this volume, i.e,
𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ𝜑 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 = 𝑞𝑡
The final buildup pressure 𝑃 is the average

pressure within the bounded volume being
drained and is consistent with the material
balance for this volume, i.e,
𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ𝜑 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 = 𝑞𝑡𝑝
Which can be expressed as
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑞𝑡𝑝

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 = = 2𝜋 𝑡𝑝
𝑞𝜇 𝑞𝜇 𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ𝜑 𝐷𝐴
and
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 = 2𝜋 𝑡𝑝
𝑞𝜇 𝐷𝐴
Using above two equations, we get
4𝜋𝑘ℎ ∗ 4 𝑡𝑝 𝐷
𝑃 − 𝑃 = 4𝜋 𝑡𝑝 + ln − 2𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝
𝑞𝜇 𝐷𝐴 𝛾 𝐷
Since 𝑃∗ is obtained from the extrapolation of the observed pressure trend on

the Horner buildup plot, then 𝑃 can be calculated once the right hand side of
the above equation has been correctly evaluated.
It is difficult to evaluate the component 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 𝐷
as we don’t know if 𝑃𝐷
solution be applied for transient state or semi-steady state. For a well
producing from the centre of a regular shaped drainage area there is a fairly
abrupt change from transient to semi-steady state, and hence it is relatively
easy to use one of the solutions. However, Problems arise when trying to
evaluate 𝑃𝐷 functions for wells producing from asymmetrical positions with
respect to irregular shaped drainage boundaries because the transition from
transient to semi-steady state takes time.
Matthews, Brons and Hazebroek derived 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 functions for a variety of

bounded geometrical shapes and for wells asymmetrically situated with
respect to the boundary using the so-called "method of
images"
4𝜋𝑘ℎ
MBH method defines 𝑃∗ − 𝑃 as 𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝 𝐷𝐴
𝑞𝜇
4 𝑡𝑝 𝐷
𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝 = 4𝜋 𝑡𝑝 + ln − 2𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝
𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐴 𝛾 𝐷
1 4 𝑡𝑝 1
𝐷
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 = 2𝜋 𝑡𝑝 𝐷𝐴 + ln − 𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝
𝐷 2 𝛾 2 𝐷𝐴
Method of image used by MBH
𝑎𝑗
In order to maintain a strict no-flow condition at the outer boundary

requires the placement of an infinite grid of virtual or image wells, a part of
such an array (illustrated above for a 2 : 1 rectangular bounded reservoir),
each well producing at the same rate as the real well within the boundary.
Method of image used by MBH
𝑎𝑗
The constant terminal rate solution for this complex system can then be
expressed as
∞
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑗2
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 𝑒𝑖
𝑞𝜇 2 𝛾 4𝑘𝑡
𝑗=2
Method of image used by MBH First term on the right hand side of the
equation is the component of the
pressure drop due to the production of
the well itself, within an infinite
reservoir and the infinite summation is
𝑎𝑗 the contribution to the wellbore pressure
drop due to the presence of the infinite
array of image wells which simulate the
no-flow boundary. The exponential
integral function is the line source
solution of the diffusivity equation
introduced for the constant terminal rate
case and is necessitated by the fact that
the distance 𝑎𝑗 between the producing
The constant terminal rate solution for this complex well
systemandcan
thethen
jth be
image well is large so
expressed as that the logarithmic expression of the
∞ line source
2 solution is not valid and the
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷 𝜑𝜇𝑐exponential
full 𝑡 𝑎𝑗 integral solution must be
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 𝑒𝑖 used.
𝑞𝜇 2 𝛾 4𝑘𝑡
𝑗=2
Using this method to determine 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 MBH were able to evaluate the MBH equation
for a wide variety of boundary conditions and presented their results as plots of
4𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃∗ − 𝑃 vs 𝑡𝑝 𝐷𝐴
𝑞𝜇
1 4 𝑡𝑝 𝐷 1
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 = 2𝜋 𝑡𝑝 𝐷𝐴 + ln − 𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝
𝐷 2 𝛾 2 𝐷𝐴
1 4 𝑡𝑝
For small values of 𝑡𝑝 (when transient equation applies), 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 𝐷
= 2 ln 𝛾
𝐷
Therefore, above equation becomes,

𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝 = 4𝜋 𝑡𝑝
𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐴
Alternatively, for very long flowing times, when semi steady state conditions prevail,
1 4𝐴 𝑘 𝑡𝑝 1 4𝐴
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝑝 = ln 2 + 2𝜋 = ln 2 + 2𝜋 𝑡𝑝
𝐷 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐴 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝐷𝐴
Therefore, the MBH equation becomes
4 𝑡𝑝 𝐷 4𝐴 𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝑡𝑝 𝐷
𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝 = ln − ln = ln = ln 𝐶𝐴 𝑡𝑝
𝐷𝐴 𝛾 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝐴 𝐷𝐴
For small values of 𝑡𝑝 (when transient equation applies),
𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝 = 4𝜋 𝑡𝑝
𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐴
For very long flowing times, when semi steady state conditions prevail,
𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝 = ln 𝐶𝐴 𝑡𝑝
𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐴
Inspection of the MBH plots, for a well situated at the centre of a regular shaped bounded area,
illustrates the significance of above equations. For small values of the dimensionless flowing time
𝑡𝑝 𝐷𝐴
the semi-log plot of 𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝 𝐷𝐴
vs 𝑡𝑝 𝐷𝐴
is non-linear while for large 𝑡𝑝 𝐷𝐴
the plots are
𝜕𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝
𝐷𝐴
all linear, and have unit slope = 1.
𝜕 ln 𝐶𝐴 𝑡𝑝
𝐷𝐴
For very long flowing times, when semi steady state conditions prevail,
𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝 = ln 𝐶𝐴 𝑡𝑝
𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐴
Above equation is interesting since it reveals how the Dietz shape factors were
originally determined. Dietz evaluated the relationship expressed in above equation
for the specific value of 𝑡𝑝 𝐷𝐴 = 1.
𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑝 = 1 = ln 𝐶𝐴
𝐷𝐴
Values of ln 𝐶𝐴 (and hence 𝐶𝐴 ) could be determined as the ordinate of the MBH

charts for each separate plot corresponding to the value of 𝑡𝑝 𝐷𝐴 = 1.
Radius of Investigation
𝑘𝑡
𝑟𝑖 = 2 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 Conversion into field units:
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡
𝑘
𝑘 (3600𝑡) 𝑘 𝑚𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
1000
1000 𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
30.48𝑟𝑖 = 2 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑖 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑖 𝑐𝑚
𝜑𝜇(14.7𝑐𝑡 )
𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
𝑘𝑡
𝑟𝑖 = 0.0325 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡
Or,
𝑘𝑡
𝑟𝑖 = 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
948𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡
Permeability Estimation using derivative plot
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝜇
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑃
=− =
𝜕𝑡 𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑡 𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑡𝐷 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑃
=
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑡 𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝑘 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑃
2
=
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑡
Multiplying by t both sides

𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝑘𝑡 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑃
2
= 𝑡
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑃
𝑡𝐷 = 𝑡
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑡
Permeability Estimation using derivative plot
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑃
𝑡𝐷 = 𝑡 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 q rb/d = 𝑄(
𝑠𝑡𝑏
)𝐵 (
𝑟𝑏
) =
𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝑞𝜇 𝜕𝑡 𝑑 𝑜
5.615∗28316.8 𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑡𝑏
𝑄𝐵𝑜 ∗
24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘
𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 2𝜋 1000 (30.48ℎ) 𝜕 𝑃 =1.84 𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑡𝐷 = 𝑡 14.7 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑘
𝜕𝑡𝐷 (1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 )𝜇 𝜕𝑡 𝑘 𝑚𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
1000
𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠. = 3600 ∗ 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜕𝑃 (1.84 ∗ 14.7 ∗ 1000)𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
𝑡 = 𝑡𝐷 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝜕𝑡 2𝜋𝑘ℎ ∗ 30.48 𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝑃
𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
14.7
𝜕𝑃 141.2𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝑃𝑖
𝑡 = 𝑡𝐷 𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 14.7
𝜕𝑡 𝑘ℎ 𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 = 14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑚−1
Estimation of Skin using derivative plot
𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝒌
= 𝑷𝒊 − 𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒕 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 − 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝑺
𝑆 = 1.15
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇
− log 𝑡 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑘
+ 3.23 Hence for radial flow regime,
𝑚 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
′
141.2𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 70.6𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜
𝑃 = ∗ 0.5 =
𝑘ℎ 𝑘ℎ
We know that,
𝑚=
𝑘ℎ Relating 𝑃′ with m,
Also from the relationship: ′
70.6 ∗ 𝑚
𝑃 =
𝜕𝑃 141.2𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
162.6
𝑡
𝜕𝑡
= 𝑃′ =
𝑘ℎ
𝑡𝐷
𝜕𝑡𝐷 Hence , 𝑚 = 2.303𝑃′
In the radial flow regime,
𝑡𝐷 = 0.5
𝜕𝑡𝐷
Estimation of Skin using derivative plot
𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝒌
= 𝑷𝒊 − 𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒕 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 − 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝑺
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝑘
𝑆 = 1.15 − log 𝑡 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 3.23
𝑚 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2 100.0 ∆𝑃𝑠
∆𝑷𝒔 𝒌
𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑡
𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒕𝒔 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 + 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 10.0
𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝑷,𝒔 𝝋𝝁𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝒘 𝟐
∆𝑃 & 𝑡
Radial
Flow
1.0 𝑃𝑠,
0.1
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
𝑡𝑠
𝑡
Vertical Well with Limited Perforation
100.0
10.0
𝜕𝑃
ℎ𝑝
𝜕𝑡
ℎ
∆𝑃 & 𝑡
𝑘ℎ𝑝
1.0
What sort of response do you expect? 𝑘ℎ
• First, a radial flow regime near wellbore. It
means we see a stabilization which should 0.1
correspond to 𝑘ℎ𝑝 because it is only 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
developing across the limited perforation.
• Further away from wellbore, we should ∆𝑡
expect a spherical flow indicated by a
decline in derivative.
• At large distance from well, again a radial Sometimes first stabilization may be masked
flow stabilization is seen which corresponds by wellbore storage and skin effect.
to 𝑘ℎ.
Horizontal Well
𝐿
100.0
ℎ
10.0
𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑡
∆𝑃 & 𝑡
What sort of response do you expect? 𝐿 𝑘𝑣 𝑘ℎ
1.0
• First, a radial flow regime near wellbore. This
flow regime is normal to the plane of direction 𝑘ℎ ℎ
of wellbore. First stabilization corresponds to
vertical flow regime which corresponds to 0.1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
𝐿 𝑘𝑣 𝑘ℎ because it is the average
permeability 𝑘𝑣 𝑘ℎ which is spread over
∆𝑡
length 𝐿
• Further away from wellbore, we should expect
a 3D spherical flow indicated by a decline in
derivative.
• At large distance from well, again a radial flow
stabilization is seen which corresponds to 𝑘ℎ ℎ.
Horizontal Well – When L >> h
• As L>>h, first stabilization will be lower than
second. 𝐿 𝑘𝑣 𝑘ℎ ≫ 𝑘ℎ ℎ
• Similar characteristic will be displayed,
when 𝑘𝑣 ≫ 𝑘ℎ
100.0
What sort of response do you expect?

• First, a radial flow regime near wellbore. This 10.0 𝑘ℎ ℎ
𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑡
flow regime is normal to the plane of direction
∆𝑃 & 𝑡
of wellbore. First stabilization corresponds to
vertical flow regime which corresponds to
𝐿 𝑘𝑣 𝑘ℎ because it is the average 1.0
permeability 𝑘𝑣 𝑘ℎ which is spread over
length 𝐿 𝐿 𝑘𝑣 𝑘ℎ
• Further away from wellbore, we should expect 0.1
a linear flow indicated by half-slope 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
derivative.
• At large distance from well, again a radial flow ∆𝑡
stabilization is seen which corresponds to 𝑘ℎ ℎ.
Elementary Fault System
Orthogonal Faults with well on the bisector
A L 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
= 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐴
L
+ 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐵 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐶
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝐿)2
= 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆 + 𝑒𝑖
B C 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2 2𝐿)2 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝐿)2
= ln + 2𝑆 + ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2
𝑞𝜇 𝑘𝑡
+ ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 2𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2
A L 𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡 𝑞𝜇 𝑘𝑡
= ln 2
+ 2𝑆 + ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2
L
𝑞𝜇 𝑘𝑡
+ ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 2𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2
B C
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑡
= ln 2
+ 2 ln 2
+ ln 2
+ 2𝑆
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿 2𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿
= ln + 2 ln + ln + 2𝑆 − ln(2)
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑡
= ln + 3 ln + 2𝑆 − ln(2)
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2
0.1833𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑡
= log + 3 log + 0.87𝑆 − 0.301
𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2
A L 0.1833𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑡
= log 2
+ 3 log 2
+ 0.87𝑆 − 0.301
𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿
L 0.1833𝑞𝜇 𝑘
= 4log 𝑡 + 4 log
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡
B C
A L 0.1833𝑞𝜇 𝑘 1 1
= 4log 𝑡 + 4 log + log 2 + 3 log 2 + 0.8024
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝐿
L
B C
A L
0.7332𝑞𝜇 𝑘 𝑘
L = log 𝑡 + 0.75 log 2
+ 0.25log 2
+ 0.2006
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
B C
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑓
−
14.7 14.7
𝑘
0.7332 ∗ 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 1000
= l𝑜𝑔 3600 ∗ 𝑡 + l𝑜𝑔 1.5 (30.48 ∗ 𝑟 )0.5 + 0.2006
𝑘 𝜑𝜇(14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 )(30.48 ∗ 𝐿) 𝑤
1000 30.48ℎ
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑓 162.6𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇
− Slope = m = 𝑘ℎ
A L 14.7 14.7
L 0.7332 ∗ 1.84𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇
= l𝑜𝑔 3600 ∗ 𝑡
𝑘 Slope = 4m =
30.48ℎ
1000 𝑘ℎ
𝑘
B C 1000
+ l𝑜𝑔 + 0.2006
𝜑𝜇(14.7 ∗ 𝑐𝑡 )(30.48 ∗ 𝐿)1.5 (30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 )0.5
log 𝑡
650.4𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇 𝑘
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = l𝑜𝑔(𝑡) + log 0.5 − 3.38 + 0.2175𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 Units)
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿1.5 𝑟𝑤
The diagnostic for orthogonal fault with well on the bisector is the appearance of a change in slope from the
transient radial flow. The fault appears as a straight line with a slope quadruple of the initial one.
Orthogonal Faults with well on the bisector – Diagnostic on derivative plot
A L 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
= 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐴
L
+ 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐵 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐶
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝐿)2
= 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆 + 𝑒𝑖
B C 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡
𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2 2𝐿)2 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝐿)2
𝐿
𝑟𝐷 =
𝑟𝑤 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
(𝐿)2 = 𝑟𝐷2 𝑟𝑤2 = ln + 2𝑆 + ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐷2 𝑟𝑤2
𝑞𝜇 𝑘𝑡
+ ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 2𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐷2 𝑟𝑤2
A L 𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡 𝑞𝜇 𝑘𝑡
= ln 2
+ 2𝑆 + ln
L 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐷2 𝑟𝑤2
𝑞𝜇 𝑘𝑡
+ ln
B C 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 2𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐷2 𝑟𝑤2
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷 𝑡𝐷 1 2𝑡𝐷

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 𝑆 + ln + ln
𝑞𝜇 2 𝛾 𝛾𝑟𝐷2 2 𝛾𝑟𝐷2
1 4𝑡𝐷 𝑡𝐷 1 2𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 𝑆 + ln + ln
2 𝛾 𝛾𝑟𝐷2 2 𝛾𝑟𝐷2
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 2 ln 𝑡𝐷 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
A L 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷 𝑡𝐷 1 2𝑡𝐷

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 𝑆 + ln + ln
𝑞𝜇 2 𝛾 𝛾𝑟𝐷2 2 𝛾𝑟𝐷2
L 100.0
1 4𝑡𝐷 𝑡𝐷 1 2𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 𝑆 + ln + ln
2 𝛾 𝛾𝑟𝐷2 2 𝛾𝑟𝐷2
B
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = 10.0
2 ln 𝑡𝐷 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
C
2.0
1.0
𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝜕𝑃𝐷
𝑃𝐷′ = = 2.0
𝜕 ln 𝑡𝐷
0.1
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
𝑡𝐷
U-Shaped fault system with symmetrically located wells
B A L I H
C D E F G

= 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐴 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐵
+ 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐶 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐷 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐸
+ 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐹 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐺 + 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐻
+ 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐼
B A L I H
C D E F G

𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 3𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝐿)2 2𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 (4𝐿)2
= 𝑒𝑖 + 2𝑆 + 𝑒𝑖 + 𝑒𝑖
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝑘𝑡
2𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 ( 20𝐿)2 2𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 ( 8𝐿)2
B A L I H
C D E F G

𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡 3𝑞𝜇 𝑘𝑡 2𝑞𝜇 𝑘𝑡
= ln 2
+ 2𝑆 + ln + ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 4𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2
2𝑞𝜇 𝑘𝑡 2𝑞𝜇 𝑘𝑡
+ ln + ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 5𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 2𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2
B A L I H
C D E F G

= ln 2
+ 3 ln 2
+ 2 ln
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿 4𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐿2
B A L I H
C D E F G

𝑞𝜇
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 == 10 ln 𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 4𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑓 2.303 ∗ 1.84 ∗ 10𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇
− = l𝑜𝑔 3600 ∗ 𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐼𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
14.7 14.7 𝑘
4𝜋 30.48ℎ
1000
Two faults intersecting at 45o with well on bisector
360
Number of image wells = −1
𝜃
In this case,
45𝑜
360
Number of image wells = −1=7
45
Total number of wells = 8

𝑞𝜇
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 8 ln 𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
4𝜋𝑘ℎ
45𝑜 𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑓
−
14.7 14.7
= 8 ∗ 2.303 log 𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑘
4𝜋 30.48ℎ
1000
1301𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = log(𝑡) + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑘ℎ
Slope = m = 𝑘ℎ
𝑞𝜇
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 8 ln 𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
4𝜋𝑘ℎ 1301𝑄𝐵 𝜇
Slope = 8m = 𝑜
𝑘ℎ
45𝑜 𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑤𝑓
−
14.7 14.7
= 8 ∗ 2.303 log 𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑘
4𝜋 30.48ℎ
1000
log 𝑡
1301𝑄𝐵𝑜 𝜇
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = log(𝑡) + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑘ℎ
PTA in Gas Wells
Diffusivity Equation for radial flow - Gas
volume element
𝜕𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝜕𝑀𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜕𝑀𝑎

− =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝑉𝑎 𝜌 𝜕 2𝜋𝑟ℎ𝜑 𝜕𝑟 𝜌
𝑞𝜌 𝑟+𝜕𝑟 − 𝑞𝜌 𝑟 = =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝑞𝜌 𝜕 2𝜋𝑟ℎ𝜑 𝜕𝑟 𝜌
𝑞𝜌 𝑟 + 𝜕𝑟 − 𝑞𝜌 𝑟 =
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝑞𝜌 𝜕 2𝜋𝑟ℎ𝜑𝜌 𝜕 𝜑𝜌
= = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
𝑞=
𝜇 𝜕𝑟
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
𝑞=
𝜇 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 2𝜋𝑘ℎ𝑟𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝜑 +𝜌
𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑
=𝑟 𝜑 +𝜌
𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑
=𝜑 +𝜌
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
From the definition of fluid compressibility, From the definition of formation compressibility,
1 𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕𝜑
𝑐= 𝑐𝑓 =
𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜑 𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑃
= 𝑐𝜌 = 𝑐𝑓 𝜑
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
= 𝜑𝑐𝜌 + 𝜌𝑐𝑓 𝜑 = 𝑐𝑓 + 𝑐 𝜑𝜌
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Defining (𝑐𝑓 + 𝑐) as total compressibility 𝑐𝑡 ,

1 𝜕 𝑘𝑟𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
= 𝜑𝜌𝑐𝑡
This is the basic, partial differential equation for the radial flow of
any single phase fluid in a porous medium.
The density of fluid (ρ) in the porous media, being gas, is highly
dependent on pressure. According to real gas law,
𝑃𝑀
𝜌=
𝑍𝑅𝑇
Substituting for 𝜌
1 𝜕 𝑘 𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜑𝑃𝐶𝑡 𝜕𝑃
𝑟 =
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 µ 𝑍 𝜕𝑟 𝑍 𝜕𝑡
Let us define real gas pseudo pressure function

𝑃
2𝑃
𝑚 𝑃 = 𝜕𝑃
µ𝑍
𝑃𝑏
Differentiating with respect to P,

𝜕𝑚(𝑃) 2𝑃
=
𝜕𝑃 µ𝑍
The differential of function M(P) with respect to r and t can be
expressed as
𝜕𝑚(𝑃) 𝜕𝑚(𝑃) 𝜕𝑃 2 𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑚(𝑃) 𝜕𝑚(𝑃) 𝜕𝑃 2 𝑃 𝜕𝑃
= = and = =
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑟 µ 𝑍 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑡 µ 𝑍 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑚(𝑃) 𝜑µ𝐶𝑡 𝜕𝑚(𝑃)

𝑟 =
Solution to Diffusivity Equation – Transient Flow Conditions
For oil reservoirs , we know that solution to diffusivity equation is
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡
+ 2𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 2𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡)
𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡
∆𝑃 = ln + 2𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡)
For Gas reservoirs, from the definition of pseudo pressure

2𝑃
∆𝑚 𝑃 = ∆𝑃
µ𝑍
2𝑃
∆𝑚 𝑃 = ∆𝑃
µ𝑍
Substituting for ∆𝑃,

2𝑃 𝑞𝜇 4𝑘𝑡
∆𝑚 𝑃 = ln 2
+ 2𝑆′
µ𝑍 4𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
Where, 𝑆 ′ = 𝑆 + 𝐷𝑄
Using real gas equation of state,
𝑃𝑞 𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇
=
𝑍 𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑠𝑐
𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 1 4𝑘𝑡

∆𝑚 𝑃 = ln + 2𝑆′
𝑇𝑠𝑐 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 1 4𝑘𝑡 Conversion into field units:
∆𝑚 𝑃 = ln 2
+ 2𝑆′ (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
𝑇𝑠𝑐 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
1000∗28313 𝑐𝑐
𝑞𝑠𝑐 Mscf/d =𝑞𝑠𝑐 ∗ 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Converting in Field Units, =327.697𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑘
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1(327.697𝑞𝑠𝑐 )𝑇 4( )(3600𝑡)
− = ln 1000 + 2𝑆′ 𝑘
14.72 14.72 𝑘 1.781𝜑𝜇(14.7𝑐 𝑡 )(30.48𝑟𝑤 )2 𝑘 𝑚𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
2π 30.48ℎ 1000 ∗ 520 1000
𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑚
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1(327.697𝑞𝑠𝑐 )𝑇 0.000592𝑘𝑡
− = 2.303 log + 2𝑆′ ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
14.72 14.72 𝑘 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
2π 30.48ℎ 1000 ∗ 520 𝑝𝑠𝑖 2 𝑚(𝑃) 𝑎𝑡𝑚2
𝑚(𝑃) =
𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
𝑝𝑠𝑖 2 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑚2
1637𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 𝑘 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 =
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.23 + 0.87𝑆 𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2 𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑇𝑠𝑐 = 520°𝑅
𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 1 4𝑘𝑡 Conversion into field units:
∆𝑚 𝑃 = ln 2
+ 2𝑆′ (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
𝑇𝑠𝑐 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
1000∗28313 𝑐𝑐
𝑞𝑠𝑐 Mscf/d =𝑞𝑠𝑐 ∗
1637𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Slope = m = 𝑘ℎ
Converting in Field Units, =327.697𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑝𝑠𝑖 2
𝑐𝑝 𝑘
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1(327.697𝑞𝑠𝑐 )𝑇 4( )(3600𝑡)
1000
𝑚(𝑃𝑤𝑓 ) −
− = ln + 2𝑆′ 𝑘
14.72 14.72 𝑘 1.781𝜑𝜇(14.7𝑐 𝑡 )(30.48𝑟𝑤 )2 𝑘 𝑚𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
2π 30.48ℎ 1000 ∗ 520 1000
𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑚
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1(327.697𝑞𝑠𝑐 )𝑇 0.000592𝑘𝑡
− = 2.303 log + 2𝑆′ ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
14.72 14.72 𝑘 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
2π 30.48ℎ 1000 ∗ 520 𝑝𝑠𝑖 2 𝑚(𝑃) 𝑎𝑡𝑚2
𝑚(𝑃) =
𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
log𝑘 𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 2 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑚2
1637𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 =
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.23 + 0.87𝑆 𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2 𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑇𝑠𝑐 = 520°𝑅
∆𝑚 𝑃 = ln + 2𝑆′ Conversion into field units:
1000∗28313 𝑐𝑐
𝑞𝑠𝑐 Mscf/d =𝑞𝑠𝑐 ∗ 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 2𝑆′ =327.697𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘
𝑘𝑡 1000
From the definition of dimensionless time, 𝑡𝐷 = 𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 1 4𝑡𝐷 ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚

𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 2𝑆′ 𝑝𝑠𝑖 2 𝑚(𝑃) 𝑎𝑡𝑚2
𝑇𝑠𝑐 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾 𝑚(𝑃) =
𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 =
𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑇𝑠𝑐 = 520°𝑅
𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 1 4𝑡𝐷
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 2𝑆′ Conversion into field units:
𝑇𝑠𝑐 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝛾
1000∗28313 𝑐𝑐
Converting in Field Units, 𝑞𝑠𝑐 Mscf/d =𝑞𝑠𝑐 ∗ 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
=327.697𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1(327.697𝑞𝑠𝑐 )𝑇 4𝑡𝐷
− = ln + 2𝑆′ 𝑘
14.72 14.72 𝑘 𝛾
2π 30.48ℎ ∗ 520 𝑘 𝑚𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
1000 1000
𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑚
711𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 4𝑡𝐷
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 2𝑆′
𝑘ℎ 𝛾 ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷 𝑝𝑠𝑖 2 𝑚(𝑃) 𝑎𝑡𝑚2
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 𝑆′ 𝑚(𝑃) =
1422𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 2 𝛾 𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 =
𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
𝑇𝑠𝑐 = 520°𝑅
𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 𝑆′
1422𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 2 𝛾
Taking analogy from liquid flow equation, above equation can be written as
𝑘ℎ
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑚𝐷 (𝑡𝐷 ) + 𝑆′
1422𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇
Where,
1 4𝑡𝐷
𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln
2 𝛾
1 4𝑡𝐷
𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln
2 𝛾
100.0
The pressure derivative is then defined as
& 𝑚𝐷
′
𝑡𝐷
10.0
𝜕𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷
′
𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = = 0.5 Radial
𝜕 ln 𝑡𝐷 Flow
1.0
𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷
Similar to liquid flow, the characteristic of 0.5
transient radial flow, in a gas well, on derivative
plot is that the derivative curve segment is a 0.1
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
horizontal straight line and the value of ordinate
of this horizontal line on dimensionless 𝑡𝐷
coordinates is exactly 0.5.
Semi Steady State Flow Conditions – Gas Well
From liquid flow under semi-steady state conditions, we know the flow equation is
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln 2
+ +𝑆 (𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝐴
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆 𝐼𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝐴

2𝑃
∆𝑚 𝑃 = ∆𝑃
µ𝑍
Substituting for ∆𝑃,

2𝑃 𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2
∆𝑚 𝑃 = ln 2
+ 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆 ′
µ𝑍 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝐴
Where, 𝑆 ′ = 𝑆 + 𝐷𝑄
2𝑃 𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 ′
∆𝑚 𝑃 = ln + 2𝜋𝑡 𝐷 + 𝑆
µ𝑍 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝐴
2𝑃 𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln 2
+ 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆 ′
µ𝑍 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝐴
Using real gas equation of state,

𝑃𝑞 𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇
=
𝑍 𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑠𝑐
𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 1 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 ′

𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆
𝑇𝑠𝑐 𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝐴
𝑃𝑠𝑐 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 1 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 ′ Conversion into field units:
𝑇𝑠𝑐 𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝐴
1000∗28313 𝑐𝑐
𝑞𝑠𝑐 Mscf/d =𝑞𝑠𝑐 ∗
Converting in Field Units, 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1(327.697𝑞𝑠𝑐 )𝑇 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 ′
− = ln + 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆 𝑘
14.72 14.72 𝑘 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤
2 𝐴 𝑘 𝑚𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
π 30.48ℎ ∗ 520 1000
1000
𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑚
1422𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2
+ 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆 ′ ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝐴
𝑝𝑠𝑖 2 𝑚(𝑃) 𝑎𝑡𝑚2
𝑚(𝑃) =
𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 =
𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
𝑇𝑠𝑐 = 520°𝑅
1422𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 ′ Conversion into field units:
𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝐴
1000∗28313 𝑐𝑐
𝑘ℎ 1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝑞𝑠𝑐 Mscf/d =𝑞𝑠𝑐 ∗
+ 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆 ′ 24∗3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1422𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝐴
𝑘
Taking analogy from liquid flow equation, above equation can be written as 𝑘 𝑚𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
𝑘ℎ 1000
𝑚 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑚𝐷 (𝑡𝐷 ) + 𝑆′ 𝑟𝑤 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑤 𝑐𝑚
1422𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑇 𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ 𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑚
ℎ 𝑓𝑡 = 30.48 ∗ ℎ 𝑐𝑚
Where, 𝑝𝑠𝑖 2 𝑚(𝑃) 𝑎𝑡𝑚2
1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝑚(𝑃) =
𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆 ′
2 2
𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 𝐴 𝑝𝑠𝑖 2 𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑚2
𝑚 𝑃𝑤𝑓 =
𝑐𝑝 14.72 𝑐𝑝
𝑇𝑠𝑐 = 520°𝑅
1 4𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 ′
𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = ln + 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 + 𝑆
2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2 𝐴 100.0
𝑡𝐷
Semi-
& 𝑚𝐷
′
Steady
The pressure derivative is then defined as 10.0 State
Flow
𝜕𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝑟𝑤2

′
𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = = 𝑡𝐷 = 2𝜋𝑡𝐷 1.0
𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝜕 ln 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑡𝐷 𝐴 0.5
0.1
Taking log both sides 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
′
𝑟𝑤2 𝑡𝐷
log 𝑚𝐷 𝑡𝐷 = log 𝑡𝐷 + log 2𝜋
𝐴
It implies that when Semi- steady state flow starts in a
drawdown test, the pressure derivative curve changes from
horizontal line to a unit-slope straight line. This is similar to
liquid flow case.
Concept of Adjusted Pressure
𝑝𝑠𝑖 2
The unit of Pseudo Pressure is → 𝐴 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑤𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑐𝑝
It is convenient to define Adjusted Pressure 𝑃𝑎 , which is normalized form of Pseudo

Pressure
𝑃
𝜇𝑖 𝑍𝑖 2𝑃 𝜇𝑖 𝑍𝑖
𝑃𝑎 = 𝜕𝑃 = 𝑚(𝑃)
𝑃𝑖 𝜇𝑍 𝑃𝑖
0
Diffusivity Equation is,

𝑟 =
Concept of Adjusted Pressure
𝑝𝑠𝑖 2
The unit of Pseudo Pressure is → 𝐴 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑤𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑐𝑝
It is convenient to define Adjusted Pressure 𝑃𝑎 , which is normalized form of Pseudo

Pressure
𝑃
𝜇𝑖 𝑍𝑖 2𝑃 𝜇𝑖 𝑍𝑖
𝑃𝑎 = 𝜕𝑃 = 𝑚(𝑃)
𝑃𝑖 𝜇𝑍 𝑃𝑖
0
Diffusivity Equation is,

𝑟 =

Basics of Well Testing: - Rajeev Upadhyay

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Basics of Well Testing

Applying principal of mass conservation,

𝜕𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝜕𝑀𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜕𝑀𝑎

Defining (𝑐𝑓 + 𝑐) as total compressibility 𝑐𝑡 ,

Using chain rule for differentiation,

For liquid flow, the following assumptions are conventionally made

 Transient condition flow or Unsteady-state flow

Consider a shut-in well that is centered in a

Pressure transient has reached all of the steady

Boundary dominated flow corresponds to

The constant rate and constant pressure solutions are boundaries

This condition is appropriate when pressure

The expansion of ei(x) is

If the skin zone is considered equivalent to 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑠

Thus the line source solution is valid for the time

3.79 ∗ 105 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2 948𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2

At time 𝑡 = 0, flow rate at surface is established as

The flow rate at sand face will slowly build up to

The fluid produced will be the sum

According to definition of compressibility, the

𝑄𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓 24𝑐𝑤𝑏 𝑉𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑃𝑤𝑓

In terms of Reservoir bbls per day (rb/d) Let 𝑐𝑤𝑏 𝑉𝑤𝑏 = 𝐶𝑠

wellbore will be given by The

Substitution into radial diffusivity equation

The general solution to above equation will be dimensionless pressure as a

If mechanical skin (S) is present,

𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 q rb/d = 𝑄(

𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 q rb/d = 𝑄(

0.00708𝑘ℎ 1 1.781 ∗ 𝑘𝑡 ∗ 0.00059

Equations expressed in terms 𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 and 𝑡𝐷 are

0.00708𝑘ℎ Dimension of𝐶𝐷 :

The other way of expressing derivative is

Let us define a dimensionless wellbore pressure drop function

Where, 𝑉 = 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑒

Integrating both sides h

According to one of the conditions of semi-

Integrating once again, 𝑃

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

Bounded Dietz Shape

Adding the two equations,

141.2𝑄𝜇𝐵𝑜 0.001656𝑘 0.2339𝑄𝐵𝑜

Material balance suggests

𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝜕𝑃𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝑟𝑤2

steady state flow starts in a 0.1

𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 2 @(𝑞2 −𝑞1 )

Well Well Image Well

Well Well Image Well

Pressure at the well is expressed by,

Well Well Image Well

𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑞𝜇 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 2𝑑 2

Well Well Image Well

Well Well Image Well

The diagnostic for single no-flow boundary is the appearance of a

𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Well Well Image Well

Pressure at the well is expressed by,

2𝜋𝑘ℎ 1 4𝑡𝐷 1 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐷2 𝑟𝑤2

The equation can be arranged including 𝐶𝐷

𝑡𝐷 Therefore the characteristic of a sealing

MTR LTR Hemiradial Flow

MTR LTR Hemiradial Flow