SOLUTION:

The Gauss’s Law is given by:

¿

∯ E⋅ dA= Qϵ
S 0

Where ∯ represents an integral on a closed surface.

S

By the geometry of problem, it’s convenient to work in spherical coordinates, placing the Earth at the origin. A closed
spherical Gaussian surface of radius equal to the radius of the Earth with its center located at the origin should also be
considered.
 N
Inside the Gaussian surface E=E r^ =−110 r^ (the field go toward inner), and the surface element
C
2
dA=R sin θ dθ dϕ r^ , where R is the radius of the Earth. Substituting
θ=π ϕ =2 π
Q
∫ ∫ 2
E R sinθdθ dϕ r^ ⋅ r^ =
ϵ0
θ =0 ϕ=0

π 2π
ER
2
∫ sinθ dθ ∫ dϕ= Qϵ
0 0 0

2 Q
−E R ( cos ( π )−cos ( 0 ) ) ( 2 π −0 ) =
ϵ0

Solving for Q
2
Q=E 4 π R ϵ 0
2
N −12 C
Substituting E=−110 , R=6371000 m, ϵ 0=8.85 × 10 2:
C Nm
Q=−496772 C

SOLUTION

To move a charge q from a one point A to another point B, within an electric field originated by another charge Q, the
required work is given by

qQ qQ
W A → B= −
4 π ϵ 0 rB 4 π ϵ 0 r A

Where r A ∧r B are the distances from origin of the system to point A and point B, respectively. In this case, the charge q 1
is considered as the origin.
To set up the four-charge configuration, it’s necessary to move the charges from their initial state of res-. All charges are
initially infinitely far, so the charge 2 is moved from infinity to a distance a from charge 1. After, the charge 3 is moved
from infinity to a distance a from charge 1 and to a distance √ 2 a from charge 2. Finally, the charge 4 is moved from
infinity to a distance √ 2 a from charge 1, to a distance a from charge 2 and to a distance a from charge 3.

Calculating all works due to the displacements of the charges.

1 q1q2
W 12= −0
4 π ϵ0 a

1 q1q3
W 13= −0
4 π ϵ0 a

1 q 2 q3
W 23= −0
4 π ϵ0 √2 a

1 q1 q4
W 14 = −0
4 π ϵ0 √2 a

1 q2 q 4
W 24 = −0
4 π ϵ0 a

1 q3 q 4
W 34 = −0
4 π ϵ0 a
The second terms are nulls because the initial distance of the charges is infinity for all charges. Adding all the works

1 q2 q3 q1 q 4
W= (q1 q2 +q 1 q3 + + +q q +q q )
4 π ϵ0 a √2 √2 2 4 3 4
Considering that q 1=−q ,q 2=+q , q3=+ q , q4 =−q

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 q q 2 2 1 2 2q q 2
W= −q −q + + −q −q = −4 q + = −4+
4 π ϵ0 a √2 √2 4 π ϵ0 a √2 4 π ϵ 0 a √2
2
−12 C −12
Substituting ϵ 0=8.85× 10 2
, a=0.49 m, q=6.97 pC=6.97 ×10 C
Nm
−12 −12
W =−2.305 ×10 Nm=−2.305 × 10 J

a) The time t1 a ball takes to go up to its highest point is calculated through the equation

v f −v i
v f =v i +a t → t=
a
m m m
In this case, a=g=−9.8 , v i=27.0 , v f =0 (at the highest point the ball loses its velocity to zero)
s
2
s s

m m
−27.0
0
s s
t 1= =2.75 s
m
−9.81 2
s
The time t2 a ball takes to go down to the starting point is the same time it takes to go up to its highest point. Thus, t2 = t1

Adding t 1+ t 2, the time t that the ball is in the air is obtained

 t=5.5 s
b) The greatest height reached h is given by

1 2
h= y f − y i=v i t + g t
2

( ms ) ( 2.75 s )− 12 ( 9.81 ms ) ( 2.75 s )

h= 27 2
2

h=37.16 m
c) The half of the initial velocity is 13.5 m/s. Then, the first time is

m m
13.5 −27
s s
t=
m
−9.81 2
s
t=1.38 s

a) The Newton’s Law of Cooling is given by

dT
=−k (T −T a )
dt
And the solution that satisfices the differential equation is
−kt
T =T a + ( T i−T a ) e

Where Ta is the temperature of the ambient, Ti is the initial temperature and k is a constant.

When t=0, victim’s temperature is 98.6°, thus Ti = 98.6°. The temperature of the ambient is always Ta = 40°.

Now, if T=88°
−kt
88 °=40 °+ ( 98.6 °−40 ° ) e
88 °−40 ° −kt
=e
98.6 °−40°
 ln( 98.6 °−40 ° )
88° −40 °
=−kt

−ln (
98.6 °−40 ° )
88 °−40 °
t=
k
To know the time in which T=88° is necessary to know the value of k. Substituting t in the equation for T=86°.
−k (t +1)
86 °=40 °+ ( 98.6 °−40° ) e

( (98.6 ° −40° )
)
88 °−40 °
−ln
−k +1
k
86 °=40 °+ ( 98.6 °−40° ) e
ln ( 98.6 ° −40° )
88 °−40 °
−k ¿
86 °=40 °+ ( 98.6 °−40° ) e ¿
ln (
98.6 °−40 ° ) −k
88 °−40 °
86 °−40°
=e e
98.6 °−40°
86 ° −40 °
98.6 ° −40 °
=e−k
88 ° −40 °
98.6 ° −40 °
Applying natural logarithm both sides

ln ( 86°
88° −40 ° )
−40 °
=−k

k =0.043
So

t=
−ln ( 98.6 °−40 ° )
88 °−40 °
=4.64
0.043
At 7 AM, t = 4.64 hours. Thus, 4.64 hours have passed since the death of the victim. It is approximately are 4 hours, 38
minutes and 24 seconds.

The murder occurred at 2:21 AM.

b) If Ti is between 98.2° and 101.4°, the biggest error Δt in the time is given by the difference in t for Ti = 98.2° and Ti =
101.4°.

t 1=
−ln ( 98.2 °−40 ° )
88 °−40°

0.043

t 2=
−ln ( 101.4 °−40 ° )
88 °−40 °

0.043
 | ( 98.2 ) + ln (
||
101.4 °−40° ) −(ln ( 88 ° −44 ° ) −ln ( 98.2 °−40 ))+(ln ( 88 °−44 ° )−ln ( 101.4 ° −4
88 °−40 ° 88 °−40°
−ln
°−40 °
Δ t=|t 2−t 1|= =
0.043 0.043

Δ t=1.24
So, the biggest error in the time of death is Δ t=1.24 hours, in other words, 1 hour 14 minutes and 24 seconds.

a)

The Gauss’s Law is given by:

¿

∯ E⋅ dA= Qϵ
S 0

The problem must be solved in spherical coordinates, placing the conducting spherical shell at the origin and considering
a closed spherical Gaussian surface of radius r (where R1 < r < R2) with its center located at the origin.
 dq
The surface charge density is defined as σ = , where dq is an element of charge and dS is an element of surface.
dS
2
The net charge Q inside the Gaussian surface is given by Q=q+σ 1 (4 π R1 ), where σ 1 is the surface charge density on
2
the inner surface of the spherical shell and 4 π R1 is the inner surface of the shell.

Using the Gauss’s Law and considering that the electric field inside a conductor is zero.
2
q+σ 1(4 π R1)
0=
ϵ0
−q
σ 1= 2
4 π R1
b) The charge of a conductor is concentrated on its surface. In other words

aq=σ 1 ( 4 π R21 ) +σ 2 ( 4 π R 22 )

where σ 2 is the surface charge density on the outer surface of the spherical shell.

−q
Considering that σ 1= 2
4 π R1

aq=−q +σ 2 ( 4 π R 22 )

aq +q=σ 2 ( 4 π R 22)

aq+q
σ 2= 2
4 π R2
c) Due to the Gauss’s Law, the outer surface of the shell must be considered. Using a closed spherical Gaussian surface
of radius r = R2 with its center located at the origin
 θ=π ϕ =2 π
aq+q
∫ ∫ 2
E R 2 sinθdθ dϕ=
ϵ0
θ =0 ϕ=0

where E is a constant, and aq +q is the charge of the outer surface. Solving the integrals
π 2π
ER
2
2 ∫ sinθ dθ ∫ dϕ= aq+
ϵ
q
0 0 0

2 aq +q
E 4 π R2=
ϵ0
2
E 4 π R2 ϵ 0=q(a +1)
2
E 4 π R2 ϵ 0
q=
a+1
2
N −12 C
Substituting E=7500 , R 2=1.7 m, ϵ 0=8.85× 10 2
∧a=5
C Nm

−7
q=4.02∗10 C
a) The electric flux is defined by
¿
Φ=∯ E ⋅dA
S

In the case of a cylindrical Gaussian surface, it is composited by three parts: left end of the cylinder (bottom), body of the
cylinder and the right end of the cylinder (top).

So
¿
Φ cylinder =∯ E ⋅dA=∬ E ⋅ dA+ ∬ E ⋅dA +∬ E ⋅dA
S ¿¿ body ¿

The problem asks for the magnitude of the electric flux Φ ¿ through the right end of the cylinder.

N
In the right end of the cylinder the electric field is constant because if x = 2.7 m, then ¿ 5.6 i^ .
C

[ ] ( )
ϕ =2 π ρ=0.21 ρ=0.21 m 2
ρ2 N ( 0.21 m )
Φ ¿=∬ E ⋅dA=E ∫ ∫
ϕ=2 π
ρ dρ dϕ=E [ϕ] ϕ=0 =(5.6 ) (2 π )
¿ ϕ =0 ρ=0
2 ρ=0 C 2
 2
Nm
Φ ¿=0.78
C
b)

By the Gauss’s Law

¿
Q
Φ=∯ E ⋅dA=
S ϵ0

Q=Φ ϵ 0

¿
Φ cylinder =∯ E ⋅dA=∬ E ⋅ dA+ ∬ E ⋅dA +∬ E ⋅dA
S ¿¿ body ¿

In this case the second integral is zero because the unit vector on the surface of the cylinder body is perperdicular to the
direction of the electric field.

N
Calculating the first integral, in the left end of the cylinder, where E=2.9 i^ and −i^ is the unit vector on the surface
C
of the left end of the cylinder

Φ
[ ] (( )
ϕ =2 π ρ=0.21 m 2 ρ=0.21m 2
ρ 0.21 m )
¿=∬ E ⋅dA =E ∫ ∫ [ ϕ ] ϕ=0 =−(2.9 N )
ϕ=2π
ρ dρdϕ i^ ⋅(− ^i)=− E (2 π ) ¿
¿¿ ϕ =0 ρ=0 2 ρ=0 C 2

2
Nm
Φ ¿=−0.4
C
So

( )
2 2 2
Nm Nm −12 C
Q=Φ ϵ 0= −0.4 +0+0.78 (8.85 ×10 2
)
C C Nm
−12
Q=3.63 × 10 C
−12
Q=3.63 × 10 C is the net charge enclosed within the cylinder.
For the equilibrium of the electron is necessary that the attractive force by uranium F u be the same in magnitude as the
attractive force by iron F i . Considering the charge of the uranium ion q u, the charge of the iron ion q i=2 qu and the
charge of the electron q e

|F u|=|F i|
1 1
|qe|∨qu∨ ¿2 = 2∨qe ∨¿ q u∨ ¿ 2 ¿ ¿
4 π ϵ0 r 4 π ϵ 0 ( R−r )
1 2
2
= 2
r (R−r )

( R−r )2=2 r 2
2 2
2 r −( R−r ) =0
2 2
r +2 Rr−R =0
2
r +120.6 r −3636.09=0
Solving the quadratic equation

r 1=24.977 ,r 2=−145.577

Taking the positive solution

r =24.977 nm
Now, the magnitude of the force on the electron from the uranium ion is

1
|F u|= 4 π ϵ ¿ qe ∨¿ q u∨ ¿2 ¿
0 r
The magnitude of the charge of the uranium ion is the same as the magnitude of the charge of the electron.
2
−19 −9 −12 C
Considering ¿ q e ∨¿ ¿ qu ∨¿ 1.6 ×10 C , r=24.977 nm=24.977 ×10 m , ϵ 0=8.85 ×10 2
Nm

|F u|=3.69 ×10−13 N