Alessandra Benedict S.

Robillos BSECE 2-1

MODULE 3 – ASSESSMENT 3

1. Define on your own words the following:

A. Wave shaping Circuit
- A circuit that changes a waveform's appearance. The linear Wave Shaping circuit,
which includes linear components like a resistor, capacitor, and inductor, is the earliest
form of wave shaping circuit. Additionally, the circuit produces an output waveform
that is distinct from the waveform it receives as input. Current or voltage have no effect
on them. The second variety of wave shaping circuit is a nonlinear wave shaping
circuit. This circuit's characteristics change with current and voltage and are not
constant. It also includes components like transistors and diodes.
B. Filter Circuit
- a signal-processing circuit that lets one frequency of a signal through while blocking
others. Passive filters and active filters are the two categories into which filter circuits
are separated. A passive filter is a filter that only allows a certain range of frequencies
to pass through while blocking the passage of other frequencies. Passive elements used
in passive filters include resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Low pass filters, high pass
filters, band pass filters, and notch filters or band stop filters are the four categories
under which passive filters fall.
C. Clipper Circuit
- In my perspective, clipper circuits are made to make using technology easier and more
effective. Its goal is to stop a signal from going over a predetermined reference voltage
level.
D. Clamper Circuit
- These are employed to level-shift or relocate the DC signal. Its components—a resistor,
a diode, and a capacitor—shift the waveform to the appropriate DC level while
preserving the applied signal's visual appearance.
E. Voltage Multiplier
- Due to the diodes and capacitors used to multiply or enhance the output voltage and
convert low AC voltage to higher DC voltage, it is also known as an AC to DC
converter circuit.
2. Discuss the circuit operation of a positive and negative biased clamping circuit.

• Positive biased Clamper Circuit

During positive half cycle:

The battery voltage forward biases the diode when the input supply voltage is lower than the battery
voltage during the positive half cycle. The capacitor receives the flow of current or voltage and is
charged.
The diode stops conducting electric current when the input supply voltage surpasses the battery
voltage because it becomes reverse biased.

During negative half cycle:

During the negative half cycle, the battery voltage as well as the input supply voltage both forward
bias the diode. The diode thus permits electric current. The capacitor will receive this current and
charge.

• Negative biased Clamper Circuit

During positive half cycle:

The battery voltage reverse biased the diode when the input supply voltage is lower than the battery
voltage during the positive half cycle. The diode is forward biased when the input supply voltage is
higher than the battery voltage, which permits current to pass through it. The capacitor will receive
this current and charge.

During negative half cycle:

Both the input supply voltage and the battery voltage are used to reverse bias the diode during the
negative half cycle. The outcome is that the signal may be seen at the output.
 3. Assemble a Quadruple Voltage Multiplier Circuit and discuss how the circuit operates. Prove
the output voltage is equal to four times of the input voltage. Show your solution by
mathematical analysis.

During the first positive half cycle:

D2, D3, and D4 are all reverse biased, whereas D1 is forward biased. The diode D1 permits electrical
current to flow through it as a result. Capacitor C1 will receive this current and be charged to the
maximum input voltage, Vm.

During first negative half cycle:

D1 is reverse biased, whereas D2, D3, and D4 are forward biased. Electric current can therefore flow
through the diode D2 as a result. To charge the capacitor C2, this current will flow to it. The input signal's
peak voltage is doubled in C2's charge (2Vm).

Therefore, the capacitor C1 voltage (Vm) and the input voltage (Vm) is added to the capacitor C2 I.e
Capacitor voltage + input voltage = Vm + Vm = 2Vm. As a result, the capacitor C2 charges to 2Vm.

During second positive half cycle:

While diodes D1, D2, and D4 are reverse biased, diode D3 is forward biased. Due to the negative voltage
at X caused by the charged voltage Vm across C1, diode D1 is reverse biased. Additionally, diodes D2
and D4 are reverse biased due to their orientation. This discharges the voltage (2Vm) across capacitor
C2. Capacitor C3 receives this charge and is charged to the same voltage, 2Vm.

During second negative half cycle:

While D1 and D3 are reverse biased, D2 and D4 are forward biased. As a result, the capacitor C3's
stored charge of 2Vm is discharged. The capacitor C4 will receive this charge, charging it to the
same voltage (2Vm).

The output voltage is measured across the two series-connected capacitors C2 and C4, which are
connected in series with each other. There is a 2Vm voltage across capacitor C2 and a 2Vm voltage
across capacitor C4. As a result, the sum of the voltages on capacitors C2 and C4 determines the
overall output voltage, or 2Vm + 2Vm = 4Vm = C2 + C4.

4. List all circuits application of diode learn from the discussion.

• Clamping Circuits

A. Televisions
- In television receivers, clamping circuits are widely employed as DC restorers. The dc
components of the signal sent to the TV receiver may be lost after it has been amplified
by capacitively connected amplifiers. As a result, the signal loses its black and white
reference levels, as well as its blanking level. Before sending these signals to the image
tube, these reference levels must be reestablished. To do this, clamper circuits are
employed.
B. Baseline Stabilizer
- Sections of the luminance signals are defined to predetermined levels using the television
clamper's intricate transmitter and reception electronics as a baseline stabilizer.
C. Direct Current Restorers
- clampers are also called direct current restorers as they clamp thewaveforms to a fixed
DC potential.
D. Radar Systems
- clamper circuits are frequency used in test equipment, sonar, and radarsystems.
E. Amplifiers
- For the protection of the amplifiers from large errant signals, clampers are used.
F. Voltage Multipliers

• Clipper Circuits

A. FM Transmitters
B. Half-wave Rectifier
C. Voltage Limiters
D. Amplitude Selectors