

Essentials of Human Anatomy Skeletal cartilages

ligaments
provide muscle
attachment for
and Physiology joint
bones 
movement
protect vital
CHAPTER 1: The human body – an orientation organs
 site of blood cell
formation; stores
Anatomy mineral

- study of the structure and shape of the body muscular skeletal  produces
and its parts muscles movement of
- Gross anatomy → observing large structures; bones
easily observable Nervous brain  fast-acting
- Microscopic anatomy → structures are too spinal cord control system
small to be seen with the naked eyes; can nerves  responds to
only be viewed by a microscope sensory internal and
receptors external stimuli
Physiology
 sensory receptors
- study of how the body and its parts work or detect changes
function  messages are sent
- structure determines what functions can to the central
occur nervous system
- ex. air sacs of the lungs have very thin walls  central nervous
(anatomy), a feature that enables them to system assesses
exchange gasses and provide oxygen to the information and
body (physiology) activates
effectors
Levels of structural organization (muscles &
glands)
Chemical level atoms, molecules Endocrine pineal gland  secretes
Cellular level cells pituitary hormones into
Tissue level tissues gland the blood
Organ level organs in the body thyroid  body functions
Organ system level consists of different gland controlled by
organs that work together thymus hormones
closely gland include:growth,
Organismal level human organism adrenal reproduction, &
glands use of nutrients
pancreas
Organ systems
testis
System Components function ovary
integumentary skin  waterproofs the Cardiovascula heart  heart pumps
hair body r blood blood; vessels
fingernails  protects deeper vessels transport blood to
tissues tissues
 produces vitamin  blood transports:
D with the help oxygen & carbon
of sunlight dioxide,
 excretes salts in nutrients, and
perspiration hormones
 helps regulate lymphatic lymphatic  complements
body temp vessels cardiovascular
 location of lymph nodes system by
cutaneous nerve lymphoid returning leaked
receptors organs fluids back to the
 bloodstream
 lymph nodes and
other lymphoid
organs cleanse
the blood
 houses WBC
Respiratory nasal cavity  gases are
pharynx exchanged in the
larynx blood through air
trachea sacs in the lungs
bronchi
lungs
Digestive oral cavity  breaks down food
esophagus  allows nutrient
stomach absorption in the Necessary life functions
small blood
intestine  eliminates 1. maintaining boundaries
large indigestible - boundaries separate the “inside” from the
intestine material as feces “outside”
rectum 2. Movement
urinary kidney  eliminates - locomotion
ureter nitrogenous - movement of substances
urinary wastes 3. Responsiveness (irritability)
bladder  maintains acid- - ability to sense changes and react
urethra base balance 4. Digestion
 regulates water & - breakdown and absorption of nutrients
electrolyte 5. metabolism
balance - chemical reactions within the body
 helps regulate - breaks down complex molecules into
normal blood smaller ones
pressure - builds larger molecules from smaller ones
reproductive male  testes produce - produces energy (ATP)
 seminal sperm - regulated by hormones
vesicles  duct system 6. excretion
 prostate carries sperm to - eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic
gland exterior reactions
 penis  ovaries produce - wastes may be removed in urine, feces, or
 testis eggs sweat
 scrotum  uterus provides 7. reproduction
female site of - occurs on cellular level or organismal level
 mamma development for
 cellular level—new cells are used for
ry fetus
growth and repair
glands
 organismal level—the reproductive
 uterine
system handles the task
tube
8. growth
 ovary - increases cell size or body size (through
 uterus increasing the number of cells)
 vagina - hormones play a major role

survival needs
1. nutrients
- chemicals used for energy and cell building
 - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and Deep (internal) away from the body
minerals surface; more internal
2. oxygen
- required for chemical reactions
3. regional terms
- made available by the cooperation of the
respiratory and cardiovascular systems  anterior (ventral)
3. Water
- 60 to 80 percent of body weight
- most abundant chemical in the human body
- provides fluid base for body secretions and
excretions
4. Normal body temperature
- 37ºC (98.6ºF)
- below this temperature, chemical reactions
slow and stop; above this temperature,
chemical reactions proceed too rapidly
5. Atmospheric pressure
- must be appropriate for gas exchange

the language of anatomy

 posterior (dorsal)
Special terminology is used
to prevent misunderstanding

1. anatomical position
- standard body position used to avoid
confusion
- terminology refers to this position regardless
of actual body position
- stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the
sides with palms facing forward and thumbs
pointing away from the body
2. directional terms
- explain location of one body structure in
relation to another
Term definition
Superior(cranial, toward the head; above
cephalic)
Inferior (caudal) away from head; below
Anterior (ventral) in front of
Posterior (dorsal) behind Body planes and sections
Medial at the midline of the body
Lateral away from the midline - sections are cuts along imaginary lines
Intermediate between medial & lateral known as planes
Proximal close to the origin of the - three types of planes or sections exist as
body part or the point of right angles to one another
attachment of a limb to
the body trunk
Distal farther from the origin of 1. sagittal section
a body part or the point of - left and right parts
attachment of a limb to 2. midsaggital (median)
the body trunk - equal left and right parts
Superficial (external) at the body surface 3. frontal (coronal)
 - anterior and posterior parts
4. transverse (cross)
- superior and inferior parts

body cavities

body cavities provide varying degrees of

protection to organs within them

 dorsal
 cranial cavity
- houses the brain
- protected by the skull

 spinal cavity
- houses the spinal cord
- protected by the vertebrae

 ventral (separated by diaphragm)

