FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

(INFRASTRUCTURAL MANAGEMENT)

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
TITLE
(ULTRA PULSE VELOCITY & REBAR LOCATOR
& REBOUND HAMMER)

BET1613
SUBJECT
ENGINEERING PRACTICE 3

MUHAMMAD NURUL FAKHRI BIN RUSLI

P.I.C
ASSIST BY: MOHD HAFIEZ BIN ABDULLAH

g NAMES ID SECTION
MUHAMMAD HAKIMI BIN AZEMAN TE20147 01

SITI NURIZZATI BINTI ISMAIL TE20146 01

AMIRUL KHIR EZZAD BIN JALANI TE20124 01

UMMU NAJWA BINTI NUR YUSRIZAL TE20064 01

TABLE OF CONTENT

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST/PUNDIT TEST

TITLE PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-2
2.0 OBJECTIVE 3
3.0 APPARATUS 4
4.0 PROCEDURES 5-6
5.0 RESULT 7
6.0 DISCUSSION 8 - 11
7.0 CONCLUSION 12
8.0 REFERENCES 13
9.0 APPENDIX 14-16

REBAR LOCATOR

TITLE PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 17
2.0 OBJECTIVE 18
3.0 APPARATUS 19
4.0 PROCEDURES 20
5.0 RESULT 21 - 22
6.0 DISCUSSION 23 – 26
7.0 CONCLUSION 27
8.0 REFERENCES 28
9.0 APPENDIX 29 -31
REBOUND HAMMER TEST (SURFACE HARDNESS TEST)

TITLE PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 32
2.0 OBJECTIVE 33
3.0 APPARATUS 33
4.0 PROCEDURES 34
5.0 RESULT 35 – 36
6.0 DISCUSSION 37 – 40
7.0 CONCLUSION 41
8.0 REFERENCES 42
9.0 APPENDIX 43 - 46
ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST/PUNDIT TEST
Reference Standard: BS1881: Part 202: 1986

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test, also known as the PUNDIT (Pulse Velocity and
Ultrasonic Testing) test, is a non-destructive testing method used to assess the quality and
integrity of concrete structures. In order to determine the sound velocity inside the material,
ultrasonic waves must be sent through a concrete specimen and their travel time must be
measured. The test is effective for looking for internal concrete defects including cracks,
honeycombs, or voids. The test is frequently used to estimate in-situ strength as well as to check
the degree of compaction and uniformity of the concrete. The UPV test is widely used in the
construction industry for assessing various concrete elements such as slabs, beams, columns,
walls, and foundations. It provides valuable information about the structural condition of
concrete, including its uniformity, homogeneity, and the presence of any defects or
deterioration. The test is based on the principle that the velocity of sound in a material is related
to its density and elastic properties. In concrete, the velocity of sound is influenced by factors
such as its compressive strength, moisture content, aggregate properties, and the presence of
cracks, voids, or delamination. The UPV test is a relatively quick and non-destructive method,
making it suitable for both quality control during construction and for assessing the condition
of existing structures. It provides valuable information about the concrete's strength,
uniformity, and potential areas of concern, aiding in decision-making regarding maintenance,
repair, or reinforcement. Generally, this test used to assess the quality and homogeneity of
concrete in relation to specified standard requirement. The equipment used to carry out UPV
test is known as PUNDIT as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: UPV Equipment

1
2.0 PRINCIPLES

The test based on the principle that the velocity of sound within a solid mass, V, is a function
of square root of the ratio of Modulus of Elasticity, E, and Density,

𝑔𝐸
𝑉 = 𝑓√ ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦.
𝜌

A pulse of vibration at an ultrasonic frequency is transmitted by an electro-acoustic transducer

held in contact with the surface of the concrete under test. After passing through the concrete
the vibration is received and converted to an electrical signal by a second electro-acoustic
transducer. The signal is then fed through an amplifier to a cathode-ray oscilloscope. The time
taken by the pulse to travel through the concrete is measured by an electric timing unit with an
accuracy of +/- 0.1 microsecond. The path length for the vibration to travel between the two
transducers, L, divided by the transit time, t, gives the pulse velocity, V,

𝐿
𝑉= ; 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
𝑡

There are three basic ways in which the transducers maybe arranged as shown in Figure
2, these are: -
a) Direct transmission; with transducers at opposite faces
b) Semi-direct transmission; with transducers at adjacent faces
c) In-direct transmission; with transducers at the same face

Figure 2: Transducers Arrangement

2
3.0 OBJECTIVES

i. Determine the uniformity of concrete within structure

ii. Detection of the presence of cracks
iii. Estimates in-situ strength of existing concrete using the supplied Correlation Chart
iv. Identified any potential issues or deviations promptly, allowing for necessary
adjustments to be made in the construction process
v. Helps in evaluating the quality of concrete by measuring the velocity of sound waves
passing through the material

3
4.0 APPARATUS

Main control unit Receiver and Transducer

Reference bar Vaseline

4
5.0 PROCEDURE

• The equipment was calibrated by placing the transducer and receiver at either
ends of the reference bar.
1

• Four suitable test locations were chosen for each transducer arrangement. The
surfaces of these test locations were cleaned, smoothed, and dried. Whenever
possible, locations with a mould or formed surface were preferred. However, if
2 trowelled surfaces were unavoidable, the surfaces were smoothed by rubbing
them with a suitable polishing material.

• The path length was measured using a measuring tape.

3

• Vaseline was applied to the surface of the test locations to ensure proper contact
of the transducers with the concrete surface.
4

• The transducers were positioned at the chosen test locations, ensuring that they
were properly in contact with the concrete surface.
5

• Three readings were taken per test location. For indirect transmission, four
readings were deemed sufficient to plot the best fit straight line.
6

• The average reading was calculated for each test location. In the case of indirect
transmission, a best fit straight line was plotted using the readings. The slope of
7 this best fit straight line provides the average velocity.

• The compressive strength of the test specimen was estimated using the chart.
8

• For crack depth detection, Figure 3 and the following expression were used.
9

5
 𝑇2
ℎ = 𝑥√(( )2 − 1) ;
𝑇1

Where T1 = time taken without cracks

T2 = time taken with crack

Figure 3: Crack depth measurement

6
6.0 RESULT

Table 1: PUNDIT/UPV table of results

Part Reading Path length, s Transit time, t Pulse Velocity, v Average

(km) (s) (km/s) (km/s)
1st 0.00015 0.0000334 4.491
1 2nd 0.00015 0.0000337 4.451 4.426
3rd 0.00015 0.0000346 4.335
1st 0.00015 0.0000332 4.518
2 2nd 0.00015 0.0000334 4.491 4.377
3rd 0.00015 0.0000364 4.121
1st 0.00015 0.0000359 4.178
3 2nd 0.00015 0.0000364 4.121 4.140
3rd 0.00015 0.0000364 4.121

Example of calculation for part 1

𝐿
𝑉= ; 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
𝑡

150 mm = 150 / 1,000,000 km = 0.00015 km

Therefore, 150 mm is equal to 0.00015 km

33.4 µs = 33.4 / 1,000,000 s = 0.0000334 s

Therefore, 33.4 µs is equal to 0.0000334 s

Part 1 Reading 1st

0.00015 𝑘𝑚
= 4.491 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
0.000034 𝑠

Average part 1

4.491 + 4.451 + 4.335 = 4.426 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

7
7.0 DISSCUSION

From the calculation, there are three part of testing that have been conducted to get the average
of pulse velocity. The average obtained are 4.426 km/s, 4.377 km/s and 4.140 km/s. Higher
pulse velocities generally indicate denser and stronger concrete, while lower velocities may
suggest the presence of defects, such as cracks or voids. The standard value of the average
pulse velocity in concrete can vary depending on several factors such as the specific concrete
mix design, age of the concrete, aggregate type, moisture content, and the presence of any
defects. However, as a general guideline, the average pulse velocity in sound, well-compacted
concrete is typically in the range of 3 to 4.5 kilometers per second (km/s). This range is
commonly used as a reference for assessing the quality and integrity of concrete structures. It
is important to note that specific standards or specifications may provide more precise
guidelines or reference values for pulse velocity depending on the application and testing
requirements. The result shows right result as it follows the standard requirement. The
comparison between theoretical and experimental are the theoretical values are based on
established correlations or models that relate the pulse velocity to specific concrete properties,
such as compressive strength or density. These theoretical values provide an estimation of what
the pulse velocity should be under ideal conditions while the experimental results are obtained
by conducting the UPV test on actual concrete specimens or structures. These measurements
reflect the real-world conditions, including variations in concrete quality, presence of defects,
moisture content, and other factors that can influence the pulse velocity. The cause and error
during experimental is improper surface preparation, such as a rough, uneven, or contaminated
concrete surface, can affect the contact between the transducers and the concrete. This can lead
to incomplete or inconsistent transmission of ultrasonic waves, resulting in inaccurate readings.
Next, errors can arise if the ultrasonic testing equipment is not properly calibrated or if there
are issues with the calibration procedure. It is essential to regularly calibrate the equipment
using appropriate standards or reference materials to ensure accurate and reliable
measurements. The safety measure during this experiment is wear appropriate PPE, such as
safety goggles, gloves, and protective clothing, to protect against potential hazards. This is
particularly important when handling equipment, preparing the concrete surface, or working in
environments with dust or debris. Next, ensure that all electrical connections and equipment
used during the test are in good condition and properly grounded. Finally, handle the UPV
testing equipment with care and follow the manufacturer's instructions for its safe operation.
Avoid placing excessive stress or force on the transducers or other components.

8
 i. From the test results, give your comments on the quality of the test specimen

The average value for the pulse velocity for 1st, 2nd and 3rd reading is 4.426 km/s,
4.377 km/s and 4.140 km/s respectively. According to the Table 1, the quality of
the test specimen is good as the longitudinal pulse falls between 3.5 – 4.5.
Table 2: Classification of the quality of concrete on the basis of pulse velocity

Longitudinal Pulse (km/s) Concrete quality

> 4.5 Excellent
3.5 – 4.5 Good
3.0 – 3.5 Doubtful
2.0 – 3.0 Poor

ii. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the UPV test?

ADVANTAGES
• Quick and easy: The test can be
performed quickly and easily,
without requiring any specialized
training.
• Accurate: UPV testing provides
highly accurate results, allowing for
precise identification of concrete
defects.
• Cost-effective: UPV testing is a cost
effective method that can help in
detecting potential problems before
they become major issue.
• Portable: The equipment used for
UPV testing is portable, making it
ideal for on-site testing.
DISADVANTAGES
• Limited to surface defects: UPV
testing is only able to identify
defects that are located near the
surface of the concrete.
• Inaccuracy due to complex structure:
The accuracy of the results may be
affected if the concrete structure has
a complex design or is reinforced.
• Calibration: The equipment used for
UPV testing requires regular
calibration, which can be time-
consuming.
• Limited applicability: The test is not
suitable for all types of concrete
structures. It may be limited in its
applicability in certain situations.

iii. Can we use UPV to monitor the quality of concrete during construction?

Yes, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) can be used to monitor the quality of concrete
during construction. UPV is a non-destructive testing method that involves sending
an ultrasonic pulse through concrete and measuring the time it takes for the pulse to
travel through the material. By analysing the travel time and the velocity of the pulse,
it is possible to determine the quality of the concrete. UPV is particularly useful for
assessing the strength and durability of concrete as it can detect the presence of voids,
cracks or other imperfections in the material. This information can be used during

9
 construction to ensure that the concrete is of the required quality and to make any
necessary adjustments to the mix or curing process. Overall, UPV is a reliable, non-
destructive testing method that can provide valuable information about the quality of
concrete during construction. It is a useful tool for ensuring that the final product
meets the required standards and specifications.

ANALYSIS

The experiment result that we obtained is the average value for the pulse velocity for 1st, 2nd
and 3rd reading is 2.35, 2.36 and 1.94 respectively. According to the Table 1, the quality of the
test specimen is good as the longitudinal pulse falls between 3.5 – 4. The result is considered
right because we conducted the test according to the laboratory manual and assist by lecturers.
Estimated Compressive Strength as shown below:

Figure 4: Compressive strength estimation chart

10
 Reading Average Pulse Velocity, Estimated Compressive
(km/s) Strength, (N/mm2)
1 4.426 21
2 4.377 20
3 4.140 14

From the chart plotted, estimated compressive strength are 21 N/mm2, 20 N/mm2 and
14 N/mm2. The standard error in estimating compressive strength from the UPV varies
from 1.6MPa to 2.34 MPa. The estimated compressive strength for ultra-high-
performance concrete (UHPC) can vary depending on the specific mix design and
curing conditions. However, there are generally accepted standard ranges for the
compressive strength of UHPC.

11
8.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the final result getting from experiment 4.426 km/s, 4.377 km/s and 4.140 km/s
which is the average of pulse velocity. The objective of the test which are determine the
uniformity of concrete within structure, detection of the presence of cracks, estimates in-situ
strength of existing concrete using the supplied Correlation Chart, identified any potential
issues or deviations promptly, allowing for necessary adjustments to be made in the
construction process, helps in evaluating the quality of concrete by measuring the velocity of
sound waves passing through the material are achieved. The actual result from other resources
is the average pulse velocity in sound, well-compacted concrete is typically in the range of 3
to 4.5 kilometers per second (km/s). This range is commonly used as a reference for assessing
the quality and integrity of concrete structures. In this test, the strength and quality of concrete
or rock is assessed by measuring the velocity of an ultrasonic pulse passing through a concrete
structure or natural rock formation. Method to reduce error and improve method for this test is
Ensure the concrete surface is clean, smooth, and dry before conducting the test. Remove any
loose particles, dirt, or debris from the surface. Use a suitable polish material to smoothen
trowelled surfaces if necessary. This helps to ensure proper contact between the transducers
and the concrete surface. Other than that, pay close attention to transducer positioning and
alignment. Position the transducers perpendicular to the concrete surface to ensure accurate
transmission and reception of ultrasonic waves. Verify that the transducers are in full contact
with the concrete surface to minimize signal loss or scattering. The purpose of ultrasonic pulse
velocity (UPV) testing on industry application is utilized during construction and
manufacturing processes to ensure the quality and integrity of concrete structures, such as
buildings, bridges, tunnels, and dams. It helps in assessing the uniformity, homogeneity, and
overall quality of the concrete, ensuring compliance with design and industry standards.
Finally, can provide an estimation of the compressive strength of concrete. By correlating pulse
velocity values with compressive strength through established relationships or calibration
curves, the UPV test allows for non-destructive estimation of concrete strength.

12
8.0 REFERENCES

Art, B. (2020, September 21). ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST (NON-

DISTRUCTIVE TESTING). Civil Engineers.
https://www.blogforcivilengineers.com/2020/07/ultrasonic-pulse-velocity-test-
non.html

Yüksel, İ. Ö. (2018). Blast-furnace slag. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 361–415).

https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102156-9.00012-2

Singh, K. (2023). Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method. Civil Engineering Portal - Biggest
Civil Engineering Information Sharing Website.
https://www.engineeringcivil.com/ultrasonic-pulse-velocity-method.html

Admin. (2023b, April 22). Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test (UPV Test) | IS 516 Part 5
Sec-1. Civil Allied Gyan - No.1 Civil Engineering Blog.
https://www.civilalliedgyan.com/2022/04/ultrasonic-pulse-velocity-test-on-
concrete.html

Table 6 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test results (at various ages of. . . (n.d.).
ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ultrasonic-Pulse-Velocity-
Test-results-at-various-ages-of-concrete_tbl3_306010455

13
9.0 APPENDIX

PICTURE DESCRIPTION

The girl are positioned the transducers at the

chosen test locations.

The girls are reading the data from the

reference bar.

The data was recorded by the girl.

14
15
16
REBAR LOCATOR
Reference Standard: BS1881: Part 202: 1986

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The rebar locator test is carried out with the use of specialized tools made to find and locate
rebar. To protect the reinforcing bars, the test is often performed before drilling, coring, or
cutting into concrete structures. The rebar locator test is carried out with the use of specialized
tools made to find and locate rebar. To protect the reinforcing bars, the test is often performed
before drilling, coring, or cutting into concrete structures. Due to its reliance on a magnetic
field to find embedded steel, this test is non-destructive. To identify the rebar within the
concrete during the test, the rebar finder gadget either produces electromagnetic signals or
employs ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology. The tool gauges the signal response and
gives the user immediate data about the presence, spacing, and depth of the rebar. The thickness
of a concrete cover may also be determined using a cover meter. Concrete cover is the space
between the concrete's surface and the surface of the embedded reinforcing bars. The endurance
of various concrete buildings subjected to harsh conditions over their service life, such as
saltwater desalination plants, piers, bridges, and reservoirs, etc., depends on ensuring enough
concrete cover.

2.0 PRINCIPLES

The Profometer Test, a device for measuring the change in an electromagnetic field induced
by steel bars embedded in concrete, is the basis for the rebar locator test. A search head
produces an electromagnetic field. The lines of force are altered when a reinforcing bar or other
metal item is located within the field. The disruption brought on by the metal item then results
in a localized change in the field strength, which is picked up by the search head and shown by
the meter.

17
3.0 OBJECTIVES

i. To pinpoint where reinforcing bars are located in reinforced concrete members.

ii. To establish the concrete cover's thickness
iii. Provide information about the size and diameter of the detected rebar.
iv. To minimize the time, effort, and cost involved in locating and verifying the
presence of rebar, especially in large-scale construction projects.
v. Helps prevent accidental damage to rebar during construction activities, reducing
the risk of collapses, accidents, and injuries.

18
4.0 APPARATUS

Concrete beam Tape measure

Profometer tools

19
5.0 PROCEDURE

1. The cover meter and the device were turned on and kept in a stable state.

2. Select the required bar diameter on the "SILENCE" button.

3. The "ZERO" knob was turned to the ON position.

4. The "MODE" knob was turned to the "LOCate" position and simultaneously turned to
the "DEPTH" position.

5. The sensor head was held against a metal object, and the "ZERO" knobwas turned
until the red line on the analog meter was positioned in the middle of the two red arrows.
Simultaneously, the sound output was adjusted to a low frequency. At this point, the
LCD displayed a reading of 0.000V.

6. The sensor head was placed in direct contact with the concrete surface of the beam, and
it was moved over the surface until a peak signal was obtained.

7. When the peak signal was obtained, the iron depth reading was displayed on the
covermeter screen and noted.

8. Once the position of the iron was obtained, the sensor head was moved away, and the
location was marked on the concrete surface using a pen. Readings were then taken
vertically and horizontally from the marked position using a tape measure.

9. Steps 1 to 8 were repeated by finding five points, and each of these points had an upper
and lower part of the concrete beam. The results were recorded accordingly.

20
6.0 RESULT

Table 1: The result of depth, horizontal and vertical measure

Reading 1 2 3 4 5

D (mm) 32 30 29 28 31

X (mm) 39 77.5 118.5 155 193.1

Y (mm) 5 4.9 4.2 5.5 4.5

Table 1: The second result of depth, horizontal and vertical measure

Reading 1 2 3 4 5

D (mm) 32 27 30 25 32

X (mm) 39.1 77.5 118.5 155.7 193.3

y (mm) 5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4

21
 Upper reinforcement
193.1 mm
155 mm
118.5 mm
77.5 mm
39 mm

5 mm 4.9 mm 4.2 mm 5.5 mm 4.5 mm

30 mm

5 mm 4.5 mm 4.5 mm 4.5 mm 4 mm

230 mm
39.1 mm
77.5 mm

118.5 mm

155.7 mm
193.3 mm
Lower reinforcement

22
7.0 DISCUSSION

1. From the test results, give your comments of the test specimen.

The rebar locator test was conducted to determine the depth of iron embedded in a
concrete beam at five marked points. Two sets of results were obtained, and each set
consisted of depth measurements at each point and corresponding coordinates on the x
and y axes.
In the first set of results, the depth of the iron at the five marked points was recorded
as follows: 32 mm, 30 mm, 29 mm, 28 mm, and 31 mm. The measurements on the x-
axis from the end of the concrete beam to each point were 39 mm, 77.5 mm, 118.5 mm,
155 mm, and 193.1 mm. The corresponding y-axis values for these points were 5 mm,
4.9 mm, 4.2 mm, 5.5 mm, and 4.5 mm, respectively.
For the second set of results, the depth of the iron at the five marked points was
measured as: 32 mm, 27 mm, 30 mm, 25 mm, and 32 mm. The x-axis measurements
from the end of the concrete beam to each point were 39.1 mm, 77.5 mm, 118.5 mm,
155.7 mm, and 193.1 mm. The corresponding y-axis values for these points were 5 mm,
4.5 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.5 mm, and 4 mm, respectively.
Overall, the rebar locator test provided depth measurements of iron embedded in the
concrete beam at multiple points. The recorded depths varied between 25 mm and 32
mm in both sets of results. The x-axis coordinates indicated the distance from the end of
the concrete beam to each point, while the y-axis values represented the corresponding
measurements in millimeters. These findings are essential for assessing the structural
integrity and quality of the concrete beam, as well as for planning any necessary repairs
or modifications.

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Covermeter test?

The rebar locator test, also known as a profometer test, offers several advantages and
disadvantages. One of the significant advantages is its quickness and efficiency. The test
can be completed in a relatively short period of time, allowing for efficient inspections
and reducing project timelines. Additionally, the rebar detector or profometer used for
the test is lightweight and portable. This portability makes it convenient to carry the
equipment to different locations and facilitates ease of use.

23
 However, there are also some disadvantages associated with the rebar locator test.
One drawback is that the test results can be influenced by various factors. For example,
the presence of binding wire or the close spacing of bars may affect the accuracy of the
test results. It is important to consider these factors and their potential impact on the
reliability of the findings.
Another potential disadvantage is the need for recalibration when dealing with rebars
exceeding a distance of 32mm. Recalibration is necessary to ensure accurate readings,
which can add complexity and time to the testing process.
Additionally, the thickness of the concrete cover may be altered if special cement or
admixtures are used. This alteration can affect the test results, as the rebar locator relies
on accurate measurement of the concrete cover to detect rebars. Therefore, when working
with unique or modified concrete mixtures, it is important to consider the potential
impact on the reliability of the test results.

3. Can we use Covermeter to monitor the quality of concrete during

construction?

Yes, a cover meter can be used to monitor the quality of concrete during construction.
A covermeter is a non-destructive testing device specifically designed to measure the
depth of concrete cover over reinforcement bars (rebars) or other embedded elements
within the concrete.
Monitoring the concrete cover is crucial because it helps ensure that the
reinforcement is adequately protected from environmental factors such as moisture,
corrosion, and fire. By regularly measuring the concrete cover using a cover meter,
construction professionals can assess whether the specified cover thickness is being
achieved and maintained throughout the construction process.
During construction, a construction can use in several ways. It allows for the
identification of problematic areas in the building. By using a cover meter, on-site testing
of reinforcement constructions can be conducted. The device helps determine the
location of reinforcement bars, making it easier to plan and execute processes such as
drilling. Additionally, a cover meter aids in verifying the conformity of new buildings.
One of its essential functions is the analysis of corrosion, which is a critical aspect of
reinforcement constructions. By utilizing a cover meter, corrosion levels can be assessed,
contributing to the overall evaluation of the reinforcement structures.

24
 4. What are the factors that affect cover meter measurement?

Several factors can affect the accuracy and reliability of cover meter measurements.
These factors should be taken into consideration to obtain precise and meaningful results.
There are some factors that affect the accuracy and reliability of cover meter
measurements.
For the first is Concrete properties. The properties of the concrete, such as its
composition, density, and moisture content, can affect cover meter measurements.
Variations in concrete properties can influence the electromagnetic signals used by the
cover meter, leading to potential errors in depth measurements.
The second factor is reinforcement type. Different types of reinforcement, such as
steel bars or mesh, can have varying electromagnetic properties. The cover meter's
performance may be affected by the specific characteristics of the reinforcement being
measured.
The last factor is Concrete cover thickness: The thickness of the concrete cover itself
can impact cover meter measurements. If the cover thickness is too thin or uneven, it
may affect the accuracy of depth measurements.

ANALYSIS

The rebar locator test aimed to determine the depth of iron embedded in a
concrete beam at five marked points. Two sets of results were obtained, with depth
measurements recorded for each point and corresponding x and y coordinates. In the first
set, depths ranged from 28 mm to 32 mm, while the x-axis measurements varied from 39
mm to 193.1 mm, and y-axis values ranged from 4.2 mm to 5.5 mm. The second set had
depths ranging from 25 mm to 32 mm, x-axis measurements from 39.1 mm to 193.1 mm,
and y-axis values from 4 mm to 5 mm. These measurements are crucial for assessing the
structural integrity, quality, and potential repair or modification needs of the concrete
beam. Furthermore, the result of Rebar Locator test that conducted in laboratory is right
and good result that get. This is because during test, the objective of this test to pinpoint
where reinforcing bars are located in reinforced concrete members and to establish the
concrete cover's thickness. So, all the value that need was achieved. From that result, the
value of depth at upper reinforcement are range 29-31 mm and the located of steel bar at
the beam concrete not to far and not to close. Other than that, comparison of theoretical

25
and experimental for location steel bar in the concrete beam is dependent on the drawing
specification. From the drawing specification, the specific range that provided is 30 mm
for the depth of steel bar in the concrete beam but in the reality of construction the
possibility of value depth not same and maybe almost same which is 29 mm. So, the
depth is still acceptable for steel bar. Additionally, during a rebar locator test, various
errors can occur that may affect the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. These
errors can arise from several factors, including equipment limitations, operator errors,
and external influences. For the first, signal Interference. External electromagnetic
interference, such as nearby power lines, electrical equipment, or other metal objects,
can interfere with the signals emitted by the rebar locator. This interference can result in
incorrect depth readings or false detection of rebars. Other factor is operator technique.
Improper handling or incorrect positioning of the rebar locator by the operator can
introduce errors. Inadequate contact with the concrete surface, inconsistent scanning
speed, or failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions can lead to inaccurate depth
readings. When conducting a rebar locator test, it is important to prioritize safety to
prevent accidents and ensure the well-being of everyone involved. The first is use
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Wear appropriate PPE, including safety glasses or
goggles, gloves, and protective footwear, to protect against potential hazards such as
flying debris, sharp edges, or contact with chemicals. The second is ensure the equipment
safety. Inspect the rebar locator and associated equipment before use to ensure they are
in good working condition. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper operation
and adhere to any safety guidelines provided by the equipment manufacturer.

26
8.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, conducting a rebar locator test involves several important considerations.

The test aims to determine the depth and location of reinforcement bars (rebar) embedded
within a concrete structure. The rebar locator test was conducted to determine the depth
of iron embedded in a concrete beam at five marked points. Two sets of results were
obtained, and each set consisted of depth measurements at each point and corresponding
coordinates on the x and y axes. The objectives of this test were achieved. This is because
during test, the objective of this test to pinpoint where reinforcing bars are located in
reinforced concrete members and to establish the concrete cover's thickness. So, all the
value that need was achieved. From that result, the value of depth at upper reinforcement
are range 29-31 mm and the located of steel bar at the beam concrete not too far and not
too close. The actual result is different of other resource it depends on drawing
specification. This is because not all the construction has same specification, it depends
on bill quantity that provided in construction. So, the actual result is different from other
resource. Furthermore, to reduce errors in a rebar locator test and improve the accuracy
of measurements, several methods can be employed such as Proper Equipment Handling.
Familiarize yourself with the operation and proper handling of the rebar locator. Follow
the manufacturer's guidelines for positioning, scanning speed, and contact with the
concrete surface. Incorrect equipment handling can introduce errors, so proper technique
is crucial. Other than that, Operator Training and Experience: Proper training and
experience with the rebar locator test can significantly reduce errors. Training should
cover the correct use of the equipment, understanding its limitations, and recognizing
potential sources of error. Experienced operators are better equipped to identify and
mitigate issues that may affect the accuracy of measurements. Last but not least, the
purpose of this test on industry application is for locating and measuring the concrete
coverage of steel reinforcing bars in concrete constructions. For a Ground Penetrating
Radar system to find certain types of reinforcement, such as glass fibre rebar, post-
tension or pretension strand, it is necessary.

27
9.0 REFERENCES

William. (2023). Concrete Rebar Locator | PCTE. Pcte.com.au.

https://www.pcte.com.au/rebarlocation#:~:text=Rebar%20locators%20are%20
used%20to,Radar%20systems%20to%20locate%20correctly

Profometer Test on Concrete Structures: Purpose and Applications - The Constructor.

(2020, March). The Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/practical-
guide/profometer-test-concrete
structures/8738/#:~:text=Principle%20of%20Profometer%20Test,-
Ad&text=The%20instrument%20is%20based%20upon,bars%20embedded%20i
n%20the%20concrete

Poudel, K. (2020, March 18). Profometer Test ( Rebar Locator Test ) | Lab Test
Procedure | Applications, Advantages And Disadvantages. Dream Civil : Civil
Engineering & Construction Informations. https://dreamcivil.com/profometer-
test/#:~:text=The%20rebar%20locator%20test%20is,bars%20in%20one%20dir
ection%20itself

Housing News Desk. (2022, December 12). Cover Metre: Definition, uses and benefits
in construction. Housing News; Housing News.
https://housing.com/news/cover-metre-description-uses-advantages-
disadvantages-and-other
details/#:~:text=The%20cover%20metre%20is%20used%20for%20a%20non
%2Ddestructive%20measurement,the%20quality%20of%20the%20structure

28
10.0 APPENDIX

Picture Description

The student was doing cover meter test on

concrete beam to identify that location of
steel bar inside.

The student was recording the rebar

locator test value.

The team members are discussed about

the value of rebar locator test.

29
30
31
REBOUND HAMMER TEST (SURFACE HARDNESS TEST)
Reference Standard: BS1881: Part 202: 1986

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Concrete can be tested non-destructively using the Rebound Hammer Test,

which gives a quick, accurate indicator of the concrete's compressive strength.
The Schmidt Hammer Test, sometimes referred to as the concrete Rebound
Hammer Test, utilizes a spring-controlled mass that slides on a plunger inside
of a tube casing. Concrete that has been hardened is used for the rebound
hammer test. The rebound hammer test, which assesses the quality of the surface
layer up to around 30mm deep, is essentially a surface hardness test. The
rebound hammer test's evident flaw in determining the in-situ strength of
concrete is this. Under ideal circumstances, it is doubtful that the 95 %
confidence limit on the estimate of the in-situ strength of concrete will be better
than +/- 25 %. The advantage of rebound hammer over other non-destructive
tests, however, is that it is easy, quick, and reasonably priced to conduct.

Figure 1: Rebound hammer

PRINCIPLES

The test is based on the theory that an elastic mass' ability to rebound is influenced by
how hard the surface is which it impacts. A spring-controlled mass with constant energy
is made to hit the concrete surface and rebound back during the test while the plunger of
the rebound hammer is restrained against the surface of the concrete. A graded scale is
used to determine the force of rebound, a measure of surface hardness. The Rebound

32
Number (rebound index) is the name given to this observed number.

2.0 OBJECTIVES

i. To checks the uniformity of concrete,

ii. To estimate compressive strength of existing concrete using the given
Correlation Chart

3.0 APPARATUS

Rebound Hammer

Hardened Concrete Cube

33
4.0 PROCEDURE

The spot on the hardened concrete block surface has been choose and the surface was
cleaned and dry.

12 readings from each spot that not exceeding 300mm from each other was recorded
by positioned the plunger at an impact point and the plunger was pressed strongly
and steadily against the concrete at right angle to its surface until the spring-loaded
mass is release from its locked position

The rebound hammer index whilst the hammer is still in the test position was read ,
or, alternatively retain the reading using the lock button after the impact.

The test was repeat until all rebound index was completed for each spot.

The average reading for each spot location was calculated.

The compressive strength of the test specimen was estimated using the chart
provided.

34
5.0 RESULT

Record the test results in the lab sheets provided Surface area of the specimen:
Part 1

Test Date: 25 May 2023 Estimated Strength:

Concrete Type: Hammer Orientation: Vertical

Rebound Reading
numbers
Reading 1 10
Reading 2 20
Reading 3 18
Reading 4 17
Reading 5 19
Reading 6 19
Reading 7 22
Reading 8 24
Reading 9 18
Reading 10 18
Reading 11 14
Reading 12 18
Average Rebound
Reading 18.08

Surface area of the specimen: Part 2

Test Date: 25 May 2023 Estimated Strength:

Concrete Type: Hammer Orientation:
Vertical
Rebound Reading
numbers
Reading 1 22
Reading 2 25
Reading 3 9
Reading 4 18
Reading 5 18
Reading 6 24
Reading 7 33
Reading 8 24
Reading 9 18
Reading 10 25
Reading 11 25
Reading 12 18
Average Rebound
Reading 21.58

35
Surface area of the specimen: Part 3

Test Date:25 May 2023 Estimated Strength:

Concrete Type: Hammer Orientation: Vertical
Rebound Reading
numbers
Reading 1 24
Reading 2 21
Reading 3 21
Reading 4 19
Reading 5 32
Reading 6 31
Reading 7 20
Reading 8 19
Reading 9 20
Reading 10 19
Reading 11 18
Reading 12 16
Average Rebound
Reading 21.67

36
6.0 DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS

From the test results, give your comments on the quality of the test specimen.

The result of average rebound reading that we obtained are 18.08,21.58 and 21.67 for Part 1,
Part 2 and Part 3 respectively. Hence, the quality of the specimen for Part 1 is a poor concrete
because the value falls under 20 as shown in table below. For the Part 2 and Part 2, the quality
of concrete is fair as the values fall between 20-30. The quality of the concrete was evaluated by
referring to table below.

Average Rebound Number Quality of Concrete

>40 Very Good Hard Layer

30-40 Good Layer
20-30 Fair
<20 Poor Concrete
0 Delaminated

i. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the rebound hammer test?

ADVANTAGES
• Low cost to conduct.
• Helps to obtain the strength of the
old structure
• Immediate results
• Easy to use the equipment
• Unlikely to damage the concrete
structure
DISADVANTAGES
• Required regular cleaning and
maintenance
• Need to correlate the rebound
value to the crushing strength
value
• Difficult to find if machine
have defect or error.
• Result obtained is based on
local point

ii. Can we use rebound hammer to monitor the quality of concrete during
construction

Yes, we can use a rebound hammer to monitor the quality of concrete during construction. A
rebound hammer is a non-destructive testing tool that provides an indirect measurement of the
strength of concrete. It works by striking the surface of the concrete with a spring-loaded

37
hammer and measuring the rebound velocity. The rebound velocity is then used to calculate
the compressive strength of the concrete. This test is typically done on site and can provide a
quick assessment of the concrete quality. By monitoring the concrete strength during
construction, you can identify any potential issues early on and make necessary adjustments to
achieve the desired quality. One of the main benefits of using a rebound hammer is that it is a
non-destructive testing method. This means that you don't have to damage the concrete to test
its strength. This is especially important during construction where you want to minimize
damage to the structure. Additionally, using a rebound hammer can provide a cost-effective
way to monitor concrete quality. It is a relatively simple test that can be done quickly on site.
This means that you can test multiple areas of the structure without incurring significant costs.
Overall, using a rebound hammer can help ensure that the concrete meets the required quality
standards and can help prevent potential issues down the line.

ANALYSIS

Estimated Compressive Strength

Legends

PART 2
PART 3

Rebound Number Estimated Compressive Strength

(Mpa)
18.08 7
21.58 12
21.67 12.5

38
 The result for the average rebound number that we obtained are 18.08,21.58 and 21.67
for Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 respectively. Hence, the quality of the specimen for Part 1 is a poor
concrete because the value falls under 20 as shown in table. For the Part 2 and Part 2, the
quality of concrete is fair as the values fall between 20-30. The result is considered right
because the test was conducted thoroughly and carefully. We can estimate the compressive
strength of the concrete by referring to Correlation Chart. Firstly, we have to determine the
hammer orientation, which is vertically downward. The estimated compressive strength that
we obtained are 7,12 and 12.5 (mPa) for Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 respectively. The rebound
number can be affected by the orientation of the rebound hammer when it is used. When the
rebound hammer is used horizontally, the rebound number will be lower than when it is used
vertically upward or downward. This is because the hammer is more likely to rebound off the
surface of the concrete when it is used horizontally, resulting in a lower rebound number.
The theoretical value of rebound is calculated using the material's elastic modulus and its
density. This theoretical value is then compared with the experimental value of rebound
obtained using the rebound hammer device. Ideally, the experimental value of rebound should
be close to the theoretical value. If there is a big difference between the two values, it could
indicate that the material has some defects or inconsistencies.
In general, the experimental value of rebound is affected by various factors such as the surface
texture of the material, the angle of impact of the hammer, and the condition of the hammer
itself. Therefore, it is important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of the
Rebound Hammer Test.
During a Rebound Hammer test, there are several factors that can cause errors in the results.
Some of the common causes of errors include surface conditions, moisture content,
temperature, the orientation of the device, the impact angle, and the quality of the concrete
surface being tested. Surface conditions such as roughness, smoothness or irregularities can
affect the accuracy of the results obtained from the Rebound Hammer test. Moisture content
and temperature can also affect the test results, as concrete with high moisture content or low
temperature will produce lower rebound values. In addition, the orientation of the Rebound
Hammer device can also affect the readings. The device should be held perpendicular to the
surface of the concrete being tested to produce accurate results. The impact angle of the device
is also important, as any deviation from a right angle can lead to errors in the readings. Finally,
the quality of the surface being tested is also a crucial factor. Poorly finished concrete surfaces
or surfaces that have been damaged can lead to inaccurate results. It is important to prepare the
surface properly before conducting the Rebound Hammer test to ensure accurate results.
39
 There are several safety measures that should be taken into consideration. Firstly, make
sure to wear personal protective equipment like safety glasses and gloves to protect ourselves
against any flying debris. Secondly, ensure that the test area is clear of any obstructions that
could cause a tripping hazard. Additionally, be sure to follow lecturer's instructions regarding
the operation of the rebound hammer, and always use it in a safe and controlled manner.
Finally, it is important to keep in mind that the rebound hammer test involves striking the
surface of the concrete with a hammer, so be sure to keep our fingers and other body parts clear
of the area where the test is being conducted.

40
7.0 CONCLUSION

The final result for the average rebound number that we obtained are 18.08, 21.58 and 21.67
for Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 respectively. The result is considered right because the test was
conducted thoroughly and carefully. We can estimate the compressive strength of the concrete
by referring to Correlation Chart. Firstly, we have to determine the hammer orientation, which
is vertically downward. The estimated compressive strength that we obtained are 7,12 and 12.5
(mPa) for Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 respectively. The rebound number can be affected by the
orientation of the rebound hammer when it is used. We can conclude that we have achieved
the objectives of this test which are to checks the uniformity of concrete and to estimate
compressive strength of existing concrete using the given Correlation Chart. The actual result
from Rebound Hammer Test varies depending on the specific conditions of the concrete being
tested and the type of rebound hammer being used. Generally, the test measures the hardness
and consistency of concrete by measuring the rebound of a spring-loaded hammer off the
surface of the concrete. The resulting value is indicated on a scale on the hammer itself, which
can be used to determine the concrete's compressive strength. However, it's important to note
that the rebound hammer test is just one of many methods for evaluating concrete strength and
should be used in conjunction with other tests to get a more comprehensive picture of the
concrete's properties. There are several methods to reduce error and improve method such as
ensure that the surface of the concrete is clean and free from any loose particles or debris before
conducting the test, take multiple readings at each point and calculate the average to get a more
accurate result and make sure that the impact direction of the hammer is perpendicular to the
surface being tested. The purpose of the testing on industry application is it has become an
essential tool in the evaluation of concrete quality, as it provides a quick and convenient way
to estimate the compressive strength of concrete by measuring the rebound of an impact
hammer against the surface of the concrete. This test is useful in identifying areas of the
structure that may have been weakened due to aging, deterioration, or other factors that could
compromise its integrity. By conducting a Rebound Hammer test, engineers and contractors
can pinpoint areas of concern, perform repairs, and ensure the safety and longevity of the
structure.

41
8.0 REFERENCES

Desk, H. N. (2023, April 4). Rebound hammer test: Procedure, results and applications. Housing
News. https://housing.com/news/rebound-hammer-test/

Estimate Concrete Strength Using Rebound Hammer |FPrimeC. (n.d.). FPrimeC Solutions Inc.
https://www.fprimec.com/estimate-concrete-strength-using-rebound-hammer

Rebound Hammer Test on Concrete - Principle, Procedure, Advantages & Disadvantages. (2014,
October 17). The Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/concrete/rebound-hammer-test-
concrete-ndt/2837/

S. (2020, May 14). Rebound Hammer Test Of Concrete-Procedure & Applications ! Civil Planets.
https://civilplanets.com/rebound-hammer-test/

42
9.0 APPENDIX

PICTURE DESCRIPTION

The students conducted Rebound Hammer

Test.

The Correlation Chart given by pic.

The data was recorded by the girl.

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