Hooria Umar

SemIV (P19-02)

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Lab
Assignment
Experiment#2
“Franck-Hertz Experiment”
Submitted to:
Dr.Saman Iqbal

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Related Topics
•Energy of quanta
•Electron Jumps
•Electron Collision
•Excitation energy
•Bohr’s Atomic Model
Quantum Energy
The smallest quantity of radiant energy,
equal to Planck's constant times the
frequency of the associated radiation”.
The energy of each quantum is given by
Planck’s equation given by:
E=hf
Electron Jump
According to Bohr’s Postulates an electron
residing in the same orbit doesn’t radiate or
absorb energy.
Energy is radiated by an electron when it
jumps from higher to lower energy level and
it is absorbed when an electron jumps from
lower to higher energy level.

Excitation Energy
The minimum energy required to excite an
electron from the ground state of an atom to
any excited state is called excitation energy.
Thus, the energy required to excite an
electron in the ground state to the first
excited state is called the first excitation
energy and so on.

Bohr’s Planetary Model

of an Atom (1913)
According to Bohr Atomic model, a small
positively charged nucleus is surrounded by
revolving negatively charged electrons in fixed
orbits. He concluded that electron will have
more energy if it is located away from the
nucleus whereas the electrons will have less
energy.
Postulates
He gave the following postulates:
1.An electron revolves around the nucleus
in orbits of fixed energies.
2. An electron residing in the same orbit
doesn’t radiate or absorb energy.
Energy is radiated by an electron when it
jumps from higher to lower energy level
and it is absorbed when an electron jumps
from lower to higher energy level.
3.The angualr momentum of an orbit
depends upon its quantum number and is
an integral multiple of the factor h/2π i.e.
mvr=nh/2π.
Limitations

1. •It can only deal with monovalent atoms

like H,He+,Li 2+ and can not explain the
spectra obtained from larger atoms.
2. •Bohr’s model of an atom is
2Dimensional where infact an atom has
3D structure.
3. •Bohr’s model of an atom failed to
explain the Zeeman Effect (effect of
magnetic field on the spectra of atoms).
4. •It also failed to explain the Stark effect
(effect of electric field on the spectra of
atoms).
5. •It violates the Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle.
Experiment
“Franck-Hertz Experiment”
Apparatus
•Franck-Hertzs operating unit
•Connecting wires
•Franck-Hertzs Ne-tube
•Voltmeter

Principle
Electrons are accelerated in a tube filled with
mercury vapour. The excitation energy of
mercury is determined from the distance
between the equidistant minima of the
electron current in a variable opposing
electric field.
Circuit Diagram

Procedure
The electrons emitted by a thermionic
cathode are accelerated between cathode C
and anode A in the tube filled with
neon gas and are scattered by elastic collision
with neon atoms.
Calculate the peak values ,note the difference
of second peak from the previous peak .
Then find the average value of the
differences.
Observations and Calculations
Graph
 No. Of Peak Difference Avg (v'- (v'-
Observation Volatages v1 v' v1) v)²
1 16V 16 17.3 1.3 1.69
2 36V 18 17.3 0.7 0.49
3 53V 17 17.3 0.3 0.09
The standard Deviation comes out to be 0.8.

Result
The excitation Energy E=(17.3±0.8)eV
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