FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

(INFRASTRUCTURAL MANAGEMENT)

TITLE
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN (CMD)

BET1613
SUBJECT
ENGINEERING PRACTICE 3

MUHAMMAD NURUL FAKHRI BIN RUSLI

P.I.C
ASSIST BY: MOHD HAFIEZ BIN ABDULLAH

g NAMES ID SECTION
MUHAMMAD HAKIMI BIN AZEMAN TE20147 01

SITI NURIZZATI BINTI ISMAIL TE20146 01

AMIRUL KHIR EZZAD BIN JALANI TE20124 01

UMMU NAJWA BINTI NUR YUSRIZAL TE20064 01

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 OBJECTIVE 1

3.0 APPARATUS 2-3

4.0 PROCEDURES 4

5.0 RESULT 5-10

6.0 DISCUSSION 11-14

7.0 CONCLUSION 15

8.0 REFERENCES 16

9.0 APPENDIX 17-19

1.0 INTRODUCTION

A strategy for producing strength, workability, and durability in concrete work is known as
concrete mix design. It involves calculating the ratio of cement, aggregate, water, and concrete.
Making a perfect concrete mix is difficult since each component has a different set of qualities.
All materials should be examined to assess their physical characteristics and the project site's
carrying capability. The design of this concrete mix may also be used to determine the fundamental
standards of strength, quality, and durability for a construction. Durability, strength, workability,
and other desired attributes appropriate for a given application are all guaranteed by a well-
designed concrete mix. Due to the different qualities of the constituent materials, job site
circumstances, particularly exposure conditions, and conditions that must be given for the
particular work that the mix is designed for, concrete mix design has its own challenges. All
considerations for the design of the concrete mix will be based on the physical property values
discovered via testing. This can avoid mixing failure and strengthen the structure. Following that,
a laboratory concrete mix design is required. One of them that handled in the lab served as the
guidance for all of that proportion, including water, aggregates, cement, and sand. We utilize
Ordinary Portland Cement as our cement. For the size aggregate, however, we employ a standard.
To utilize another test, such as the slump test, we must combine and collect all the material we
have gathered in a single location, which is a black barrel.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

 To understand the materials that have been used in concrete mix design and the
implication on the workability and strength of concrete.
 To design concrete mix to a strength of 45 N/mm2 at 28 days
 To test the workability and cube strength of the mix design by mixing, casting and
crushing a test cube.
 To gain practical experience and understanding of concrete mix design principles,
methods, and techniques.
 To ensure the quality and consistency of concrete production by conducting mix designs
that meet specified requirements.

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3.0 APPARATUS

Cement Moulds

Aggregate Trowel

Tamping Bar Sand

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Concrete Mixer Curing Tank

Shovel Compression machine

Weighing machine

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4.0 PROCEDURES

1. The quantity of cement, sand and coarse aggregate were weighed according to the
ratio that was calculated earlier.

2. Sand and coarse aggregate were put into the mixing machine and was mixed for 1
minute.

3. Half of water needed were added to the mixer, and was mixed for 1 minute. Then it
was left for 8 minutes.

4. Then, the cement was added to the mixer and was mixed for 1 minute.

5. The remaining volume of water was added and was mixed for 1 minute.

6. Then, the mixture was hand mixed to ensure homogeneity.

7. The tests of workability were carried out while the concrete was hand-mixed to
make sure it will not harden.

8. After done with workability test, the concrete was then filled into 4 cube mould.
Then it was put on a vibrating machine to compact it.

9. It was then left for 24 hours.

10. After 24 hours, the concrete cubes were then demolded and was put inside a tank
full of water in the curing room for curing process.

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5.0 RESULT
TABLE 1: CONCRETE MIX DESIGN FORM
JOB TITLE: ……………GROUP 3/SECTION 01…………………
Stage Item Reference or Calculation Values

1 1.1 Characteristic strength Specified 45 N/mm2 at 28 days

Proportion Defective 5 %
1.2 Standard Deviation Table 1.1 5 N/ mm2 or no data N/mm2

1.3 Margin C1 or Specified

(k = 1.64 ) 1.64 x 5 = 8.2 N/mm2
1.4 Target mean Strength C2 45 + 8.2 = 53.2 N/ mm2

1.5 Cement type Specified OPC/SRPC/RHPC

1.6 Aggregate type : coarse Uncrushed/crushed

Aggregate type : fine Uncrushed/crushed

1.7 Free – water/cement ratio Table 1.3, Figure 2 0.46

1.8 Maximum free-

water/cement ratio Specified 0.55 Use the lower value
0.46

2 2.1 Slump or Vebe Time Specified Slump 60 – 180 mm or Vebe time 0–3 s

2.2 Maximum aggregate size Specified 20 mm

225 kg/ m3
2.3 Free water content Table 2.1 225 kg/m3
3 3.1 Cement Content C3 225 / 0.46 = 489.13 kg/m3

3.2 Maximum cement content Specified - kg/m3

3.3 Minimum cement content Specified 325 kg/m3

3.4 Modified free-water/cement use 3.1 if < 3.2

489.13 kg/m3
ratio use 3.3 if > 3.1
4 4.1 Relative density of aggregate 2.7 known/assumed
(SSD)

4.2 Concrete density Figure 3 2380 kg/m3

4.3 Total Aggregate content C4 2380 - 489.13 - 225 = 1665.87 kg/m3

1665.87 kg/m3

5 5.1 Grading of fine aggregate Percentage passing 600 24.21 %

µm sieve
5.2 Proportion of fine aggregate Figure 4 50 %

5.3 Fine aggregate content } C5 1665.87 x 50 = 833 kg/m3

833 kg/m3
5.4 Coarse aggregate content } C5 1665.87 - 833 = 833 kg/m3
Quantities Cement (kg) Water (kg or L) Fine Aggregate (kg) Coarse Aggregate (kg)

10 mm 20 mm 40 mm
Per m3 (to nearest 5 kg) 489 225 833 833
Per trial mix of m3 9.05 4.16 15.41 15.41

1 N/mm2 = 1 MN/m2 = 1 MPa

OPC = ordinary Portland cement; SRPC = sulphate-resisting Portland cement; RHPC = rapid-hardening Portland
cement.Relative density = specific gravity ; SSD = based on a saturated surface-dry basis.

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CALCULATION

1) 3 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒
𝑉 = (150 × 150 × 150) 𝑚𝑚
= 0.00375 𝑚3
= 0.00375 𝑚3 × 3
= 0.01125 𝑚3

2) 1 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑉 = (100 × 100 × 100) 𝑚𝑚
= 0.005 𝑚3
= 0.005 𝑚3 × 1
= 0.005 𝑚3

𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 15 % = 0.00244 𝑚3

∑ = (0.01125 + 0.005) 𝑚3

= 0.01625 𝑚3
𝐺𝑇 = (0.01125 + 0.005 + 0.00244)𝑚3
= 0.01869 𝑚3
= 0.0185 𝑚3

𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐺𝑇 × 489
= 0.0185 𝑚3 × 489 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
= 9.14 𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐺𝑇 × 225
= 0.0185 𝑚3 × 225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
= 4.16 𝑘𝑔
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝐺𝑇 × 833
= 0.0185 𝑚3 × 833 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
= 15.41 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝐺𝑇 × 833
= 0.0185 𝑚3 × 833 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
= 15.41 𝑘𝑔

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7
0.46

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6.0 DISCUSSION

Our group was assigned to design a CMD for concrete strength of 45 N/mm2 at 28 days.
Hence, the slump test should be between 60 – 180mm. After the calculation was made,
the result for the weight of water, cement, aggregate and sand needed were obtained.
The obtained weight is 9.05 kg of cement, 4.16 kg of water, 15.41 kg of fine aggregate
and coarse aggregate. The result is considered right because the calculation is based on
concrete mix design table. There is no comparison between theoretical and experimental
as we calculated the mix design based on the table and appendix given in the laboratory
manual. For concrete mix design, a comparison of theoretical and experimental findings
can shed light on the efficacy and precision of the selected design strategy. One can
evaluate the quality and effectiveness of the concrete mix in real-world applications by
analyzing the differences between the two. This evaluation can be carried out by
contrasting a number of important factors, including compressive strength, workability,
durability, and other pertinent features. Future mix designs can be improved, and the
general dependability of the construction process can be increased, by analyzing the
variances and figuring out the possible reasons for any deviations.

There are few causes and errors during the experiment. For instance, the random error
when a measurement is made. Random errors are sometimes caused by little
fluctuations in an instrument, the environment, or the way a measurement is read, that
do not cause the same error every time. This error happens when we weigh the cement,
water and aggregate as the numbers appeared on the weight scale is too different from
another group. Apparently, the first digit disappears occasionally. Hence, we have to
careful when noted the weight.

There are many safeties measure during experiments that we have to comply with. For
example, we must wear a safety jacket and safety shoes to minimize the impact if there
is any accident occurring. In addition, we must wear masks during this experiment
because we are handling dusty materials such as the aggregate. Hence, we can avoid
inhaling the dusty particle that can cause coughing.

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 i) Explain the factors which affect the choice of the maximum size of aggregate

For concrete and indicate what maximum size of aggregate would be suitable for the following
purpose:

a. A normally reinforced concrete column of section 400 mm × 400 mm

 The gap between the reinforcements determines the maximum aggregate size.
Aggregate size and cement demand are inversely related for the water-cement ratio.
This is because workability is inversely related to aggregate size. On the other hand, as
aggregate size decreases, compressive strength often rises. More surface area is
available for bonding with a stronger mortar mix when the aggregate size is lower.

b. A 40 mm floor screed

 The reinforcing spacing is one of the factors that has an impact on the selection of the
maximum aggregate size for concrete. The workability of concrete is reduced by the
closest spacing between reinforcing, which prevents the aggregate from filling in or
creating a honeycomb after casting. Second, choosing the largest possible aggregates
depends on how strong the concrete is. The higher surface area that smaller particles
provide for cement to bond with will directly increase the strength of concrete. The
smaller aggregates will also fill the space left by the air hole between the larger
aggregates. A typically reinforced concrete column with a 400 mm x 400 mm section
can have aggregates as large as 20 mm, whereas a 40 mm floor screed can have
aggregates as large as 40 mm.

ii) What are the objectives of mix design?

The goal of concrete mix design is to achieve the best possible proportions of constituent
materials to meet the needs of the structure being constructed. The mix design should ensure
that the objectives are met.
1) In the plastic stage, achieve the designed/desired workability.
2) In the hardened stage, achieve the desired minimum strength.
3) To achieve the desired level of durability under the given conditions.
4) To produce concrete at the lowest possible cost.

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 iii) What are the factors that contribute to the strength of concrete? Explain it.

a) Water/Cement Ratio

The weight of water divided by the weight of cement is known as the water/cement ratio. It is
crucial for achieving concrete strength, by far. A lower w/c ratio results in stronger concrete.
The typical water-to-cement ratio is between 0.45 and 0.60. Overwatering in concrete results
in segregation and cavities. The water to cement ratio has an inverse relationship with concrete
strength. Concrete strength reduces as the w/c ratio rises, and increases as the w/c ratio falls.

b) Compaction of concrete

Compressing concrete removes air bubbles from freshly poured concrete and densifies it,
making it denser and denser. The presence of air bubbles in concrete significantly reduces the
strength of the material. 5% voids can reduce the strength of the structure by 30-40%. As shown
in the graph above, even with the same water-cement ratio, the strength varies depending on
the compaction accuracy. The strength of fully compacted concrete is higher than that of poorly
compacted concrete.

c) Curing of concrete

Concrete curing is important to prevent plastic shrinkage, control temperature, increase

strength and ensure durability. After concrete is poured and finished, curing provides the
desired moisture and temperature at depth and near the surface to improve strength. In other
words, curing allows the concrete to receive enough moisture to complete the hydration process
without interruption. This is important for strength development. In most cases, 7 days cure
corresponds to 70% compressive strength. The time it takes for the cement to set depends on
the type of cement used and the nature of the work. For normal Portland cement, it usually
takes 7-14 days to arrive. Curing can use pond or immersion methods, saturated wet coating
spray or mist, or other curing methods.

d) Age of Concrete

As concrete ages, its hydration level increases. The chemical reaction between water and
cement is called hydration process. Hydration produces a gel that supports the binding of
concrete constituent particles. As a result, the strength of concrete increases with age. In most
cases, the strength of concrete in the absence of adverse effects doubles after 11 years. Knowing

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the factors that affect the strength of concrete is important when designing structures, when
choosing concrete materials, how to take precautions against different weather conditions,
when choosing different pouring methods, and how to extend the life of structures. It is
beneficial in many ways, such as reducing maintenance after construction, reducing
maintenance after construction, and improving durability.

e) Grading of aggregate

Aggregate particle size distribution is determined by grading. This is the most important aspect
of concrete formulation. There are three types of aggregates evaluated by him. The three types
of aggregate are "gap grade aggregate", "low grade aggregate" and "high grade aggregate".
Aggregate particles of all sizes are present in well-graded aggregates. The result is fewer
cavities. Properly graded aggregates improve the strength of concrete.

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7.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this concrete mix design is formed based on the strength value that we want to
know whether it fails or passes after we do a slump test, or a test related to this concrete mix
design. For the lab, our group fail to design a concrete mix with a target strength of 45 N/mm2
at 28 days. This is because the slump test that we done is true slump which actually need to be
shear slump for ranges 60 – 180 mm. A slump test ranges of 60 – 180 mm was considered
during the design process. Based on our calculations using the concrete mix design table
provided in the laboratory manual, we determined the required quantity of materials which are
9.05 kg of cement, 4.16 kg of water, 15.41 kg of fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate. From
the results that have been obtained, this shows that all the objective has already been achieved
but only for the design of concrete mix does not achieve the strength of 45 N/mm2 at 28 days.
From the other resources, actual result in case of dry sample, slump will be in the range of 25
– 50 mm that is 1 – 2 inches while in case of a wet concrete, the slump may vary from 150 –
175 mm or say 6 – 7 inches. The conclusion states that the results are considered correct
because the calculations are based on the concrete mix design table and the appendix provided
in the laboratory manual. It also mentions that no comparison was made between theoretical
and experimental values, indicating that the group relied solely on the prescribed mixture
design without conducting any further validation or testing. Furthermore, this test must have a
method to reduce the failure rate. Among them, sample preparation. Pay careful attention to
sample preparation, as it can significantly affect test results. Ensure that the concrete specimens
are properly mixed, compacted, and cured according to the specified procedures. Avoid
inconsistencies in compaction, air voids, or moisture loss during sample preparation. Other
than that, make sure the weighting is a good condition to avoid any error. Lastly, the purpose
of this test in industry application like construction industry, it helps to build a strength,
durability and workability when build a foundation or anything.

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8.0 REFERENCE

 Mishra, G. (2021). Concrete Mix Design Calculation for M20, M25, M30 Concrete

with Procedure & Example. The Constructor.

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/concrete-mix-design-calculation-procedure-

example-m20-m25-m30/13020/

 Mishra, G. (2017). Types of Concrete Mix Ratio Design and their Strengths. The

Constructor.

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/types-of-concrete-mix-design/5984/

 Senadeera, H. (2016). Normal Concrete Mix Design 1. Prescribed Mix (Standard

Mix) (Source: General Specification for Civil Engineering Works. Ousl.

https://www.academia.edu/28119267/Normal_Concrete_Mix_Design_1_Prescribed_

Mix_Standard_Mix_Source_General_Specification_for_Civil_Engineering_Works

 Team, D. (2019). Principle Of Concrete Mix Design. DAILY CIVIL.

https://dailycivil.com/concrete-mix-design-principle/

 Facilitator, C. (2023, January 24). The advantage and purpose of Concrete Mixed

designs. Constro Facilitator.

https://constrofacilitator.com/the-advantage-and-purpose-of-concrete-mixed-designs/

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9.0 APPENDIX

PICTURES DESCRIPTION

The girl is putting the aggregates into the

wheelbarrow.

The boy is weighing the weight of the water

using a scale.

The boys are mixing the sample using trowel.

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