TRANSFORMER

220 kV 11 kV
11 kV 33 kV
Transmission Distribution
system system

400 V

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan

Transformer

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan
 Windings

HV LV LV HV HV LV LV HV

Limb

Core-type

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan

 Windings

LV LV

HV HV

LV LV
/2 HV HV
/2
LV LV

HV HV

Shell-type
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Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan
Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan
Lamination

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 0.35 mm thick

Secondary Winding
t) Laminated Core
1 3
Primary Winding

Load
V1 N N2 E2
1

2 4

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan

 EMF equation of Transformer

Applied alternative voltage V1 of

frequency f sinusoidal flux produced

Induced emf in primary

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan

The maximum value of induced emf in primary

E1 = RMS value of primary emf

Similarly E2 =

a = turns ratio of the transformer

per turn voltage for each winding=4.44 f M

if N1>N2, E1>E2, coil is high voltage (HV) and coil 2 is
low voltage (LV)

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 Flux paths

Im
+ +
v1 E1 N1
-
- i2 Primary
+ +
E2 E2 N2
- -

Secondary

E1,E2
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 Primary
Secondary
Im

N1 N2 E2
V1 E
11

Theoretical study Diagram

E1,E2
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i) At no Load condition ( ideal transformer case)
with N1=N2

V1,E1

Im

E2=V2

Im= magnetizing current

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ii) With core loss

V1,E1 Ic= core loss component

I0= no load current
Ic
0 I0 Im= magnetizing current

Im

E2=V2

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan

Example
A single phase transformer has 400 turns on the primary
and 80 turns in the secondary. The relative permeability
r) of the core at the operating point is 4200. Calculate
the magnetizing current of the transformer for cross
section area of core being 0.02 m2 and mean length of
flux path in the core being 2m,for a primary voltage of
2000V at 50 Hz.

2000 = 4.44 x 400 x 50 x

= 0.0225 Wb

= 1.126 Wb/m2

= 213.36 AT/m

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 = 213.36 x 2 = 426.72 AT

Peak value of magnetizing current =

RMS value of magnetizing current =

Secondary voltage =

If 400V is applied in the second winding,

what will be the rms value of magnetizing
current?

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan

Loaded ideal transformer

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan

Loaded ideal transformer

+ I1
+
v1 E1 N1
-
- I2
Primary
Load + +
E2 E2 N2
ZL -
-
Secondary

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan

Loaded ideal transformer I1 I2

V2 E2 (Say, N1 N2 ) V1 V2 ZL
I2
ZL ZL as E1 V1
N1 : N 2
in the core remains constant, as E1 remains fixed. I1
V1,E1
I'2
AT1=ATC+AT2 With ATC=0 for ideal transformer
1
N2I2 N1I1 0

Ic I 0

Flux
Im

I2 E2=V2
Apparent Power V1 I1= V2 I2

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan

Example

A single phase transformer with a ratio of 440/110V takes

no load current of 5A at 0.2 pf lagging. If the load current
is 120A at 0.8 lagging pf, find the primary current.

Solution
V1,E1 I1
I'2
cos 2 0.8, 2 36.87 0

cos 0 0.2, 0 78.480 1

0
120 I0 5A Ic I 0
I2' 4 30A
Flux
Im
I1 30 36.87 0 5 78.460
2
I1 33.9A I2 E2=V2

Electrical Technology Transformer - akpradhan

 I1 I2 I1

V1 Z2 V1

N1 : N 2
 Example

How to maximize power transfer to the speaker?

1
R2=9
speaker
10V

Power transfer to the speaker = 9W

Example
How to maximize power transfer to the speaker?

1
R2=9
speaker
10V

1:3

R2 2 R2 a=N1/N2

10V
Power transfer to the speaker = 25W
Without transformer = 9W
Polarity of Transformer

1 3 1 3
+ +

2 4 2 - - 4
(a) (b) (c)
Current enters two both windings In such a case polarities are
resulting same direction of flux in marked as above.
the core, induced emfs become as
marked
Dotted terminals will have at any point of
time identical polarities.