ANSWER KEY FOR ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION 1. Enumerate the Accessory Organs involved in digestion.
1. Enumerate the four animal tissues and their functions.
a. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.
Functions include lining, protecting, and forming glands.
b. Connective tissue serves many purposes in the body: binding,
supporting, protecting, forming blood, storing fats and filling space
c. Muscle tissue facilitates movement of the animal by contraction of
individual muscle cells (referred to as muscle fibers)
d. Nervous tissue functions in the integration of stimulus and control of
response to that stimulus. Nerve cells are called neurons. Each neuron
has a cell body, an axon, and many dendrites.
2. What do you call a group of closely associated, similar cells that carry out specific
functions? Tissue
3. What are the Three Types of Epithelial Tissues According to Shape?
a. Squamous epithelial cells
b. Cuboidal epithelial cells
c. Columnar epithelial cells
4. What are the 3 Types of Muscle Tissues in Vertebrates?
a. Skeletal muscle
b. Cardiac muscle
c. Smooth muscle
5. What do you call cells that are especially active in developing tissue and are
important in healing wounds? Fibroblasts
6. What is formed when tissues associate? Organs
7. What is formed by groups of tissues and organs of a complex organism? Organ
systems
8. What is present when cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems work together to
maintain a relatively constant internal environment? Homeostasis
9. Differentiate Tendons and Ligaments. Tendons are cords that connect muscles
to bone. Ligaments are cables that connect bones to one another.
10. What does a muscle fiber contain?
myofibrils, proteins, myosin, and actin
ANSWER KEY FOR ANIMAL NUTRITION
a) Liver – largest gland in the body, secrete bile which is a greenish-yellow
liquid that contains bile salts & bile pigments which help to speed up
digestion of fats by emulsifying fats into small fat molecules
b) gall bladder is the temporary storage area for bile, connected and release bile
to duodenum via bile duct
c) pancreas is connected to the duodenum by pancreatic duct, produces
pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes along with the hormones
insulin and glucagon
2. Describe the Digestive Process.
a. Mouth. Food starts to move through your GI tract when you eat. When you
swallow, your tongue pushes the food into your throat. A small flap of tissue,
called the epiglottis, folds over your windpipe to prevent choking and the food
passes into your esophagus.
b. Esophagus. Once you begin swallowing, the process becomes automatic. Your
brain signals the muscles of the esophagus and peristalsis begins.
c. Lower esophageal sphincter. When food reaches the end of your esophagus,
a ringlike muscle—called the lower esophageal sphincter —relaxes and lets food
pass into your stomach. This sphincter usually stays closed to keep what’s in your
stomach from flowing back into your esophagus.
d. Stomach. After food enters your stomach, the stomach muscles mix the food
and liquid with digestive juices. The stomach slowly empties its contents,
called chyme, into your small intestine.
e. Small intestine. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive
juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, and push the mixture forward for
further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested
nutrients into your bloodstream. As peristalsis continues, the waste products of
the digestive process move into the large intestine.
f. Large intestine. Waste products from the digestive process include undigested
parts of food, fluid, and older cells from the lining of your GI tract. The large
intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. Peristalsis
helps move the stool into your rectum.
g. Rectum. The lower end of your large intestine, the rectum, stores stool until it
pushes stool out of your anus during a bowel movement.