World of the Cell 7th Edition Becker

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Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Which of the following molecules is NOT a carrier of electrons in the electron transport system 1)
(ETS)?
A) coenzyme Q
B) flavoproteins
C) copper-nickel compounds
D) iron-sulfur proteins
E) cytochromes
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

2) Of the following electron carriers of the electron transport system, which transfers protons in 2)
addition to electrons?
A) iron-copper proteins
B) cytochrome b
C) cytochrome a
D) coenzyme Q
E) iron-sulfur proteins
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

3) Of the following enzymes associated with the TCA cycle, which of the following enzymes is NOT 3)
under allosteric regulation?
A) malate dehydrogenase
B) pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
C) isocitrate dehydrogenase
D) -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
E) fumarate hydratase
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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4) Crista junctions 4)
A) limit the movement of products between the intracristae and intermembrane spaces.
B) are large pores.
C) are associated with the thylakoid membrane system.
D) are associated with the movement of materials from the cytosol into the mitochondrion.
E) contain the mitochondrial DNA.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

5) The chemiosmotic model of ATP synthesis is based on several lines of experimental evidence. 5)
Which of the following statements is NOT correct experimental evidence to support the
chemiosmotic model?
A) Oxidative phosphorylation does not require a membrane-enclosed compartment.
B) The proton gradient established by electron transport has enough energy to drive ATP
synthesis.
C) Uncoupling agents abolish both the proton gradient and ATP synthesis.
D) Electron transport causes protons to be pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix.
E) Artificial proton gradients established by addition of acid can drive ATP synthesis in the
absence of electron transport.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

6) When utilizing fats as an energy source, the glycerol portion enters ________, when it has been 6)
converted to ________.
A) TCA cycle; pyruvate
B) electron transport; CoQ
C) glycolysis; fructose-6-phosphate
D) glycolysis; dihydroxyacetone phosphate
E) TCA cycle; acetyl CoA
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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 7) Which of the following is NOT a product of the TCA cycle? 7)
A) NADH
B) ATP
C) acetyl CoA
D) carbon dioxide (CO2 )
E) FADH2
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

8) According to your text, in which of the following steps of the TCA cycle is NADH/FADH2 NOT 8)
produced?
A) TCA-8 B) TCA-4 C) TCA-6 D) TCA-2 E) TCA-3
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

9) Which of the following is NOT one of the major transport systems of the inner mitochondrial 9)
membrane?
A) sodium-potassium pump
B) pyruvate carrier cotransport
C) ATP-ADP carrier exchange
D) dicarboxylate carriers
E) tricarboxylate carriers
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

10) Why are mitochondria so prevalent in skeletal muscle? 10)

A) They are needed to provide energy for muscle contraction.
B) The flow of blood is greatest in skeletal muscle.
C) They are needed to repair damaged tissue that accumulates during exercise.
D) They give the muscle enough elasticity to contract.
E) Bones and muscles require a great deal of energy to prevent them from separating.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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11) Which of the following statements is NOT true of the TCA cycle? 11)
A) Acetate enters the TCA cycle and joins a four-carbon acceptor molecule to form citrate.
B) Decarboxylation occurs at two locations in the TCA cycle.
C) FAD is an electron acceptor in the cycle.
D) ATP/GTP is generated at one point by substrate-level phosphorylation.
E) Oxidation occurs at three steps in the TCA cycle.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

12) The Q cycle 12)

A) accounts for the generation of superoxide.
B) mediates the transfer of electrons to oxygen.
C) allows for the movement of protons without additional electrons.
D) is associated with complex I.
E) all of the above
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

13) Pyruvate dehydrogenase is regulated by all EXCEPT 13)

A) AMP.
B) ATP.
C) CO2.
D) NADH.
E) acetyl CoA.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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14) The TCA cycle and glyoxylate cycle are similar in many respects. Which of the following 14)
statements accurately describes these cycles?
A) The glyoxylate cycle has only a single decarboxylating reaction.
B) The glyoxylate cycle is used by some organisms to synthesize proteins.
C) The TCA and glyoxylate cycles both occur in the mitochondrion.
D) Both cycles are catabolic in function.
E) In the glyoxylate cycle, two acetyl CoA molecules are used to generate succinate.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

15) The sequential process of fatty acid catabolism to acetyl CoA is called 15)
A) the glyoxylate cycle.
B) -oxidation.
C) oxidative phosphorylation.
D) hydrogenation.
E) the Cori cycle.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

16) Multiple protein complexes associated with the cellular respiration are known as 16)
A) synthesomes.
B) respirasomes.
C) Fe-S centers.
D) Q cycles.
E) chemiosmotic coupling complexes.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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17) In electron transport, which respiratory complex is NOT involved in the flow of electrons from 17)
NADH?
A) complex IV
B) complex I
C) complex III
D) complex II
E) all of the above
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

18) In prokaryotes, aerobic respiration generates ________ ATP molecules. 18)

A) 15 B) 2 C) 38 D) 42 E) 0
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

19) Because the TCA cycle is associated with degradation and synthesis, the pathway is said to be 19)
A) amphipathic.
B) amphibolic.
C) anabolic.
D) catabolic.
E) bipolar.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

20) Which of the following would NOT be used as a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration? 20)
A) sulfur B) oxygen C) nitrogen D) iron E) protons
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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21) Which of the following processes is associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane? 21)
A) phospholipid synthesis
B) -oxidation of fats
C) metabolite transport
D) transcription
E) ATP synthesis
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

22) Of the following sequences, which shows the correct molecules through which electrons flow when 22)
delivered to the electron transport system by NADH?
A) complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, complex IV, oxygen
B) complex I, coenzyme Q, complex IV, cytochrome c, oxygen
C) complex II, coenzyme Q, complex III, complex IV, oxygen
D) complex I, cytochrome c, complex III, coenzyme Q, complex IV, oxygen
E) complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome c, complex IV, oxygen
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

23) During which of the following steps of the TCA cycle does substrate-level phosphorylation take 23)
place?
A) TCA-3 B) TCA-2 C) TCA-4 D) TCA-6 E) TCA-5
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

24) Which of the numbered respiratory complexes is NOT correctly paired with its name? 24)
A) complex II: succinate-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase complex
B) complex III: coenzyme Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex
C) complex I: NADH dehydrogenase complex
D) complex IV: cytochrome c reductase complex
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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25) In electron transport, which respiratory complex is NOT involved in the flow of electrons from 25)
FADH2 ?
A) complex III
B) complex I
C) complex II
D) complex IV
E) All of the above
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

26) As pyruvate is prepared for the TCA cycle, it undergoes a process of 26)
A) CoQ reproduction.
B) oxidative decarboxylation.
C) reductive carboxylation.
D) oxidative carboxylation.
E) reductive decarboxylation.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

27) In eukaryotes, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA 27)

A) in the intermembrane space.
B) in the cellular cytosol.
C) in the mitochondrial matrix.
D) when passing through the mitochondrial outer membrane.
E) when passing the mitochondrial cristae.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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28) Of the carrier molecules in the electron transport chain, which has heme as part of its prosthetic 28)
group?
A) copper-containing cytochromes
B) cytochromes
C) flavoproteins
D) coenzyme Q
E) iron-sulfur proteins
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

29) The overall efficiency of aerobic respiration in eukaryotes is about 29)

A) 10%. B) 75%. C) 25%. D) 100%. E) 55%.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

30) -oxidation 30)

A) is a process used to oxidize fatty acids.
B) is a process used to digest some polysaccharides.
C) is the second step in the oxidation of glucose.
D) occurs in the cytoplasm.
E) both B and C
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

31) Which molecule is incorrectly matched with the number of carbon atoms it possesses? 31)
A) isocitrate-6
B) citrate-6
C) malate-5
D) acetyl CoA-2
E) alpha ketoglutarate-5
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

9
 32) NADH concentrations serve to regulate oxidative decarboxylation and the TCA cycle. Which of the 32)
following enzymes is NOT regulated by NADH?
A) malate dehydrogenase
B) pyruvate dehydrogenase
C) isocitrate dehydrogenase
D) succinate dehydrogenase
E) a ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

33) ________ is the oxidation-driven flow of electrons, through or within a membrane, from 33)
reduced coenzymes to an electron acceptor. It is usually accompanied by the generation of
ATP.
Answer: Cellular respiration
Explanation:

34) NAD+ contains the B vitamin, ________, as part of its structure, whereas FAD contains 34)
another B vitamin, ________, as part of its structure.
Answer: niacin; riboflavin
Explanation:

35) In the case of the Fo complex, the "o" refers to the antibiotic ________, to which the 35)
structure is sensitive.
Answer: oligomycin
Explanation:

36) The outer membrane of the mitochondrion is not a significant permeability barrier because 36)
it contains transmembrane proteins called ________.
Answer: porins
Explanation:

37) ________ (FAD) is a molecule similar to NAD+ in function, but it is a lower-energy 37)
coenzyme.
Answer: Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Explanation:

38) Multiprotein respiratory complexes, known as ________, function to minimize diffusion 38)
distances and facilitate electron flow between the rspiratory complexes.
Answer: respirasomes
Explanation:

39) The site of DNA replication is localized to the ________ within the mitochondrion. 39)
Answer: matrix
Explanation:

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 40) Respiration includes glycolysis, the ________, electron transport, and ________. 40)
Answer: TCA cycle; ATP synthesis
Explanation:

41) ATP synthesis that involves phosphorylation events linked to oxygen-dependent electron 41)
transport is called ________.
Answer: oxidative phosphorylation
Explanation:

42) The reduction of NAD+ to NADH (and H+ ) occurs both in the ________ and in the 42)
________ of the ________.
Answer: cytoplasm; matrix; mitochondria
Explanation:

43) Protruding from the inner membrane of the mitochondria into the matrix are knoblike 43)
spheres called ________ complexes, which are attached by a short protein stalk to a(n)
________ complex. Together these complexes are referred to as the ________ complex.
Answer: F1 ; Fo; FoF1 (or F1 Fo)
Explanation:

44) Pyruvate passes freely across some intracellular membranes. The membranes of the 44)
________ must be crossed by pyruvate prior to its oxidation during respiration.
Answer: mitochondria
Explanation:

45) The ________ (TCA) cycle is also known as the ________ cycle after the individual whose 45)
laboratory elucidated the sequence in the 1930s.
Answer: tricarboxylic acid; Krebs
Explanation:

46) While electron transport is occurring, the development of a(n) ________ is established by 46)
the directional pumping of protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
Answer: electrochemical proton gradient
Explanation:

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the reactant in the TCA cycle on the left with the appropriate enzyme on the right.

47) fumarate A) malatase

47)
Answer: D
B) malate dehydrogenase
48) malate
48)
Answer: B C) fumarate dehydrogenase

D) fumarate hydratase

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Match the plant process or characteristic with the location in which it occurs in the cell.

49) TCA cycle A) nucleolus

49)
Answer: C
B) cytoplasm
50) glycolysis
50)
Answer: B C) matrix of mitochondria

D) extracellular space

Match the reactant in the TCA cycle on the left with the appropriate enzyme on the right.

51) succinyl CoA A) succinyl CoA synthetase

51)
Answer: A
B) succinate dehydrogenase

Match the complex with the electron donor.

52) complex IV A) oxygen

52)
Answer: D
B) ATP
53) complex I
53)
Answer: C C) NADH

D) cytochrome c

Match the plant process or characteristic with the location in which it occurs in the cell.

54) nucleotide phosphorylation A) intermembrane space of mitochondria

54)
Answer: A
B) Golgi complex

Match the complex with the electron donor.

55) complex III A) Fe-S center

55)
Answer: B
B) coenzyme Q

Match the reactant in the TCA cycle on the left with the appropriate enzyme on the right.

56) oxaloacetate A) citrate synthase

56)
Answer: A

Match the complex with the electron donor.

57) complex II A) ADP

57)
Answer: B
B) succinate

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Match the reactant in the TCA cycle on the left with the appropriate enzyme on the right.

58) citrate A) aconitase

58)
Answer: A

Match the plant process or characteristic with the location in which it occurs in the cell.

59) phospholipid synthesis A) porins

59)
Answer: A
B) outer membrane of mitochondria
60) electron transport
60)
Answer: D C) ribosome

D) inner membrane of mitochondria

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

61) The synthesis of ATP as a result of the electron transport system is dependent on the delivery of electrons and
hydrogen ions by NADH and FADH2 to the inner membrane of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells or the cell
membrane of prokaryotic cells. For each of the situations below, give the maximum number of ATP generated.

a. one molecule of FADH2 produced during the TCA cycle

b. one molecule of NADH produced during the TCA cycle
c. one molecule of NADH produced by glycolysis in a muscle cell that has a very low cytoplasmic level of
NADH
d. one molecule of NADH produced by glycolysis in a liver cell using the malate-aspartate shuttle
e. one molecule of FADH2 produced during the TCA cycle in a prokaryotic cell
f. one molecule of NADH produced by glycolysis in a prokaryotic cell
Answer: a. 2
b. 3
c. 2
d. 3
e. 2
f. 3

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62) The maximum yield of ATP per molecule of glucose in eukaryotic cells is 36 or 38 ATP. In prokaryotic cells the
maximum yield is 38 ATP.

a. From what you know about prokaryotes and eukaryotes, suggest why there is a difference in maximum
ATP production.
b. The yield of ATP varies in eukaryotes from 36 to 38 ATP. Why is there a variation?
c. Why is ATP yield clarified with "maximum?"
Answer: a. Prokaryotes do not have inner membranes. In eukaryotes, the NADH produced in the cytoplasm by
glycolysis must be transported into the mitochondrion. The transport of the electrons may be active and
require energy. The result is a loss of 2 ATP.
b. NADH does not have a carrier protein in the mitochondrial membrane. The movement of the
electrons and protons through the membrane will require a shuttle. This shuttle may be an active or
passive process. The concentration of cytoplasmic NADH may be higher or lower than mitochondrial
NADH concentrations. If the NADH concentration is higher in the cytoplasm, a molecule of NADH will
be generated in the mitochondria as electrons and protons are shuttled. If the NADH concentration is
lower in the cytoplasm, a molecule of FADH2 will be generated. This difference may drop the yield 2
ATP per glucose (since 2 NADH are generated from glycolysis).
c. Energy may be used for other purposes. The energy of the proton gradient may be used to transport
ions, substrates, intermediates, and metabolites across the membrane. The movement of phosphate ions
for ATP synthesis involves the outward flow of hydroxyl ions, which neutralize the proton gradient.

14
Answer Key
Testname: C10

1) C
2) D
3) E
4) A
5) A
6) D
7) C
8) D
9) A
10) A
11) E
12) C
13) C
14) E
15) B
16) B
17) D
18) C
19) B
20) B
21) A
22) E
23) E
24) D
25) B
26) B
27) C
28) B
29) E
30) A
31) C
32) D
33) Cellular respiration
34) niacin; riboflavin
35) oligomycin
36) porins
37) Flavin adenine dinucleotide
38) respirasomes
39) matrix
40) TCA cycle; ATP synthesis
41) oxidative phosphorylation
42) cytoplasm; matrix; mitochondria
43) F1 ; Fo; FoF1 (or F1 Fo)
44) mitochondria
45) tricarboxylic acid; Krebs
46) electrochemical proton gradient
47) D
48) B
49) C
50) B
15
Answer Key
Testname: C10

51) A
52) D
53) C
54) A
55) B
56) A
57) B
58) A
59) A
60) D
61) a. 2
b. 3
c. 2
d. 3
e. 2
f. 3
62) a. Prokaryotes do not have inner membranes. In eukaryotes, the NADH produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis
must be transported into the mitochondrion. The transport of the electrons may be active and require energy. The result
is a loss of 2 ATP.
b. NADH does not have a carrier protein in the mitochondrial membrane. The movement of the electrons and
protons through the membrane will require a shuttle. This shuttle may be an active or passive process. The
concentration of cytoplasmic NADH may be higher or lower than mitochondrial NADH concentrations. If the NADH
concentration is higher in the cytoplasm, a molecule of NADH will be generated in the mitochondria as electrons and
protons are shuttled. If the NADH concentration is lower in the cytoplasm, a molecule of FADH2 will be generated.
This difference may drop the yield 2 ATP per glucose (since 2 NADH are generated from glycolysis).
c. Energy may be used for other purposes. The energy of the proton gradient may be used to transport ions, substrates,
intermediates, and metabolites across the membrane. The movement of phosphate ions for ATP synthesis involves the
outward flow of hydroxyl ions, which neutralize the proton gradient.

16