Semester– I

Lecture -6
Addis Collage
Argaw A

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Resource efficiency and
Environmental protection

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Introduction
 Resource efficiency means using the Earth’s limited
resources in a sustainable manner while minimising
impacts on the environment. Resource efficiency
includes for example re-manufacturing, repair,
maintenance, recycling and eco-design.
 Resource efficiency is one of the main drivers of
companies' competitiveness since, reportedly, European
manufacturing firms spend, on average, 40% of their
costs on raw materials, with energy and water pushing
this to 50% of the total manufacturing costs.

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Examples of Resource efficiency

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Examples of Resource efficiency

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Dematerialization
Dematerialization is an economics term that
describes the tendency for economic output to
require less materials with time. This is good
news for the economy as economic shocks due
to commodity price fluctuations become less
likely. It’s also good news for the environment
as economic activity that uses less materials
usually doesn’t pollute as mach.

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Examples of Resource efficiency

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Examples of Resource efficiency

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The major Principles of RE
 More sustainable management of natural resources or
creating higher value with less materials;
 Involving companies and consumers in the process of
becoming more environmentally friendly;
 Implementation of the „polluter pays” principle;
 Gradual elimination of subsidies that are harmful to
the environment;
 Green and innovative public procurement;
 Eco-design and eco-innovation.

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 What can a company do to
become more resource efficient?
 Save: save the resource in every possible way and in every possible
place considering sustainability and environmental impact.
 Recycling and reuse: increase internal reuse and recycling of
(waste) materials and elements of the product, e.g. in repair
services.
 Substitute: use secondary/recycled raw materials instead of
primary materials as input materials, if possible. However, check
that these materials do not originate from uses where hazardous
substances are frequently used. For example, never use secondary
plastics from electronic wastes to produce children toys (content
of brominated flame retardants).
 Reduce: assess the amounts of chemicals and other raw materials
used in production, including energy and water. Identify
reduction potentials. Employees are a good information source to
identify superfluous use!
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Resource-efficient construction is economically
relevant
 Resource-efficiency leads to lower material
costs. Moreover, 60% of residential output is
expected to come from renovation in 20132 .
Could resource-efficiency contribute to a
structural shift in the construction industry—
towards greater levels of renovation and
modernization—leading to a more balanced,
less vulnerable sector?

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Resource-efficient construction is
environmentally relevant.
 The potential to significantly reduce total
consumption levels through eco-innovation in the
construction sector is high. There is also great
potential to improve re-use, recycling and refining
activities. Moreover, with its high impact on the
environment, urban land use and expansion deserve
special attention not only in the assessment of land
cover, but also in the context of sustainable
construction and the discussion of new buildings
versus renovation.

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Water Source
 Water likely to penetrate building envelopes is most
commonly from rainwater on above grade components
and groundwater intrusion below-grade.

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Available water is moved into the
interior of a structure by

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The leak detecting Process
 Reviewing any available records, documentation,
or information on leakage problem
 Original construction document review
 Inspection
 Testing
 Investigation
 Remedial action plan
 Corrective measures implementation

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ASTM Testing for Waterproofing Products

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Material resource efficiency
Material resource efficiency, put simply, is doing
more with less. The aim is to use material resources
in the most sustainable manner while minimising
environmental impact. This can include:
 using fewer materials
 optimising the use of materials (ie ensuring a long
life-span and durability)
 preventing waste
 using materials that are reclaimed or that have a
higher recycled content, thereby diverting waste
from landfill.
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Material resource efficiency

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Example
 The machine operator is worked 8 hours and he
has produced 400 garments in the given job. The
standard time of the job was 30 seconds. Note that
to calculate produced minutes you need to know
the standard minute of the job (operation).

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Solution
 He has produced minutes (400 X 30)/60 = 200
minutes. He has worked 480 minutes.

So, his efficiency is (200/480)*100 = 41.67 %

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Production Line Efficiency
Calculation-Information required
1. Number of operators – how many operators
worked in the line in a day
2. Working hours (Regular and overtime hours) –
how many hours each of the operators worked or
how many hours the line run in a day
3. Production in pieces – How many pieces are
produced or total line output at the end of the
day
4. Standard time– What is the exact standard
minute of the style
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Production Line Efficiency
Calculation-Information required
Once you have above data you have to calculate
following using above information –
a. Total minutes produced by the line: To get
total produced minutes, multiply production
pieces by standard time
b. Total minutes attended by all operators in
the line: Multiply the number of operators by
daily working hours and convert total hours
into total minutes (multiplying by 60).
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Calculate line efficiency using the
following formula:
 Line efficiency (in percentage) = (Total
minutes produced by the line *100) /(Total
minutes attended by all operators)

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An Example - Calculating
Production Line Efficiency
Let's calculate the line efficiency of one
production line.
48 operations worked in a line for 8
hours. They produced 160 Prefabricated
walls and Standard time of the
Prefabricated wall is 44.25 minutes.

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An Example - Calculating
Production Line Efficiency
Here,
Total minutes produced = (160 x 44.25) = 7080
minutes
Total minutes attended = (48 operator x 8 hours
x 60) = 23040 minutes
Efficiency(% )= (7080 x100)/23040 % =
30.729%

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Iso 14001:2015 Environmental
management systems

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Waste minimization

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Categories of Construction Waste
Process Waste:
 Process waste The waste generates in the
process of construction activities, called as
process waste. There are various types of
waste are occurred during cess of
construction activities. Such as steel, bricks,
equipment’s, etc.
 Demolition Waste: The waste generates in
the demolition activity is called demolition
waste.
.
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Types of Construction Process Waste: Construction
waste can be broadly classified into four types.
1) Natural Waste: Waste to certain
extent is inevitable on building sites
and this is generally recognised by
everybody in a construction industry.
This acceptable level of waste is
referred to as natural waste.
2) Direct Waste: This is the waste which
can be prevented and involves the
actual loss. 32
Types of Construction Process Waste: Construction
waste can be broadly classified into four types.
3) Indirect Waste: Indirect waste is also
known as cost waste. Indirect waste is
distinguished from direct waste by the fact
that, materials are not lost physically.
4) Consequential waste: Cost of wasted
materials is greater than their value. These
additional cost involved with construction
waste is related to consequential waste,
and this is usually hidden.
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Waste management
 Management is the collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal and
monitoring of waste materials. The term
usually relates to materials produced by
human activity, and is generally undertaken
to reduce their effect on health, environment
and aesthetics.
 Waste management deals with waste
generated during construction and allied
activities
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3 R’s of Waste Minimization( Waste
management techniques)
1) Reduce
This calls for using resources that are just
enough to cater to your needs, for instance,
building a smaller house. This is an effective
way of conserving resources as it also lowers
the costs. This can be achieved through
attaining accuracy when ordering to ensure that
there is no waste or no material is sitting on the
site for long periods that it is damaged.
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3 R’s of Waste Minimization….
2) Reuse
 Here, you will do well to reuse existing materials
and buildings, effectively reducing the need for
resources while lowering waste volumes and
saving money. A huge percentage of resources are
incorporated in the construction of homes owing
to the mixed materials that are used, yet the end
destination for most of them is landfill.
 Thus, renovating a house is a much better option
than bringing it down to put up another one
because a negligible fraction of the old house may
be reused/recycled.
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3 R’s of Waste Minimization….
3) Recycle
 Using leftover resources or those resources that
have reached the end of their life minimizes the
need for new materials as well as lowers the
volume that ends up in landfills. Thus, it is
advisable to use materials that are recyclable as
this creates a market for the resources that are
recycled while also raising the price that
recyclers pay for resources that are recovered
even as the recycling viability increases.
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Why is Waste Minimization
Important?
 Waste minimization is important because it helps protect
the environment and it makes good business sense
 Saves money through avoided disposal and raw materials
purchase costs;
 Reduces regulatory burdens and compliance costs;
 Builds better community relations;
 Minimizes short and long term liability;
 Creates safer working conditions for employees;
 Protects human health and the environment;
 Demonstrates environmental leadership;
 Improves competitiveness through greater efficiencies and
deceased overhead costs.
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According to Bekr (2014)-mean %
of wastage material
 21% sand
 20.7% aggregate
 19.6% PVC water pipes,
 19.5% timber for formworks,
 8.3% cement
 17.1% concrete block
 17% steel reinforcement
 16.8% concrete
 15.6% ceramic tiles
 14.1% facing stones
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According to Husnian et al
(2017)waste generation varies with
type of material
 Bricks –(2-12%)
 Wood (2-15%)
 Plain cement concrete (1-10%)
 on average Bricks most wasted material at a rate
of (6.82%), tiles (6.68%) and mortar from plaster
(6.83%)

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The waste management system on
the project site-Ajayi et al (2015)-
key measures to tackle
 Sorting and recycling
 Reusing
 Use of waste prediction tools
 Site waste management plan (SWMP)
 Design for flexibility and deconstruction
 Waste efficient procurement
 Off-site construction
 Legislation and tax measures

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Discussion Points
 What kind of waste minimization
techniques used in your organization??

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Modern construction materials

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Thank you

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