Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 3 Purcom
Chapter 3 Purcom
First Semester
Academic Year 2023-2024
PROPERTY OF:
__________________________________________________
Name of Student/Course and Year
In this chapter, we will discuss briefly what culture is and how it affects communication; we
shall also discuss the barriers to local and global communication in multicultural settings.
Also part of this chapter is a discussion on the varieties and registers of spoken and written
language.
Multiculturalism refers to the presence of people with several cultures in a specific setting. It is the
co- existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is
manifested in customary behaviours, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and
communicative styles.
The world today is characterized by ever growing compacts resulting in communication between
people with different linguistic and cultural background. One of the most common forms of global
communication is an email.
A person in one country types a message and clicks the send button. The message is then encoded
into packets which are sent across the internet to the recipient. In another country, the receiver logs
in and decodes the message by opening the email, and retrieves the message.
Global communication becomes more complicated when there are multiple recipients from
different cultures with different languages all receiving the same message, as well as when there
are more layers added to the channel. For example, if a world leader makes a speech broadcast
across the globe, people from one region may rejoice at the news, while others may find it
offensive. In this case, the channel itself can involve many different layers, as translators, news,
editors and commentators each interpret the message differently before passing it on to the
intended audiences.
CULTURE
Culture is a learned system of meanings that fosters a particular sense of shared identity-hood
and community-hood among its group members. It is a complex frame of reference that consists of
a pattern of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, symbols and meanings that are shared to varying
degrees by interacting members of an identity group (Ting-Toomey & Takai, 2006, p.691 in
Oetzel, 2009).
According to Oetzel (2009), we are simultaneously members of multiple cultural groups, such as a
national culture, ethnic culture, religious culture, gender culture, media culture, social class culture,
generation culture, which overlap to varying degrees.
Local communication means data transferred directly from the gateway to bluz DK, without
going through the Particle cloud. Local communication can be used for a lot of tasks that don't
require the cloud. Multicultural education refers to any form of education or teaching that
incorporates the histories, texts, values, beliefs, and perspectives of people from different cultural
backgrounds
The challenge for multinational communication has never been greater. Worldwide business
organizations have discovered that intercultural communication is a subject importance not just
because of increased globalization, but also because their domestic workforce is growing more
and more diverse.
Intercultural communication
- is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how
culture affects communication. It describes the wide range of communication processes and
problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals
from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. In this sense it seeks to
understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the
world around them.
While they all might be under the same roof, they describe entirely different rooms. The
differences in the meanings have to do with the perspectives we take when interacting with people
from other cultures.
Multicultural refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. People live
alongside one another, but each cultural group does not necessarily have engaging interactions
with each other. For example, in a multicultural neighbourhood people may frequent ethnic
grocery stores and restaurants without really interacting with their neighbours from other countries.
WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9Z83I_g4Hw
Sociolinguists argue that gender is a social variable that could account for language and
communication differences. Women speeches for instance according to results of some researches
suggest that they are generally characterized as indirect, apologetic, sensitive, relationship-
oriented and are usually into rapport-talk and advise seeking. For example, some studies suggest
that women more than men have the tendency to use the expressions, “Please, correct me if I’m
wrong” and similar forms of hedges (language devices that lessen the appearance of bragging
and assertion).
Men’s speech on the other hand are often described to be assertive, dominant, power and status-
oriented, information-oriented and are inclined to report talk.
There are cases however that regardless of gender, one’s talk is characterized as feminine (soft
and less assertive) or masculine depending on one’s personality.
The differences need not be interpreted as to which gender demonstrates a better and more
positive communication patterns or which gender seems to be more inferior. Being aware of the
male and female communication variances could lead to better and deeper understanding of
someone in communication situations.
GENERATION CULTURE COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCES
Every generation or age group may also use its own unique set of jargons or lingos in their casual
conversations. Their era’s trends, popular events, movies, television shows, radio programs, songs
and literature among many other machineries could introduce these lingos. Also, technology has
made some changes on words and introduced ones that are easier to type (forming acronyms) and
innovative. The digital natives or the “millenials” are the ones who are creatively using them.
The following are a few examples of popular or viral English terms and expressions among the
millenials from John Brandon (www.inc.com)
According to an article written by Gleaner, we have six language registers: formal, casual,
intimate, private, frozen and consultative. These registers can be used depending on the
situation and people we encounter. It is essential to use appropriate varieties and registers of
language in certain communication context because in different situations and people call for
different registers. It shows the level of formality and informality of the language used. When we
use appropriate varieties and register of
language we‘re showing respect, interest,
comfortableness and professionalism.
Permanence - means when students write something they already set in their mind to be done in
one session. They don‘t think that they can edit or revised their written to be better because
students think their written is subject to permanence. In this case teacher perhaps notice all of
students that they just write everything that comes in their written.
Distance - having a relationship with the audience anticipation. Before students start to write, they
have to know who will be the audience to read their output.
Orthography - this part is talk about the technical of appearance. After writer consider about the
word, phrase and sentence that they will use students also consider about the front, size and also
the picture. All appearance has to connect with the topic and target of the reader.
Complexity - this is talk about the sentence whether students use simple sentence combine or
complex sentence. We as a teacher will know the students’ progress of learning. And for the
academic writing, students should provide reference.
Vocabulary - talk about word richness we (teacher) can see what a new vocabulary that they
already acquired.
Formality - this is complex convention for academic writing (describe, explain, compare, criticize,
argue, etc.). If the writer creates academic writing it means the product have to formal. Because of
that the language that they use has to formal and polite. The front or size has to consistent with the
guideline that they use (APA style, MLA etc.).
1. VARIATION IN SPEED
2. LOUDNESS OR QUIETNESS
3. GESTURES
4. INTONATION
5. STRESS
6. RHYTHM
7. PITCH RANGE
8. PAUSING AND PHRASING
WRITTEN:
Tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and many subordinate
clauses. The punctuation and layout of written text also have no spoken equivalent.
Usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been
printed/written out
Written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular language and
writing system is still understood.
Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layouts, colors and other graphical effects in their
written texts.
Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing as are some kinds of vocabulary such as
some complex chemical and legal terms.
SPOKEN:
Tends to be full or repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions with the
exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of speech such as news reports and scripts
for plays and films.
Usually transient unless recorded and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances
as they go along.
Speech is usually used for immediate interactions.
Speech can us timing, tone, volume and tremble to add emotional context.
Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly speech. These include slang expressions, and
tags like y’know, like, etc.
EXAMPLE: business letters, announcement, professional emails, some essay, letters complaint.
Is conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and people you very well.
Register
Is a subset of language as defined by purpose and setting.
Varieties
A variety also called ― lect is a specific form of language cluster. This may include Languages,
Dialects, registers, style or other forms of language, as well as “Standard Variety”
a. Cebuano
b. Waray-waray
c. Ilocano
d. Kapampangan
e. Hiligaynon
TYPES OF REGISTER
Written Language