Department of Computer Sciences

Discrete Structure –CS 1005

FALL- 2023

Course Instructors : Dr. Ahmad Raza , Dr Ali Ijaz, Miss Saira Qammar, Mr Shahbaz Hassan, Miss
Mahnoor
Due Date: As mentioned on Google Classroom
Note:
1. Please submit handwritten solutions to all of the questions given below.
2. You have to submit both hardcopy and soft copy.
3. Submit the hardcopy to your respective teacher. Also, scan your handwritten solution and upload the pdf
file to the Google class room.

Q1:
1. Translate each of the following statements into logical expressions using predicates,
quantifiers and logical connectives. Let 𝐶(𝑥) denote the predicate “𝑥 is in the correct
place”, let 𝐸(𝑥) denote the predicate “𝑥 is in excellent condition”, and let 𝑇(𝑥) denote
the predicate “𝑥 is a tool”, and suppose that the domain consists of all tools.
a. Something is not in the correct place.
b. All tools are in the correct place and are in excellent condition.
c. Everything is in the correct place and is in excellent condition.
d. Nothing is in the correct place and is in excellent condition.
e. One of your tools is not in the correct place, but is in excellent condition.
Q2:

1. Express each of these mathematical statements using predicates, quantifiers, logical

connectives, and mathematical operators, where the domain consists of all integers.
a. The product of two negative integers is positive.
b. The average of two positive integers is positive.
c. The difference of two negative integers is not necessarily negative.
d. The absolute value of the sum of two integers does not exceed the sum of the
absolute values of the integers.
Q3: Indicate which of the following statements are true and which are false.
Justify your answers as best you can.

S.no Statement
1 ∀x ∈ Z+, ∃y∈ Z+ such that x = y+1
2 ∀x ∈ Z, ∃y∈ Z such that x = y+1
3 ∃x∈ R such that ∀y ∈ R, x = y+1
4 ∀x ∈ Z, ∀y ∈ Z, ∃z∈ Z such that, z = x-y
Q4: Prove or disprove the following:

1. For every integer n, if n is odd then 3n+15 is even.

2. For every integer m, if m is even then 3m+15 is odd.

3. There is an integer n such that 2n2-5n+2 is prime.

4. For any integer n, n is odd if and only if n2 is odd.

Q5: Consider the given figure of Tarski World to solve the below mentioned questions. The domain of
all variables consist of all the objects in the Tarski world. a). Write the given statement using the formal
logical notation. b). Write the negation of the given statement using formal logical notation.

1. Statement: There is a triangle x such that for all circles y, x is above y. Formal Notation:
_______________________________________________
Negation: ______________________________________________________
2. 2. Statement: For every object x, there is an object y such that if x = y then x and y have
different colors. Formal Notation: _______________________________________________
Negation: ______________________________________________________
3. 3. Statement: For all circles x and for all triangles y, x is to the right of y. Formal Notation:
_______________________________________________
Negation: ______________________________________________________
4. 4. Statement: There is a circle x and there is a triangle y such that x and y have the same
color Formal Notation: _______________________________________________
Negation: ______________________________________________________
5. 5. Statement: There is an object y such that for all objects x, if x = y then x and y have
different colors. Formal Notation: _______________________________________________
Negation: ______________________________________________________
Q6: Prove: For all integers a, b, and c, if a|b and b|c then a|c. Here x|y, read “x divides y” means
that y is a multiple of x (so x will divide into y without remainder)
2
Q7: Show that the number of binary relations on a set A, where |𝐴| = 𝑛 is: 2𝑛 .
Q8: Let A = {2,3,4,5,6,7,8} and R a relation over A, such xRy iff x − y = 3n for some n ∈ Z.
Describe R explicitly by listing its elements in a set roster notation.
Q9: Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3} and R a relation over A:
R = {(0,0),(0,1),(0,3),(1,1),(1,0),(2,3),(3,3)}
Determine if R is
a) Reflexive? If not, provide a counterexample.
b) Symmetric? If not, provide a counterexample.
c) Transitive? If not, provide a counterexample.

Q10: Let R be the relation {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1)}, and let S be the relation {(2, 1), (3, 1), (3,
2), (4, 2)}. Find S ◦ R
Q11: Q2. For each of these relations on the set {1, 2, 3, 4}, decide whether it is reflexive, whether it is
symmetric, whether it is antisymmetric, and whether it is transitive.
a) {(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4)}

b) {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}

c) {(2, 4), (4, 2)}

d) {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}

e) {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3),(4, 4)}

f ) {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)}

Q12: Q3: Determine the truth value of each of these statements if the domain of each variable consists
of all real numbers.

a) ∀x∃y(x^2 = y)

b) ∀x∃y(x = y^2)

c) ∃x∀y(xy = 0) d) ∃x∃y(x + y = y + x)

e) ∀x(x = 0 → ∃y(xy = 1))

f ) ∃x∀y(y = 0 → xy = 1)

g) ∀x∃y(x + y = 1)

h) ∃x∃y(x + 2y = 2 ∧ 2x + 4y = 5)

i) ∀x∃y(x + y = 2 ∧ 2x − y = 1)

j) ∀x∀y∃z(z = (x + y)/2)