Effect of Boron and Molybdenum

on Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of

Green Gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)
in Central Dry Zone
 Introduction
In Myanmar
 over twenty kinds of pulses
 mostly produced in :
 Ayeyarwaddy, Bago, Sagaing, Mandalay,
Magway
 second largest global producer
 the world’s second largest exporter after
Canada
 largest exporter in the ASEAN region
(MOALI 2018)

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Green gram
In Myanmar - Sagaing, Mandalay and Magway
(Fujita & Okamoto 2006)
important annual legume (Kaur et al., 2016)
protein rich major pulse crops:
crude protein 24.0%, fat 1.3%, carbohydrate 56.6%, minerals
3.5%, lysine 0.43%, methionine 0.10% and tryptophan 0.04%
(Kachroo, 1970)
conventional pulse crop
high nutritional value
important role in soil nitrogen enrichment
(Gao et al., 2015)

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Function of boron - very important in cell division, in pod and
seed formation (Vitosh et al.,1997)
-influenced the flower development
-pollen tube growth (Quddus et al., 2011)
Function of - essential component of the major enzyme
Molybdenum nitrate reductase (a soluble molybdoflavoprotein) in
plants
- plays an additional role in symbiotic nitrogen
fixation (nitrogen-fixing bacterium=Azoto - bacterchroococcum)
Thus, the application of B and Mo increased
the yield of green gram (Vekaria et al., 2018)

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• Boron deficient soils
- mainly occurs during periods of drought (Barber 1995)
- found in highly calcareous soil
- leached or sandy soil (Sakal et al. 1996)
• Molybdenum deficient soils
– Molybdenum in acid soils tends to be unavailable to
plants. This is why most molybdenum deficiencies occur on
acid, rather than on neutral or alkaline soils
– A few cases of molybdenum deficiency have been reported
on soils with a pH above 6.0
www.dpi.nsw.gov.au

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Boron (B) deficiency symptoms
 appear first in terminal shoot, thickened, curled, brittles, mall
and deformed leaves
 severely condensed branches
 bushy appearance
 stunt growth
 extreme cases may prevent fruit set
 fruit (hallow heart) and brittle
(Kuo et al. 1981)

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Molybdenum (Mo) deficiency symptoms
 Older growth may become chlorotic
 Molybdenum deficiencies may resemble nitrogen
deficiency since molybdenum is involved in
the major nitrogen processes that occur in plants
 The margins of leaves may develop spots of
dead leaf tissue
http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/pnm1.pdf

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 In crop quality and yield, the role of boron in pollen
germination and pollen tube growth is more important.

 Molybdenum involved in the process in nitrogen fixation,

nitrate reduction and nitrogen metabolism. (Arun Srivastava et al.
2014)

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 OBJECTIVES
1. To evaluate the effect of boron and molybdenum on yield
and yield contributing characters of green gram
2. To find out the suitable dose of boron and molybdenum for
increasing yield of green gram in study area
3. To investigate the combined effect of boron and
molybdenum on yield and yield components of green gram

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 MATERIALS AND METHOD

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 Kyun Pyar Village
Experimental site Minbu Township
Magway Region

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 Design – 4 x3 Factorial arrangement
in Randomized Complete Block (RCB)
design with three replications

Plot Size - 3m x 2m
Treatments- Four levels of boron and three levels of molybdenum

Factor (A) – Four levels of boron: Factor (B) – Three levels of molybdenum:
B0 = 0.0kg ha-1 Mo0 = 0.0 kg ha-1
B1 = 0.5 kg ha-1 Mo1 = 0.25kg ha-1
B2 = 1.00 kg ha-1 Mo2 = 0.5kg ha-1
B3 = 1.5 kg ha-1

3/15/2022 Sources –Borax, ammonium molybdate

12
 2.5

2
Nutrients (kg ha -1)

0.5
0.25
1.5 0
0.5
0.25
1 0
0.5
0.25 Molybdenum
0.5 0
Boron
0.5
0.25
0 0

Treatments

Figure 1. The combination of nutrients (kg ha-1)

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 Fertilizer application - 20 kg N ha-1 , 40 kg P ha-1 ,40 kg K ha-1
(Urea, Triple Super Phosphate, Potash) (at basal)
 Tested variety - Yezin- 14
 Spacing - 45 cm x 15 cm
 Seeding - one seed per hole with 1.5 cm depth
 Weeding and plant protection – during the growing season

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Table 1. Physicochemical properties of the initial soil before experiment
Parameters Values Range
Soil texture - Loamy sand
Soil pH 7.62 Slightly alkaline
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 12.592 Medium
Organic matter (%) 1.5103 Low
Total nitrogen (%) 0.136 low
Available phosphorus (mg/kg) 16.76 high
Exchangeable potassium (mg/kg) 514.79 high
Exchangeable calcium (meq/100g) 10.094
Available boron (mg/kg) 0.4 Low
Available molybdenum (mg/kg) - -

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 DATA COLLECTION
Plant growth parameter- From 10 days after
sowing (DAS) to 50 DAS at
 Plant height (cm) ten day interval
 Number of branches plant-1
(from 5 randomly selected plants)

Yield and yield components-

 Number of pods plant-1
 Number of seeds pod-1
 100 seeds weight (g)
at harvesting time
 Total dry weight (g)
 Yield (kg ha-1)
 Harvest Index
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 Economic yield (kg ha-1)
Harvest index =
Biological yield (kg ha-1)

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 DATA ANALYSIS

 All data were statistically analyzed by statistix (version 8)

 All treatments mean were compared by LSD at 5% level

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Table 2. Mean effects of different rates of boron and molybdenum
fertilizers on plant height of green gram at 50 DAS during
monsoon season, 2021
Plant height (cm)
Treatments
Monsoon
Factor A
B0 74.356 b
B1 73.711 b
B2 80.978 a
B3 72.200 b
LSD0.05 5.76
Factor B
Mo0 73.683
Mo1 74.417
Mo2 77.833
LSD0.05 4.99
Pr>F
B *
Mo ns
B x Mo *
3/15/2022 CV% 7.83
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 100.00 LSD0.05=9.98
Pr>F=0.3207
CV%=7.83
90.00

80.00 T1
70.00 T2
Plant height ( cm ) T3
60.00
T4
50.00
T5
40.00 T6

30.00 T7
T8
20.00
T9
10.00 T10
0.00 T11
(10DAS) (20DAS) (30DAS) (40DAS) (50DAS) T12

Day After Sowing ( DAS )

Figure 2. Mean values of plant height as affected by the combined application of

different rates of boron and molybdenum during monsoon season, 2021
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Table 3. Mean effects of different rates of boron and molybdenum
fertilizers on number of leaves per plant of green gram at 50
DAS during monsoon season, 2021
No. of leaves plant-1
Treatments
Monsoon
Factor A
B0 8.5111
B1 8.2444
B2 7.6000
B3 7.7111
LSD0.05 1.47
Factor B
Mo0 7.7500 ab
Mo1 9.0167 a
Mo2 7.2833 b
LSD0.05 1.27
Pr>F
B ns
Mo *
B x Mo *
CV% 18.84
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 LSD0.05=2.5574
Pr>F= 0.7374
CV%=18.84
12.00
T1
10.00 T2
no. of leaves plant -1

T3
8.00
T4

6.00 T5
T6
4.00 T7
T8
2.00
T9
T10
0.00
10DAS 20DAS 30DAS 40DAS 50DAS T11

Day After Sowing ( DAS ) T12

Figure 3. Combined effect of different rates of boron and molybdenum

on leaves number per plant of green gram during monsoon
seasons, 2021
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 LSD0.05=1.410
4Pr>F=0.1632
CV%= 45.43
3.00
a

2.50
ab
ab ab
ab
no. of branches plant-1
ab ab
2.00 ab
ab

1.50 branches/plt
b
b
1.00 b

0.50

0.00
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Treatments

Figure 4. Combined effect of different rates of boron and molybdenum on

number of branches per plant of green gram during monsoon season,
2021
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 14.00 LSD0.05=8.1781
a Pr>F= 0.1635
CV%=62.10
12.00
ab ab
ab
10.00 ab
no. of nodules plant-1
8.00 ab
ab
ab ab
6.00
ab ab
b
4.00

2.00

0.00

Treatments

Figure 5. Combined effect of different rates of boron and

molybdenum on number of nodules per plant of green
gram during monsoon season, 2021

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Table 6. Mean effects of different rates of boron and molybdenum
fertilizers on number of pods per plant of green gram during
monsoon season, 2021
No. of pod plant -1
Treatments
Monsoon
Factor A
B0 7.3111 ab
B1 9.4444 a
B2 7.8000 ab
B3 6.6667 b

LSD0.05 2.36
Factor B
Mo0 6.2333 b
Mo1 7.4167 b
Mo2 9.7667 a
LSD0.05 2.05
Pr>F
B **
Mo **
B x Mo **
3/15/2022 CV% 31.05
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 LSD0.05=4.1042
Pr>F=0.4638
16 CV%=31.05
a
14

12
no. of pods plant -1
ab
10
bc bc bc bc
8 bc bc bc
bc
bc
6 c

Treatments

Figure 6. Combined effect of different rates of boron and

molybdenum on number of pods per plant of green
gram during monsoon season, 2021

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 LSD0.05=0.8282
5.60 Pr>F= 0.5074
CV%=9.87
5.40 a
ab
5.20 ab ab ab
ab
100 seeds weight (gm)

5.00 ab ab

4.80 ab
ab

4.60 ab
b
4.40

4.20

4.00
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Treatments

Figure 7. Combined effect of different rates of boron and molybdenum

on the 100 seeds weight of green gram during monsoon
season, 2021
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Table 9. Mean effects of different rates of boron and molybdenum
fertilizers on yield (kg/ha) of green gram during monsoon
season, 2021
Yield (kg ha-1)
Treatments
Monsoon
Factor A
B0 504.09 ab
B1 584.19 a
B2 520.45 ab
B3 476.99 b
LSD0.05 104.96
Factor B
Mo0 470.66
Mo1 537.50
Mo2 556.13
LSD0.05 90.89
Pr>F
B *
Mo ns
B x Mo *
3/15/2022
CV% 20.59
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 LSD0.05=181.79
700.00 a
Pr>F= 0.8164
CV%=20.59
ab
ab ab
600.00
ab ab
ab ab
ab
500.00 ab b
Yield ( kg ha -1)

b
400.00

647.76
590.31

575.61

571.83
300.00 518.94

514.50
505.45

499.49
487.89

466.33

465.15
413.92
200.00

100.00

0.00

Treatments

Figure 8. Combined effect of different rates of boron and

molybdenum on the yield (kg/ha) of green gram during
monsoon season, 2021

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 2500.00 a LSD0.05=1050
Pr>F= 0.5006
CV%=44.10
2000.00
Total dry weight (kgha-1) ab
ab
ab
ab
1500.00 b
ab
b b
b
b b

1000.00

500.00

0.00
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Treatments

Figure 9. Combined effect of different rates of boron and

molybdenum on the total dry matter of green gram
during monsoon season, 2021

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 0.70 LSD0.05=0.2706
Pr>F=0.5858
a CV%=38.71
0.60

ab
0.50 ab ab
ab ab
Harvest Index

ab ab
0.40 ab
ab ab
b
0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Treatments

Figure 10.Combined effect of different rates of boron and

molybdenum on the harvest index of green gram during
monsoon season, 2021
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 CONCLUSION
Effect of boron application
On the plant height, pods per plant and yield were significant
difference among the single application of boron treatments.

Among the treatments, the soil application of boron level (1.0 kg B

ha-1) gave the tallest plant height (80.98cm), maximum number of
branches per plant and harvest index.

The maximum number of pods per plant, nodules per plant, seeds
per pod, 100seed weight and the maximum yield ( 584.19 kg ha-1)
were produced by the application of boron level (0.5 kg B ha-1).

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Effect of molybdenum application
The number of leaves per plant and pods per plant were
significant difference among the molybdenum application.

The maximum number of leave was obtained from the

application of molybdenum level (0.25 kg Mo ha-1) among
the treatments.

The maximum number of leaves, pod per plant, harvest

index and yield were resulted by the application of
molybdenum level (0. 5 kg Mo ha -1).

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Combined application of boron and molybdenum
The plant height, branches, leaves, nodules, 100 seeds weight,
yield, dry weight and harvest index were significant difference
among the combined application of B and Mo.

The highest plant height, the maximum number of branches and

harvest index were resulted from the combined application of B
and Mo treatment T9 (1.0kg B ha-1 + 0.5kg Mo ha-1).

The maximum number of leaves and total dry matter were

obtained from the treatments T2 (0.0 kg B ha-1 + 0.25kg Mo ha-1).

The maximum number of nodules, pods and yield were produced

by the combined application of B and Mo treatments T6 (0.5 kg B
ha-1 + 0.5kg Mo ha-1).

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 THANK YOU!

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