Statistics For Psychology 6th Edition Arthur Aron Test Bank

Statistics For Psychology 6th Edition
Arthur Aron Test Bank

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Statistics for Psychology, 6e (Aron/Coups/Aron)
Chapter 7 Introduction to t Tests: Single Sample and Dependent Means
Note: Some problems require tables, which can be copied from the textbook: the t table in the
Appendix (Table A–2), and the power and sample-size tables in Chapter 7 (Tables 7–11 and 7–12).
1) The main difference between a Z score and a t score is that

A) t scores are used when a study is analyzed with a one-tailed test.
B) t scores are used when the population variance is unknown.
C) t scores are used only when the sample size is greater than 30.
D) t scores are used only when inferences are made about other samples.
Answer: B
2) Which of the following statements is true about t distributions?

A) There are exactly 10 categories of t distributions.
B) For any given sample size, there are between two and N – 1 appropriate t distributions.
C) The larger the sample size, the more a t distribution resembles a normal curve.
D) t distributions are generally bimodal.
Answer: C
3) The process of estimating the population variance from the scores in the sample involves
A) using a special table to find the estimated variance.
B) proceeding normally but interpreting the results with caution.
C) dividing the sum of squared deviations by N – 1 instead of N.
D) multiplying the sample variance by the degrees of freedom.
Answer: C
4) Which of the following statements about degrees of freedom is TRUE?

A) It always equals N – 2.
B) It is the number of scores in a sample that are free to vary.
C) It is used in effect size calculations.
D) It increases the bias inherent in a statistical estimate.
Answer: B
5) If a sample includes three individuals with scores of 2, 3, and 4, the estimated population variance is
A) 1
B) 1.33
C) 2
D) 3.67
Answer: A
6) If a sample includes three individuals with scores of 4, 6, and 8, the estimated population variance is
A) (2 + 0 + 2) / 3 = 1.33
B) (2 + 0 + 2) / 2 = 2
C) (4 + 0 + 4) / 3 = 2.67
D) (4 + 0 + 4) / 2 = 4
Answer: D
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Page 70
7) In the formula for estimating the population variance from the sample, the sum of squared deviations
is divided by
A) the number of participants in the sample.
B) the number of participants in the sample minus one.
C) the number of participants in the population.
D) the number of participants in the population minus one.
Answer: B
8) If a sample includes 27 people, the degrees of freedom used in the formula to estimate the population
variance would be
A) 26
B) 27
C) 272
D) √27
Answer: A
9) When estimating the variance of a population from the sample, the sample variance cannot be used
directly because
A) it is based on using absolute deviations.
B) it is based on using squared deviations.
C) it tends to be slightly too large—it overestimates the population variance.
D) it tends to be slightly too small—it underestimates the population variance.
Answer: D
The items below (# 10 – 12) are based on the following scenario.
A school psychologist is using a depression inventory—on which a score of 0 indicates no depression

and a score of 10 indicates severe depression—to see if the level of depression in fourth graders in a
particular class of 20 students differs from that of fourth graders in general at a school. The results of
previous testing indicate that fourth graders at the school usually have a score of 5 on the scale, but the
variation is unknown. The current sample of 20 fifth graders has a mean depression score of 4.4.
10) If the unbiased estimate of the population's variance is 15, the variance of the distribution of means is
A) 15 / 20 = 0.75
B) 15 / 19 = 0.79
C) 152 / 20 = 11.25
D) 152 / 19 = 11.84
Answer: A
11) The psychologist tests the null hypothesis that the level of depression of fourth graders in this class
does not differ from fourth graders in general at the school and obtains a t score of –0.20. The decision
regarding the null hypothesis would be to
A) reject it.
B) fail to reject it.
C) adjust the power.
D) increase the sample size.
Answer: B
12) If the psychologist figures S = .85, the effect size (d) is
A) 5 / .85 = 5.88
B) .85 / 5 = 0.17
C) (5 – 4.4) / .85 = 0.71
D) .85 / (5 – 4.4) = 1.42
Answer: C
A professor believes the students in a statistics class this term are more creative than most other
students attending the university. A previous study found that students at the university had a mean
score of 35 on a standard creativity test, and the current class has an average score of 40 on this scale
with an estimated population standard deviation of 7. The standard deviation of the distribution of
means is 1.63.
13) The t score is

A) (40 – 35) / 7 = 0.71
B) (40 – 35) / 1.63 = 3.07
C) (40 – 35) / 72 = 5 / 49 = 0.10
D) (40 – 35) / 1.632 = 5 / 2.66 = 1.88
Answer: B
14) The effect size is

A) (40 – 35) / 7 = 0.71
B) (40 – 35) / 1.63 = 3.07
C) (40 – 35) / 72 = 5 / 49 = 0.10
D) (40 – 35) / 1.632 = 5 / 2.66 = 1.88
Answer: A
15) If there were 30 students in the class and the professor wanted to test the null hypothesis described in
the scenario using the 5% level of significance, the cutoff t score would be
A) 35.000
B) 1.699
C) –0.113
D) –2.500
Answer: B
16) In a t test for dependent means, 15 participants are each tested twice. This makes a total of 15 "before"
scores and 15 "after" scores. What are the degrees of freedom?
A) 15
B) 14
C) 30
D) 29
Answer: B
17) The difference between a t test for a single sample and a Z test for a single sample is the way
A) the problem is restated as a research hypothesis and a null hypothesis about the populations.
B) the mean of the known population is determined.
C) the variance of the known population is determined.
D) the decision about whether to reject the null hypothesis is made.
Answer: C
18) A t test for a single sample would be used to compare

A) the level of honesty in politicians with the level of honesty in students.
B) the level of reading comprehension of students at the beginning and at the end of a speed-
reading class.
C) the hours spent studying each week by freshmen and seniors.
D) the hours that "C" average students spend on Facebook each week compared with students in
general.
Answer: D
19) A t test for dependent means would be used to compare

A) the level of honesty in politicians with the level of honesty in students.
B) the level of reading comprehension of students at the beginning and at the end of a speed-
reading class.
C) the hours spent studying each week by freshmen and seniors.
D) the scores on a tolerance-of-diversity measure between two sororities.
Answer: B
20) When conducting a t test for dependent means, μM

A) is always equal to 0.
B) is always equal to 1.
C) is always equal to –1.
D) depends on the population.
Answer: A
21) Difference scores are computed for

A) a t test for a single sample.
B) a t test for dependent means.
C) a t test for independent means.
D) all t tests when the degrees of freedom are less than 10.
Answer: B
22) The comparison distribution in a t test for dependent means is a distribution of

A) means.
B) differences between means.
C) means of difference scores.
D) dependent means.
Answer: C
23) If 15 participants take a pretest and a posttest and have a mean difference score of 1.5, and if the
standard deviation of the comparison distribution is 0.5, the t score is
A) 0.5 / 1.5 = 0.33
B) 1.5 / 15 = 0.10
C) 1.5 / 0.5 = 3
D) 1.5 / 0.52 = 6
Answer: C
A counseling psychologist developing a technique to reduce procrastination has students time their
procrastination for a week and uses this as a pretest measure of procrastination. Students then attend a
workshop in which they are instructed to do a specific warm-up exercise for studying by focusing on a
pleasant activity. Students again time their procrastination for a week, and the time from this second
week is the posttest measure.
24) If the psychologist wants to see if there is a change (increase or decrease) in procrastination by
students who attended his workshop, the appropriate description of "Population 2" (the comparison
population) would be people whose
A) posttest scores will be lower than their pretest scores.
B) difference scores will be 0 or greater than 0.
C) difference scores will be 0.
D) difference scores will be smaller than their pretest scores.
Answer: C
25) If the psychologist wants to see if there is a change (increase or decrease) in procrastination by 10 of
the students who attended his workshop using the .05 significance level, the cutoff t score(s) would
be
A) –.62, 0, +2.62
B) +2.262
C) –2.262, 0
D) –2.262, +2.262
Answer: D
26) If the psychologist finds that the sum of squared deviations from the mean of the difference scores of
the sample is 135, the estimated population variance would be
A) 135 / 10 = 13.5
B) 135 / 9 = 15.0
C) 10 / 135 = .074
D) 9 / 135 = .067
Answer: B
27) The t test for dependent means is LEAST robust when

A) the population is highly skewed.
B) the population is normal.
C) there are more than 30 participants.
D) the population variance is small.
Answer: A
28) If an experimenter conducts a t test for dependent means with 10 participants and the estimated
population variance of difference scores is 20, the variance of the comparison distribution is
A) 20 / 10 = 2.0
B) 20 / 9 = 2.2
C) 400 / 10 = 40.0
D) 400 / 9 = 44.4
Answer: A
29) Professor Q has designed a repeated measures experiment. Which information does he NOT need
when looking up the power of his planned study in a power table?
A) whether a one- or two-tailed test will be computed
B) number of difference scores
C) estimated population variance of difference scores
D) effect size
Answer: C
30) A medium effect size (d) for a t test for dependent means is
A) .20
B) .40
C) .50
D) .80
Answer: C
31) Studies using difference scores tend to have larger effect sizes than studies using other research
designs because
A) of the long-standing procedural bias in psychology to set up studies involving dependent means
in such a way as to artificially favor large effect sizes.
B) the standard deviation of difference scores is usually low.
C) participants provide their own baseline, which increases the variance.
D) studies with dependent means usually use a larger number of participants, so larger effect sizes
are easily detected.
Answer: B
32) Which of the following is an assumption for the t test for dependent means?
A) The population variance is known.
B) The population mean is greater than the sample mean.
C) The population follows a normal distribution.
D) The sample follows a normal distribution.
Answer: C
33) If a t test for dependent means is reported in a research article as "t (16) = 2.67, p < .05," then
A) the result is not significant.
B) there were 16 participants.
C) the t score was 16.
D) the t score was 2.67.
Answer: D
34) If a t test for dependent means is reported in a research article as "t (38) = 3.11, p < .01," then
A) the result is significant.
B) the result is not significant.
C) you can assume a one-tailed test was used.
D) there were 39 degrees of freedom.
Answer: A
35) Your professor asks you to update a manuscript with the results of a t test for dependent means and
provides you with the following information: there were 19 people in the study, the t score was 4.36,
and the result was significant at the .01 level. The best way to present this information would be
A) t (19) = 4.36, p < .05
B) t (18) = 4.36, p < .01
C) t (4.36), p (.05)
D) t (4.36), p (.01)
Answer: B
36) The most likely way for a t test to be presented in a research article for a study with 25 participants is
A) t (25) < significant
B) t (25) = 3.01, p < .05
C) t (24) = 2.94, p < .01
D) t (24) < significant
Answer: C
The items below (# 37 – 39) are based on the following table from a research article.
Mean Score on Four Questionnaire Scales

Before and After the Experimental Manipulation
Questionnaire Before After Change
Dominance 18.42 16.31 –2.11
Independence 17.25 21.38 –4.13**
Conformity 18.97 17.20 –1.77*
Nurturance 16.11 13.89 –2.22*
*p < .05 **p < .01
37) Which of the following differences were NOT significant?

A) Dominance
B) Independence
C) Conformity and Nurturance
D) None of the above—all were significant
Answer: A
38) Which of the following differences were significant at the .05 level?
A) Dominance
B) Independence
C) Conformity and Nurturance
D) All of the above
Answer: C
39) Which of the following statements is most likely to be true based on the results presented?
A) The hypothesis testing procedure probably used one-tailed tests.
B) The various scales probably all had just about the same population variances.
C) The t scores are all larger than the raw difference scores.
D) The hypothesis testing procedure was probably a t test for dependent means.
Answer: D
40) "Student's" t test was invented by

A) Philip Guinness.
B) William Gosset.
C) Jacob Cohen.
D) Joan Guinness.
Answer: B
41) The test used to reach a decision about the null hypothesis when the population variance is unknown
is the __________ test.
Answer: t
42) The formula SS/df provides a(n) __________ estimate of the population variance.
Answer: unbiased
43) The sum of squared deviations from the mean for a sample is 12, and there are 4 participants. The
estimated population variance is __________. (Give a number.)
Answer: 4
44) Given a particular number of degrees of freedom, there is(are) __________ t distribution(s).
Answer: one
45) The more degrees of freedom, the closer a t distribution is to the __________.
Answer: normal curve, normal distribution
46) To find the score in a t table at which the null hypothesis will be rejected, an experimenter must know
the significance level, the degrees of freedom, and __________.
Answer: whether it is a one- or two-tailed test
47) You are evaluating a non-directional hypothesis at the .01 significance level using a t test for a single
sample. If there are 16 people in the sample, the cutoff score (critical value) needed is __________.
Answer: ±2.947
48) When figuring the variance of the distribution of means based on an estimated population variance,
you divide the estimated population variance by __________.
Answer: the sample size, N (N – 1 is wrong)
49) When figuring the variance of the distribution of means based on an estimated population variance
in a study with 20 participants, you divide the estimated population variance by __________. (Give a
number.)
Answer: 20 (19 is wrong)
50) The symbol S2M represents the __________.
Answer: variance of the distribution of means (or comparison distribution)
51) The formula (M – μ) / SM is used to figure the __________.

Answer: t score
52) In the formula (M – μ) / SM, SM is the __________. (Describe in words.)

Answer: standard deviation of the distribution of means (or comparison distribution)
53) If the mean of a sample is 95, the mean of Population 2 is 75, and the standard deviation of the
distribution of means is 5, the t score resulting from a t test for a single sample is __________. (Give a
number.)
Answer: 4
54) Testing participants before and after an experimental manipulation is called a(n) __________ design.
Answer: repeated measures, within-subjects, pretest-posttest
55) Before conducting a t test for dependent means on a set of pretest and posttest scores, the two sets of
scores must be combined into one set of scores by figuring __________.
Answer: difference scores, change scores, posttest score minus pretest score for each participant
56) In a t test for dependent means in which 10 participants are each tested twice, the number of degrees
of freedom is __________. (Give a number.)
Answer: 9
57) When carrying out a t test for dependent means with a mean difference score of 20 and a variance of
the distribution of means of 25, the t score is __________. (Give a number.)
Answer: 4
58) When carrying out a t test for dependent means with a mean difference score of 12 and a standard
deviation of the distribution of means of 6, the t score is __________. (Give a number.)
Answer: 2
59) When carrying out a t test for dependent means, a small effect size is __________. (Give a number.)
Answer: .2
60) In the formula for effect size, d is for the difference between the means of the __________ divided by
the variance.
Answer: populations
61) In terms of meeting assumptions of the t test for dependent means, the most common cause of serious
problems is when a one-tailed test is used and the population distribution is highly __________.
Answer: skewed
62) t tests are often __________ to assumption violations.

Answer: robust
63) When the results of a t test are presented in a research article, the number(s) in parentheses that
directly follow the t score is(are) the __________.
Answer: degrees of freedom, df
64) The results of a study using a t test for dependent means involving 45 participants that yielded a t
score of 2.89, which was significant at the .01 level, would be reported in a journal article in symbols
and numbers as __________.
Answer: t (44) = 2.89, p < .01
65) If the results of a study are reported in a research article as "t (29) = 2.31, p < .05," you can conclude
that the result is __________.
Answer: statistically significant at the .05 level
66) A swimming school claimed that the average seven-year-old would be able to swim across an
Olympic-sized pool in less than 2 minutes after taking lessons from their instructors. To test this
claim, a consumer psychologist arranged for eight randomly selected seven-year-old children to take
lessons at the school and recorded how long it took each child to swim across a pool at the end of the
lessons. The times (in seconds) were 60, 120, 110, 80, 70, 90, 100, and 130. What conclusion would the
psychologist draw following a t test for a single sample using 120 seconds as the "known" population
mean and the .05 significance level?
a. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b. Sketch the distributions involved.
c. Explain the logic of what you did to a person who is familiar with hypothesis testing with a
known population variance and a single sample, but who knows nothing about t tests of any
kind (for example, you do not need to describe the steps or logic of hypothesis testing). Be sure
you explain how this problem differs from a problem with a known population variance and a
single sample. Your answer should consist mainly of a thorough explanation of the characteristics
of the comparison distribution and all the figuring you did to determine those characteristics.
Answer:
A) t needed (df = 7), p < .05, one-tailed = –1.895
M = 95; S2 = 600; SM = 8.66; t = (95 – 120) / 8.66 = –2.89
Reject the null hypothesis.
B) No answer in Test Bank.
C) No answer in Test Bank.
67) An industrial psychologist consulting with a chain of music stores knows that the average number of
complaints management receives each month throughout the industry is 4, but the variance is
unknown. Nine of the chain's stores were randomly selected to record complaints for one month;
they received 2, 4, 3, 5, 0, 2, 5, 1, and 5 complaints. Using the .05 significance level, is the number of
complaints received by the chain different from the number of complaints received by music stores in
general?
Answer:
A) t needed (df = 8), p < .05, two-tailed = ±2.306
M = 3; S2 = 3.5; SM = 0.62; t = (3 – 4) / 0.62 = −1.61
Fail to reject the null hypothesis.
68) Knowing that a particular laboratory decision task takes the average person 2.5 seconds, an
experimenter found that 30 randomly selected 80 year olds had a mean response time of 2.7 seconds
with an estimated population standard deviation of 1.4 seconds. Using the .05 significance level, is
the mean response time of older people slower than the response time of people in general?
Answer:
A) t needed (df = 29), p < .05, one-tailed = 1.699
M = 2.7; S2 = 1.96; SM = 0.26; t = (2.7 – 2.5) / 0.26 = 0.77
Do not reject the null hypothesis; the results are inconclusive.
69) An educational psychologist measured a number of personality traits in a group of junior high school
students when they started seventh grade and again when they started ninth grade. The psychologist
provided the following table in the results section of a research report. Explain these results,
including the underlying logic of the computations, to a person who is familiar with the Z test for a
single sample, but who is not familiar with t tests of any kind.
Scale 7th Grade 9th Grade Difference

Anxiety 132.21 114.61 –17.60**
Depression 112.15 109.13 –3.02*
Rigidity 108.14 111.90 3.76
Neuroticism 142.16 120.11 –22.05**
*p < .05 **p < .01
70) A researcher surveyed 50 students' emotions during an "exam" day and during a "lecture" day in a
particular class. The psychologist provided the following table in the results section of a research
report. Explain these results, including the underlying logic of the computations, to a person who is
familiar with the Z test for a single sample, but who is not familiar with t tests of any kind.
Scale Exam Lecture Difference

Calm 3.47 14.71 –11.24**
Angry 6.84 5.48 1.36
Happy 8.52 11.35 –2.83
Surprised 12.36 6.97 5.39*
*p < .05 **p < .01
71) A psychologist wanted to study the effect of television violence on concentration of a particular blood
chemical. The psychologist measured the chemical in 40 participants before and after the participants
watched a violent show. In the results section, the psychologist writes: "There was a significant
decline in blood concentration from a mean of 13.41 (SD = 2.48) to 12.38 (SD = 2.69), t (39) = 3.38, p <
.01 (one-tailed)." Explain this result (including the underlying logic of the figuring) to a person who is
familiar with the Z test for a single sample, but who is not familiar with t tests of any kind.
72) A social psychologist gave a questionnaire about concern for farm workers to seven participants
before and after they attended a film about union organization of farm workers. The results are
shown below with high scores meaning high concern. Using the .05 significance level, do these
results support the hypothesis that the film affected concern for the lives of farm workers?
Scores on the Concern Measure

Participant Before After
A 17 20
B 7 4
C 10 11
D 13 15
E 8 5
F 9 8
G 11 14

c. Figure the effect size and find the approximate power of this study.
d. Explain the logic of what you did to a person who is familiar with hypothesis testing with a
known population variance and a single sample, including understanding decision errors, effect
size and power, but who knows nothing about t tests of any kind (for example, you do not need
to describe the steps or logic of hypothesis testing). Be sure you explain how this problem differs
from a problem with a known population variance and a single sample. Your answer should
consist mainly of a thorough explanation of the characteristics of the comparison distribution and
all the figuring you did to determine those characteristics.
Answer:
Difference scores = 3, –3, 1, 2, –3, –1, 3
M = 0.29; S2 = 6.90; SM = 0.99; t = 0.29
C) Estimated d = (0.29 – 0) / 2.63 = .11; approximate power (from table) = .09
D) No answer in Test Bank.
73) In a study to test the effects of science fiction movies on people's belief in the supernatural, seven
people completed a measure of belief in the supernatural before and after watching a popular science
fiction movie. Participants' scores are listed below with high scores indicating higher levels of belief.
Using the .01 significance level, carry out a t test for dependent means to test the experimenter's
assumption that the participants' belief in the supernatural would change after watching the movie.
Belief-in-Supernatural Scores
Before and After Watching Science Fiction Movie
Participant Before After
A 6 9
B 3 5
C 6 6
D 5 2
E 1 7
F 3 8
G 2 3

Answer:
Difference scores = 3, 2, 0, –3, 6, 5, 1
M = 2; S2 = 9.33; SM = 1.15; t = 1.74
C) Estimated d = (2 – 0) / 3.06 = 0.65; approximate power (from table) = .09
74) An organizational psychologist is hired as a consultant to a company planning to open a coffee house
for college students. The company wants to know if their customers will drink more coffee if the
coffee house is decorated in a Paris motif or in a San Francisco motif, so the psychologist sets up two
similar rooms with the two motifs. Eight students spend an afternoon in each room, drinking all the
coffee they like. The order in which they sit in the rooms is rotated so that half spend their first
afternoon in the Paris room and half in the San Francisco room. The amount of coffee each participant
drinks in each room is shown below. Using the .05 significance level, is there a significant difference
between the numbers of cups of coffee consumed in the two rooms?
Cups of Coffee
Participant Paris San Francisco
A 8.5 8.4
B 4.3 4.6
C 2.0 1.7
D 7.8 7.3
E 7.0 7.2
F 9.1 7.4
G 3.3 3.0
H 3.5 3.5

Answer:
A) t needed (df = 7), p < .05, two-tailed = 2.365
Difference scores = –0.1, 0.3, –0.3, –0.5, 0.2, –1.7, –0.3, 0
M = –0.3; S2 = 0.39; SM = 0.22; t = –1.36
C) Estimated d = (0.3 – 0) / 0.62 = –0.48; approximate power (from table) = .32
75) An organizational psychologist wants to know if workers' health would improve if a company gave
workers extra days off. All workers take a standard physical exam twice a year and are given an
overall health rating with higher scores indicating better health. The psychologist selected five
workers at random, arranged to have them receive an additional 2 days off every month over the
period between health exams, and then compared the health scores on the two exams. Using the .05
significance level, do the scores in the table below support the notion that having extra days off
improves health?
Health Rating Before and After Period of Extra Days Off

Worker Before After
A 75 81
B 66 67
C 44 46
D 86 88
E 89 89

Answer:
A) t needed (df = 4), p < .05, one-tailed = 2.132
Difference scores = 6, 1, 2, 2, 0
M = 2.2; S2 = 5.2; SM = 1.02; t = 2.16
Reject the null hypothesis.
C) Estimated d = (2.2 – 0) / 2.28 = .96; approximate power (from table) = .78

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Statistics For Psychology 6th Edition Arthur Aron Test Bank

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Statistics For Psychology 6th Edition

Arthur Aron Test Bank

1) The main difference between a Z score and a t score is that

2) Which of the following statements is true about t distributions?

4) Which of the following statements about degrees of freedom is TRUE?

The items below (# 10 – 12) are based on the following scenario.

A school psychologist is using a depression inventory—on which a score of 0 indicates no depression

The items below (# 13 – 15) are based on the following scenario.

13) The t score is

14) The effect size is

18) A t test for a single sample would be used to compare

19) A t test for dependent means would be used to compare

20) When conducting a t test for dependent means, μM

21) Difference scores are computed for

22) The comparison distribution in a t test for dependent means is a distribution of

The items below (# 24 – 26) are based on the following scenario.

27) The t test for dependent means is LEAST robust when

Mean Score on Four Questionnaire Scales

37) Which of the following differences were NOT significant?

40) "Student's" t test was invented by

51) The formula (M – μ) / SM is used to figure the __________.

52) In the formula (M – μ) / SM, SM is the __________. (Describe in words.)

62) t tests are often __________ to assumption violations.

Scale 7th Grade 9th Grade Difference

Scale Exam Lecture Difference

Scores on the Concern Measure

a. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.

a. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.

a. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.

Health Rating Before and After Period of Extra Days Off

a. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.

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