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Senior General Physics 1 Quarter 1 Module 7

General Academic (Quezon National High School)

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Redeveloped Division Initiated Self-Learning Module

ii – Division of Palawan
Department of Education

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General Physics 1 – Grade 12

Redeveloped Division Initiated - Self-Learning Module
Quarter 1 – Module 7: Potential Energy Diagram; Problems Involving Work, Energy and
Power; Center of Mass
Second Edition, 2021

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
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Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
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If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
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General Physics 1 Potential Energy Diagram; Problems

Third Quarter
Involving Work, Energy and Power;
Module 7
Center of Mass

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Objectives: After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. use potential energy diagrams to infer force; stable, unstable,
and neutral equilibria; and turning points;
2. solve problems involving work, energy, and power in context
such as, but not limited to, bungee jumping, design of a roller-
coasters, number of people required to build structure such as
the Great Pyramid and the rice terraces; power and energy
requirement of human activities such as sleeping vs. sitting vs.
standing, running vs. walking;
3. differentiate center of mass and geometric center; and
4. relate the motion of center of mass of a system to the
momentum and net external force acting on a system.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. The energy of an object due to its position relative to the earth’s surface is
_____________________________.
a. elastic potential energy
b. gravitational potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. mechanical energy

2. The energy possessed by a moving object is ____________________.

a. kinetic energy c. restoring energy
b. elastic potential energy d. mechanical energy
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3. These are graphs or figures that analyze the energy interactions and outcomes in a
system, show the transformation of energy, and show the interaction of forces during
energy transformations.
a. Equilibrium and energy diagrams c. Pie graphs
b. Bar Charts d. Free-body diagrams

4. The gravitational potential energy is expressed mathematically as

1
a. 𝑈 = 𝑘𝑥 2 c. 𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
1
b. 𝑈 = 𝑚𝑣 2 d. 𝑈 = 𝐹𝑑
2

5. The kinetic energy is expressed mathematically as

1
a. 𝐾 = 𝑘𝑥 2 c. 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
1
b. 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 d. 𝐾 = 𝐹𝑑
2

6. Position where the net assumed conservative, net force on a particle, given by the
slope of its potential energy curve, is zero.
a. turning point c. stable equilibrium
b. equilibrium point d. unstable equilibrium

7. Any minimum position in a potential-energy curve is

a. turning point c. stable equilibrium
b. equilibrium point d. unstable equilibrium

8. Any maximum position in a potential-energy curve is

a. turning point c. stable equilibrium
b. equilibrium point d. unstable equilibrium

9. The position where the velocity of a particle, in a one-dimensional motion, changes

sign is referred to as
a. turning point c. stable equilibrium
b. equilibrium point d. unstable equilibrium

10. The mass-weighted average of the position of each particle making the body is
a. center of gravity c. geometric center
b. center of mass d. origin

11. The arithmetic mean position of all the points in the figure is
a. center of gravity c. geometric center
b. center of mass d. origin

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12. Which of the following marks the geometric center of the triangle ABC?

a. c.

b. d.

13. States that “energy is not created or destroyed; it is only transformed”.

a. Law of Conservation Momentum c. Law of Inertia
b. Law of Energy Conservation d. Law on Natural Selection

14. What is the work done by gravity on a 7.5kg stone thrown from a height of 1.5m
above the ground when it has risen to a height of 2.1m above the ground?
a. 44.1J c. 14.4 J
b. -44.1J d. -14.4 J

15. A 1500g rock is released from rest at a height of 3m. Ignoring air resistance,
determine the gravitational potential energy.
a. 44.1 J c. 4410 J
b. 441 J d. 44100 J

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What is It
Basic Concepts

Concepts Discussion

Potential Energy • A graph of potential energy of a mechanical system as a

Diagram function of its position.
• This is most easily accomplished for one-dimensional system,
whose potential energy can be plotted in one-dimensional
graph-for example, 𝑈(𝑥) versus 𝑥- on a piece of paper or a
computer program.
Turning Points • Position where the velocity of a particle, in one-dimensional
motion, changes sign.
• Given a potential energy curve 𝑈(𝑥), as shown below, you
can determine several important things about the motion of
a single particle with total energy 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 . Importantly, you
may also know the force on the particle at any point – it is
𝑑𝑈
determined by 𝐹𝑥 = − .
𝑑𝑥
Energy(J)

Turning Turning
point E=K+U=constant point

𝟏 𝟐
U 𝑼(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙
𝟐
-xmax Slope +xmax
X0=0

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osuniversityphysics/chapter/8-4-
potential-energy-diagrams-and-stability/

Since the kinetic energy goes to zero when 𝑈(𝑥𝑡 ) = 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 , the
particle must come to a stop as it approaches 𝑥𝑡 . In general
the force will push in the direction where it came from, so the
particle will turn around there.

Equilibrium Point • Position where the net assumed conservative, net force on
a particle, given by the slope of its potential energy curve,
is zero.
𝑑𝑈
• Zero force means that 0 = 𝐹𝑥 = − .
𝑑𝑥

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Energy(
E=K+U=constant

J)
K Equilibrium
point

𝟏 𝟐
U 𝑼(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙
𝟐
-xmax Slope X0=0 +xmax

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osuniversityphysics/chapter/8-4-
potential-energy-diagrams-and-stability/

Stable Equilibrium • Any minimum position in a potential-energy curve.

• Position is at potential minimum, and therefore a particle will
feel a force restoring it to this position as it moves away.
Unstable • Any maximum point in a potential-energy curve.
Equilibrium • Position is at a potential maximum, and therefore a particle
will feel a force that pushes it away from this position in the
direction it has moved away already.
Work done by a • Work is defined as “the product of force and displacement”
force • In equation form, it is written as: 𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗ or 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.
• Work is a scalar product, so it has a maximum value when
force and displacement are parallel to each other (𝜃 = 00 )
Work and energy • Energy is defined as “the ability to do work”, which means
relationship that any object that has energy can do work on another
object.
• The Work-Energy Theorem can be derived from Newton’s 2 nd
Law of Motion to show that:
1 1
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖 2 , where 𝑣𝑖 and 𝑣𝑓 are initial and final
2 2
velocities, respectively, and 𝑚 is mass.
• This equation has two meanings: (1) Doing work on object
will change its kinetic energy; or (2) A change in an objects
kinetic energy means it has done work or work was done on
it.
Power • Power is “the rate of doing work”; a “powerful” object does
“more work done in shorter amount of time”.
𝑊
• Power is expressed as: 𝑃 = or 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣, where 𝑊 is work, 𝑡 is
𝑡
time, 𝐹 is force and 𝑣 is velocity.
• The unit of power is the Watt, which is:
𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
1 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡(𝑊) = 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
Work, Energy and • Energy Conversion in Human
Power in Humans ➢ Our own bodies like all living organisms, are energy
conversion machines. Conservation of energy implies
that the chemical energy stored in food is converted
into work, thermal energy, and/or stored as chemical
energy in fatty tissues.

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• Power Consumed at Rest

➢ The rate at which the body uses food to sustain life and
to do different activities is called metabolic rate. The
total energy conversion rate of a person at rest is called
basal metabolic rate (BMR) and is divided among
various systems in the body.
• Power of Doing Useful Work
➢ Work done by a person is sometimes called useful work,
which is work done on outside world, such as lifting
weights.
➢ If a person needs more energy than they consume, such
as when doing vigorous work, the body must draw upon
the chemical energy stored in the fat. So exercise can
be helpful in losing fat.
Motion of Center • To see the significance of the center of mass of a collection
of Mass of particles, we must ask what happens to the center of
mass when the particles move. The x- and y-components of
velocity of the center of mass, 𝑣𝑐𝑚−𝑥 and 𝑣𝑐𝑚−𝑦 , are the time
derivatives of 𝑥𝑐𝑚 and 𝑦𝑐𝑚 . Also, 𝑑𝑥1 /𝑑𝑡 is the x-component
𝑑𝑥1
of velocity of particle 1, so = 𝑣1𝑥 , and so on.
𝑑𝑡
• Taking derivatives of the equation of the center of mass of
several particles, we get

𝑚1 𝑣1𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑥 +. . .

𝑣𝑐𝑚−𝑥 =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 +. . .
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑦 +. . .
𝑣𝑐𝑚−𝑦 =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 +. . .

These equations are equivalent to single vector equation

obtained by taking the time derivative of equation of the
position vector of the center of mass of a system of
particles;

𝑚1 𝑣⃗1 + 𝑚2 𝑣⃗2 + 𝑚2 𝑣⃗2 +. . .

𝑣⃗𝑐𝑚 =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 +. . .

Motion of the • From the above equation, if we denote total mass 𝑚1 +

Center of Mass 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 +. .. by 𝑀 and transpose the equation, we have
and Momentum 𝑀𝑣⃗𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚1 𝑣⃗1 + 𝑚2 𝑣⃗2 + 𝑚2 𝑣⃗2 +. . . = 𝑃⃗⃗

So the total momentum P of a system equals the total mass

times the velocity of the center of mass.
External Forces • If the net external force on a system of particles is not zero,
and the Center of then total momentum is not conserved and the velocity of
Mass Motion the center of mass changes.

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• Suppose we take the time derivative of the previous

equations to show that the accelerations are related on the
same way as velocity. Let 𝑎⃗𝑐𝑚 = 𝑑𝑣⃗𝑐𝑚 /𝑑𝑡 be the
acceleration of the center of mass; then
𝑀𝑎⃗𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚1 𝑎⃗1 + 𝑚2 𝑎⃗2 + 𝑚2 𝑎⃗2 +. ..
Now 𝑚1 𝑎⃗1 is equal to the vector sum of forces on the first
particle, and so on, so the right side of the equation is equal
to vector sum ∑ 𝐹⃗ of all the forces on all the particles.
• The sum of all forces on all the particle is then,
∑ 𝐹⃗ = ∑ 𝐹⃗𝑒𝑥𝑡 + ∑ 𝐹⃗𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑀𝑎⃗𝑐𝑚

Because of newton’s third law, all of the internal forces

cancel in pairs and ∑ 𝐹⃗𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0, thus
∑ 𝐹⃗𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑀𝑎⃗𝑐𝑚

• When a body or a collection of particles is acted on by

external forces, the center of mass moves as though all the
mass were concentrated at that point and it were acted
on by a net force equal to the sum of the external forces on
the system.

Example 1: Skate and Up

Below is a figure of a skateboarder. Draw an assumed potential energy diagram
of the system. Label equilibrium points (stable/unstable) and/or turning point(s). Describe
briefly the force experienced by the skateboarder at the given points.

Solution:
At points A and C, the skateboarder will experience a force pushing him away
from the points as it moves away already while at point B, the skateboarder will
experience a force that is restoring him to this point as he moves away.

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Example 2: Work, energy and power

You help in lifting of a 15 kg block to a crate
1.5 m high. (a.) How much work is done in
lifting of a block? (b) What is the power
exerted if you lifted 5 blocks in 1 min.?

Given:
m = 15
h = 1.5

Solution:
(a) Work done W is equal to the potential energy P = mgh
𝑚
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = (15 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) (1.5 𝑚) = 220.5 𝐽
𝑠
(b) Power is calculated as the amount of work done per unit of time
𝑊
𝑃=
𝑡
Since the number of blocks lifted were 5, the amount of work done is changed to
Wtotal = 5 (220.5 J) = 1,102.5 J. Thus,
1,102.5 𝐽
𝑃= = 18.375 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
60 𝑠

Example 3: Center of Mass of Water Molecule

The figure below shows a simple model of the structure of a water molecule. The
separation distance between atoms is 9.57𝑥10−11 𝑚 . Each hydrogen atom has mass 1.0
u and the oxygen atom has a mass of 16.0 u. Find the position of the center of mass.

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Solution:
We will find the center of mass of water molecule in the same manner as finding
the center of mass of other objects.
(a) For the oxygen atom (x0, y0) = (0,0)
(b) For the top hydrogen atom (x1, y1) = d cos (105/2)˚, d sin (105/2)˚
(c) For the low hydrogen atom (x2, y2) = d cos (105/2)˚, -d sin (105/2)˚

𝑚0 𝑥0 + 𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2
𝑥𝑐𝑚 =
𝑚0 + 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

𝑚0 𝑦0 + 𝑚1 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦2
𝑦𝑐𝑚 =
𝑚0 + 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

(16)(0) + (1)(d) cos 52.5 + (1)(d) cos 52.5 0.61d + 0.61 d

𝑥𝑐𝑚 = = = 0.068 d
16 + 1 + 1 18

(16)(0) + (1)(d) sin 52.5 − (1)(d) sin 52.5 0

𝑦𝑐𝑚 = = =0
16 + 1 + 1 18

Center of mass = xcm, ycm = 0.068 d, 0

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What I Can Do

Activity 1
Lose some fats!
A person who normally requires an average of 12,000
kJ (3000kcal) of food energy per day consumes
13,000 kJ per day steadily gain weight thinks of
bicycling to make loss of extra fats. If bicycling
activity at a moderate speed uses 400 W, how much
time must be spent for bicycling to work off the extra
1000 kJ?

Activity 2
Trajectory!

Suppose that a cannon shell traveling in a parabolic trajectory (ignoring air

resistance) explodes in flight, splitting into two fragments with equal mass as shown in the
figure below. The fragments follow new parabolic paths, but the center of mass
continues on the original parabolic trajectory, as though all the mass were still
concentrated at that point. Will the center of mass continue on the same parabolic
trajectory even after one of the fragments hits the ground? Why or why not?

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What’s More

Activity 3
Locate the points!

The diagram below shows the potential energy of an object from positions 𝑥1 to 𝑥5 . (a)
List the position(s) wherein stable equilibrium can be observed. (b) List the position(s)
wherein unstable equilibrium can be observed.

𝑼(𝑱)

6
5
4
3
2
1

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝒙
𝑥4 𝑥5

Activity 4
A tug-of-war goes local!

James (mass 90.0 kg) and Ramon (mass 60.0 kg) are 20.0 m apart on a dry rice
paddy (basakan). Midway between them is a mug of their favorite beverage. They pull
on the ends of a light rope stretched between them. When James has moved 6.0 m
toward the mug, how far and in what direction has Ramon moved? (Assume frictionless
surface).

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What I Have Learned

Activity 5
Test your Memory

Find the vocabulary words which are part of the lesson.

C R T P O T E N T I A L
H E J K L N M R T V B N
M V N B F O R C E M E M
O T H T Y T T N H T J O
M G N T E G E I K G N T
E B M G T R H R J U E I
N N N H G J O K E M L O
T B T Y P W N F O N B N
U G H L O N M E M R A N
M F J K I J B R T A T B
Y H P O W E R H G B S N
E Q U I L I B R I U M S

Activity 6
Think and Solve!

Three particles of masses 5 kg each are located in the xy plane at points (10 cm, 0),
(0,10cm), and (10cm,10cm).
a. Find the location of the center of mass.
b. Find the vector r starting at the origin and pointing towards the coordinate of the
center of mass.

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Assessment

I. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The point on the diagram below represents…

a. Turning point c. Unstable equilibrium

b. Stable equilibrium d. both a and c

2. A bicyclist increases her speed from 4.0 m/s to 6.0 m/s. The combined mass of the
bicyclist and the bicycle is 55kg. How much work did the bicyclist do to increase her
speed?
a. 11 J c. 55 J
b. 28 J d. 550 J

3. A 12-N book from a table 75cm above the floor has been raised to a shelf 2.15 m
above the floor. Find the change in the system’s potential energy.
a. 34.8 J c. 16.8 J
b. 25.8 J d. 9.0 J

4. What is the mass of a system that is 2.5 m above the ground if it has a gravitational
potential energy of 75.0 J?
a. 3.06 kg c. 6.03 kg
b. 3.60 kg d. 6.30 kg

5. A boy whose mass is 45.0 kg runs up 25 steps in 50.0 seconds, each step is 30.0 cm
high. Find the power expended by the boy.
a. 26.6 W c. 266 W
b. 66.2 W d. 622 W

6. What is the mass of a system having a kinetic energy of 115 J moving at a speed of 3
m/s?
a. 0.15 kg c. 25.56 kg
b. 6.39 kg d. 76.67 kg

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7. An object moving away from a stable equilibrium point experiences a force that…
a. pushes it away from the point as it moves away already.
b. is restoring it to the point as it moves away already.
c. pushes it on the same direction as it moves.
d. pushes it on the opposite direction as it moves.

8. A 20.0 kg boy sat on one end of a see-saw 3.0 m away from the center. How far from
the center should a 28.0 kg boy sit on the other side to keep the see-saw balance?
a. 1.42 m c. 4.12 m
b. 2.14 m d. 5.0 m

For items 9 and 10. Three particles of masses 5 kg each are located in the xy plane at
points (6 cm, 0), (0, 8 cm), and (6 cm, 8cm).

9. The x coordinate of the center of mass is at __________.

a. 5.33 cm c. 4.0 cm
b. 4.33 cm d. 2.0 cm

10. The y coordinate of the center of mass is at _________.

a. 5.33 cm c. 4.0 cm
b. 4.33 cm d. 2.0 cm

II. True or False. Write true if the statement is correct and write false if it is incorrect.
________ 1. Work is a scalar product, so it has a maximum value when force and
displacement are perpendicular to each other.
________ 2. The total momentum P of a system equals the total mass times the velocity of
the center of mass.
________ 3. Any object that has energy can do work on another object.
________ 4. At stable equilibrium, the force will push in the direction where it came from,
so the particle will turn around there.
________ 5. Center of mass is also described as the exclusive point for which a net external
force acts.

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What I Know
1. B 6. B 11. B
2. A 7. C 12. C
3. A 8. D 13. D
4. C 9. A 14. B
5. B 10. A 15. D
Assessment
1. D 6. C 11. False
2. D 7. B 12. True
3. C 8. B 13. True
4. A 9. C 14. False
5. B 10. A 15. True
Answer Key
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References

Esguerra, Jose Perico H., Bacabac, Rommel G., Cordovilla, Jo-Ann M., Roxas-
Villanueva, Ranzivelle Marianne, and Magali, John Keith V. General Physics 1. 1st
ed. Prinpia Co., Ltd., 2018.

OpenStax. “University Physics Volume 1.” 8.4 Potential Energy Diagrams and Stability |
University Physics Volume 1, August 3, 2016.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osuniversityphysics/chapter/8-4-
potential-energy-diagrams-and-stability/.

Young, Hugh D., Roger A. Freedman, and A. Lewis Ford. Sears and ZEMANSKY'S
University Physics, with Modern Physics.14th ed. Harlow, England: Pearson, 2016.

Zitzewits, Paul W., Haase, David G. and Harper, Kathleen A. Glencoe Physics Principle &
Problems. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, 2013.

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