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Race and Ethnicity in The United States 8th Edition Schaefer Test Bank
Race and Ethnicity in The United States 8th Edition Schaefer Test Bank
Race and Ethnicity in The United States 8th Edition Schaefer Test Bank
Chapter 4 – Immigration
Answer: c
2. One general pattern of immigration to the United States over time is that ________.
a. the number of immigrants has remained steady over the years
b. the immigrants have spread themselves throughout the country
c. the policies of the United States have always encouraged immigration
d. the source countries of immigrants have changed
Answer: d
3. The majority of foreign-born people living in the United States today are from ________.
a. northern Europe
b. Africa
c. Latin America
d. Asia
Answer: c
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
a. ethnocentrism
b. nativism
c. xenophobia
d. agoraphobia
Answer: c
5. Fearing the domination of the immigrant groups in the country, the government of Cambria
introduces policies that favor local citizens over the immigrants. These policies are an example
of ________.
a. racism
b. nativism
c. globalism
d. pluralism
Answer: b
6. Conflict theorists studying the immigration policies adopted by America state that ________.
a. immigration restrictions were evenly applied to people from all countries
b. labor market fear was the only factor that influenced the immigration policies
c. Chinese immigrants were welcomed only when their labor was required
d. naturalization rights were denied only to people from European countries
Answer: c
7. The most critical issue in the anti-Chinese movement of the late nineteenth century was
________.
a. labor market competition
b. race
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
c. brain drain
d. land rights
Answer: b
Answer: c
Answer: d
10. A conflict theorist analyzing the immigration policies followed by America is likely to
believe that ________.
a. immigration restrictions were not applied evenly
b. immigrants from all countries were welcomed
c. labor market fear was the only factor that shaped immigration policies
d. naturalization rights were denied to immigrants from all countries
Answer: a
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
Answer: a
12. During the World War II, Azami, a woman who lost her entire family, developed a strong
hatred toward foreigners. In this context, Azami has ________.
a. transphobia
b. xenophobia
c. ergophobia
d. brontophobia
Answer: b
13. Under the national origin system, which of the following countries continued to enjoy
unrestricted immigration to the United States?
a. Southern Europe
b. Asia
c. South America
d. India
Answer: c
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
14. Which of the following was the outcome of the gentlemen’s agreement completed in 1908?
a. Japan agreed to halt further immigration to the United States.
b. Japan agreed to the deportation of Japanese immigrants living in the United States.
c. The United States agreed to end discrimination against the Chinese already living in the
United States.
d. The United States agreed to lift the restrictions imposed on Chinese immigration.
Answer: a
15. In the 1920s, the United States instituted a national origin system of immigration based on
quotas. Under this system, 70 percent of the quota for the Eastern hemisphere went to three
countries: Great Britain, Germany, and ________.
a. Italy
b. China
c. Ireland
d. India
Answer: c
16. One of the primary goals of the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act was to ________.
a. strengthen the national origin system of immigration
b. reunite immigrant families
c. end transatlantic immigration
d. promote free trade
Answer: b
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
17. The influence of the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act passed in the United States was
primarily on the composition rather than the size of immigration. Which of the following was an
outcome of this act?
a. change in the sources of immigration
b. uniform immigration laws
c. simpler immigration procedures
d. easy entry for refugees into the United States
Answer: a
18. The citizens of Hanivale prefer to migrate to the neighboring country of East Argan due to
the availability of high-paying jobs and higher standards of living in that country. This creates a
shortage of skilled workers and technical expertise in Hanivale. Which of the following problems
associated with migration is shown in the given scenario?
a. population explosion
b. brain drain
c. deportation
d. ethnic cleansing
Answer: b
19. The majority of foreign students receiving their doctorates in the sciences and engineering in the
United States ________.
a. choose to remain in the country four years later
b. return to their home country within four years
c. find higher education in the United States affordable
d. find it difficult to obtain successful employment
Answer: a
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
Learning Objective: 4.4: Identify the concerns about immigration policy today.
Topic: Contemporary Social Concerns
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty: 2 – Moderate
20. The use of two or more languages in places of work or educational facilities, according each
language equal legitimacy is called ________.
a. multilingualism
b. lingualumina
c. linguistic relativity
d. bilingualism
Answer: d
Answer: b
22. Families in which one or more members are citizens and one or more are noncitizens are
referred to as ________.
a. illegal immigrants
b. mixed-status families
c. blended families
d. asylees
Answer: b
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
23. The monies that immigrants return to their country of origin are called ________.
a. reimbursements
b. disbursements
c. remittances
d. quittances
Answer: c
24. Ivan and his friend Edwin are discussing the status of immigrants in the American society.
Ivan feels that immigrants do not effectively adapt themselves to American culture, while Edwin
feels that most immigrants have adjusted very well. Which of the following accurate statements
supports Edwin’s argument?
a. Second generation immigrants have very low divorce rates.
b. Immigrant families receive several advantages through public assistance programs.
c. Second generation immigrants do well in educational attainment.
d. Immigrant children attend schools that are disproportionately attended by other school
children.
Answer: c
25. Amit, a software engineer of foreign origin, goes to the United States to pursue higher
education. He chooses to settle in the United States because of the availability of lucrative job
opportunities rather than returning to his home country. Which of the following problems
associated with immigration is shown in the given example?
a. brain drain
b. chain immigration
c. marginalization
d. nativism
Answer: a
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
Learning Objective: 4.4: Identify the concerns about immigration policy today.
Topic: Contemporary Social Concerns
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty: 2 – Moderate
26. In the context of illegal immigration in the United States, conflict theorists are likely to
believe that ________.
a. greater surveillance at the borders is the best way to control illegal immigration
b. illegal immigrants are lodged at the bottom of the nation’s social and economic hierarchies
c. employers hire these immigrants, pay low wages, and produce goods and services that are
affordable to consumers
d. illegal or undocumented workers are often transient
Answer: b
27. The objective of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 was to ________.
a. grant citizenship to all illegal immigrants living in the United States
b. make it illegal for employers to hire illegal immigrants
c. set nationality quotas for illegal immigrants
d. focus on regulating taxes paid by immigrants
Answer: b
28. Which of the following resulted from the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control
Act of 1986?
a. Amnesty was granted to illegal immigrants who could document long-term residency in
America.
b. Employers were allowed to hire illegal immigrants for low-paying and physically demanding
jobs.
c. Nationality quotas were set for illegal immigration.
d. Chinese immigration to the United States was effectively ended.
Answer: a
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
Learning Objective: 4.5: Discuss the scope of and issues related to illegal immigration.
Topic: Illegal Immigration
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty: 1 – Easy
29. The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ensured that ________.
a. legal immigrants can have access to Social Security benefits as long as their income is taxed
b. illegal immigration is officially tolerated since the United States needs laborers
c. illegal immigrants can legally seek welfare to supplement low wages
d. border surveillance was increased to check illegal immigration into the United States
Answer: d
30. From the ________ perspective, by paying low wages to illegal immigrants, employers are
able to produce goods and services that are profitable for industry and affordable to consumers.
a. conflict
b. labeling
c. pluralist
d. functionalist
Answer: d
31. Despite the poor working conditions often experienced by illegal immigrants in the United
States, they continue to migrate. Which of the following is a reason for this?
a. The welfare benefits more than make up for the low wages.
b. They are unable to find wage labor in their home countries.
c. They are accorded a high social status in the United States.
d. The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees citizenship to these immigrants.
Answer: b
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
Difficulty: 3 – Difficult
32. Which of the following was an outcome of the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and
Immigrant Responsibility Act?
a. Immigrants became ineligible to apply for permanent citizenship in the United States.
b. Border control and surveillance were reduced in the United States.
c. Illegal immigrants seeking benefits of welfare schemes were subjected to increased scrutiny.
d. Social conditions of unemployed legal immigrants improved.
Answer: c
33. The process of legally conferring U.S. citizenship on a foreigner, subject to certain
conditions, is called ________.
a. naturalization
b. legitimation
c. assimilation
d. normalization
Answer: a
34. Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin and
settlement are known as ________.
a. transnationals
b. refugees
c. asylees
d. sinophobes
Answer: a
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
35. Mike, a sociologist, is of the view that the presence of transnationals is an example of
pluralism. Which of the following statements strengthens Mike’s opinion?
a. Different generations of the same family will find themselves residing in different countries.
b. Foreign aid programs result in an increased rate of immigration.
c. The flow of remittances slows down with increasing presence of transnationals.
d. Social relationships become restricted to a few people within a family.
Answer: a
36. Natasha and Dinesh are citizens of the country of Azuria and have settled in Lafarnia, an
affluent country. They are happy in their new country, but they stay in touch with their families
back home and visit them regularly. Therefore, Natasha and Dinesh are ________.
a. transnationals
b. asylees
c. refugees
d. xenophobes
Answer: a
37. Mike and his family lost their home and belongings in a major earthquake that hit their town.
They left their homeland to begin afresh in a neighboring country. In this scenario, Mike and his
family are ________.
a. environmental refugees
b. xenophobes
c. transnationals
d. political prisoners
Answer: a
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
Answer: b
39. Foreigners who have already entered the United States and now seek protection because of
persecution in their home country are called ________.
a. refugees
b. asylees
c. transnationals
d. political prisoners
Answer: b
40. Although in the 1980s both Republican and Democratic administrations viewed most Haitian
exiles as economic migrants rather than political refugees and opposed granting them asylum and
permission to enter the United States, in 2010 the United States declared a moratorium on all
Haitian deportations. Which of the following is a reason for this move?
a. the political oppression that prevailed in Haiti
b. the conditions of extreme poverty in Haiti
c. the devastation caused by an earthquake in Haiti
d. the civil war that prevailed in Haiti
Answer: c
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
Essay Questions
41. What is the most important aspect that encourages chain migration?
Answer: The most important aspect of chain immigration is that immigrants anticipate knowing
someone who can help them adjust to their new surroundings and find a new job, place to live,
and even the kinds of foods that are familiar to them.
42. How did the Chinese Exclusion Act impact Chinese immigration?
Answer: In 1882, Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act, which outlawed Chinese
immigration for ten years. It also explicitly denied naturalization rights to the Chinese in the
United States; that is, they were not allowed to become citizens. There was little debate in
Congress, and discussion concentrated on how to best handle suspending Chinese immigration.
No allowance was made for spouses and children to be reunited with their husbands and fathers
in the United States. Only brief visits of Chinese government officials, teachers, tourists, and
merchants were exempted.
43. How did the national origin system propose to regulate immigration to the United States?
Answer: Beginning in 1921, a series of measures was enacted that marked a new era in
American immigration policy. Whatever the legal language, the measures were drawn up to
block the growing immigration from Southern Europe (from Italy and Greece, for example) and
also to block all Asian immigrants by establishing a zero quota for them.
Quotas were deliberately weighted to favor immigration from Northern Europe. Because of the
ethnic composition of the country in 1920, the quotas placed severe restrictions on immigration
from the rest of Europe and other parts of the world. Immigration from the Western Hemisphere
(i.e., Canada, Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean) continued unrestricted.
The quota for each nation was set at 3 percent of the number of people descended from each
nationality recorded in the 1920 census. Once the statistical manipulations were completed,
almost 70 percent of the quota for the Eastern Hemisphere went to just three countries: Great
Britain, Ireland, and Germany.
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
Learning Objective: 4.3: Describe how restrictionist sentiment increased in the twentieth century.
Topic: Restrictionist Sentiment Increases
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty: 2 – Moderate
44. Contrast how functionalists and conflict theorists would explain the brain drain.
Answer: Conflict theorists see the current brain drain as yet another symptom of the unequal
distribution of world resources. In their view, it is ironic that the United States gives foreign aid
to improve the technical resources of African and Asian countries while maintaining an
immigration policy that encourages professionals in such nations to migrate to our shores. These
very countries have unacceptable public health conditions and need native scientists, educators,
technicians, and other professionals. In addition, by relying on foreign talent, the United States is
not encouraging native members of subordinate groups to enter these desirable fields of
employment.
From a functionalist perspective, many students who come to the country stay back and make
their talents available in the United States. More than one out of four physicians in the United
States are foreign-born and plays a critical role in serving areas with too few doctors. In addition,
about 70 percent of illegal immigrant workers pay taxes of one type or another. Supporters of
immigration reform point to increased tax revenue and even more net financial benefits to all
local governments if illegal immigrants move toward legal residency. A variety of recent studies
found that immigrants are a net economic gain for the population in times of economic boom as
well as in periods of recession.
45. Present arguments to support bilingual education programs for children in school. Why is it
difficult to determine the effectiveness of these programs?
Answer: A program of bilingual education may instruct children in their native language while
gradually introducing them to the language of the dominant society. If such a program also is
bicultural, it will teach children about the culture of both linguistic groups. Proponents believe
that, ideally, bilingual education programs should also allow English-speaking pupils to be
bilingual, but generally they are directed only at making non–English speakers proficient in more
than one language. It is difficult to reach firm conclusions on the effectiveness of the bilingual
programs in general because they vary so widely in their approach to non–English-speaking
children. The programs differ in the length of the transition to English and how long they allow
students to remain in bilingual classrooms. The most successful are paired bilingual programs or
those offering ongoing instruction in a native language and English at different times of the day.
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
46. What issues are faced by legal and illegal immigrants who choose to stay in the United States
instead of seeking employment in their home countries?
Answer: The public has tied illegal immigrants, and even legal immigrants, to almost every
social problem in the nation. They become the scapegoats for unemployment; they are labeled
“drug runners” and, especially since September 11, 2001, “terrorists.” Arrest, detention, and
deportation of illegal immigrants greatly increased. Their vital economic and cultural
contribution to the United States is generally overlooked, as it has been for more than a hundred
years. American citizens of Hispanic or Asian origin, some of whom were born in the United
States, may be greeted with prejudice and distrust, as if their names automatically imply that they
are illegal immigrants. Furthermore, these citizens and legal residents of the United States may
be unable to find work because employers wrongly believe that their documents are forged.
Since the Congress approved the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) that
made it illegal to hire illegal aliens, many illegal immigrants live in fear and hiding, subject to
even more severe harassment and discrimination than before.
47. What are the conditions to be met by a person to become a naturalized citizen of the United
States?
Answer: To become a naturalized U.S. citizen, a person must meet the following general
conditions:
• be 18 years of age;
• have continually resided in the United States for at least five years (three years for the spouses
of U.S. citizens);
• have good moral character as determined by the absence of conviction of selected criminal
offenses;
• be able to read, write, speak, and understand words of ordinary usage in the
English language; and
• pass a test in U.S. government and history administered orally in English.
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
50. Explain the challenges faced by policymakers when making decisions on accepting refugees
who enter the United States for varied reasons.
Answer: Despite periodic public opposition, the U.S. government is officially committed to
accepting refugees from other nations. However, it is not always clear whether a person is
fleeing for his or her personal safety or to escape poverty. Although people in the latter category
may be of humanitarian interest, they do not meet the official definition of refugees and are
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Schaefer, Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 8/e, Test Bank
subject to deportation. The practice of deporting people who are fleeing poverty has been the
subject of criticism. The United States has a long tradition of facilitating the arrival of people
leaving Communist nations, such as the Cubans. Mexicans who are refugees from poverty,
Liberians fleeing civil war, and Haitians running from despotic rule are not similarly welcomed.
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