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Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 5th Edition Mahon Test Bank
Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 5th Edition Mahon Test Bank
Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 5th Edition Mahon Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When a person is exposed to an antigen for a second time, what type of response is mounted?
a. Anamnestic
b. Tertiary
c. Full blown
d. Allergic
ANS: A
A subsequent exposure to the same antigen elicits a secondary or anamnestic response,
characterized by a rapid increase in IgG antibody associated with higher levels, a prolonged
elevation, and a more gradual decline.
2. John goes to his physician complaining of a high fever (38.2° C [102° F]), muscle aches,
cough, and a headache. These symptoms came on suddenly, and his physician thinks John
may have the flu. What kind of antibody is his body producing against the virus?
a. IgG
b. IgM
c. IgE
d. IgD
ANS: B
A positive result for IgM antibody is considered indicative of a primary, current, or very
recent infection. John just became ill, so this is a primary response to a virus. Therefore the
antibody produced is IgM.
3. Mary went out to eat shellfish last week and is now beginning to feel lethargic. Her urine is
tea-colored, and she generally feels bad all over. She recognizes these symptoms and thinks
she may have hepatitis A because she got hepatitis last year when she vacationed at the beach.
If a physician were to perform a test for hepatitis A antibodies, what class of antibodies would
the physician find?
a. IgM
b. IgE
c. IgG
d. IgD
ANS: C
The presence of IgG antibodies alone suggests a previous infection or exposure to an
infectious agent.
4. If a baby were exposed to hepatitis A in utero, what type of antibodies would be produced?
a. IgD
b. IgE
c. IgG
d. IgM
ANS: D
The presence of significant levels of IgM antibodies (with or without IgG) in a newborn
suggests in utero infection (IgM can be synthesized by the fetus and cannot cross the
placenta), whereas IgG antibody only in the newborn is passive material transfer of
antibodies.
5. What is one of the most popular methods for physical removal of IgG?
a. Miniature ion-exchange chromatography columns
b. Thin-layer chromatography
c. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
d. Mass spectroscopy
ANS: A
One of the most popular methods for physical removal of IgG uses miniature ion-exchange
chromatography columns to trap IgM while allowing IgG to be washed through with a buffer
solution. The IgM antibody is then collected by elution from the column with a lower-pH
buffer.
6. How can one determine if a person has had a previous illness with an organism?
a. Perform acute and convalescent IgM levels.
b. Perform acute and convalescent IgG levels.
c. Perform an IgM level 1 week after the symptoms start.
d. Perform an IgG level 1 week after the symptoms start.
ANS: B
Unless a serologic test is designed to measure IgM-specific antibody for diagnosing a current
infection or is being used to determine previous infections or immunization (immune status)
by testing the IgG level in a single serum specimen, serodiagnosis of an infectious disease
requires measurement of total antibody concentration in both acute-phase and
convalescent-phase serum specimens.
7. A significant rise in IgG detected during the convalescent phase is diagnostic for infection and
is called:
a. serologic adaptation.
b. convalescence.
c. seroconversion.
d. acute phase reactant.
ANS: C
A significant rise in IgG detected during the convalescent (recovery phase), usually 2 weeks
after onset of illness, is diagnostic for infection and is referred to as seroconversion. Although
seroconversion usually occurs within 2 to 3 weeks after onset of illness, it may be delayed in
certain patients or types of infection.
9. Avidity means the antibodies have _____ binding kinetics to specific _____.
a. strong; antigens
b. weak; antigens
c. strong; antibodies
d. weak; antibodies
ANS: A
These antibodies have strong binding kinetics to specific antigens and have the ability to
discriminate between closely related antigenic determinants.
10. When the antigen-binding sites on the antibody molecule react with specific epitopes and not
with other antigens containing different epitopes, this is antibody molecule is displaying:
a. high sensitivity.
b. high specificity.
c. low specificity.
d. low sensitivity.
ANS: B
Most antigen-antibody reactions show high specificity; that is, the antigen-binding sites on the
antibody molecule react with specific epitopes and not with other antigens containing
different epitopes.
13. A false-negative test may be caused by all the following immune system-mediated reasons
except:
a. allergic reaction.
b. no immune response.
c. immunodeficiency disease.
d. immunosuppression.
ANS: A
A false-negative serologic test result may occur because a person does not have an intact
immune system and cannot mount an immune response. This might be the case in an
individual with a congenital or acquired immunodeficiency disease or in a patient receiving
either immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation or cancer chemotherapy. In
addition, neonates may not always respond to an infectious agent because their immune
systems are immature.
22. What is the name of the test used to detect rickettsial agents?
a. Levy-Jennings
b. Mueller-Hinton
c. Weil-Felix
d. Watson-Crick
ANS: C
This approach is used in the Weil-Felix test to determine infection resulting from certain
rickettsial agents by testing for agglutinating antibodies to various bacteria in the genus
Proteus.
23. All of the following controls must accompany the patient specimens in a latex agglutination
test for antigen detection except _____ control.
a. positive antigen
b. negative antigen
c. latex suspension
d. positive antibody
ANS: D
Some important controls must accompany the patient specimens. These controls include a
positive antigen control (a solution containing the known antigen of interest), a negative
antigen control (a solution not containing the antigen), and a control of latex suspension to
detect the presence of nonspecific agglutination reactions.
25. The advantages of latex agglutination include all the following except:
a. availability of good quality reagents in complete kit form.
b. good sensitivity.
c. ease of performance.
d. cost of reagents.
ANS: D
The advantages of latex agglutination tests are the availability of good quality reagents in
complete kit form, good sensitivity, relative rapidity, and ease of performance. Disadvantages
include subjectivity in reading endpoints and nonspecific reactions resulting from interfering
substances in clinical samples. LA tests are relatively inexpensive when compared to other
methods.
26. What test principle uses microbial antigens that are attached to erythrocytes after chemical
treatment of the cells that promotes cross-linking of the antigens?
a. Indirect hemagglutination (IHA)
b. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
c. Complement fixation (CF)
d. Latex agglutination (LA)
ANS: A
In passive or indirect hemagglutination, microbial antigens are attached to erythrocytes after
chemical treatment of the cells with tannic acid, chromic chloride, glutaraldehyde, or another
substance that promotes cross-linking of the antigens. The sensitized cells can then be reacted
with patient’s serum to detect an agglutinating antibody.
30. What test has its results reported as the relative amount of a signal generated by the patient’s
serum when compared with that of a known weakly positive serum?
a. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
b. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
c. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
d. Solid phase immunobead assay (SPIA)
ANS: B
Many laboratories are using some form of ELISA testing for antibody detection. In this test,
results are reported not as antibody titer but as they relate to the relative amount of signal
generated by the patient’s serum when compared with that of a known weakly positive serum.
Results are usually reported either as relative units with a numerical reference range
(units/mL) or as a ratio of results in the sample to the low positive control.
31. What are the benefits of using membranes to perform enzyme immunoassay (EIA) reactions?
a. They improve specificity and signal strength.
b. They enhance speed and signal strength.
c. They enhance speed and sensitivity.
d. They improve specificity and sensitivity.
ANS: C
The flow-through and large surface area characteristics of nitrocellulose, nylon, or other
membranes have been demonstrated to enhance the speed and sensitivity of EIA reactions.
The improvements associated with membrane-bound EIAs are largely the result of
immobilizing antibody onto the surface of porous membranes.
33. What is one of the biggest uses for Western blot tests in the laboratory today?
a. Confirming antibodies to HIV
b. Confirming antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV)
c. Confirming antibodies to rubella
d. DNA sequencing from herpes
ANS: A
Western blotting has gained importance and is extensively used to confirm antibodies to HIV
type 1 in patients whose sera have been repeatedly reactive in enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
tests.
34. The difference between dot blots and Western blots is that in dot blot testing:
a. proteins are blotted to specific areas.
b. proteins are purified and directly blotted to specific locations on the solid surface.
c. DNA is purified and directly blotted to specific locations on the solid surface.
d. RNA is purified and directly blotted to specific locations on the solid surface.
ANS: B
Immunoblots, or dot blots, are similar to Western blots, except the protein antigens are not
electrophoretically separated and transferred to a solid surface. Instead, the proteins are
purified and directly applied (blotted) to specific locations on the solid surface.
35. Confirmatory tests for syphilis include all the following except:
a. FTA-ABS.
b. TP-PA.
c. RPR.
d. MHA-TP.
ANS: C
Examples of confirmatory tests for syphilis include the fluorescent treponema antibody
absorbance (FTA-ABS) test and the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) test,
which has generally replaced the microhemagglutination assay for the Treponema pallidum
(MHA-TP) test. Nontreponemal antigen tests are technically easier and more rapid to perform;
therefore they are the tests of choice for syphilis screening. The most commonly used
nontreponemal tests today are the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and the
rapid plasma reagin (RPR) tests.
38. All of the following are congenital defects produced by rubella except:
a. deafness.
b. blindness.
c. cataracts.
d. congenital heart disease.
ANS: B
Rubella is normally insignificant except in pregnant women. This disease may cause a
miscarriage, or it may cause congenital heart disease, cataracts, deafness, and brain damage in
the unborn fetus.
40. Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) in nonimmune pregnant women can cause:
a. misshapen limbs.
b. congenital heart defects.
c. liver problems.
d. microencephalopathy.
ANS: D
CMV, a herpesvirus, can be found in almost all body fluids. The virus can cross the placenta
and may be transfused in blood and blood products. Nonpregnant women should be concerned
about potential damage to the fetus, such as cerebral malformation (microencephalopathy) and
necrosis of brain tissue.
44. All of the following are antigens present in a hepatitis B infection except:
a. HBsAg.
b. HBcAg.
c. HBeAg.
d. VCNA.
ANS: D
VCNA is from Epstein-Barr virus. Additional antigen assays include detection of hepatitis B
core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis B early antigen (HBeAg).
47. Which hepatitis virus commonly leads to chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, often requiring a
liver transplant, and causes a high risk for development of liver cancer?
a. Hepatitis A
b. Hepatitis D
c. Hepatitis C
d. Hepatitis E
ANS: C
Many patients with hepatitis C virus infection are asymptomatic. However, even
asymptomatic cases can progress to chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, ultimately requiring a liver
transplant. Both hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses have been associated with liver cancer.
48. Which test is a confirmatory test of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) HIV?
a. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
b. Northern blot
c. Southern blot
d. Western blot
ANS: D
The detection of antihuman HIV antibodies has generally used two tests: ELISA for screening
and the Western blot for confirmation. The Western blot test is highly sensitive and specific
and remains the standard confirmatory test for HIV infection.
49. What two methods are used to diagnose histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis?
a. Complement fixation and immunodiffusion
b. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunodiffusion
c. Complement fixation and hemagglutination inhibition (HAI)
d. Agglutination and precipitation
ANS: A
The laboratory can identify antibodies that occur in response to fungal disease by the use of
complement fixation or immunodiffusion techniques. The primary fungi diagnosed by these
means are histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis.
50. What is one of the most widely used applications of the direct antigen test?
a. HIV in saliva
b. Group A strep in throat swabs
c. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in urine
d. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in hair follicles
ANS: B
One of the most widely used applications of direct antigen tests, popularized in the 1980s, is
for the detection of group A strep in throat swab specimens for the diagnosis of streptococcal
pharyngitis.
51. For which organism is DFA used for detection, despite the test having a low sensitivity (25%
to 75%)?
a. Neisseria
b. Streptococcus
c. Legionella
d. Klebsiella
ANS: C
A variety of antigen detection methods for Legionella have been evaluated and compared with
culture isolation. The DFA is commonly performed on respiratory specimens, although the
sensitivity (25% to 75%) is much lower than culture.
52. Which organism can cause hospitalization in young children and is detected using fluorescent
antibodies?
a. Bordetella
b. Klebsiella
c. Streptococcus
d. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
ANS: D
Of particular importance is the direct detection of RSV by fluorescent antibody or
membrane-bound enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in nasopharyngeal samples. Rapid direct
detection is important because RSV causes serious lower respiratory disease (bronchiolitis and
pneumonia) in young children, often requiring hospitalization.
53. Latex agglutination kits are currently available for all the following bacterial antigens except:
a. Cryptococcus neoformans.
b. Neisseria meningitidis.
c. Haemophilus influenzae.
d. Streptococcus pneumoniae.
ANS: A
Cryptococcus neoformans is a yeast, not a bacterial organism. Today, clinical laboratories
typically use latex agglutination when performing rapid antigen testing for bacterial
meningitis. The bacterial agents detected in commercially available kits include H. influenzae
type b, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and S. agalactiae.
54. All of the following are important pulmonary pathogens in transplant, cancer, and AIDS
patients except:
a. Cryptococcus.
b. Group A Streptococcus.
c. Pneumocystis.
d. Cytomegalovirus (CMV).
ANS: B
Cryptococcus neoformans, CMV, and Pneumocystis (carinii) jirovecii are important
pulmonary pathogens in transplant, cancer, and AIDS patients.
55. How does Clostridium difficile produce pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated
diarrhea?
a. Endotoxin
b. Hyaluronidase
c. Toxin A and toxin B (exotoxins)
d. Protease
ANS: C
C. difficile, an anaerobic gram-positive rod, causes pseudomembranous colitis and
antibiotic-associated diarrhea. These diseases typically occur in hospitalized patients who are
receiving antibiotics or other chemotherapeutic agents that alter bowel flora. The organism
produces two exotoxins, toxins A and B, which are involved in pathogenesis.