Abenezer T.

July 2022
PLUMBING
▪ Plumbing
➢ Is the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and
other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply
of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing
them; and such water, liquid and other carried-wastes
hazardous to health, sanitation and life.
▪ It comprise, the following three stages:
I. The water supply and water distribution system.
II. The drainage system.
III. The plumbing fixtures.

PLUMBER: is a person who engaged in the art of plumbing

▪ For convenience and comfort in supplying the required
water.
▪ For sanitation and health protection.

Sanitation: generally refers to the provision of facilities and

services for the safe disposal of human waste and
wastewater.
▪ Recommended personal protection equipment:
▪ Eye protection, Safety goggles or glasses
▪ Hand protection, Gloves.
▪ Knee protection, Knee pads
▪ Foot protection, Safety shoes
▪ Head protection, Helmet
▪ First aid kit
▪ Tool: is an instrument for achieving any purpose or an
implement for manual work.
The Plumbers Tool Belt
Includes wrenches and other tools used to:
▪ Measure
▪ Align
▪ Mark
▪ Cut
▪ Ream and Thread
I. Measuring tools: used to measure dimension or
angle of work. Eg; measuring tape, ruler and T-square,
caliper.
II. Alignment tools: to measure the alignment or
levelness of pipes. Eg; level and plum bob
III. Marking tools: to mark or point a certain point.
Eg.pencils
IV. Cutting tools: to cut pipe. Eg; Various saws, chisels,
snips, and pipe cutters
V. Fastening tools: a tool which is used for tightening or
loosening a pipe or nuts.
VI. Reamer: a tool which is used to remove the
roughness of a pipe edge after cutting.
▪ Based on the type of material
I. Cast iron pipe
II. Steel pipe
III. Lead pipe
IV. Plastic pipe
V. Concrete pipe
VI. Asbestos cement pipe
❖ Each this type has their own advantage and disadvantage
depending up on the place where they are used.
▪ FIXTURES: receptacles attached to a plumbing system
other than a trap in which water or waste may be
collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the
plumbing system.
▪ Common types of plumbing fixtures used in
residences:
1. Water closet
2. Lavatory
3. Bath Tub
4. Kitchen sink
5. Urinal
▪ Water closet: A plumbing fixture used to receive human
excremental and to discharge it through a waste pipe,
using water as a conveying medium.
▪ Lavatory: a fixture designed for the washing of the hands or
face. It is also known as Wash basin.
▪ Common types:
1. Wall Hung lavatory
2. Pedestal Lavatory
3. Counter Type Lavatory
4. One- Piece Lavatory
▪ Bath Tub: a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing
installation designed for one person. It is available in left
outlet and right outlet.
▪ Urinal: A sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply
and drain for flushing away urine.
▪ Common types:
1. Wall hung Urinal
2. Pedestal Urinal
3. Stall Urinal
4. Trough Urinal
 ▪ Kitchen Sinks: a plumbing fixtures usually consisting of
a basin with a water supply, connected with a drain.
▪ Common types:
a. Single Bowl- Single Drain
b. Double Bowl- Single Drain
c. Double Bowl- Double Drain
d. Triple Bowl
e. Corner Sink

Other plumbing fixtures:

❖ drinking fountain, laundry tub, shower
bath, and so on.
▪ Pipe fitting is any thing fitted or fixed in connection with the
supply, measurement, control, distribution and disposal of
water.
▪ The most commonly used fitting in plumbing activities are
✓Elbow: used for changing pipe direction
✓Union: joining ends of two fixed pipes
✓Coupling: used for connecting two pipes has internal thread
✓Cross used for connecting four pipes
✓Reducer used to connect two pipes with different size
✓Tee used to connect three pipes at different direction
✓Y -branch drainage fitting used to for connecting horizontal
waste to vertical stack
▪ Water meter: used to measure the quantity of water
▪ Valves are devices for stopping or regulating the flow
▪ Faucets are used to control the water at plumbing fixtures

Water meter Faucet Valve

There are three principal parts:
• Water and waste removal system/Drainage
System
• Water supply system
• Plumbing fixtures
❖The drainage system is composed of the piping network within a
structure which conveys sewage, rainwater, or other wastes from
their point of origin to a point of disposal, such as a public sewer or
a private treatment facility (septic tank).
❖The following are some components of DWV( drain waste vent)
system:
▪ building drain,
▪ building sewer,
▪ waste pipe,
▪ soil pipes,
▪ oil stack pipe,
▪ vent pipe,
▪ vent stack ,
▪ septic tank,
▪ private sewage disposal system,
▪ roof gutter,
▪ down spout,
▪ trap, catch basin, storm drain.
Schematic of a typical water and waste removal system.
• Used water and other wastes are carried to the sanitary
sewer or septic tank through the waste removal system.

• These pipes are isolated from the water supply system

and must be sized for sufficient capacity, have the proper
slope and venting, and have provisions for cleanouts.

• Typically it is practical to drain as many of the fixtures as

possible into a single main drain.

• The drainage system is not under pressure and depends

on gravity to carry the waste to the sewer.
• A vertical drain pipe that collects
waste from one or more fixtures is
called a soil stack.

• Soil stacks that drain water closets

are called main stacks.

• Stacks that do not drain water closets

are called secondary stacks.
• Fixtures are connected to the stack using a branch main.
• All stacks extend into basement and empty into the house
drain.
• The house drain becomes the house sewer once it is
outside the house.
• The house sewer empties into the city sanitary sewer or
private septic system.
• Gases from the system dissipate through the vent stack:
30cm above roof.
• The vent stack provides an air inlet for the drainage
system to operate properly.
• A trap is installed below each fixture to prevent gases from
entering the house. The trap is always filled with water.
• Water closets have a built-in trap.
• Each stack requires a cleanout at the base.
• The trap most commonly used with
plumbing fixtures is the P-trap. The P-
trap gets its name because of its
general shape-that of the letter P.

• Traps are required because they

prevent sewer gases from entering a
building and causing serious illness.

• The term trap seal refers to the water

being held in the bent portion of a
fixture trap. The trap seal forms a seal
against the passage of sewer gases
through the trap and into the building.
• A house drain is the pipe that receives
all waste and water discharged by the
soil stacks and waste lines.
• This house drain is laid from a point
just outside the building foundation
wall where it connects to the house
sewer, then through the wall, and
either along or under the cellar floor
to the point where connection with the
soil stack is made.
• Before laying this drain, determine its
overall length and how much pitch to
give it so that it will drain as it should.
• Building (house) traps shall
be prohibited except where
local conditions necessitate
such traps.
• Building traps shall be
provided with a cleanout and
a relief vent or fresh air intake
on the inlet side of the trap.
• A plumbing cleanout is a cleanout
fitting with a removable plug that is
found in a roughed in waste system. It
is designed to help keep clear any type
of debris that could cause any type of
stoppage in the water drain lines.
• Cleanouts are usually placed at the
connection point between the sewer
lines and the drain lines where the base
is located of a vertical stack and at all
places were the pipe direction changes
at 90 degrees.
• To allow gravity flow of drainage, we must
let atmospheric air from outside the
building into the piping system to the
outlet (or discharge) end of the trap
• The air is supplied through pipes called
VENTS.
• All vent systems should be provided with
a main vent or vent stack and a main soil
and waste vent.
• A “main vent” may be defined as the
principal artery of the venting system,
• Vent branches may be connected to the
main vent and run undiminished in size as
directly as possible from the building
drain to the open air above the roof.
The plumbing plan is a plan view that shows the complete
plumbing system. The plumbing plan shows the location,
size, and type of all plumbing equipment.

The plumbing plan should include:

• Waste lines and vent stacks.
• Drain and plumbing fixture locations.
• Size and type of pipe to be used.
• A plumbing fixture schedule.
• Symbols Legend.
• General notes.

A plumbing plan is required for each floor of the house.

▪ Riser diagrams are used as supplementary details on
working drawings in order to show more clearly how the
plumbing system is to be installed.

▪ Riser diagrams of plumbing systems can be shown in

both orthographic and isometric views. The most
commonly used type of riser diagram for plumbing is
the isometric riser diagram. The isometric riser diagram
provides a three-dimensional representation of the
plumbing system.

▪ A riser diagram is not drawn to scale but should be

correctly proportioned.
Typical isometric riser diagram
Typical elevation riser diagram
Riser Diagram in elevation
▪ Plumbing fixtures are installed only after all pipe lines are layer
and construction work is finished.
▪ That is before the last painting of the room is takes place. All
plumbing fixtures must be installed precisely by level. The
height of the plumbing fixture are depends on the purpose the
given room is designed for.
 ANY
QUESTIONS??